Assessment of Perceptions Related to the Influence of Age on Attitudes and Performance Using Computer-Based Maintenance Workflow Processes.

Juan J Cajas January 13, 2013

Abstract In this research paper an assessment of the beliefs of maintenance personnel respect the influence of age on motivation and performance on users of Computer Maintenance Management Systems is conducted. A sample taken from a multinational airline company is used to obtain an initial assessment. Results are analyzed and validated using a non-parametric statistical method. 1. Introduction Many aviation organizations are facing the need to replace outdated systems to control maintenance operations. Therefore, due to the complexity of maintenance procedures and the need to deliver serviceable aircrafts complying with strict regulations, airlines and maintenance organizations are implementing or working with supporting information processing technology in the form of Computerized Maintenance Management Systems (CMMS). Moreover, some of these new CMMS systems include new algorithms automating the workflow. Although use of automated workflows results in simplification for the maintenance personnel operating those systems, the successful implementation of a CMMS depends on the correct change management within the organization. Indeed, during the implementation of CMMS is very common to hear rumors like the expected personnel reduction due to improved operations, or to hear people telling their colleagues to take care of their jobs because with the new CMMS the personnel will be evaluated. In addition, many workers not accustomed to interact with computers may face the challenge of being trained. In fact, due to costly training programs many managers may
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think about the convenience of training aged personnel due to beliefs of limitations of old persons. Thus, what do people think about the influence of age on motivation and performance of seniors working with computer-based processes? Do opinions vary depending on factors like age, gender, or work area? Are there really limitations? To answer these questions this research conducts a survey within the maintenance department of a multinational airline company based in different countries. The survey was proposed to more than thirty persons from whom twenty responded (the eighteen first surveys were considered). Female, male, young, mid age, senior employees and people of different nationalities were considered. Although a result from eighteen respondents working within a single organization is not statistically significant to draw final general conclusions, null hypothesis are proposed to validate the consistency of the answers and the findings are compared to results obtained from other more complete research about the subject. 2. Objective Assess the perception of people about age influence on attitudes and performance of senior maintenance employees in airline organizations. 3. Methodology A survey is elaborated to assess two aspects: attitudes and performance. To identify the specific factors to be included in the survey a preliminary research on previous works was conducted. Therefore, consulting the research paper elaborated by Meiselwitz and Chakraborty (2011), attitudes like confidence and excitement are evaluated experimenting with persons of different age groups, in consequence both attitudes are considered for the research. The same with performance, and completion time as well as errors are selected as reference for the respondents. The survey sheet is shown in the addendum section as addendum A. The survey was created with the developer tools of MS Word and submitted electronically to 30 people selected randomly covering different work areas within the typical maintenance organization (Line Maintenance, Quality Control, Materials, Engineering, Planning, etc.). The majority of respondents correspond to the same company but some of the respondents are aviation personnel working in the headquarters of the firm.

Twenty surveys were received but data of the first 18 surveys were used for statistical analysis because the last two were received once the analysis finished. Related questions are grouped to analyze the consistency of the answers, specifically questions or statements 1 and 9 of the survey are grouped, and the same for statements 2 & 4, 3 & 5, and 6 & 8. Statement number 7 is analyzed alone because it has not a related statement. Besides, descriptive statistics is used to create graphs for each question, from there additional analysis was done to segment the data in two groups, the first two groups differentiate Production type workers (Line Maintenance, Maintenance Control, QC and Planning) from Overhead (Management, Materials, and Engineering) workers to compare their responses, and the same comparison is done segregating according to age groups. Finally, inferential statistics is performed to analyze the consistency of grouped statements. Because the responses collected are below 30 answers for each statement, is not possible to assume or validate normality and due to the nature of the data (survey type), the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test is used to validate the null hypothesis stated for each pair of questions. The assumption established to use the U-test is that in each case the two populations from where data is sampled have the same distribution. For this research this assumption is granted comparing the graphs generated for each question. The results are presented in the next section. 4. Results. As stated in the previous section, statements 1 & 9, 2 & 4, 3 & 5, and 6 & 8 of the survey are grouped. Statement number 7 is analyzed alone because it has not a related statement. First, data collected for questions 1 and 9 is shown in Addendum B, and graphs 1 & 2 below present the results.

