legionella pneumophila 2 special test BCYE, silver stain growth on chocolate agar and not on blood agar h.

flu

virus has DNA, RNA, or both? thick peptidoglycan wall

DNA or RNA only

gram + Catalase + coagulase +

staph aureus

gram +

painful chancroid

h. ducreyi

thin peptidoglycan wall gram fungi and parasites are eukaryotic or prokaryotic eukaryotic

major virulence factor for carbuncles coagulase staph aureus 3 bugs with beta N. gonorrhea lactamase pseudomondas

filamentous hemagglutin bordetella pertusis

MecA.. go

codes for NPBP2' on staph aureus which makes hospital acquired MRSA s. aureus enterotoxin A causes rapid onset N/V/ nonbloody D

MOA of pertusis toxin

stages of pertusis

increases cAMP catarrhal - most bacteria paroxysmal - has whooping cough convalescent - recovery

pertusis vaccine

acellular vaccine disease produced by organism part of normal flora

endogenous infection

custard, potato salad catalase + coagulase novobiocin sensitive

S. epidermidis

exogenous infection

diseases that arise when a person is exposed to an organism from an external source, ex tetanus (note this does not cause pregnancy generally)

microorganisms that colonize the host for hours to weeks not causing disease or harm but do not establish themselves permanently; do not become resident flora define transient flora Occurs when the interaction between microbe and human leads to a pathologic process characterized by damage to the human host

UTI in hospitalized patient with foley catheter, gram + , catalase - and virulence factor

s. epidermidis biofilm

lives in air conditioners and gives pna

legionella

define disease procedures for identifying types and strains of bacteria by analyzing growth in different media and their microbial products

UTI in sexually active female not hospitalized, gram +

s. saprohyticus

little girl wiping back to front

e. coli uti

what is biotyping? particular strain can be distinguished using antibodies to detect characteristic antigens

catalase + coagulase novobiocin resistant

s. saprohyticus

franscisella tularemis reservoir and vector; growth requires what name reservoir 1. B. melitenis: 2. B. abortus 3. B. suis 4. B. Canis

rabbit and ticks; BYCE with cysteine 1. goat 2. cattle 3. swine 4. dog

what is serotyping?

what has protein A

s. aureus

large buttery colonies with musty odor on blood agar pasteurlla multocida

has teichoic and lipteichoic acid; be general gram + exotoxin, in which type of bacteria and what part be specific gram -, lipid A part of LPS

what has protein M test for Rhuematic fever virulence factor for sandpaper rash s/p sore throat

s. pyogens

ASO test Spes; streptocococcal pyrogenic exotoxin, aka pyrogenic exotoxin; acts as superantigen

cat bite

pasteurlla multocida

o antigen is part of what

LPS in gram -

cat scratch

bartonella hensalae

PBPs... go

gram +, transpeptidases and carboxypeptidases, killed by PCN or cephalosporins

meningitis in neonate, gram + s. agalactiae

dog bite

capnocytophaga

scwartzmann reaction.. just in case

reaction following large release of endotoxin (after bacteria is killed), results in DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation, seen in n. meningitis

rat bite fever in US

streptobacillus monoliformis

DIC.... go

virulence factor for staphylococcal scaled skin syndrome exfolitative toxin - splits desomosomes gram + catalase diplococci s. penumonae virulence factor for MCC of pna in adults, secretory IgA protease - blocks secretory gram + IgA

rash starts on hands and feet and has fever; name R. rickettsii; rocky mountain spotted ds, bug, vector, reservoir fever; wild rodents, tick

site of beta lactamases in gram periplasmic space

two obligate intracellular organism

rickettsia and chlamydia r. prowazekii; humans and flying squirrel, human body louse; epidemic typhus

when spore is stimulated by disruption of outer coat by mechanical stress, pH, heat, requires water and triggering nutrient (alanine) will then convert back what is germination of to normal bacterial form spores? 1. lag phase 2. exponential phase (log phase) four phases of bacterial 3. stationary phase growth curve 4. decline phase bacterial DNA: circular or linear? circular - FYI the structure is maintained by polyamines (spermine and sperminidine) as opposed to histones in people

uti in patient with foley on broad spectrum cephalosporins enterococcus facealis

rash in prisoner that spares hands and feet

gram +, bile resistant

enterococcus facealis

parrots and pna

chlamydophila psittaci

gram + and grows on manitol salt agar, catalase +

staph aureus

giemsa staining +, intracytoplasmic inclusion chlamydia

define cistron

A section of a DNA or RNA molecule that codes for a specific polypeptide in protein synthesis.

