PRACTICAL COURSE IN ENGLISH VOCABULARY

FOR 2nd YEAR STUDENTS IN PSYCHOLOGY

AUTHOR: Maria-Anca MAICAN

Introduction
The Practical Course in English Vocabulary attempts at consolidating, introducing and providing practice in key lexical areas in English, at intermediate level. To this end, each vocabulary section includes a comprehension activity, based on authentic texts, followed by a wide range of exercises: multiple choice, multiple matching, gap-fill, word definitions, all arousing and maintaining studentss attention and curiosity. The exercises are designed so as for students to be able to solve them both individually and in pairs, during the tutorials. As the course comprises independent themes, the units can be used in any order.

Course objectives The aim of this course is to provide students with comprehensive vocabulary belonging to thematic areas of significance in everyday life, such as Family, Jobs, Health, Descibing People, Food and Cooking etc. At the end of this course, the distance- learning students will be able to: Operate with a wide range of new vocabulary items related to the aforementioned themes; Identify key elements in the texts given; Produce relevant written texts in accordance with the input information offered; Initiate and develop meaningful conversations starting from the topics given; Connect, compare and contrast information, both in writing and orally.

Resources Apart from the printed material, the course also requires the use of monolingual and bilingual dictionaries. Areas from the course which might be found problematic can be further studied using the bibliography provided by the tutor.

Course structure The course is structured in 10 units, each of them including objectives, a reading task followed by exerciseS, examples and an end of unit test. Each unit also includes homework, placed at the end of the unit, which the students will have to complete and upload on the e- learning platform by the end of the session of exams.

Preliminary require ments Being designed at intermediate level, the course requires students to have knowledge of English at pre- intermediate/ intermediate level. The average time for individual study Each unit of this course requires no more than 2-3 hours of individual study.

Assessment At the end of the semester, each student will receive a grade which will reflect: the results of a written test meant to assess the students acquired knowledge (40% of the final grade); the results for the ten pieces of homework that students will have to complete by the end of the session of exams (30% of the final grade); students activity during the tutorials (30% of the final grade).

Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................2 Questionnaire for prerequisites ...................................................................................................6 UNIT ONE. FAMILY.................................................................................................................7 I.1. Introduction................................................................................................................7 I.2. Competences..............................................................................................................7 I.3. Reading .....................................................................................................................7 I.4. Exercises ...................................................................................................................8 I.5. End of Unit Test ......................................................................................................10 I.6. Homework ..............................................................................................................11 UNIT TWO. FOOD AND COOKING .....................................................................................12 II.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................12 II.2. Competences ..........................................................................................................12 II.3. Reading ..................................................................................................................12 II.4. Exercises ................................................................................................................14 II.5. End of Unit Test ....................................................................................................16 II.6. Homework .............................................................................................................17 UNIT THREE. WORK AND EMPLOYMENT.......................................................................18 III.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................18 III.2. Competences .........................................................................................................18 III.3. Reading ................................................................................................................18 III.4. Exercises ..............................................................................................................20 III.5. End of Unit Test ...................................................................................................22 III.6. Homework ............................................................................................................23 UNIT FOUR.MONEY ..............................................................................................................24 IV.1. Introduction...........................................................................................................24 IV.2. Competences .........................................................................................................24 IV.3. Reading ................................................................................................................24 IV.4. Exercises ..............................................................................................................26 IV.5. End of Unit Test ...................................................................................................28 IV.6. Homework ...........................................................................................................28 UNIT FIVE. COLOURS...........................................................................................................29 V.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................29 V.2. Competences ..........................................................................................................29 V.3. Reading .................................................................................................................29 V.4. Exercises ...............................................................................................................31 V.5. End of Unit Test ....................................................................................................32 V.6. Homework .............................................................................................................33 4

UNIT SIX. TRAVELLING AND HOLIDAYS .......................................................................34 VI.1. Introduction...........................................................................................................34 VI.2. Competences .........................................................................................................34 VI.3. Reading ................................................................................................................34 VI.4. Exercises ..............................................................................................................36 VI.5. End of Unit Test ...................................................................................................38 VI.6. Homework ...........................................................................................................39 UNIT SEVEN. SPORTS...........................................................................................................40 VII.1. Introduction .........................................................................................................40 VII.2. Competences........................................................................................................40 V.3. Reading .................................................................................................................40 VII.4. Exercises .............................................................................................................41 VII.5. End of Unit Test .................................................................................................43 VII.6. Homework ..........................................................................................................44 UNIT EIGHT. HEALTH AND THE BODY............................................................................45 VIII.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................45 VIII.2. Competences ......................................................................................................45 VIII.3. Reading .............................................................................................................45 VIII.4. Exercises ...........................................................................................................47 VIII.5. End of Unit Test ................................................................................................49 VIII.6. Homework .........................................................................................................50 UNIT NINE. TOWNS AND BUILDINGS ..............................................................................51 IX.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................51 IX.2. Competences .........................................................................................................51 IX.3. Reading ................................................................................................................51 IX.4. Exercises ..............................................................................................................54 IX.5. End of Unit Test ...................................................................................................56 IX.6. Homework ...........................................................................................................56 UNIT TEN.................................................................................................................................57 X.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................57 X.2. Competences ..........................................................................................................57 X.3. Reading .................................................................................................................57 X.4. Exercises ...............................................................................................................59 X.5. End of Unit Test ....................................................................................................61 X.6. Homework .............................................................................................................62 BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................................. .....63 ANSWER KEY FOR END OF UNIT TESTS ........................................................................64

QUESTIONNAIRE FOR PREREQUISITES

Choose the right ans wer. Only ONE ans wer is correct. 1. Penny had three exams and managed to them all. a. succeed; b. take; c. pass; d. trace. 2. Anna works in advertising and a very high salary. a. earns; b. wins; c. conquers; d. restrains. 3. She had a holiday in France and managed to up the language. a. take; b. pick; c. learn; d. study. 4. The first consisted of cold fish and salad. a. meal; b. plate; c. kind; d. course. 5. This is a popular restaurant and you always have to a table. a. reservate; b. book; c. establish; d. prepare. 6. The final score was 2-2, so it was a(n) . a. draw; b. equal; c. equality; d. remiss. 7. All the people in the queue saw the bus approaching and they started pushing, trying to get the bus. a. in; b. into; c. on; d. out of. 8. You should keep all the from your shopping. a. prescriptions; b. recipes; c. receipts; d. bones. 9. This dress doesnt me. Its far too big. a. match; b. suit; c. go with; d. fit. 10. Is that chair comfortable, or would you like to use a(n) ? a. pillow; b. blanket; c. eiderdown; d. cushion. 11. I like Do It - but Ive decided to have the decorating done by a local firm. a. Myself; b. Yourself; c. Alone; d. Together. 12. His room is at the top of the opposite the bathroom. a. stairs; b. steps; c. apartment; d. hall. 13. You are in the red when you a. are dressed in red; b. have money in your account; c. owe money; d. you are angry. 14. Paul some money from me but didnt pay it back. a. lent; b. loaned; c. borrowed; d. hired. 15. Bleak weather means a. its bright; b. its nice weather; c. its scorching; d. its cold and grey. 16. In winter, the weather is unlikely to be a. sweltering; b. bitter; c. dull; d. raw. 17. The salad will be tastier if you some herbs. a. whisk; b. pour; c. crack; d. sprinkle. 18. My hands were so cold that I couldnt my coat buttons. a. undo; b. put up; c. open; d. remove. 19. When I left the job, I had to hand in my three weeks beforehand. a. application; b. dismissal; c. notice; d. retirement. 20. I was born in France but I in Germany. a. was rose; b. raised; c. brought up; d. grew up. 6

UNIT ONE. FAMILY

Content I.1. Introduction................................................................................................................7 I.2. Competences..............................................................................................................7 I.3. Reading .....................................................................................................................7 I.4. Exercises ...................................................................................................................8 I.5. End of Unit Test ......................................................................................................10 I.6. Homework ..............................................................................................................11

I.1. Introduction This unit introduces basic terms related to family and family relationships. I.2. Competences On completion of UNIT ONE, students will be able to use vocabulary items related to family and family relationships. Using their experience and newly acquired vocabulary, students will also be able to connect, compare and contrast information, as well as to enhance their speaking, reading and writing skills.

