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To Be a Shia in Saudi Arabia

Questions of Citizenship and Identity in a Traditional Society
January 2013
Categories: political sociology, Saudi Arabia, Shia,
minority, identity, human rights, political development

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Denied Dignity, Systematic Discrimination and Hostility toward Saudi Shia
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www.ibnarabisociety.org/clark.html

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Jelle Puelings, Fearing a Shiite Octopus: Sunni Shi`a Relations and the
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57

On the case of Bahrain for example, see Uzi Rabi and Joseph Kostiner, The
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58

Ben-Dor (eds), Minorities and the State in the Arab World, Lynne Rienner
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59

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:
Toby Jones, Desert Kingdom: How Oil and Water Forged Modern Saudi
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156-579
For details on the history of OIR, see: Fouad Ibrahim, The Shi'is of Saudi
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( ) 83

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72

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Toby Matthiesen, Hizbullah al-Hijaz: A History of The Most Radical Saudi
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PP. 179-197
Toby Jones, Embattled in Arabia, op. cit., p.7

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Laurence Lour, The Limits of Iranian Influence Among Gulf Shi`a, CTC
Sentinel, V.2. no.5 (May 2009). www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-limits-ofiranian-influence-among-gulf-shia

Vali Nasr, When the Shiites Rise, Foreign Affairs, July- Aug.,2006,
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Guardian.co.uk, Sep., 16, 2009.

www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/16/jimmy-carter-racism-barackobama

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World, Lynne Rienner Publishers,(Boulder, CO. 1999), p. 197

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Ethnic Conflict in the Post-Communist World, Palgrave, (New York. 2002),
the Introduction.

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For a brief review of Gellners concept of nationalism, see: Brendan
O'Leary, On the Nature of Nationalism: An Appraisal of Ernest Gellner's
Writings on Nationalism, British Journal of Political Science , V. 27, Issue: 2
(1997), pp 191-222

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Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities, Verso, (London 1991), p. 37

153

Anderson, ibid, p. 12

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Ben Fowkes, op. cit, p. 69

155

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Stephen Walt, Be Careful What you Wish for: Would Regime Change
Help Iran?, Foreign Policy, (14-12-2009),
http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/12/14/be_careful_what_you_wi
sh_for_would_regime_change_help_Iran

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www.alittihad.ae/details.php?id=7943&y=2011&article=full

See for example: Susanne Schwalgin, Why Locality Matters: Diaspora

Consciousness and Sedentariness in the Armenian Diaspora in Greece, in
W. Kokot, K. Tllyan & C. Alfonso (eds.), Diaspora, Identity and Religion,
Routledge. ( New York 2003), pp72-71

158

Astrid Wonneberger, The Invention of History in the Irish-American

Diaspora Myths of the Great Famine in W. Kokot, K. Tllyan & C.
Alfonso (eds.),ibid , p. 119

159

Ted Robert Gurr & Barbara Harff, Ethnic Conflict in World Politics,
Westview Press.(Boulder, CO. 1994), p. 78

160

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( )
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Lawrence Woocher, Preventing Violent Conflict, (Special Report 231, Sep.
2009) the United States Institute of Peace, Washington D.C.
www.usip.org/files/preventing_violent_conflict.pdf
162

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