Noorul Islam Centre for Higher Education Kumaracoil, India - 629180.

Subject Code CLASS Subject File Type Prepared By Department

: MS102 : S6 - AERO : PROFESSIONAL AND BUSINESS ETHICS : UNIT 1 &2 - 2 marks Q&A, &10 Marks Q : N. Pradeesh Kumar (Research scholar) : School of Management

For Department of AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING

Signature of Head Of Dept.

Signature of Pro-Vice Chancellor

UNIT I

1. What is a Moral? a) A moral (from Latin morlis) is a message conveyed or a lesson to be learned from a story or event. The moral may be left to the hearer, reader or viewer to determine for themselves, or may be explicitly encapsulated in a maxim. 2. What are the principles of Moral? a) Morality is concerned with principles and practices of morals such as: i. What ought or ought not to be done in a given situation?

ii. What is right or wrong about the handling of a situation? and iii. What is good or bad about the people, policies, and ideals involved?

3. What is Morality? a) Morality (from the Latin moralitas "manner, character, proper behavior") is the differentiation among intentions, decisions, and actions between those that are good (or right) and bad (or wrong). A moral code is a system of morality (for example, according to a

particular philosophy, religion, culture, etc.) and a moral is any one practice or teaching within a moral code 4. Differentiate Moral and Ethics? a) MORAL: Refers only to personal behavior. Refers to any aspect of human action. Social conventions about right or wrong conduct. ETHICS: Involves defining, analyzing, evaluating and resolving moral problems and developing moral criteria to guide human behavior. Critical reflection on what one does and why one does it. Refers only to professional behavior. 5. What are Values? a) A personal or cultural value' is an absolute or relative ethical value, the assumption of which can be the basis for ethical action. A value system is a set of consistent valuesand measures. A principle value is a foundation upon which other values and measures of integrity are based. Those values which are not physiologically determined and normally considered objective, such as a desire to avoid physical pain, seek pleasure, etc., are considered subjective, vary across individuals and cultures and are in many ways aligned with belief and belief systems.

6. Classifications of Values a) Values are classified into two prime typos Personal values Personal Values provide an internal reference for what is good, beneficial, important, useful, beautiful, desirable, constructive, etc. Values generate behaviour and help solve common human problems for survival by comparative rankings of value, the results of which provide answers to questions of why people do what they do and in what order they choose to do them. Cultural values Cultures have values that are largely shared by their members. The values of a society can often be identified by noting which people receive honor or respect. In the US, for example, professional athletes at the top levels in some sports are honored (in the form of monetary payment) more than college professors. Surveys show that voters in the United States would be reluctant to elect an atheist as a president, suggesting that belief in God is a value. 7. What are human values ? a) Values decide the standard of behavior. Some universally accepted values are freedom justice and equality. Other principles of values are love, care, honesty, integrity, self respect. 8. What are ethical values ? a) Trustworthiness, respect, responsibility, fairness, caring is ethical values 9. Distinguish values from ethics and culture. a) Values are mainly related to individuals and since they are related to justice, they remain the some for every one. E.g. truth, honesty, empathy, self respect. Values do not change from individual to individual. Ethics is common to a group of individuals; the group may be religious or professional . Ethics is mostly based on some code or law and judgment of any action is based on code of conduct or law. Ethics change from individual to individual Culture commonly refers to conduct of a group. E.g. system of worship, It may differ from society to society, nation to nation or religion to religion. 10. What is integrity? a) Integrity is the unity of character based on moral values . Consistency in attitudes, emotions and conduct in relations to morally justified actions and values are also the part of integrity of individual. It implies honesty, trustworthiness. 11. Define work ethics By ones work one cannot harm others.