Study time for UNIT ONE: 2-3 hours.

READING I.3.1. Draw up your family tree. Talk to your partner about your family. Refer to age, jobs, peoples personality, your relationship with the m. I.3.2. Read the following text and ans wer the questions: The Brenner family has a mom, a dad, three boys, two dogs, a hamster and four frogs. They are very happy. Their house is very small. Mom and Dad share one bedroom.

The three boys share one bedroom. Their names are Billy, Bobby and Brad. All the pets sleep in the living room. Mr. and Mrs. Brenner came home today from the doctor with news. It is very big news. There are going to be two more of us, Mrs. Brenner says with a smile. I am pregnant. Billy, Bobby and Brad cheer. We will have a basketball team, Billy says. And do you know what Dad and I have decided we need? asks Mrs. Brenner? A coach? asks Bobby. A bigger house, Mr. Brenner says with a laugh. Over the next week, the Brenner family starts looking for a new house. On Monday, they see a brick house with a big front porch. It has three bedrooms. Mr. Brenner likes this one. On Thursday, they see a wooden house with a big backyard. It has four bedrooms. Mrs. Brenner thinks this house is great. On Saturday, they see a house with four bedrooms and a pool. The boys like this house a lot. They dream of having their friends over for a swim. But its smaller than the house we live in now! Mrs. Brenner says. All of the houses cost a lot of money. I think we need to save more money before we buy a bigger house, says Mr. Brenner. Mrs. Brenner agrees. Soon, the twins arrive in their very small house. Their names are Beth and Brooke. The two baby girls sleep in a crib by their parents bed. One day, Mr. Brenner bought a basketball hoop and put it in the driveway. ... 1. What is the Brenner house like? 2. Who shares a bedroom? 3. What pets do the Brenners have? 4. What can be said about the kids names? 5. What is the big news? 6. Why does Bobby say the Brenners need a coach? 7. Which house does Mr. Brenner like? 8. Why do the boys like the house with a pool? 9. How are all the houses they see alike? 10. What must the Brenners do before buying a new house? I.3.3. Talk to your partne r and imagine a follow up for the Brenners story, eithe r on the long term or on the short term. Present your ideas to the class.

EXERCISES I.4.1. Can you solve the puzzle below? My names Frank. Who is my mothers younger sisters fathers brother- in- laws wifes fathers only great grandson? My uncle is called John and his father is called Jim. Jim has two brothers called Jack and Jeremy. I.4.2. What is the difference in meaning between the following? 8

a. Parents and relatives b. Nephews and nieces c. Stepsisters and sisters- in-law d. Godfathers and great- uncles e. A close relative and a distant relative. I.4.3. Match the descriptions on the left with their significance on the right. Then use the m to describe the relationships in the fragme nts presented. 1. I look like my dad. 2. I take after my mum. a. I have a similar personality. b. I have inherited some of characteristics. 3. I get on (really) well with my cousin, Jake. c. I have a very good relationship. 4. Im very close to my twin sister, Karen. d. We share similar interests. 5. I have a lot in common with my brother, e. I have a similar appearance. Will. 6. Im (a bit) like my Aunt Gillian. f. I have a deep, strong relationship. her

EXAMPLE 1. e: My Aunt Rose has the same long nose and high cheekbones as my mum. People often mistake her for her sister. John and Rob really enjoy each others company, because they both love playing football, talking about cars, and going out. Claire has lots of friends, but if she has a problem to solve or a secret to share she always tells her cousin, Sue, first. They grew up together, and can trust each other completely. My nephews, Paul and Colin, are both very talkative and outgoing. My mum tells me that I get my fiery temper and stubborn nature from my granny.

I.4.4. Underline the correct word: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Children are not allowed to see this film. Its for adults/ old only. Unfortunately, it rained on Nick and Helens wedding/ marriage day. I think we should try to understand the problems of aged/ old people. There should be more facilities for young/ youth people in this town. More than fifty relatives/ relatings were invited to Jacks party. Its my anniversary/ birthday today. Im eighteen years old now. I occasionally meet Terry, but we are not so close; he is more a/ an acquaintance/ friend. 8. Six months after their engage ment/ marriage, they got married.

End of UNIT TEST

I.5.1. Fill in each gap with one word only: 1) My 's son is my father. 2) My wife's sister is my ... 3) My wife's mother is my .. 4) My uncle's son is my . . 5) My sister's daughter is my .. . 6) My mother is my father's . 7) My husband's brother is my .. 8) My grandfather and grandmother are my . 9) I am married. My s name is Eva. 10) Ive always got on well with my husbands sister, my . I.5.2. Complete each sentence with one of the words from the list: alike friendship children housewife couple husband elder single engaged twin

EXAMPLE 0. Jane got married to her HUSBAND, Bob, four years ago. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Janes friends think that she and Bob are the perfect .. They havent got any ....yet, but they want a large family. Janes .sister, Mary, was born half an hour before she was. Jane and Mary look ..but are not exactly the same. Mary isnt married. She says she prefers to be . She says she believes in , but doesnt believe in marriage. 7. Diana is Jane and Marys .sister. She calls them her little sisters. 8. Diana has been ..for three years, but hasnt got married yet. She has a career and doesnt like the idea of being a .. I.5.3. Introduce the phrases underlined in Exercise I.4.3. into other meaningful sentences.

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Homework In about 150 words, describe an ideal family. Refer to me mbers, jobs, feelings, preferred activities and ways of spending leisure time.

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UNIT TWO. FOOD AND COOKING

Content II.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................12 II.2. Competences ..........................................................................................................12 II.3. Reading ..................................................................................................................12 II.4. Exercises ................................................................................................................14 II.5. End of Unit Test ....................................................................................................16 II.6. Homework .............................................................................................................17

II.1. Introduction This unit introduces basic terms related to food, cooking and possible places where to have meals. It also develops students skill to initiate conversation and appropriately respond to replies. II.2. Competences On completion of UNIT TWO, students will be able to use vocabulary items related to food and cooking, in a wide variety of contexts. Students will also be able to connect certain types of food to certain traditions or geographical areas.

Study time for UNIT TWO: 2-3 hours.

READING II.3.1. Do you like cooking? Do you use a recipe when yo u cook? Where do you normally buy your food? II.3.2. Match the verbs with the food:

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EXAMPLE 0. 6. a (slice bread)

0. slice 1. chop and fry 2. steam 3. fry or scramble 4. fry or grill 5. peel and boil 6. bake

a. bread b. steak c. onions d. rice e. tomatoes f. potatoes and carrots g. eggs

II.3.3. Read about Ben. He wants to have dinne r with a friend. Whe re do you think the food for the meal comes from? Read the text to see if your predictions were right. My friend Ben isnt a good cook, but he likes cooking. He cooks many different things. Sometimes it tastes lovely, but sometimes it tastes horrible! Im very nervous when I go to his house! Today is Saturday and Ben is cooking dinner for me. We are in his kitc hen. I dont help; I watch and talk with him. We talk about our families and our friends. We talk about what we can do tomorrow. While we talk he peels and boils potatoes and carrots. He chops and fries onions. He slices tomatoes. He steams rice. Now he puts everything together in a big pot. He adds some salt and pepper. Ben tells me to sit down at the table. There are some flowers on the table and some candles too. Ben comes with two plates and the big pot of food. We eat the meal with some bread. The meal is strange, but it isnt horrible. Ben asks, Do you like the food? Well, its a strange meal but its OK, I say. Then I ask Wheres the meat? No meat, says Ben. Wheres the fish? No fish, says Ben. Wheres the recipe? No recipe, says Ben. Why are we eating potatoes and carrots and onions and tomatoes and rice? Was there a problem in the supermarket? No problem in the supermarket. A little problem outside the supermarket. What do you mean? I ask. A little problem outside the supermarket? Didnt you go inside? No I didnt go inside said Ben. Where did you go shopping? I ask. I didnt go shopping! says Ben. This is very strange. Ben didnt go inside the supermarket, and he didnt go shopping. Where did the food come from?!