patient with pna, gram +, green rings around growth on culture, bile sensitive, s. pneumonae grows in broth but not when subcultured, gram +, requires vitamin b6 Abriotrophia gram + rod, spore forming, aerobic, encapsulated, nonmotile

erythema chronicum migrans

lyme borreliosis

define polycistronic catalase beta hemolytic bacitracin senstive

operon with many structural genes

nontreponemal test - VDRL/RPR; tests screening test for syphilis for antibodies agaisnts cardiolipin

s. pyogens process by which bacteria take up fragments of NAKED DNA and incorporate them into their genomes transfer of genetic info from one bacterium to another by a bacteriophage

b. antrhacis

treponemal tests

FTA-ABS, specific antigen

define transformation

poly-d gulatmic acid capsule

b. antrhacis

bell's palsy, spirochete

borrelia burgdorgei

define transduction

widened mediastinum b anthracis

animal urine hooked ends ice tongs

leptospirosis leptospira

generalized vs specialized transduction conjugation

generalized: if the selection of the sequence is random because of accidental packaging of host DNA specialized: transfer particular genes close to their integration sites mating exchange of genetic info from on bacterium to another

necrotic black eschar, farmer b. antracis 2 families that form spores bacillus and clostridum

white footed mouse and white tailed deer

lyme borreliosis

transformation, conjugation, transduction: which requires cell to cell contact? transformation, conjugation, transduction: which requires antecedent phage infection transformation, conjugation, transduction: which requires competency transformation, conjugation, transduction: which requires naked DNA

conjugation

what method kills spores

sterilization (autoclave) steam the crap out of it

first stain red and then stain blue

acid fast

transduction

patient who eats heat stable toxin from b cereus has what sx?

emetic form, vomiting

armadillos

Myocbacteria leprae

transformation

reheated rice toxin and bug b. cereus, heat stable

has lots of mycolic acid

mycobacteria

transformation

heat labile toxin of b. cereus

diarrhea form, onset in > 6 hours, ingesting

mulberry shaped

mycoplasma pneumonia

transformation, conjugation, transduction: which transformation and transduction yes requires recombination conjugation: no for F+ x F-, yes for Hfr x to stabilize DNA? Fbacteriophages replicate in large numbers and lyse bacterial cell bacteriophage integrate into host genome without killing the host

nonmotile, spore forming gram + rod, strict anaerobe

fried egg appearance cold agglutinins

mycoplasma mycoplasma pneumonia

lytic infection lysogenic infection

strict anaerobes positive CAMP test

c. perfringes Actinomyces Bacteroids Clostridium s. agalactiae, listeria

walking pna atherosclerosis/atypical pna herpesvirus rna/dna? single/double? capsid type? enveloped? symmetrical?

mycoplasma pneumonia

chlamydophila pneumonia

statement: viruses are obligate intracellular parasites it was statement just like mRNA, does not need to carry positive strand RNA RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (b/c it virus means what can make it)

gas gangrene adult presents with flaccid paralysis, bug and toxin

c. perfringes c. botulinum, AB toxin, inhibits ACh release

dsDNA, enveloped, symmetrical, iscosadeltahedral

negative strand RNA virus means what enveloped or noneveloped virus is stable to drying, detergents, temp, acids, proteases? type of virus released via cell lysis only generally

can not begin translation until being TRANSCRIBED into + strand, must CARRY RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

3 toxin mediated s. aureus diseases

1. scaled skin 2. food poisoning 3. toxic shock

Herpes 6 causes?

roseola, exanthem subitum

non enveloped, i.e. capsid

diff between adult and infant botulism adults ingest the neurotoxin with rapid (regarding ingestion onset and onset) babies ingest spores with slow onset ingests honey with c. botulinum spores in it

herpes 7 causes?

roseola, exanthem subitum

capsid

floppy baby

herpes 8 causes?

MC - kaposi sarcoma (cancer like purple growth in AIDs patients), also: primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric castleman disease

vaccine for vzv?

live attenuated

type of virus that can survive our gut capsid type of virus spread in secretions and blood transfusions enveloped

spastic paralysis, bug c. tetani, tetanospasmin: travels to soma and toxin and how it and blocks glycine and GABA release works (inhibitory NTs) antibitoic associated diarrhea

c. difficle

tzanck smear +

hsv

type of virus that elicits immunopathogensis (hypersensitivty and inflammation) enveloped

pseudomembranous colitis

c. difficle

genital herpes bug HSV 2 virus that lives in trigeminal ggl and causes mouth sx HSV -1 virus that lives in sacral ganglia