a) Any worker cannot escape accountability. Worker has the moral responsibility to see that no other person s right, private or freedom is impaired or transgressed. 12. What is Engineering Ethics? a) Study of the moral issues and decisions confronting individuals and organizations engaged in engineering / profession. Study of related questions about the moral ideals, character, policies and relationships of people and corporations involved in technological activity. Moral standards / values and system of morals. 13. What is the need to study Ethics? a) To responsibly confront moral issues raised by technological activity. To recognize and resolve moral dilemma. To achieve moral autonomy. 14. What are the Senses of Engineering Ethics? a) An activity and area of inquiry. Ethical problems, issues and controversies. Particular set of beliefs, attitudes and habits. Morally correct. 15. What is Integrity? a) Integrity is a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes. In ethics, integrity is regarded as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of one's actions. Integrity can be regarded as the opposite of hypocrisy, in that it regards internal consistency as a virtue, and suggests that parties holding apparently conflicting values should account for the discrepancy or alter their beliefs. 16. What is Work Ethcis? a) Work ethic is a set of values based on hard work and diligence. It is also a belief in the moral benefit of work and its ability to enhance character. An example would be the Protestant work ethic. A work ethic may include being reliable, having initiative, or pursuing new skills. 17. What is Service Learning? a) Service learning is a method of teaching that combines formal instruction with a related service in the community. Advocates claim that learning is enhanced through direct application in appropriate social contexts of principles and practices taught through formal instruction concurrent with guided reflection of the student's experiences. Service learning is frequently implemented as youth service. As a teaching method, service learning is best categorized as a form of experiential

education. Specifically, service learning integrates meaningful community service with instruction and reflection to enrich the learning experience, teach civic responsibility, encourage lifelong civic engagement, and strengthen communities for the common good. 18. Scope of service learning? a) Service learning tells that one has moral responsibility to increase the desirable effects and to decrease the harmful effects. Any service should increase the desirable result. 19. What is Civic Virtue a) Civic virtue is the cultivation of habits of personal living that are claimed to be important for the success of the community. The identification of the character traits that constitute civic virtue have been a major concern of political philosophy. The term civility refers to behavior between persons and groups that conforms to a social mode (that is, in accordance with the civil society), as itself being a foundational principle of society and law. Civic virtues have historically been taught as a matter of chief concern in nations under republican forms of government, and societies with cities. When final decisions on public matters are made by a monarch, it is the monarch's virtues which influence those decisions. 20. Sate a few Civic duties a) An individual may exhibit civic virtues by voting, volunteering, and organizing welfare groups and meetings. The duties are: 1.To pay taxes to the local government and state, in time. 2.To keep the surroundings clean and green. 3.Not to pollute the water, land, and air by following hygiene and proper garbage disposal. For example, not to burn wood, tyres, plastic materials, spit in the open, even not to smoke in the open, and not to cause nuisance to the public, are some of the civic (duties) virtues. 4.To follow the road safety rules. On the other hand, the rights are: 1.To vote the local or state government. 2.To contest in the elections to the local or state government. 3.To seek a public welfare facility such as a school, hospital or a community hall or transport or communication facility, for the residents. 4.To establish a green and safe environment, pollution free, corruption free, and to follow ethical principles. People are said to have the right to breathe in fresh air, by not allowing smoking in public.

5.People have inalienable right to accept or reject a project in their area. One has the right to seek legal remedy, in this respect, through public interest petition. 21. What do you mean by Respect a) Respect denotes both a positive feeling of esteem for a person or other entity (such as a nation or a religion), and also specific actions and conduct representative of that esteem. Respect can be a specific feeling of regard for the actual qualities of the one respected (e.g., "I have great respect for her judgment"). It can also be conduct in accord with a specific ethic of respect. Rude conduct is usually considered to indicate a lack of respect, disrespect, whereas actions that honor somebody or something indicate respect. Specific ethics of respect are of fundamental importance to various cultures. Respect for tradition and legitimate authority is identified by Jonathan Haidt as one of five fundamental moral values shared to a greater or lesser degree by different societies and individuals. 22. Differentiate Self -respect and Self -esteem? a) Self-respect : It is a moral concept; refers to the virtue properly valuing oneself. Selfesteem: It is a psychological concept; means having a positive attitude toward oneself, even if the attitude is excessive or otherwise unwarranted . 23. What is peace? a) Peace is a state of harmony characterized by the lack of violent conflict. Commonly understood as the absence of hostility, peace also suggests the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or international relationships, prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the establishment of equality, and a working political order that serves the true interests of all. In international relations, peacetime is not only the absence of war or conflict, but also the presence of cultural and economic understanding . 24. What do we mean by Caring? a) Caring is feeling for others. It is a process which exhibits the interest in, and support for, the welfare of others with fairness, impartiality and justice in all activities, among the employees, in the context of professional ethics. It includes showing respect to the feelings of others, and also respecting and preserving the interests of all others concerned. Caring is reflected in activities such as friendship, membership in social clubs and professional societies, and through various transactions in the family, fraternity, community, country and in international councils. In the present day context, caring for the environment (including the fauna and flora) has become a necessity for our very survival. If we do not care for the environment, the environment will scare us. 25. What is sharing?