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Ben takes the plates and the big pot away. He comes back with two bananas and some oranges. We peel the fruit and eat them all. Tell me, Ben I say. Where did the food come from? Ben is smiling. Well, I found the food! he says. You found the food! What do you mean? I ask. Then Ben tells me that many supermarkets throw away the food they dont sell. But some of the food is OK! And street markets too. They throw away food at the end of the day. Its possible to find good food in the supermarket bin, outside the supermarket! For free! I am very surprised. And Im a little worried. Dont worry! says Ben. This is the first and only time. There are many poor people and homeless people who want the free food more than me. But its strange that supermarkets throw away good food. Yes, I say. It is very strange. II.3.4. Now read the text again and ans wer the following questions : a. Why doesnt the writer help Ben in the kitchen? b. How much does Ben like his friend? How do you know? c. Why is there no meat or fish in the meal? d. Why did Ben choose bananas and oranges? e. When do supermarkets throw away food? Why? f. What is the writer worried about? g. Do you agree that its strange that supermarkets throw away food? II.3.5. What do you think of Ben? Is he very brave/ funny/ strange/ understanding/ intelligent etc? Does you partner agree?

EXERCISES II.4.1. Choose the correct ans wer: 1. Which of the following would a vegetarian eat? a. pork; b. beef; c. lamb; d. cabbage. 2. Waiter in a restaurant: How would you like your steak, Sir? Customer: a. well done; b. medium; c. rare; d. all the three answers. 3. I like eating cakes, chocolate and biscuits. The problem is that they are so . a. fatty; b. fat; c. fattening; d. all the three answers. 4. Which verb is the odd one out? a. chop; b. fry; c. dice; d. slice. 5. Which word completes this sentence? I love the food he makes. Hes a really good . a. cooker; b. cook; c. maker; d. cooking. 6. Which of these food preparation utensils do you not usually associate with potatoes? a. masher; b. peeler; c. knife; d. whisk. 7. Im going to a cake for his birthday.

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a. roast; b. bake; c. cook; d. do. 8. Waiter, can I see the ., please? a. catalogue; b. menu; c. directory; d. notebook. 9. Could you bring me my .., please? a. account; b. bill; c. pay; d. payment. 10. This ..is a speciality of our restaurant. a. dish; b. plate; c. help; d. helping. 11. Dont forget to buy a packet of ..peas. a. chilled; b. frozen; c. frosted; d. chilly. 12. Can you give me the .for this pie? a. prescription; b. instructions; c. ingredients; d. recipe. 13. That was fantastic. Could ai have a second ., please? a. plate; b. course; c. helping; d. service. 14. The main ..was delicious, but I was not so enthusiastic about the second. a. food; b. course; c. soupes; d. service. 15. Im afraid this fish is not what I .. . a. ordered; b. commanded; c. urged; d. cried.

II.4.2. Work with your partne r to match the countries on the left with their famous dishes on the right:

EXAMPLE 0. England: fish and chips 1. India 2. China 3. Germany 4. Mexico 5. France 6. England 7. Switzerland 8. Spain 9. Italy 10. Japan a. chilli con carne b. paella c. fish and chips d. sushi e. curry f. pizza g.chop suey h. fondue i. snails j. frankfurters

II.4.3. Underline the correct word in each sentence and guess your partners ans wers: EXAMPLE

0. My partner doesnt eat many/ much food at lunch.

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1. My partner doesnt eat many/ much vegetables every day. 2. My partner doesnt eat many/ much citrus fruit every day. 3. My partner doesnt eat many/ much icecream in summer. 4. My partner doesnt eat many/ much biscuits between meals. 5. My partner doesnt eat many/ much chocolate in the evening. 6. My partner doesnt eat many/ much potatoes every day. 7. My partner doesnt put many/ much salt on his/ her food. 8. My partner doesnt drink many/ much coffee in the morning. 9. My partner doesnt drink many/ much alcohol at parties. 10. My partner doesnt eat many/ much snacks during the day.

Lets reme mber... In English we can often put two words together to make compound nouns like bread board and tin opener. Sometimes the two nouns are written as one word like saucepan and corkscrew. Why are cooks cruel? Because they are always beating eggs and whipping cream.

End of UNIT TEST

II.5.1. Decide which is the odd one out in each of the following groups of words: 1. like/ love/ hate/ enjoy 2. tasty/ open/ horrible/ delicious 3. to roast/ to grate/ to bake/ to fry 4. a cooker/ an oven/ a cook/ a grill 5. to slice/ to chop/ to roll/ to cut 6. beautiful/ rare/ medium/ well-done 7. a starter/ a second helping/ a main course/ a dessert 8. potatoes/ tomatoes/ carrots/ apples 9. pork/ beef/ lamb/ cabbage 10. steak/ stake/ rice/ salad II.5.2. Fill in the gaps with one appropriate word:

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1. John decided to .the beef in the oven for two hours. 2. First, .the onions into small pieces. 3. The first .consisted of cold fish and salad. 4. That was a really lovely . . Please let me pay for you. 5. Tony finished his meal, paid the .. and left the restaurant. 6. Mary tried to call the .. but couldnt attract his attention. 7. We werent sure what to have, so we asked for the . . 8. Nowadays, people buy ..food instead of fresh food. 9. Im going to have a cheese and sandwich. 10. For breakfast, I eat bread and butter and I .milk.

Homework In about 150 words, describe the best food you have ever eaten. Refer to ingredients, cook, preparation.

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UNIT THREE. WORK AND EMPLOYMENT

Content III.1. Introduction ...........................................................................................................18 III.2. Competences .........................................................................................................18 III.3. Reading ................................................................................................................18 III.4. Exercises ..............................................................................................................20 III.5. End of Unit Test ...................................................................................................22 III.6. Homework ............................................................................................................23

III.1. Introduction This unit introduces basic terms related to professions and employment, with emphasis on vocabulary items denominating jobs and workplaces. III.2. Competences On completion of UNIT THREE, students will be able to use a wide range of vocabulary items related to work and employment, from job titles to activities specific for each job and idiomatic expressions. Using their experience and newly acquired vocabulary, students will also be able to connect, compare and contrast information, as well as to enhance their reading and writing skills.

Study time for UNIT THREE: 2-3 hours.

READING III.3.1. Think of three typical professions for men, respectively women. Do the same for professions which are unlikely for me n/ women. III.3.2. Read the following text about a woman called Dana and answe r the questions:

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Dana Miller is a bus driver. She drives a bus in the city of Philadelphia. She works the night shift. That means she starts work at 10:00 at night and gets off at 6:00 in the morning. Dana has been driving a bus for 15 years. She started when she was 23-years-old. She loves her job most of the time. She gets to see the beautiful city from her seat. She gets to meet all kinds of people. There is the guitar player. He lugs his heavy guitar on the bus every Friday night. He plays at a night spot downtown. People call him Get Low. That is because he likes to play the guitar on his knees. If the bus is not too crowded, Get Low strums in the back of the bus. The bus is hardly crowded at night. There is the woman who works at the pretzel factory. Each day the Pretzel Lady brings Dana a bag of fresh, soft pretzels. They fill the bus with a wonderful smell! Sometimes Danas job is hard. It is hard when Dana sees people down on their luck. One time, a young woman left her sleeping baby on the bus. There was a note on the baby's blanket asking for help. Dana had to call the police. Another time, a teenage boy stole money from Dana on the bus. He had a fake gun. Dana thought it was real. She was very scared. Occasionally, driving the bus can be scary. But most of the time, driving the bus is great. Dana does not want to work anywhere else. How was your night? Danas husband likes to ask when she gets home. Good music, good food and a great view of the city, she says. 1. Where does Dana drive the bus? a. around Philadelphia; b. to the Police station; c. to pick up guitar players; d. to pick up school children. 2. What is one reason Dana loves her job? a. She finds sleeping babies; b. She gets to call the Police; c. She gets to sleep during the day; d. She gets to meet all kinds of people. 3. Why is the guitar player called Get Low? a. He has a low voice; b. He likes to play sitting down; c. He likes to play on his knees; d. It is the name of his favourite song. 4. What does the word lug mean? a. to throw; b. to push easily; c. to carry on ones head; d. to move something that is hard to move around. 5. How often does Get Low play the guitar on the bus? a. when the bus is crowded; b. every Friday night; c. most Friday nights; d. when the bus is not crowded. 6. Why might the young woman have left the baby? a. he was cold; b. He was sleeping; c. She forgot the baby; d. She felt she could not take care of him. 7. Why does Dana seem to think that people do bad things? a. They are bad people; b. They want to be bad; c. They are down on their luck; d. Someone told them to be bad. 8. What great view of the city does Dana have?