Q1 Total Count
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 CD PD N PA CA Total Count 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CD PD

Q9 Total Count

Total Count

PA

CA

Graph 1. Responses showing attitude respect confidence of young AMTs or engineers to do computer-based workflow processes.

Graph 2. Responses showing attitude respect confidence of workers over 50 years to use computer-based workflow processes.

These two questions are related. First simple analysis of the graphs may drive to think that there is consensus around the statement for question 1, so people believe that young guys are more confident. Comparing with graph 2, we notice bigger spread on responses, but again more people tends to believe is true. Thus, to analyze the consistency of respondents with these pair of related questions, a Utest is performed. The null hypothesis is: Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers provided for Q1 and Q9 The U-test elaborated is shown in addendum C, and it is not found significant difference between the answers of the two questions. In addition, segregation is done respect two criteria: age of the respondents and working area. Graphs 3 and 4 show the results for question 1, and Graphs 5 and 6 show the results for question 9. Respect Age it is obvious it is not a factor influencing the responses and for the working area segregating factor respective U-tests were performed for both questions (Addendum D) and no significant statistical difference was found to consider the work area influencing on the responses.

16 14 12 10 <30 8 6 4 2 0 D N A 30-50 >50

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Prod Overh CD PD N PA CA

Graph 3. Responses showing attitude respect confidence of young AMTs or engineers to do computer-based workflow processes, segregated by age of the respondents.

Graph 4. Responses showing attitude respect confidence of young AMTs or engineers to do computer-based workflow processes, segregated by work area of the respondents.

12 10 8 <30 6 4 2 0 D N A 30-50 >50

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Prod Overh CD PD N PA CA

Graph 5. Responses showing attitude respect confidence of workers over 50 years to use computer-based workflow processes, segregated by age of the respondents.

Graph 6. Responses showing attitude respect confidence of workers over 50 years to use computerbased workflow processes, segregated by work area of the respondents.

Second, data collected for questions 2 and 4 is shown in Addendum E, and graphs 7 & 8 below present the results.
Q2 Total Count
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 CD PD N PA CA Total Count 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CD PD N PA CA Total Count

Q4 Total Count

Graph 7. Responses showing attitude respect excitement of workers over 50 years to use computer-based workflow processes.

Graph 8. Responses showing attitude respect excitement of young AMTs or engineers to do computer-based workflow processes.

Statements 2 and 4 are related. First, simple analysis of the graphs may drive to think that there is consensus around the statement for question 4, so people believe that young guys are more excited working with CMMS. Comparing with graph 7, we notice bigger spread on responses, but again more people tends to believe is true. Thus, to analyze the consistency of respondents with these pair of related questions, a Utest is performed. The null hypothesis is: Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers provided for Q2 and Q4 The U-test elaborated is shown in addendum F, and it is not found significant difference between the answers of the two questions. In addition, segregation is done respect two criteria: age of the respondents and working area. Graphs 9 and 10 show the results for question 2, and Graphs 11 and 12 show the results for question 4. Respect Age it is obvious it is not a factor influencing the responses and for the working area segregating factor respective U-tests were performed for both questions (Addendum G) and no significant statistical difference was found to consider the work area as a factor influencing responses.
12 10 8 <30 6 4 2 0 D N A 30-50 >50 2 1 0 Prod Overh 4 3 7 6 5 CD PD N PA CA

Graph 9. Responses showing attitude respect excitement of workers over 50 years to use computer-based workfow processes, segregated by age of the respondents.

Graph 10. Responses showing attitude respect excitement of workers over 50 years to use computer-based workflow processes, segregated by work area of the respondents.