a) Sharing the joint use of a resource or space. In its narrow sense, it refers to joint or alternating use of an inherently finite good, such as a common pasture or a shared residence. It is also the process of dividing and distributing. Apart from obvious instances, which we can observe in human activity, we can also find many examples of this happening in nature. When an organism takes in nutrition or oxygen for instance, its internal organs are designed to divide and distribute the energy taken in, to supply parts of its body that need it. Flowers divide and distribute their seeds. In a broader sense, it can also include the free granting of use rights to a good that is capable of being treated as a nonrival good, such as information. Still more loosely, sharing can actually mean giving something as an outright gift: for example, to share one's food really means to give some of it as a gift. 26. What do you mean by Honesty? a) Honesty is a virtue, and it is exhibited in two aspects namely,(a)Truthfulness and(b)Trustworthiness. Truthfulness is to face the responsibilities upon telling truth. One should keep ones word or promise. By admitting ones mistake committed (one needs courage to do that!), it is easy to fix them. Reliable engineering judgment, maintenance of truth, defending the truth, and communicating the truth, only when it does good to others, are some of the reflections of truthfulness. But trustworthiness is maintaining integrity and taking responsibility for personal performance. People abide by law and live by mutual trust. They play the right way to win, according to the laws or rules (legally and morally). They build trust through reliability and authenticity. They admit their own mistakes and confront unethical actions in others and take tough and principled stand, even if unpopular. 27. Give the two aspects of Honesty? a) Truthfulness meeting responsibilities concerning truth-telling. b) Trustworthiness Meeting responsibilities concerning trust. 28. What do we mean by Courage? a) Courage (also bravery, boldness, fearlessness, mettle, fortitude, or intrepidity) is the ability to confront fear, pain, danger,uncertainty, or intimidation. Courage is acting in spite of fear. "Physical courage" is courage in the face of physical pain, hardship, death, or threat of death, while "moral courage" is the ability to act rightly in the face of popular opposition, shame, scandal, or discouragement. Civil courage (sometimes also referred to as "Social courage") is defined by many different standards. In general, the term is usually referred to when civilians stand up against something that is deemed unjust and evil, knowing that the consequences of their action might lead to their death, injury or some other form of significant harm.