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a. from a tall building; b. from a mountain top; c. from the sidewalk; d. from her bus seat.

EXERCISES III.4.1. Choose the right answe r for each gap: a. professor; b. bank manager; c. carpenter; d. dentist; e. gardener; f. mailman; g. painter; h. photographer; i. plumber; j. vet.

EXAMPLE 0. I can help you sell your house. Estate agent. 1. I enjoy taking care of animals. Later I want to become a .. 2. Mary needs to borrow money in order to build her new house. She has to see the . 3. My father teaches French at College. He is a. 4. I waited for my letters, but the was late as usual. 5. Peter, the faucets don't work and there is water all over the floor. Could you please call the .? 6. Our house really needed decorating. So I called a 7. Mother has to call a ..because she wants to have a special portrait made for her fiftieth birthday. 8. One of my fillings has come out, and I've got terrible toothache. So I have to go to the .. 9. Anita wants to use the wood from these shelves to make a bookcase. She needs the help of a .. 10. The lawn is really long and there are weeds everywhere. So I had to call the

III.4.2. Match the jobs with their definitions: senator pharmacist biologist pianist refuse collector fireman economist electrician musician novelist architect

EXAMPLE 0. an expert who designs buildings: ARCHITECT 1. an expert in the science of economics;

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2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

someone who writes novels; someone who plays a musical instrument as a profession; a member of a senate; person who plays the piano; a person who tends fires, a member of a fire department who tries to extinguish fires; 7. a health professional trained in the art of preparing and dispensing drugs; 8. a scientist who studies living organisms; 9. a person who picks up rubbish; 10. a specialist who remedies electrical faults.

III.4.3. Look at the following words/ expressions and use some of them to complete the sentences below. work long hours work hard workaholic in work work experience working day all work and no play work flexitime workplace get to work get down to work work shifts at work out of work work overtime

EXAMPLE 0. Nowadays, people have to to make a living. WORK HARD 1. Nurses have to ... sometimes they are during the day, and sometimes through the night. 2. In my company we . . We can start at any time between 8 and 10 in the morning. 3. Salesmen often , starting early in the morning and finishing late at night. 4. I usually finish work at 5, but if I have to , finishing at 7 or 8, I dont mind, because I get paid more money. 5. Before getting this job I was .. for six months. It was boring and I had very little money. Im glad that I am now. 6. Im finding it very difficult to .. at the moment. I keep looking out of the window and day dreaming. 7. makes Jack a dull boy. 8. Lets . on this right now. 9. You should listen to him. He has a lot of .. . 10. Being a , he doesnt have time for anything else, unfortunately. 11. In France, the ... is just 35 hours/ week. 12. In the civilized world, one can no longer speak about discrimination at the . .

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III.4.4. Look at the phrases below. Match each phrase with its opposite.

EXAMPLE 1. its well-paid = its badly paid 1. its well-paid 2. you need very good qualifications 3. its relaxing 4. its a very boring job 5. you work long hours 6. its badly paid 7. you work outdoors 8. you work indoors 9. its hard work 10. you can go home early 11. its stressful 12. its easy and fun 13. its exciting work 14. you dont need to pass many exams to do this job

End of UNIT TEST

III.5.1. Fill in each gap with one word only: 1. If you are interested in the side effects this medicine has, ask a doctor or a . 2. My pet does not feel good. I think I have to go to the . 3. The . we chose for making our new doors was really fantastic. 4. Tell the to hurry up, as all the pipes in the kitchen are leaking. 5. The has told me that I will not have to pay a lot for the fillings I need. 6. When I turn on my cooker, the fridge turns off, so I need a/ an .. . 7. Working long ..is one of the main failings of this job. 8. As a mother, its very convenient for me to work .., as I can take care of my children. 9. Hes currently unemployed. In fact, he has been of work for more than one year. 10. If you want to finish in time, you should get ..to work right now. III.5.2. Use half of the expressions in Exercise III.4.4. to make up meaningful sentences. III.5.3. Ask the following questions to your partner about the job that he/ she would like to do. Then present his/ he r answe rs to the class. 1. What is the job? 2. What do you have to do in the job? 3. What is a typical day like for the person who does this job? 4. What do you like about it? 5. What do you dislike about it?

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Homework In about 150 words describe the job you currently have. Refer to advantages, disadvantages, necessary skills and qualifications etc.

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UNIT FOUR. MONEY

Content IV.1. Introduction...........................................................................................................24 IV.2. Competences .........................................................................................................24 IV.3. Reading ................................................................................................................24 IV.4. Exercises ..............................................................................................................26 IV.5. End of Unit Test ...................................................................................................28 IV.6. Homework ...........................................................................................................28

IV.1. Introduction This unit introduces basic terms related to money, as part of every-day life, and enhances students reading, speaking and writing skills in English. IV.2. Competences On completion of UNIT FOUR, students will be able to know and explain the history of money and types of money. They will also be able to use a wide range of vocabulary items related to money and payment, from adjectives to nouns and idiomatic expressions.

Study time for UNIT FOUR: 2-3 hours.

READING IV.3.1. Ans wer the following questions: 1. What is the importance of money in an economic system? 2. How did it appear? 3. What forms of money do you know? 4. Could you imagine human society nowadays without money? IV.3.2. Read the text and ans wer the questions:

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Nine thousand years ago, people did not have money. They traded animals for things they wanted. They traded crops for what they wanted. In China, in about 1200 B.C., people traded shells for the things they wanted. Chinese people also traded metal tools for the things they wanted. For example, they traded metal knives and shovels for the things they wanted. Later in China, people made metal money. In about 100 B.C., the Chinese made money of animal skin. The first paper money was made from white colored deer skin. It came from China about 900 years later. In about 700 B.C., people made the first round metal coins. The coins were made of gold and silver. They looked very similar to the coins we use today. These coins came from Lydia. Lydia was located where the country called Turkey is located today. After people made coins in Lydia, people in Rome, Iran, and Greece also began making coins. Coins were very durable they were strong and could last a long time without becoming damaged. Wampum are necklaces made from beads and seashells. The beads had holes in them. People put beads on strings. American Indians used wampum for money in the 1500s. Money changes with time. No matter what it looks like, money is an idea. It is the thought that people can trade something they have for something they want. Money makes trading easier. 1. Before people had money, they traded a. crops for what they wanted. b. animals for what they wanted. c. metal tools for what they wanted. d. all of the above. 2. The first paper money was made in a. the year 1200 B.C. in China. b. the year 700 B.C. in Lydia. c. the year 800 A.D. in China. d. the 1500s in North America. 3. What was the first paper money made of? a. Metal. b. Tree leaves. c. Animal skin. d. White shells. 4. The first metal coins came from a. Iran b. Lydia c. Rome d. Greece 5. All money is based on the idea that a. gold and silver are good money. 25 6. Tools are things you a. use for money. b. use to do work. c. put in the bank. d. trade for something. 7. A deer is a. a kind of money. b. a kind of animal. c. made of shells. d. gold or silver. 8. What are coins? a. Round, flat, metal pieces of money. b. Beads made of white shells. c. Paper bank notes. d. Metal knives. 9. If something is durablle, it a. is strong and can last a long time. b. is made of metal. c. can be used as money d. none of the above. 10. An idea is a a. coin.

b. people can trade what they have for what they want. c. people can trade things for animals. d. coins are the best kind of money.

b. trade. c. string. d. thought.