16 14 12 10 <30 8 6 4 2 0 D N A 30-50 >50

6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Prod Overh CD PD N PA CA

Graph 11. Responses showing attitude respect excitement of young AMTs or engineers to do computer-based workflow processes, segregated by age of the respondents.

Graph 12. Responses showing attitude respect excitement of young AMTs or engineers to do computer-based workflow processes, segregated by work area of the respondents.

Third, data collected for questions 3 and 5 is shown in Addendum H, and graphs 13 & 14 below present the results.
Q3 Total Count
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CD PD N PA CA Total Count 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CD PD N PA CA Total Count

Q5 Total Count

Graph 13. Responses showing perception respect errors done by workers over 50 years using computer-based workflow processes.

Graph 14. Responses showing perception respect errors done by young AMTs or engineers using computer-based workflow processes.

Statements 3 and 5 are related. First, simple analysis of the graphs show there is no consensus with both statements, so people is basically more neutral respect age as factor of the quality of work done with CMMS. Thus, to analyze the consistency of respondents with these pair of related questions, a Utest is performed. The null hypothesis is: Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers provided for Q2 and Q4 The U-test elaborated is shown in addendum I, and it is not found significant difference between the answers of the two questions.
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In addition, segregation is done respect two criteria: age of the respondents and working area. Graphs 15 and 16 show the results for question 3, and Graphs 17 and 18 show the results for question 5. Respect Age it is obvious it is not a factor influencing the responses and for the working area segregating factor respective U-tests were performed for both questions (Addendum J) and no significant statistical difference was found to consider the work area as a factor influencing responses.
12 10 8 <30 6 4 2 0 D N A 30-50 >50 1 0.5 0 Prod Overh 3.5 3 2.5 CD 2 1.5 PD N PA CA

Graph 15. Responses showing perception respect errors done by workers over 50 years using computer-based workflow processes, segregated by age of the respondents.
12 10 3.5 8 <30 6 4 2 0 D N A 30-50 >50 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 4.5 4

Graph 16. Responses showing perception respect errors done by workers over 50 years using computer-based workflow processes, segregated by working area of the respondents.

CD PD N PA CA

Prod

Overh

Graph 17. Responses showing perception respect errors done by young AMTs or engineers using computer-based workflow processes, segregated by age of the respondents.

Graph 18. Responses showing perception respect errors done by young AMTs or engineers using computer-based workflow processes, segregated by working area of the respondents.

Next, data collected for questions 6 and 8 is shown in Addendum K, and graphs 19 & 20 below present the results.

Q6 Total Count
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CD PD N PA CA Total Count 6 4 2 0 CD PD 12 10 8

Q8 Total Count

Total Count

PA

CA

Graph 19. Responses showing perception respect completion time by workers over 50 years using computer-based workflow processes.

Graph 20. Responses showing perception respect completion time by young AMTs or engineers using computer-based workflow processes.

Statements 6 and 8 are related. First, simple analysis of the graphs may drive to think that there is consensus around the statement for question 8, so people believe that young guys are more excited working with CMMS. Comparing with graph 19, we notice bigger spread on responses, but again more people tends to believe is true. Thus, to analyze the consistency of respondents with these pair of related questions, a Utest is performed. The null hypothesis is: Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers provided for Q2 and Q4 The U-test elaborated is shown in addendum L, and it is not found significant difference between the answers of the two questions. In addition, segregation is done respect two criteria: age of the respondents and working area. Graphs 21 and 22 show the results for question 6, and Graphs 23 and 24 show the results for question 8. Respect Age it is obvious it is not a factor influencing the responses and for the working area segregating factor respective U-tests were performed for both questions (Addendum M) and no significant statistical difference was found to consider the work area as a factor influencing responses.

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 D N A <30 30-50 >50

4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 Prod Overh CD PD N PA CA

Graph 21. Responses showing perception respect completion time by workers over 50 years using computer-based workflow processes, segregated by age of the respondents.