In some countries (e.g. France and Germany) civil courage (Duty to rescue) is enforced by law under certain circumstances; this generally excludes assistance that would endanger the person who is offering it. 29. Why should we Value Time? a) Values of time are used to calculate the non-monetary costs incurred as part of a journey, so that the generalised cost of the journey (a combination of both monetary and non-monetary costs) can be calculated. The value of time varies considerably from person to person and depends upon the purpose of the journey, but can generally be divided into two sets of valuations: working time and non-working time. This division is appropriate because the value of working time (i.e. time spent travelling in the course of work) is calculated differently from the value of non-working time (i.e. time spent travelling outside work). 30. What is Co-operation/Cooperation? a) Cooperation or co-operation is the process of working or acting together. In its simplest form it involves things working in harmony, side by side, while in its more complicated forms, it can involve something as complex as the inner workings of a human being or even the social patterns of a nation. It is the alternative to working separately in competition. Cooperation can also be accomplished by computers, which can handle shared resources simultaneously, while sharing processor time. 31. What do we mean by Commitment? a) An agreement to perform a particular activity at a certain time in the future under certain circumstances. A promise is a commitment by someone to do or not do something. As true as this is for the success of a corporation, it is even more so for the individual. The most important single factor in individual success is COMMITMENT. Commitment ignites action. To commit is to pledge yourself to a certain purpose or line of conduct. It also means practicing your beliefs consistently. There are, therefore, two fundamental conditions for commitment. The first is having a sound set of beliefs. There is an old saying that goes, "Stand for something or you'll fall for anything." The second is faithful adherence to those beliefs with your behavior. Possibly the best description of commitment is "persistence with a purpose". 32. What is Empathy? a) Empathy is the capacity to recognize and, to some extent, share feelings (such as sadness or happiness) that are being experienced by another sentient or semi-sentient being. Someone may need to have a certain amount of empathy before they are able to feel compassion. The English word was coined in 1909 by E.B. Titchener as an

attempt to translate the German word "Einfhlungsvermgen", a new phenomenon explored at the end of 19th century mainly by Theodor Lipps. It was later retranslated into the German language (Germanized) as "Empathie", and is still in use there. 33. State the importance of Self-Confidence? a) The socio-psychological concept of self-confidence relates to self-assuredness in one's personal judgment, ability, power, etc., sometimes manifested excessively. Being confident in yourself is infectious if you present yourself well, others will want to follow in your foot steps towards success. 34. What do we mean by Character? a) Moral character or character is an evaluation of a particular individual's durable moral qualities. The concept of character can imply a variety of attributes including the existence or lack of virtues such as integrity, courage, fortitude, honesty, and loyalty, or of good behaviors or habits. Moral character primarily refers to the assemblage of qualities that distinguish one individual from another although on a cultural level, the set of moral behaviors to which a social group adheres can be said to unite and define it culturally as distinct from others. Psychologist Lawrence Pervin defines moral character as "a disposition to express behavior in consistent patterns of functions across a range of situations. 35. What is Spirituality? a) Spirituality can refer to an ultimate or an alleged immaterial reality; an inner path enabling a person to discover the essence of his/her being; or the deepest values and meanings by which people live. Spiritual practices, an

including meditation, prayer and contemplation, are intended to develop

individual's inner life; spiritual experience includes that of connectedness with a larger reality, yielding a more comprehensive self; with other individuals or the human community; with nature or the cosmos; or with the

divine realm. Spirituality is often experienced as a source of inspiration or orientation in life. It can encompass belief in immaterial realities or experiences of

the immanent or transcendent nature of the world. 36. Differentiate Micro-ethics and Macro-ethics? a) Micro-ethics : Deals about some typical and everyday problems which play an important role in the field of engineering and in the profession of an engineer. Macro-ethics : Deals with all the societal problems which are unknown and suddenly burst out on a regional or national level.

UNIT II

37. What is the Scope of Engineering Ethics a) Engineering Ethics is the activity and discipline aimed at i. understanding the moral values that ought to guide engineering profession or practice, ii. resolving moral issues in engineering, and iii. justifying the moral judgments in engineering. It deals with set of moral problems and issues connected with engineering. 38. What are the Senses of Engineering Ethics? a) There are two different senses (meanings) of engineering ethics, namely the Normative and the Descriptive senses. The normative sense include: b) Knowing moral values, finding accurate solutions to moral problems and justifying moral judgments in engineering practices, c) Study of decisions, policies, and values that are morally desirable in the engineering practice and research, and d) Using codes of ethics and standards and applying them in their transactions by engineers. The descriptive sense refers to what specific individual or group of engineers believe and act, without justifying their beliefs or actions. 39. Define Engineering Ethics a) Engineering ethics is defined by the codes and standards of conduct endorsed by engineering(professional) societies with respect to the particular set of beliefs, attitudes and habits displayed by the individual or group. Another important goal of engineering ethics is the discovery of the set of justified moral principles of obligation, rights and ideals that ought to be endorsed by the engineers and apply them to concrete situations. Engineering is the largest profession and the decisions and actions of engineers affect all of us in almost all areas of our lives, namely public safety, health, and welfare. 40. Mention some universally accepted ethical principles.? a) Honesty Integrity Fulfilling commitments Abiding by agreements in both letter and spirit Willing to admit mistakes Being caring and compassionate Having respect for human dignity 41. What is the method used to solve an Ethical problem?