HSV 1 or 2 lab findings Cancer is associated with which herpes virus and which one? EBV, Burkiit's B cell lymphoma

HSV 2 tznack smear shows multinucleated giant cells Cowdry type A inclusion bodies

type of virus protected against with only antibodies capsid viral RNA dependent RNA polymerases is required for what initiate virus replication negatvie strand RNA with segmented what type of virus is genome, 8 unique segements, influenza A enveloped order of viral attachment, penetration, uncoating, viral replications replication, assembly, release drugs that block uncoating step of viral replication amantadine, rimantadine drugs that block neuramindase

toxin of c. diff gram + with tumbling end over end movement

enterotoxin - toxin A: disrupts tight cell cell jxn cytotoxin (toxin B) actin to depolymerize killing cell

listeria

goat cheese granulomatosis infanticeptica - mom ate soft cheese

listeria

listeria

Heterophile -

CMV

Heterophile +

EBV

define tissue tropsim type of virus that enters cell via endocytsosis fusion

zanamivir and oseltamivir certain virus targets certain type of target cells... like all neural tissue, b cells, t cells

2 bugs that grow in cold listeria, yersina enterocolitica raised violaceous rash on fingers or hands in a farmer erysipelothrix rhospathrae cysteine tellurite blood agar cornyebacterium diptheriae

Owl eyes

CMV

endocytosis: capsid fusion: eveloped

MOA diptheriae toxin

A/B toxin that disrupts elongation factor 2 which inhibtis protein synthesis

negri bodies virus that loves B cells and epithelial cells

rabies

what phase is extracellular infectious virus not detected latent period binding of virus to a cell and subsequent absorption of virus particles by that cell

filamentous gram + acid fast

nocardia

EBV

define viropexis

aerial hypahe and acid fast nocardia patient with gray pseudomembrane in throat, bleeds when removed, name bacteria patient with gross yellow leaking sinus tracts along jaw with gram + bug

virus that loves monocytes, lymphocytes and epithelial cells CMV

fever rises during day and goes down at night, name of bug and undulant fever, burcella, meat packers, how its acquired unpast. milk

corynebacterium diptheriae

influenza is rna or dna

RNA - strand

define synctia

virus promotes cell cell fusion and forms multinucleated giant cells parovirus papovavirus hepadnavirus adenovirus herpesvirus poxvirus

actinomyces

M protein in virus is intracellular or extracellular?

intracellular minor antigenic changes, influenza A or B

list DNA viruses

listeria is intra or extra cellular? intra patient with meningitis and petechiae n. meningitis grows on thayer-martin vcn n. gonorrheoa

antigenic drift

antigenic shift

major change, new virus, flu A only

most common sites of viral disease oropharnyx and respiratory tract side effects caused by host repsonses to fever, malaise, anorexia, HA, body infection aches

pandemic epidemic MOA of amantadine or timantdaine

influenza A, antigenic shift influenza A or B, antigenic drift inhibit an uncoating step of influenza A ONLY target is M2 protein

vesicular rash on erythamtous base define attenuation MC route of viral infection

herpes weaken, making less virulent

which gram diplococci can we treat with PCN? n. meningitis maltose and glucose oxidizer n. meningitis glucose oxidizer only, gram - diplococci n. gonorrheoa

inhalation

MOA of zanamivir and oseltamivir

inhibit neuraminidase of A and B

acquisition, initiation, activation of innate protections, incubation period, replication, immune response, contagion, resolution or persistent steps of viral infection infection and chronic ds three potential outcomes of viral infection - slightly dumb list define this host cell outcome of a viral infection: transformation define this host cell outcome of a viral infection: latent infection cowdry type A (intranuclear)

MCC of UTI in sexually active F e. coli

hemagglutinin does what?

binds to salic acid and sticks to cells

failed infection, cell death, replication without cell death Immortalizing; changes cell to become indestructible

2 gram - lactose fermenters

e. coli klebsiella

neuramindase does what red macules on tum tum, constipation, other countries salmonella typhi carrier state of salmonella typhi, bug lives in what organ gallbladder pet turtle salmonella enteritidis

green metaliic sheen on EMB

e. coli

virus can survive in sleeping state, surviving but not producing clinicaly overt infections MC HSV, also subacute sclerosing panencepthalitis (measles) virus

intranuclear basophilic adenovirus

e. coli UTI virulence factor pili e. coli pna and meningitis virulence factor capsule e. coli shock virulence factor LPS rice water diarrhea in a traveler from mexico who hates seafood ETEC

raw chicken, nonbloody diarrhea, produces H2S

salmonella enteritidis

intracytoplasmic acidophilic

poxvirus

diarrhea common in MSM and children shigella AB toxin, inhibits proteins synthesis via shiga toxin mechanism 60S

perinuclear cytoplasmic acitophilic reovirus type of virus spread via fecal oral route capsid can be in gram +/poorly antigenic antiphagocytic major virulence factor