Graph 22. Responses showing perception respect completion time by workers over 50 years using computer-based workflow processes, segregated by working area of the respondents.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 <30 30-50 >50

7 6 5 CD 4 3 2 1 PD N PA CA

1 0 D N A 0 Prod Overh

Graph 23. Responses showing perception respect completion time by young AMTs or engineers using computer-based workflow processes, segregated by age of the respondents.

Graph 24. Responses showing perception respect completion time by young AMTs or engineers using computer-based workflow processes, segregated by working area of the respondents.

Finally, data collected for question 7 is shown in Addendum N, and graphs 21 below present the results.
Total Count
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 CD PD N PA CA Total Count

Graph 25. Responses showing perception respect influence of previous computer experience.

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Again, segregation is done respect two criteria: age of the respondents and working area. Graphs 26 and 27 show the results for question 7. Respect Age it is obvious it is not a factor influencing the responses and for the working area segregating factor a U-test was performed (Addendum O) and no significant statistical difference was found to consider the work area as a factor influencing responses.
12 10 8 <30 6 4 2 0 D N A 30-50 >50 2 1 0 Prod Overh 4 3 7 6 5 CD PD N PA CA

Graph 26. Responses showing perception respect influence of previous computer experiences, segregated by age of the respondents.

Graph 27. Responses showing perception respect influence of previous computer experiences, segregated by working area of the respondents.

The conclusions are presented in the next section. 5. Conclusions The present research work aimed to assess the attitudes of common airline's maintenance personnel respect the influence of age on attitude and performance using computer based workflow process systems. Because of limitations in time the survey could not include more samples drawn of several airline companies from different regions of the world; and in consequence the conclusions stated below only apply to the population observed. Being said the previous, the conclusions are: 1. Age of the respondent is not a factor when agreeing or disagreeing with the statements. 2. The respondents were consistent with their answers for each pair of related questions presented to them. This conclusion is supported with the U-tests run for each group of related questions. 3. There was not statistical evidence that work area of the respondents is a factor influencing the level of agreement or disagreement with the statements. Again U-tests elaborated support this conclusion.

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4. People were more biased to agree with responses favoring superior motivation and performance of young users of CMMS. 5. Although related answers kept consistent, respondents tended to be more neutral on attitudes respect skills and motivation of senior employees. 6. Previous experience using computers is an important aspect to consider according to respondents, but more research is required to properly assess the impact or validity of such perception. 7. Results obtained with this assessment look aligned with experimental data obtained in related research. 6. Recommendations The survey should include more samples drawn from different aviation organizations in different regions. Therefore, in order to elaborate a more complete assessment appropriate time should be planned. 7. References Meiselwitz, G. & Chakraborty, S. (2011). Exploring the Connection between Age and Strategies for Learning new Technology Related Tasks. Information Systems Education Journal. V9 No. 4. Retrieved from http://isedj.org/2011-9/N4/ISEDJv9n4p55.html

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Addendum A Survey

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Addendum B Questions 1 & 9 Data Statement 1

Young AMTs or engineers show more confidence to do computer-based workflow processes Sex Age Group Work Area Q1 F M 18-30 30-50 50-65 Over 65 Prod Overh Other CD PD NAND PA CA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 15 1 7 11 0 0 1 7 10

Statement 9

15

People over 50 years show less confidence to use computer-based workflow processes Sex Age Group Work Area Q9 F M 18-30 30-50 50-65 Over 65 Prod Overh Other CD PD NAND PA CA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 15 1 7 11 1 2 4 7 4

16

Addendum C U-Test Comparing Question 1 & 9

Options Rating CD 1 PD 2 N 3 PA 4 CA 5

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Addendum D U-tests for Work Area Segregation