a) 1) Recognizing a problem or its need. 2) Gathering information and defining the problem to be solved or goal to be achieved. 3) Generating alternative solutions or methods to achieve the goal. 4) Evaluate benefits and costs of alternate solutions. 5) Decision making & optimization. 6) Implementing the best solution. 42. What are the steps in confronting Moral Dilemmas? a) 1) Identify the relevant moral factors and reasons. 2) Gather all available facts that are pertinent to the moral factors involved. 3) Rank the moral considerations in order of importance as they apply to the situation. 4) Consider alternative courses of actions as ways of resolving dilemma, tracing the full implications of each. 5) Get suggestions and alternative perspectives on the dilemma. 6) By weighing all the relevant moral factors and reasons in light of the facts, produce a reasoned judgment. 43. What are the sorts of complexity and murkiness that may be involved in moral situations? a) Vagueness Conflicting reasons Disagreement 44. What are the types of Inquiry? a) The three types of inquiries, in solving ethical problems are: normative inquiry, conceptual inquiry, and factual or descriptive inquiry .The three types of inquiries are discussed below to illustrate the differences and preference. 1. Normative Inquiry 2. Conceptual Inquiry 3. Factual or Descriptive Inquiry 45. What is a Normative Inquiry? a) It seeks to identify and justify the morally-desirable norms or standards that should guide individuals and groups. It also has the theoretical goal of justifying particular moral judgments. Normative questions are about what ought to be and what is good, based on moral values. For example, 1.How far does the obligation of engineers to protect public safety extend in any given situation?

2.When, if ever, should engineers be expected to blow whistle on dangerous practices of their employers? 3.Whose values ought to be primary in making judgment about

acceptable risks in design for a public transport system or a nuclear plant? Is it of management, senior engineers, government, voters or all of them? 4.When and why organisations? 5.What are the reasons on which the engineers show their obligations to their employees or clients or the public? 46. What is Conceptual Inquiry? a) It is directed to clarify the meaning of concepts or ideas or principles that are expressed by words or byquestions and statements. For example, a) What is meant by safety? b) How is it related to risk? c) What is a bribe? d) What is a profession? When moral concepts are discussed, normative and conceptual issues are closely interconnected. 47. Factual or Descriptive Inquiry? a) It is aimed to obtain facts needed for understanding and resolving value issues. Researchers conduct factual inquiries using mathematical or statistical techniques. The inquiry provide important information on business realities, engineering practice, and the effectiveness of professional societies in fostering moral conduct, the procedures used in risk assessment, and psychological profiles of engineers. Thefacts provide not only the reasons for moral problems but also enable us to develop alterative ways of resolving moral problems. For example, 1.How were the benefits assessed? 2.What are procedures followed in risk assessment? 3.What are short-term and longterm effects of drinking water being polluted? And 4.Who conducted the tests on materials? is the government justified in interfering with the