EXERCISES IV.4.1. Look at the different types of money. Which words describe British money, and which describe American?

EXAMPLE 0. A penny: BE 1. a ten pence piece 2. a quarter 3. a one pound coin 4. a dollar bill 5. a five pound note 6. a penny 7. a dime 8. fifty cents

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IV.4.2. Match the words below with the correct definitions.

EXAMPLE 0. the specific type of money used by a particular country: CURRENCY pocket money currency cash change wages salary savings

1. money in notes and coins 2. money you get back when you buy something 3. money you saved in order to spend it later 4. money you get paid every year for working 5. money you get paid for doing a job 6. money parents give their children 7. the specific type of money used by a particular country. IV.4.3. All of these words can be used with money. Complete each gap with the correct word. pay make spend raise waste invest earn save borrow lend

1. If you work, you .. money. 2. If you go shopping, you money. 3. If you buy something, you ..for it with cash or a credit card. 4. If you dont use your money carefully, you ..it. 5. If you havent got enough money, you it from friends or from the bank. 6. If you want to money, you put it in the bank, or you it in a company, and hope the company is successful. 7. Some people say it is better to be tight- fisted and .money all the time. 8. Could you ..me some money, as I forgot my purse at home. 9. The business has .more money this year than last year. 10. Her bike ride around the world will help money for charity. IV.4.4. Find the following from the list of words below: a bill, a cheque, a bank account, shares, a credit card, a fine, a fare, a wallet, a purse, a piggy bank, a money belt, a debit card. 3 ways to pay for something 3 things you carry money in 3 things you must pay 3 ways to save money

EXAMPLE 27

0. 3 things you carry money in: A WALLET, A PURSE, A PIGGY BANK

End of UNIT TEST

IV.5.1. Read the definitions, then fill in each blank with one of the words: cash; change; cheque; coin; credit card; note 1....................Money which is made of paper. 2....................Money which is made of metal. 3....................What you get if a shirt costs 17.99 and you give the shop assistant 2o. 4...................A printed piece of paper which you write on. You can buy things with this. You can also get money for it at a bank. 5...................A plastic card you can use to buy things. You pay the money for what you bought after one or two months. 6..................Coins and paper money. IV.5.2. Use the words in Exercise IV.4.4. to make up meaningful sentences. Homework In about 150 words, say what you would do if you won 1 million dollars in the lottery.

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UNIT FIVE. COLOURS

Content V.1. Introduction............................................................................................................ 29 V.2. Competences .......................................................................................................... 29 V.3. Reading ................................................................................................................. 29 V.4. Exercises ............................................................................................................... 31 V.5. End of Unit Test .................................................................................................... 32 V.6. Homework ............................................................................................................ 33

V.1. Introduction This unit introduces basic terms related to colours, placing them in the larger context of every-day life, and enhances students reading, speaking a nd writing skills in English. V.2. Competences On completion of UNIT FIVE, students will be able to use a wide range of vocabulary items related to colours, from adjectives, to nouns and idiomatic expressions. Students will also be able to connect colours to personal experiences, to compare and contrast information, as well as to to practice the newly acquired vocabulary in various contexts.

Study time for UNIT FIVE: 2-3 hours.

READING V.3.1 Considering that the present unit focuses on colours, can you say what the missing letter is in the following? R+Y=O Y+ B=? B+ R=?

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V.3.2. What is a pris m? V.3.3. Read about Ne wtons experiment and decide which is the best summary of the reading: Newton discovers the rainbow Newton discovers more colours Newton discovers that rainbow colours together make white light. Imagine the year is 1666 and we can see a student. His name is Isaac Newton and he goes to Cambridge University. But he isnt at university now, hes at home with his family. The university is closed because of the plague, everyone is afraid of being sick. Isaac Newton continues to study at home. He enjoys physics and thinking about the mysteries of the world. On a day when there is rain and sun at the same time he sees a beautiful rainbow in the sky. It has many different colours, he is told that there are five. Newton wants to have his own rainbow because he wants to look at it closely. He decides to do an experiment. On a sunny day he goes inside a small room and he makes the room very dark. Then he makes a small hole and the sun comes inside, its a small ray of light. Its white. Newton takes a prism and holds it up to the light. The ray of light goes through the prism, but it isnt white now there are many colours. The prism has split up the white light into different colours: Newton has a rainbow. Newton looks at his rainbow carefully. He can see more than five colours, he can see seven. He says the colours are: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. But Newton is a scientist and hes always very interested in how things work. He has his rainbow but he wants to know more. So he takes another prism and holds it up to the rainbow. The rainbow goes through the second prism, but it isnt colourful now its white again. The prism has joined up the colours back into white light. Newton is the first person to understand that light is a combination of all the rainbow colours together. Newton also understands how we can see colour. Imagine a leaf in the sunshine. All the rainbow colours fall on the leaf but it absorbs all these colours. The only colour that is reflected is green, so the leaf looks green. Different objects reflect different colours. And perhaps Newtons favourite fruit is an orange but what came first, the name of the fruit or the name of the colour? V.3.4. Light and rainbows we re a mystery 400 years ago. What else was a mystery at that time?

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EXERCISES V.4.1. Match the colours with the natural things they describe. There may be more than one colour per ite m, or vice versa:

Example 0. Bright red: f, h, i. 1. deep blue 2. dark brown 3. bright yellow 4. pale blue 5. dark green 6. light green 7. bright red a. tree b. leaf c. hair d. sky e. sea f. flowers g. eyes h. lips i. sun

V.4.2. Whats the missing colour in each sentence? What are they describing?

0. Stop when its red, then wait for amber, then ____green______. TRAFFIC LIGHT 1. You can get a colour one or a black and __________ one. 2. Well, the French one, like the American one, is red, white and ____________, but the Italian one is red, white and ___________. 3. Ive always liked Simply ____________, Deep _____________ and ____________ Floyd. And of course the Beatles, especially ____________ Submarine. 4. You can buy red ones, green ones, _____________ ones, and even orange ones in the supermarket, and they taste great in casseroles, some pasta dishes, and ratatouille. 5. In professional matches, if you commit a bad foul, you are shown a _____________ card. Two bad fouls, and youre shown a ___________ card and sent off. 6. Red, orange, yellow, green, __________, indigo, violet. V.4.3. In English, there are many idiomatic phrases associated with colours. Match the phrases in italics with their definitions below:

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0. Nowadays, students are often in the red. They have to borrow a lot of money from the bank. f 1. Paul has been feeling blue since his girlfriend left him. We should invite him out. 2. Youre going to the Caribbean on your holiday for three weeks. Youre so lucky. Im green with envy. 3. After the accident, Joanne was black and blue all over. She looked awful. 4. Read it! There it is in black and white. It says here, in the newspaper, that your brother is in prison. 5. He just appeared out of the blue. We dont know where he came from. 6. Well, Frank just saw red. He got up and started shouting at the top of his voice. a. Sad/depressed b. Suddenly get very angry c. Very clear you cant doubt it d. Unexpectedly e. Covered in bruises/badly hurt f. Owe money to the bank g. Jealous

END Of UNIT TEST

V.5.1. Read the descriptions and decide which colours they are describing:

0. Its the colour of a cloudy, rainy day, the colour of an industrial town, the colour of a boring life. Its a sad colour. It makes you feel miserable and depressed. GREY 1. In advertising, they use this colour to catch peoples attention. If somebodys face is this colour, then they are angry, embarrassed or possibly exhausted. People with this hair colour are considered fiery and emotional. It often means danger or a warning. We use it to tell people to stop or watch out. 2. Its a feminine colour. Little girls are often dressed in this colour, and the walls of their bedroom are painted this colour. Its also a healthy colour. People from cold countries go this colour on the first da y of their summer holidays. 3. Its a clean, calm, natural colour. It can be deep and rich, suggesting wealth, heat and sensuality. Or it can be light, pure and bright. People often paint their

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kitchens and bathrooms this colour because it makes them fee l bright and clean. It is also the colour of cowardice in some cultures. V.5.2. Ans wer the questions about you. When you have finished, intervie w your partner, and ask them the same questions: Whats your favourite colour? What colour are your eyes? What colour is your hair? What colour are your socks? What colour is your bedroom carpet? What colour is your kitchen wall? What colour are your husbands/wifes/boyfriends/girlfriends/teachers eyes? V.5.3. Suppose you need to redesign the classroom, as it needs a bit of colour. Present your ideas to the rest of the class. Conside r the following What colour will you paint the walls? Why? Will you have a whiteboard or a blackboard? What colourful things will you introduce to the classroom to make it brighter or more interesting? What about the colour, style and comfort of the tables and chairs? What about the floor? What about the carpet? What about the teacher? How can you make the teacher more colourful?