Options Rating CD 1 PD 2 N 3 PA 4 CA 5

Statement 1
Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers of the two groups Production Personnel Overhead Personnel Participant Rating Rank Participant Rating Rank 1 3 1 2 4 5.5 3 4 5.5 4 4 5.5 1 4 5.5 2 4 5.5 3 4 5.5 4 4 5.5 5 5 13.5 6 5 13.5 7 5 13.5 5 5 13.5 6 5 13.5 7 5 13.5 8 5 13.5 9 5 13.5 10 5 13.5 11 5 13.5 R1 58 R2 116.5 n1 7 n2 11 U 26.5 From U-test tables @5% two tailed Ucritical = 13 U <= Ucritical? No, there is no significant difference between the perceptions of the two groups

Statement 9

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Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers of the two groups Production Personnel Overhead Personnel Participant Rating Rank Participant Rating Rank 1 1 1 2 2 2.5 3 2 2.5 4 3 4.5 5 3 4.5 1 3 6.5 2 3 6.5 3 4 11.5 4 4 11.5 5 4 11.5 6 4 11.5 7 4 11.5 6 4 11.5 7 4 11.5 8 5 16.5 9 5 16.5 10 5 16.5 11 5 16.5 R1 70.5 R2 104 n1 7 n2 11 U 39 From U-test tables @5% two tailed Ucritical = 13 U <= Ucritical? No, there is no significant difference between the perceptions of the two groups

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Addendum E Questions 2 & 4 Data Statement 2

People over 50 years show less interest to use computer-based workflow processes Sex Age Group Work Area Q2 F M 18-30 30-50 50-65 Over 65 Prod Overh Other CD PD NAND PA CA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 15 1 0 7 10 1 1 1 2 11 3

Statement 4

21

Young AMTs or engineers show more interest to do computer-based workflow processes Sex Age Group Work Area Q4 F M 18-30 30-50 50-65 Over 65 Prod Overh Other CD PD NAND PA CA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 15 1 0 7 10 1 0 0 3 8 7

22

Addendum F U-Test Comparing Question 2 & 4

Options Rating

CD 1

PD 2

N 3

PA 4

CA 5

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Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers provided for Q2 and Q4 Q2 Q4 Participant Rating Rank Participant Rating Rank 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 5.5 4 3 5.5 1 3 5.5 2 3 5.5 3 3 5.5 4 4 17.5 5 4 17.5 6 4 17.5 7 4 17.5 8 4 17.5 9 4 17.5 10 4 17.5 11 4 17.5 5 4 17.5 6 4 17.5 7 4 17.5 8 4 17.5 9 4 17.5 10 4 17.5 11 4 17.5 12 4 17.5 13 4 17.5 14 4 17.5 15 4 17.5 16 5 31.5 17 5 31.5 18 5 31.5 12 5 31.5 13 5 31.5 14 5 31.5 15 5 31.5 16 5 31.5 17 5 31.5 18 5 31.5 R1 301 R2 377 n1 18 n2 18 U 118 From U-test tables @5% two tailed Ucritical = 99 U <= Ucritical? No, there is no significant difference between the answers

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Addendum G U-tests for Work Area Segregation

Options Rating

CD 1

PD 2

N 3

PA 4

CA 5

Statement 2
Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers of the two groups Production Personnel Overhead Personnel Participant Rating Rank Participant Rating Rank 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 3 3.5 2 3 3.5 3 4 11.5 4 4 11.5 5 4 11.5 6 4 11.5 7 4 11.5 3 4 11.5 4 4 11.5 5 4 11.5 6 4 11.5 7 4 11.5 8 4 11.5 9 5 17.5 10 5 17.5 11 5 17.5 R1 64.5 R2 124.5 n1 7 n2 11 U 18.5 From U-test tables @5% two tailed Ucritical = 13 U <= Ucritical? No, there is no significant difference between the perceptions of the two groups