48. What is a Moral Dilemma? a) Dilemmas are situations in which moral reasons come into conflict, or in which the application of moral values are problems, and one is not clear of the immediate choice or solution of the problems. Moral reasons could be rights, duties, goods or obligations. These situations do not mean that things Had gone wrong, but they only indicate the presence of moral complexity. This makes the decision making complex. For example, a person promised to meet a friend and dine, but he has to help his uncle who is involved in an accident one has to fix the priority. There are some difficulties in arriving at the solution to the problems, in dilemma. 49. What are the Situations leading to Moral Dilemma? a) The three complex situations leading to moral dilemmas are: 1. The problem of vagueness: One is unable to distinguish between good and bad (right or wrong) principle. Good means an action that is obligatory. For example, code of ethics specifies that one should obey the laws and follow standards. Refuse bribe or accept the gift, and maintain confidentiality 2. The problem of conflicting reasons: One is unable to choose between two good moral solutions. One has to fix priority, through knowledge or value system. 3. The problem of disagreement: There may be two or more solutions and none of the mandatory. These solutions may be better or worse in some respects but not in all aspects. One has to interpret, apply different morally reasons, and analyze and rank the decisions. Select the best suitable, under the existing and the most probable conditions. 50. What are the steps in confronting moral dilemmas? a) Identify the relevant moral factors and reasons Gather all available facts that are pertinent to the moral factors involved. Rank the moral considerations in order of importance as they apply to the situation. Consider alternative course of action as ways of resolving the dilemma, tracing the full implications of each. Talk with the colleagues seeking their suggestions and alternative perspectives on the dilemma. Arrive at a carefully reasoned judgment by weighing all the relevant factors and reasons in light of the facts. 51. What is Moral Autonomy? a) Moral autonomy is defined as, decisions and actions exercised on the basis of moral concern for other people and recognition of good moral reasons. Alternatively, moral autonomy means self determinant or independent. The autonomous people hold moral beliefs and attitudes based on their critical reflection rather than on passive

adoption of the conventions of the society or profession. Moral autonomy may also be defined as a skill and habit of thinking rationally about the ethical issues, on the basis of moral concern. Viewing engineering as social experimentation will promote autonomous participation and retain ones professional identity. Periodical performance appraisals, tight-time schedules and fear of foreign competition threatens this autonomy. 52. State the different stages of Kohlbergs Theory. a) There are three stages and six levels and they are as follows: i. Level 1 (Pre-Conventional) 1. . Obedience and punishment orientation (How can I avoid punishment?) 2. . Self-interest orientation (What's in it for me?) (Paying for a benefit) ii. Level 2 (Conventional) 1. Interpersonal accord and conformity (Social norms) (The good boy/good girl attitude) 2. Authority and social-order maintaining orientation (Law and order morality) iii. Level 3 (Post-Conventional) 1. Social contract orientation

2. Universal ethical principles (Principled conscience) 53. Give the various tests required to evaluate the Ethical Theories? a) Theory must be clear, and formulated with concepts that are coherent and applicable. b) It must be internally consistent in that none of its tenets contradicts any other. c) Neither the theory nor its defense can rely upon false information. d) It must be sufficiently comprehensive to provide guidance in specific situations of interests to us. e) It must be compatible with our most carefully considered moral convictions about concrete situations. 54. What is a Profession? a) A profession is a vocation founded upon specialized educational training, the purpose of which is to supply disinterested counsel and service to others, for a direct and definite compensation, wholly apart from expectation of other business gain. 55. Who is a Professional?

a) A professional is a person who is paid to undertake a specialised set of tasks and to complete them for a fee.The traditional professions were doctors, lawyers, clergymen, and commissioned military officers. Today, the term is applied to estate agents, surveyors, environmental scientists, forensic scientists, educators, and many more. The term is also used in sports to differentiate amateur players from those who are paid hence "professional footballer" and "professional golfer". 56. What are the Professional Roles of an Engineer? a) Promotion of public good is the primary concern of the professional engineers. There are several role models to whom the engineers are attracted. These models provoke their thinking, attitudes and actions. i. Savior ii. Guardian iii. Bureaucratic Servant iv. Social Servant v. Social Enabler and Catalyst vi. Game Player 57. What are the types of Responsibilities? a) Different types of responsibilities exhibited in human transactions are: i. Moral Responsibility

ii. Causal Responsibility iii. Job Responsibility iv. Legal Responsibility 58. Name a few Ethical Theories? a) Several ethical theories have been developed over different times, each of them stressing certain ethical principles or features. Each stresses a view and many a times, we find that these theories converge and reinforce the ethics, in deciding upon the actions and justifying the results. i. Utilitarian Theory 1. ACT UTILITARIAN theory 2. RULE UTILITARIAN theory ii. Duty Ethics iii. Rights Theory iv. The Virtue Theory v. Self-realization Ethics vi. Justice (Fairness) Theory 59. What is Self Control?

