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IEC 60071-1
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Power-frequency voltage, considered having constant r.m.s. value, continuously applied to any pair of terminals of an insulation configuration f = 50 Hz or 60 Hz T1 3 600 s Any power-frequency voltage lasting for 1 h or more is considered a continuous voltage! Conversion into
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Lifetime characteristic:
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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11.4 years
Source: Brugg Cables
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Power-frequency overvoltage of relatively long duration. The overvoltage may be damped or undamped. In some cases its frequency may be several times smaller or higher than power frequency. 10 Hz < f < 500 Hz 3 600 s T1 0.02 s Highest values by following main reasons: phase-to-earth earth faults and load rejection phase-to-phase load rejection longitudinal phase opposition during synchronization of two grids Conversion into
Example [THI-01]
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Short-duration overvoltage of few milliseconds or less, oscillatory or non-oscillatory, usually highly damped. May be followed by temporary overvoltages. In this case, both events are considered as separate events. "Slow-front overvoltage" Transient overvoltage, usually unidirectional 5000 s Tp > 20 s T2 20 ms Main reasons: line faults, switching Conversion into
Example [THI-01]
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Short-duration overvoltage of few milliseconds or less, oscillatory or non-oscillatory, usually highly damped. May be followed by temporary overvoltages. In this case, both events are considered as separate events. "Fast-front overvoltage" Transient overvoltage, usually unidirectional 20 s T1 > 0.1 s T2 300 s Main reasons: lightning strokes, switching Conversion into
Short-duration overvoltage of few milliseconds or less, oscillatory or non-oscillatory, usually highly damped. May be followed by temporary overvoltages. In this case, both events are considered as separate events. "Very-fast-front overvoltage" Transient overvoltage, usually unidirectional Tf < 100 ns (Tt 3 ms) basic oscillation (1st harmonics) 30 kHz < f < 300 kHz superimposed oscillations 300 kHz < f < 100 MHz Main reasons: switching of disconnectors in GIS Conversion into
not standardized
Example [THI-01]
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Consisting of two voltage components simultaneously applied between each of the two phase terminals of a phase-to-phase (or longitudinal) insulation and earth. It is classified by the component of the higher peak value. Conversion into
Combined impulse voltage having two components of equal peak value and opposite polarity. The positive component is a standard switching impulse and the negative one is a switching impulse whose times to peak and half value should not be less than those of the positive impulse. Both impulses should reach their peak values at the same instant. The peak value of the combined voltage is, therefore, the sum of the peak values of the components.
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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IEC 60071-1
U LE Ub / 3
ULE ... phase-to-earth voltage of sound phase during fault Ub ... phase-to-phase voltage at same location before fault
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according to [BAL-04]
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Pictures: VATech
Caused by several recent blackouts it Caused by several recent blackouts it has been considered internationally to has been considered internationally to increasingly operate sub-transmission increasingly operate sub-transmission systems (Us 170 kV) in the resonant systems (Us 170 kV) in the resonant earthed mode in order to increase earthed mode in order to increase reliability of power supply. [Information reliability of power supply. [Information from a Cigr meeting in Frankfurt, from a Cigr meeting in Frankfurt, October 2005] October 2005]
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according to [BAL-04]
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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fault
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
according to [BAL-04] - 15 -
fault clearing
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according to [BAL-04] - 17 -
according to [BAL-04] - 18 -
according to [BAL-04] - 19 -
k 1.4
k 3 ...1.85
IEC 60071-1
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Increase in frequency Increase in frequency leads to repeated phase leads to repeated phase oppositions at the open oppositions at the open circuit breaker for several circuit breaker for several minutes, see next slide minutes, see next slide
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2 - 21 -
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Voltage increase by factor of 1.35; Voltage increase by factor of 1.35; decrease to factor of 1.2 after 2 s. decrease to factor of 1.2 after 2 s.
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Ua Ue = cos 1
v1
1 L1C1
Not an issue for "normal" Not an issue for "normal" length transmission lines length
[DOR-81]
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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Can easily be avoided by de-tuning the system from the resonance frequency!
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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length of line: a
region of impressed current region of impressed current voltage develops according to voltage develops according to U-I-characteristics U-I-characteristics region of impressed voltage region of impressed voltage current develops according to current develops according to U-I-characteristics U-I-characteristics
1,3 1,25
1,2 1,15 1,1 1,05 1 0,95 0,9 0,85 0,8 0,1 1 10 100 1000
t /s
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
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