Statement 4

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Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers of the two groups Production Personnel Overhead Personnel Participant Rating Rank Participant Rating Rank 1 3 2.5 2 3 2.5 1 3 2.5 2 4 7.5 3 4 7.5 4 4 7.5 3 4 7.5 4 4 7.5 5 4 7.5 6 4 7.5 7 4 7.5 8 5 15.5 9 5 15.5 10 5 15.5 11 5 15.5 5 5 15.5 6 5 15.5 7 5 15.5 R1 71.5 R2 105 n1 7 n2 11 U 38.5 From U-test tables @5% two tailed Ucritical = 13 U <= Ucritical? No, there is no significant difference between the perceptions of the two groups

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Addendum H Questions 3 & 5 Data Statement 3

People over 50 years do more mistakes using computer-based workflow processes Sex Age Group Work Area Q3 F M 18-30 30-50 50-65 Over 65 Prod Overh Other CD PD NAND PA CA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 15 1 0 7 10 1 1 4 4 5 4

Statement 5

27

Young AMTs or engineers do less mistakes doing computer-based workflow processes Sex Age Group Work Area Q5 F M 18-30 30-50 50-65 Over 65 Prod Overh Other CD PD NAND PA CA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 15 1 0 7 10 1 1 4 2 8 3

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Addendum I U-Test Comparing Question 3 & 5

Options Rating

CD 1

PD 2

N 3

PA 4

CA 5

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Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers provided for Q3 and Q5 Q3 Q5 Participant Rating Rank Participant Rating Rank 1 1 1.5 1 1 1.5 2 2 6.5 3 2 6.5 4 2 6.5 5 2 6.5 2 2 6.5 3 2 6.5 4 2 6.5 5 2 6.5 6 3 13.5 7 3 13.5 8 3 13.5 9 3 13.5 6 3 13.5 7 3 13.5 8 4 22.5 9 4 22.5 10 4 22.5 11 4 22.5 12 4 22.5 13 4 22.5 14 4 22.5 15 4 22.5 10 4 22.5 11 4 22.5 12 4 22.5 13 4 22.5 14 4 22.5 15 5 33.5 16 5 33.5 17 5 33.5 18 5 33.5 16 5 33.5 17 5 33.5 18 5 33.5 R1 328 R2 335 n1 18 n2 18 U 160 From U-test tables @5% two tailed Ucritical = 99 U <= Ucritical? No, there is no significant difference between the answers 30

Addendum J U-tests for Work Area Segregation

Options Rating CD 1 PD 2 N 3 PA 4 CA 5

Statement 3
Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers of the two groups Production Personnel Overhead Personnel Participant Rating Rank Participant Rating Rank 1 1 1 2 2 3.5 3 2 3.5 4 2 3.5 1 2 3.5 2 3 7.5 5 3 7.5 6 3 7.5 7 3 7.5 8 4 12.5 9 4 12.5 10 4 12.5 3 4 12.5 4 4 12.5 5 5 16.5 6 5 16.5 7 5 16.5 11 5 16.5 R1 85.5 R2 88 n1 7 n2 11 U 55 From U-test tables @5% two tailed Ucritical = 13 U <= Ucritical? No, there is no significant difference between the perceptions of the two groups

Statement 5

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Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers of the two groups Production Personnel Overhead Personnel Participant Rating Rank Participant Rating Rank 1 1 1 1 2 3.5 2 2 3.5 3 2 3.5 4 2 3.5 2 3 6.5 5 3 6.5 3 4 11.5 4 4 11.5 5 4 11.5 6 4 11.5 6 4 11.5 7 4 11.5 8 4 11.5 9 4 11.5 10 5 17.5 11 5 17.5 7 5 17.5 R1 71 R2 101.5 n1 7 n2 11 U 41.5 From U-test tables @5% two tailed Ucritical = 13 U <= Ucritical? No, there is no significant difference between the perceptions of the two groups

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Addendum K Questions 6 & 8 Data Statement 6

People over 50 years require more time to complete computer-based workflow processes Sex Age Group Work Area Q6 F M 18-30 30-50 50-65 Over 65 Prod Overh Other CD PD NAND PA CA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 15 1 0 7 10 1 1 0 5 6 6