a) It is a virtue of maintaining personal discipline. It means a strong will and motivation and avoidance of fear, hatred, lack of efforts, temptation, self-deception, and emotional response. It encompasses courage and good judgment also. Selfrespect promotes self-control. b) Self-interest is being good and acceptable to oneself. It is pursuing what is good for oneself. It is very ethical to possess self-interest. As per utilitarian theory, this interest should provide for the respect of others also. Duty ethics recognizes this aspect as duties to ourselves. Then only one can help others. Right ethicist stresses our rights to pursue our own good. Virtue ethics also accepts the importance of self-respect as link to social practices.

60. Give the drawbacks of Utilitarianism? a) Sometimes what is best for the community as a whole is bad for certain individuals in the community. It is often impossible to know in advance which decision will lead to the most good. 61. Give the drawback of Duty Ethics? a) Duty ethics does not always lead to a solution which maximizes the public good. 62. Give the drawbacks of Rights Ethics? a) How do we prioritize the rights of different individuals & It often promotes the rights of individuals at the expense of large groups / society. 63. Differentiate Ethical Relativism and Ethical Egoism? a) Ethical egoism the view that right action consist in producing ones own good. Ethical relativism the view that right action is merely what the law and customs of ones society require 64. Define Ethical Pluralism? a) Ethical pluralism is the view that there may be alternative moral perspectives that are reasonable, but no one of which must be accepted completely by all rational and morally concerned persons. 65. What is Self-Respect? a) It is defined as valuing oneself in morally suitable ways. Self-respect includes (a) recognition, which means respect to others, their ideas, decisions, ability, and rights and (b) appraisal, which means properly valuing ourselves as to how well we face moral standards and our personal commitments(aims). An intensive but balanced feeling of self-respect is sense of honor. This includes intense agonyand guilt for wrong doings. Self-control is a virtue of maintaining personal discipline (self-

regulation).Courage is a bye-product of self-respect, which makes a person face the hardship in rational way

PART B (6 Marks)

UNIT I 1. What is empathy? What is the difference between empathy and Sympathy? List the benefits of Empathy? a. 2. What is work ethics? Discuss the various elements of it. a. 3. What are human values? List few key principles that compose the foundation of human values? a. 4. What are Moral Dilemmas? Explain the various causes of it. a. 5. What is Profession? What are the Characteristics of a profession? a. 6. Who is a Professional? Explain whether engineering is a profession? a. 7. What are the types of inquiries in engineering? Explain some with suitable examples. a.

UNTI II 8. What are Ethical theories? How can you classify them? a. 9. What is meant by virtues? Do engineers need virtues? a.

10. What are the theories of right action or morality? a. 11. What is meant by Utilitarianism? Discuss the two versions of Utilitarianism. a. 12. How are ethical theories useful in resolving moral dilemmas? a. 13. What is meant by self-interest? How does it relate with the concept of ethical egoism? a.

PART B (6 Marks)

UNIT I 1. Differentiate between the following: a) Good and Evil, and b) Morality and Ethics and explain in detail a. 2. What is Courage? What are some of the salient features of Courage? a. 3. What are human values? List few key principles that compose the foundation of human values a. 4. Discuss the theories pertaining to moral autonomy with specific reference to consensus and controversy. a. 5. Are engineers Ethics and Professional ethics same? Are ethics and moral same? Discuss. a.

UNTI II 6. Discuss the need and importance of Ethics in Engineering Profession. a. 7. Are engineering ethics and professional ethics the same? Are ethics and moral the same? Discuss. a. 8. What is meant by moral autonomy? What are the factors that are influencing moral concern? a.

9. What are Normative, Conceptual, and Factual Inquiries? Explain with suitable examples. a. 10. Discuss different situations of moral dilemmas with suitable examples. a. 11. What is meant by professionalism? Discuss two persuasive definitions of professionalism in engineering. a.