HOMEWORK V.6. Here is a colour poem about orange. Orange is The tiger in the jungle The giraffe slowly walking The ginger cat at night looking for mice The evening summer sun The warm fire in the winter The leaves falling from autumn trees The sweet mango and soft peach The hot carrot soup for lunch The marmalade on toast in the morning Now write a colour poem for your favourite colour: 33

UNIT SIX. TRAVELLING AND HOLIDAYS

Content VI.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 34 VI.2. Competences......................................................................................................... 34 VI.3. Reading ................................................................................................................ 34 VI.4. Exercises .............................................................................................................. 36 VI.5. End of Unit Test .................................................................................................. 38 VI.6. Homework ........................................................................................................... 39

VI.1. Introduction This unit introduces basic terms related to travelling, accomodation and means of transport. The unit also focuses on vocabulary for expressing the preference for certain types of holidays/ location/ accomodation. VI.2. Competences On completion of UNIT SIX, students will be able to use a wide range of vocabulary items related to travelling, hotels, facilities. Students will also be able to identify specific features of types of travels, describe holidays they have been to and support preferences with arguments.

Study time for UNIT SIX: 2-3 hours.

READING VI.3.1. Where did you go for your holiday last year? What was good about it? What was bad about it? If you could go anywhere in the world, whe re would you go? VI.3.2. Work with a partner and decide which destination in our country you would choose for the following categories of people: a middle-aged couple with no children a single young man a large family a middle-aged couple with teenage boys a middle-aged couple with teenae girls

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a young couple with a baby a single young woman a group of friends.

VI.3.4. Read the following text and ans wer the questions: When you think of the British on holiday, you think immediately of Spain. Cheap trips to the sun with good food and friendly people have been attracting Brits for almost 40 years. It is also one of the top destinations for the British to live if they decide to leave Blighty. This phenomenon even inspired a television soap opera, the BBCs Eldorado, which was set in an expat community on the Costa del Sol. For those in search of fine food and drinks, France, of course, has always been popular. It also has the advantage of being close to the UK. The ferry journey from England takes between four and nine hours, making it the perfect destination for a driving or even caravanning holiday. A little further afield, but still reachable by car, is Italy. The British love affair with the land of lovers began in the eighteenth century. By the 1920s, cities like Florence had well-established English communities, many of whom refused to leave even when the Second World War devastated the country. In the 1980s Tuscany began to become extremely popular again with the British and remains so. In fact, so many British now have holiday homes there that is is sometimes referred to as Chiantishire. Many young British people now spend their holidays in the discos and nightclubs of Ibiza or Cypruss Agia Napa so much that these once sleepy idyllic islands now resemble a permanent Saturday night in a British city centre. Recent falls in the price of airline tickets have opened up new destinations for the British. Thailand, once the destination of the most intrepid backpackers is now popular with Brits of all ages. Fly-drive holidays to the United States are also a common feature of summer holidays. Perhaps the attraction of the common language helps there. Added to the list of destinations not requiring a phrase book are, of course, Australia and South Africa. Both are popular among the British. So, if they could go anywhere, where would the British go? A recent television poll put the Grand Canyon at the top of the list. This was closely followed by the Great Barrier Reef, and Zimbabwes Victoria Falls. It seems that impressive nature is what really gets the British exc ited. 1. What attracts British people to Spain? 2. In what decade did Spain first become popular for the British? 3. Which two countries do the British usually go to by car? 4. What is the most popular part of Italy for the British? 5. Why have the British started travelling outside of Europe? 6. What destination would the British most like to visit? VI.3.5. Read the text again and find the following words and phrases. 35

1. a colloquial (every day) word for British people 2. a colloquial word for Britain 3. a joke name based on a British county name.

EXERCISES VI.4.1. Match the information on the left with the suitable definition on the right:

Example 1. b 1. cottage 2. motel 3. chalet 4. time-share apartment 5. hostel 6. villa 7. bungalow 8. guesthouse 9. caravan a. holiday house, usually made of wood; b. house in the country; c. building where young people may stay over the night cheaply; d. house with only a ground floor; e. wooden hut; small simple house made of wood, usually in a wodden area; f. hotel for car drivers, with special parking places near the rooms; g. van with beds, table, washing facilities etc., which can be towed by a car; h. large country or seaside house, usually in a warm country; i. privately owned house, which takes several guests, usually not more than ten, family-owned and run; j. apartment owned by a group of people, each having the right to stay in it for a certain period each year.

10. cabin

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VI.4.2. Divide these words and phrases into two categories: cars and taxis and buses and trains, bikes and motorbikes. a double decker take the underground catch the number 9 put your foot down miss your connection reserve a first class seat get in(to)/out of sit in the passenger seat miss the inter city express ride Cars and Taxis Buses and Trains Bikes and Motorbikes E.g. a double decker VI.4.3. Match the types of trips below to the texts that describe them: go on a boat trip go on a journey go on an expedition go on an excursion go on a walk go on a business trip go on a voyage go on a guided tour get a lift hitchhike use public transport its delayed change at Swindon stuck in a traffic jam a bus lane a taxi rank drive catch share a taxi buy a return ticket pay the fare go on the sleeper sit on the top deck get on/off hail a taxi a buffet car take

0. We have been planning it for years. Its one of the last remaining unexplored areas of rainforest in the world, and who knows what we will find there. In the party, there will be scientists and ecologists as well as experienced adventurers because we could discover new species of plants and animals. EXPEDITION 1. Well, Ive booked it. We have to be in front of the hotel at six oclock in the morning, and, as soon as everybody has taken their seat, well set off for Warwick and Stratford. Its motorway most of the way, but there should be some nice views when we get near Warwick. We have two hours at the castle and all afternoon to visit Shakespeares house. We have to be back on the coach for the drive home at six. 2. It was a lovely afternoon, so we put on our coats and boots and headed off for Hare Hill. We took the dog, too. The path along the river is very narrow so we went in single file until we reached Newbridge village. And its a really steep climb to the top of the hill. We were exhausted by the time we got home. 3. We went up on deck. The strong breeze immediately hit us in the face. I looked far out across the huge desert of green-blue that lay before us, but I 37

could see no land. It would be three more days before we reached the coast of South America. 4. There were hundreds of people on the platform, and, carrying two suitcases, and a rucksack on his back, William began to worry that he wouldnt be able to find his seat. It would take two days travelling on this old train across some of the most lonely and beautiful scenery in the world before he reached the little village in the foothills where he was going to work. 5. Ill be arriving at Linate Airport at 3, travelling club class. Could you arrange for a driver to be waiting for me? I have to be at Head Office for the meeting at four thirty. I will only be carrying hand luggage a briefcase and an overnight bag so I shouldnt be delayed in customs. 6. It was the highlight of the holiday. We booked a trip along the River Umacinta between Mexico and Guatemala. It was wonderful. We travelled for two hours past forested banks watching the alligators, visited a Mayan ruin, and stopped for lunch in an old village. 7. On the left, you can see St Pauls Cathedral, designed by Sir Christopher Wren. Were going inside now. Could you all stay together, please? VI.4.4. Match the jokes in Colum A with their punchlines in Column B. Do you find them funny? 1. Last year I went on holiday to forget everything: a. seven days and two nights! 2. Last year I got a bargain holiday deal: b. that one day the tide went out and never came back. 3. Last year I went on a trip to Lapland: c. sandy beaches for the children, sun for the wife and sharks for the in- laws. 4. Last year I went to a seaside resort which was so dull: d. and when I opened my suitcase I realized I had! 5. Last year I went to Australia. It was great: it had everything I wanted: e. five nights and five nights!