Statement 8

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Young AMTs or engineers require less time to complete computer-based workflow processes Sex Age Group Work Area Q8 F M 18-30 30-50 50-65 Over 65 Prod Overh Other CD PD NAND PA CA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 15 1 0 7 10 1 0 0 1 11 6

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Addendum L U-Test Comparing Question 6 & 8

Options Rating

CD 1

PD 2

N 3

PA 4

CA 5

35

Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers provided for Q6 and Q8 Q6 Q8 Participant Rating Rank Participant Rating Rank 1 1 1 2 3 4.5 3 3 4.5 4 3 4.5 5 3 4.5 6 3 4.5 1 3 4.5 2 4 16.5 3 4 16.5 4 4 16.5 5 4 16.5 6 4 16.5 7 4 16.5 8 4 16.5 9 4 16.5 10 4 16.5 11 4 16.5 12 4 16.5 7 4 16.5 8 4 16.5 9 4 16.5 10 4 16.5 11 4 16.5 12 4 16.5 13 5 30.5 14 5 30.5 15 5 30.5 16 5 30.5 17 5 30.5 18 5 30.5 13 5 30.5 14 5 30.5 15 5 30.5 16 5 30.5 17 5 30.5 18 5 30.5 R1 305.5 R2 369 n1 18 n2 18 U 126 From U-test tables @5% two tailed Ucritical = 99 U <= Ucritical? No, there is no significant difference between the answers 36

Addendum M U-tests for Work Area Segregation

Options Rating CD 1 PD 2 N 3 PA 4 CA 5

Statement 6
Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers of the two groups Production Personnel Overhead Personnel Participant Rating Rank Participant Rating Rank 1 1 1 2 3 4.5 3 3 4.5 1 3 4.5 2 3 4.5 3 3 4.5 4 4 9.5 5 4 9.5 4 4 9.5 5 4 9.5 6 4 9.5 7 4 9.5 8 5 15.5 9 5 15.5 10 5 15.5 11 5 15.5 6 5 15.5 7 5 15.5 R1 63.5 R2 110 n1 7 n2 11 U 33 From U-test tables @5% two tailed Ucritical = 13 U <= Ucritical? No, there is no significant difference between the perceptions of the two groups

Statement 8

37

Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers of the two groups Production Personnel Overhead Personnel Participant Rating Rank Participant Rating Rank 1 3 1 2 4 7.5 3 4 7.5 4 4 7.5 5 4 7.5 1 4 7.5 2 4 7.5 3 4 7.5 4 4 7.5 5 4 7.5 6 4 7.5 7 4 7.5 8 5 15.5 9 5 15.5 10 5 15.5 11 5 15.5 6 5 15.5 7 5 15.5 R1 68.5 R2 108 n1 7 n2 11 U 35 From U-test tables @5% two tailed Ucritical = 13 U <= Ucritical? No, there is no significant difference between the perceptions of the two groups

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Addendum N Question 7 Data

Sex Age Group Work Area Q7 F M 18-30 30-50 50-65 Over 65 Production Overhead Other CD PD NAND PA CA 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 15 1 0 7 10 1 0 0 2 5 11

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Addendum O U-test for Work Area Segregation

Options Rating CD 1 PD 2 N 3 PA 4 CA 5

Ho = There is not a significant difference between the answers of the two groups Production Personnel Overhead Personnel Participant Rating Rank Participant Rating Rank 1 3 1.5 2 3 1.5 3 4 5.5 4 4 5.5 5 4 5.5 1 4 5.5 2 4 5.5 3 5 13.5 4 5 13.5 5 5 13.5 6 5 13.5 7 5 13.5 6 5 13.5 7 5 13.5 8 5 13.5 9 5 13.5 10 5 13.5 11 5 13.5 R1 78.5 R2 100.5 n1 7 n2 11 U 42.5 From U-test tables @5% two tailed Ucritical = 13 U <= Ucritical? No, there is no significant difference between the perceptions of the two groups

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