ETEC toxin EHEC toxin

Heat labile: similar to cholera - increases cAMP heat stable: similar to Y. enterocolitica: increase cGMP decreases reabsortion shiga-like toxin aka verotoxin - inhibits protein synthesis via 60S

shiga diarrhea bloody or nonbloody? lactose nonfermenter, nonmotile and not H2S producing

bloody

some details about capsules define bacterial colonization

shigella

does not interfere with normal body fxn use of physical procedures or chemical agents to destroy all microbial forms including bacterial spores; autoclave steaming critical level; items involved in invasive procedures that can not be sterilized; H2O2 semi-critical level: clean stuff where spores and highly resilient organism are unlikely; example alcohols

hamburger meat EHEC grossly bloody diarrhea followed by renal failure EHEC 0157:H7

kideny stones, 2 bugs blue green colonies and grape like odor

proteus (MC) and ureaplasma

define sterilization

HUS

EHEC 0157:H7

p. aeruginosa

high level disinfection

EIEC toxin

hemoylsin A and Shiga like

TCBS agar

virbiro

intermediate level disinfection

EPEC virulence

disrupts normal microvilli structure therefore malabsorption

pna in cystic fibrosis patient

pseudomonas aeruginosa

low level disinfection

non critical - for BP cuffs, ekg stuffs, stuffs that dont penetrate mucosal surfaces; example quaternary ammonium

diarrhea in kids with gram - lactose fermenter +

EPEC

pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin a disrupts protein synthesis via toxin EF2 burkolderia cepacica patient cystic fibrosis and chronic granulomatous disease

antiseptics

chemicals used on skin/living tissue to inhibit or eliminate mircobes; no sporicidal action; alcohols and chlorhexidine

alcoholic with pna

klebsiella

know the chart in chapter 18 objective 1 do u know it yet? e. coli - P fimbriae - p blood group glycolipd (also: type 1 fimbriae, and colonization factor antigen) n. gonorrhoeae: fimbriae oligosaccharide on epithelial cells vibrio cholerae: type 4 pili - fucose and mannose mycoplasma pna: protien P1 - sialic acid receptor

currant jelly sputum

klebsiella

acinetobacter stuff to know

grows on moist and dry surfaces, normal flora of oropharyngeal region, at risk: on broad spectrum abx, recovering from surgery

adherence mechanisms of e. coli n. gonorrhoeae virbrio cholera

painless granulomatous disease of genitalia and inguinal region k. granulomatis, donovanosis lactose nonfermenter, motile and H2S producing Salmonella

y. enterocolitica toxin unpasterized milk - 4 buggers bipolar staining urea breath test gastric ulcer

increases cGMP campylobacter, y. enterocolitica, burcella, listeria (?) y. pestis, pasterulla h. pylori h. pylori

superantigen special growth of campylobacter bile esculin agar mcc of intrabd infections only gram - with no endotoxin

nonspecific activation of T cells - life threatening 42C, microaerophilic, thin, curved, gram - rod bacteroides fragilis bacteroids fragilis b. fragilis

neutralizes the acid with acid inhibitory how h pylori does its thing protein, breaks down urease to (does not involve actual ammonia which neutralizes acid, passes through mucus and then kills the cells helicopters)

h. flu vaccine

purified PRP

MCC of gastroenteritis in US campylobacter

DNA virus properties: not transient or labile many establish persistent infections genomes reside in nucleus resembles host DNA early genes encode for DNA binding proteins and enzymes late genes encode for structural and other proteins

RNA virus properties: labile and transiet most replicate in ctyoplasm must encode RNA-dependent RNA polymerase in order to replicate prone to mutations all negative strand RNA viruses are enveloped

List the areas of the human body that are sterile

Sinuses Middle ear Brain Larynx Trachea Bronchioles Lower airways Uterus and cervix Genitourinary system (except anterior urethra, vagina, bladder can be transiently colonized with bacteria) Most internal compartments that do not have openings to the outside (blood, muscles, spaces between pleura, bones)

define plamsid, replicon, episome

plasmid: small genetic elements that replicate independently of bacterial chromosome replicon: autonomously replicated plasmid episome: plasmids that can be integrated into the host chromosome