END Of UNIT TEST

VI.5.1. Fill in the gaps with one of the following verbs: TAKE, CATCH, DRIVE, RIDE.

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0. At the weekend I love to RIDE.. into the country on my bike. 1. You have to .. carefully, as the car is quite old and the road quite bad. 2. The quickest way to get here is to . a taxi. 3. We went on a in a helicopter last week. 4. The bus ..from the airport was very pleasant. 5. We the 12.45 to Milan, and changed there. 6. Hurry up! Well be late if we dont the next bus. 7. How long does it .to get there? 8. Ill have to go, Im afraid. I have a train to .. . 9. Its a wonderful .through the mountains into Switzerland. 10. If we dont leave before 5 well be in a traffic jam. 11. I learned to ..with my dad, and passed my test four days after my seventeenth birthday. 12. Do you need a special licence to ..a minibus? VI.5.2. Talk to your partne r and say who might be speaking and where. a. How much is it to the next stop? b. A return to Reading, please with a student travel card. c. May I see your passport, please? d. Would you like a lift? e. Put your seatbelt on, please. f. Where to, mate? g. On todays flight, we will be flying at 10,000 feet. VI.5.3. Choose 5 vocabulary ite ms in Exercise VI.4.1. and 5 from Exercise VI.4.2. and make up meaningful sentences

HOMEWORK VI.6. Think of your favourite travel destination and describe it in about 150 words. Refer to location, facilities, services, people accompanying etc. Some of the following words might prove useful: cheap quiet expensive comfortable breathtaking crowded gorgeous chilly safe hot dangerous lively

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UNIT SEVEN. SPORTS

Content VII.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 40 VII.2. Competences ....................................................................................................... 40 VII.3. Reading .............................................................................................................. 40 VII.4. Exercises ............................................................................................................ 41 VII.5. End of Unit Test ................................................................................................. 43 VII.6. Homework .......................................................................................................... 44

VII.1. Introduction This unit introduces basic terms related to sports and sporting activities, enhancing students reading, speaking and writing skills in English. VII.2. Competences On completion of UNIT SEVEN, students will be able to use vocabulary items related to a wide range of sports will also be able to connect sports to personal experiences, to compare and contrast information.

Study time for UNIT SEVEN: 2-3 hours.

READING VII.3.1. Talk to your partner and draw up a list of advantages and disadvanteges for practicing sports. VII.3.2. a. Put down all the things you know about tennis. b. Read the following text to check your knowledge and then ans wer the questions:

40

Tennis is a sport played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players (doubles). Each player uses a tennis racket to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt. To win, you must hit the ball into the opponents court without the oponent being able to hit the ball back. Tennis originated in the United Kingdom in the late 19th century. At first, people played tennis on courts made of grass! These were called lawn courts. Now, tennis is played by millions of people all over the world. The rules of tennis have changed very little since it was created in the 1890s. Most tennis players play tennis because it is fun. It also is a good way to get exercise. While playing tennis, you do a lot of running. You move your arms and legs in many ways that they do not normally move. 1. What do you use to hit a tennis ball? a. a bat b. a striker c. a racket d. none of the above 2. people can play tennis at once. a. one b. two c. four d. both B and C 3. Where did tennis originate? a. Australia b. Asia c. The United States d. The United Kingdom 4. When did people start playing tennis? a. the late 18th century. b. the late 19th century. c. the late 1800s. d. both B and C. 6. If you strike something, you a. hit it. b. smash it. c. hold it. d. cross it out. 7. A tennis ball is hollow. This means a. it is solid. b. is filled with water. c. it has air inside it. d. none of the above. 8. What is the opposite of opponent? a. enemy b. teammate c. ally d. both B and C 9. The passage talks about where tennis originated. So, the passage talks about a. where tennis came from. b. how tennis is played. c. how tennis is scored. d. both B and C. 5. Why do most people play tennis? 10. You do a lot of running in tennis. a. because it is fun. This means you b. because they want to win. a. do a good deal of running. c. because they dont have a b. need to run very much. basketball. c. need to run very frequently. d. both A and B d. all of the above.

EXERCISES VII.4.1. Fill in the gaps with the right form of the words given: 41

begin programme

back meat

times posture

applicants become

rice height

sumo bless

The History of Sumo Wrestling Sumo goes 1over 2000 years. Originally it was a celebration at shrines for the 2..harvests It is said that the stamping, which is still used today, was originally an effort to summon the gods to 3..the harvest. The first championship was run in 730 AD. Early wrestlers only ate 4from fowl because 4- legged beasts were believed to be bad luck since that 5..(hands and knees) is a losing one in 6... Modern wrestlers eat lots of just about everything! How do you 7..a sumo wrestler? Training to become a sumo wrestler 8.at age 15 after the applicants pass a health check which has a minimum 9.and weight requirement of 173cm and 75 kg. Trials are held 6 10..a year with over 100 .........11............applying at each trial. Wrestlers usually retire around age 30. The training 12..is especially designed to develop a body which is bottom heavy and therefore difficult to push over! VII.4.2. Choose the right ans wer in the following sentences: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. My team always wins/ victories. The Swedish soccer (football) team won/ beat Vietnam 3-0. Kobe Bryant had a terrible game. He failed/ missed most of his shots. The 2008 Olympics took place/ location in Beijing. The United States usually wins a lot of medals/ medalies during the Olympics. I jogging/ jog (= run) in the park almost every day. Im a little upset because my team lost/ failed last night. If you don't want to shoot the ball, pace/ pass it. Going to the gym will help you get in shape/ form. The Canadian hockey team scored/ marked six goals against Switzerland. The person who makes sure that a game is played according to the rules is called a rep (representative)/ ref (referee). Nancy is a huge fanatic/ fan of the San Antonio Spurs. They're her favorite team. The Olympics are happen/ held every four years. Athletes have to train/ trail long and hard to achieve success. The German athlete was discouraged/ disqualified for using steroids. The Russian swimmer has a good prediction/ chance of winning this event. The South African runner is currently in first place/ category. Which city is roasting/ hosting the 2012 Summer Olympics? They are playing the Australian national anthe m/ hymn because an Australian athlete won the gold medal. Dayron Robles is Liu Xiang's biggest rival/ fighte r. (= competitor)

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VII.4.3. Look at the follwing s ports and match them to the correct verb: play, go or do. football athletics squash cricket basketball tennis rowing volleyball hockey sailing aerobics badminton fishing rugby PLAY GO DO E.g. football VII.4.4. Which word is the odd word out? a. a ball, a shuttlecock, a puck, a basket b. score, miss, goal, pass, shoot c. a bat, a ball, a racquet, a club d. a court, a pitch, a match, a course e. strong, jump, stretch, throw table tennis ice hockey baseball golf gymnastics swimming skiing boxing

END Of UNIT TEST VII.5.1. Arrange the words to make up sentences:

0. dont, Im, basketball, afraid, I, very, find, interesting. Im afraid I dont find basketball very interesting. 1. players, of, scored, the, opponent, The, team, goals, four, won, so, they, the, game. 2. score, number, goals, of, When, in, match, a, say, we, the, teams, same, the, draw, its, a. . 3. basketball, won, The, team, competition, they, been, trained, had, the, because, well. 4. plays, of, earning, Mary, her, tennis, living, a, as, way. . 5. going, I, my, like, free, in, swimming, time. . 6. riding, really, the, Kate, enjoys, the, bike, in, countryside. 43

. VII.5.2. Look at the descriptions of the different sports below. Which s port is being described?

0. There are two teams. There are eleven players in each team on the pitch. The players wear shirts, shorts and boots. The goalkeeper plays in goal. The striker tries to score goals. The team that scores the most goals wins the match. FOOTBALL 1. This sport is one of the most popular at the Olympics. You have to be fit, fast and strong. It includes running the 100 metres and the marathon, throwing the javelin, putting the shot, and doing the high jump and long jump. 2. This is a popular sport all over the world. The top players play in international tournaments. It is played on a court with racquets and balls. One player serves the ball over a net and his or her opponent has to hit it back. 3. People do this sport to keep fit. You have to stretch and touch your toes. Its very tiring. People often do this to music. 4. This is a popular sport with people of all ages. You play it on a course with different clubs and small white balls. VII.5.3. Fill in the gaps with one word only: Someone once said that there are three kinds of people who are 1.in sport: people who 2.part, people who watch and people who watch ..3television. Its very easy to make fun of stay-at-home sports fans, but on the other 4, TV does enable us to enjoy all kinds of 5.events. We can watch a racing car overtake .6.., see a cyclist cross the finishing ..7, or enjoy the goals of o ur ..8..football team.

HOMEWORK In about 150 words, write a description of one of the sports that is popular in your country.

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UNIT EIGHT. HEALTH AND THE BODY

Content VIII.1. Introduction........................................................................................................ 45 VIII.2. Competences ...................................................................................................... 45 VIII.3. Reading ............................................................................................................. 45 VIII.4. Exercises ........................................................................................................... 47 VIII.5. End of Unit Test ................................................................................................ 49 VIII.6. Homework ........................................................................................................ 50

VIII.1. Introduction This unit introduces basic terms related to health, sickness and doctors, with emphasis on current health problems of the present times. VIII.2. Competences On completion of UNIT EIGHT, students will be able to use a wide range of vocabulary items related to health, sickness and doctors, from physical and emotional problems to possible cures. Using their experience and newly acquired vocabulary, students will also be able to connect, compare and contrast information, as well as to enhance their reading and writing skills.

Study time for UNIT EIGHT: 2-3 hours.

READING VIII.3.1. Talk to your partner and ans wer the following questions: 1. How do you feel today? 2. How often do you see the doctor? 3. Have you ever been to hospital?

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VIII.3.2. Read the following text about stress and ans wer the questions: The Effects of Stress There is a famous expression in English: "Stop the world, I want to get off!" This expression refers to a feeling of panic, or stress, that makes a person want to stop whatever they are doing, try to relax, and become calm again. 'Stress' means pressure or tension. It is one of the most common causes of health problems in modern life. Too much stress results in physical, emotional, and mental health problems. There are numerous physical effects of stress. Stress can affect the heart. It can increase the pulse rate, make the heart miss beats, and can cause high blood pressure. Stress can affect the respiratory system. It can lead to asthma. It can cause a person to breathe too fast, resulting in a loss of important carbon dioxide. Stress can affect the stomach. It can cause stomach aches and problems digesting food. These are only a few examples of the wide range of illnesses and symptoms resulting from stress. Emotions are also easily affected by stress. People suffering from stress often feel anxious. They may have panic attacks. They may feel tired all the time. When people are under stress, they often overreact to little problems. For example, a normally gentle parent under a lot of stress at work may yell at a child for dropping a glass of juice. Stress can make people angry, moody, or nervous. Long-term stress can lead to a variety of serious mental illnesses. Depression, an extreme feeling of sadness and hopelessness, can be the result of continued and increasing stress. Alcoholism and other addictions often develop as a result of overuse of alcohol or drugs to try to relieve stress. Eating disorders, such as anorexia, are sometimes caused by stress and are often made worse by stress. If stress is allowed to continue, then one's mental health is put at risk. It is obvious that stress is a serious problem. It attacks the body. It affects the emotions. Untreated, it may eventually result in mental illness. Stress has a great influence on the health and well-being of our bodies, our feelings, and our minds. So, reduce stress: stop the world and rest for a while. 1. Which of the following is not a common problem caused by stress? a. physical problems; b. anecdotal problems; c. mental problems; d. emotional problems. 2. According to the essay, which of the following parts of the body does not have physical problems caused by stress. a. the arms; b. the stomach; c. the lungs; d. the heart. 3. Which of the following show how stress can affect the emotions? a. it can make people feel nervous; b. it can cause panic attacks; c. it can make people feel elated; d. it can make people feel angry. 4. Which of the following can result from long-term stress? a. bliss; b. depression; c. alcoholism; d. whimsy.

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5. Choose the best answer to explain how alcoholism is caused by stress. a. alcohol is used to relieve stress; b. alcohol is popular; c. alcohol is a chemical; d. alcohol is similar to medicine. 6. Which of the following is not caused by long-term stress? a. bloating; b. addiction; c. anorexia; d. alcoholism. 7. Choose all of the answers that can complete this sentence: Stress can affect the respiratory system by . a. causing stomach problems; b. causing asthma; c. a loss of carbon dioxide; d. causing breathing problems. 8. Stress can affect the heart by .. a. decreasing the pulse rate; b. causing asthma; c. a loss of carbon dioxide; d. causing breathing problems. 9. Symptoms of emotional stress include a. feeling joyous; b. feeling hungry; c. feeling thirsty; d. feeling tired. 10. What does stress affect? a. body; b. feelings; c. mind; d. all the answers.

EXERCISES VIII.4.1. Choose from the words below to fill in the gaps: adjust suffering difference increasingly advance conscious answer reaction harm there

Stress can be described as the 1..of the mind and the body to change. Our lives are full of change and we continually try to2.. as well as possible to all the changes going on about us. There is a key 3between healthy and harmful stress. In healthy stress,4.. is a rapid adjustment to the change. Many of these adjustments take place without our being 5..of them. It is only those changes which we have no 6..to and cannot adjust to which cause physical and mental 7 . For example, a man who takes up a job as a long distance lorry driver may find that his body reacts badly to irregular meals, and develops a duodenal ulcer. Alternatively, a young woman may find herself becoming 8....bored, impatient, and irritable in a trivial office job. Specialists warn us that it is easy to look back on an experience, knowing it has done 9and to say that it was stress that caused it, but that the real problem is predicting it. It is not so easy to predict in 10that we will be harmed by going through a particular 47

experience. And, given that Nostradamus is dead, the solution apparently lies in ourselves, in a well balanced personality. VIII.4.2. Ans wer the questions with the people in the list below. doctor sister nurse surgeon out-patient patient

1. Which people work on a ward? 2. Which people work in an operating theatre? 3. Which person is ill and in hospital? 4. Which person is in a waiting room, waiting to see a doctor? 5. Which person is a senior nurse? VIII.4.3. Match the following words with the corresponding ve rbs: an operation, an injection, some medicine, attention, an effort, a discussion, exercise, support, a pill, your temperature, advice, a check-up, harm, a complaint, food, prescription, sickleave. DO MAKE GIVE TAKE HAVE

VIII.4.4. Choose the right ans wer: 1. He died after being hit on the side of his head called the . a. cheeks; b. forehead; c. temples. 2. It is said that clever people have a high . a. chin; b. skin; c. forehead. 3. I have got a sore because I have got tonsillitis. a. head; b. neck; c. throat. 4. A respiratory disorder characterized by sneezing, sore throat, coughing is called . a. scratch; b. a cold; c. colic. 5. An abnormally high body temperature is called . a. sore temperature; b. flu; c. fever. 6. A pain or discomfort in the region of the back or spine is called: a. backache; b. sore back; c. pain back. VIII.4.5. Look at the following health proble ms people express and give them advice using You should./ You shouldnt./ Dont :

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EXAMPLE 0. I have an earache. You shouldnt listen to loud music. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. I have a headache. I have a toothache. I have a stomach ache. I have a cough. I have a cold. I have a fever. I have diarhhea. I have a sore throat. I have an allergy.

End of UNIT TEST

VIII.5.1. Choose the right word to fill in the gaps: a. flu b. bleeding; c. broke; d. dangerous; e. eye; f. fit; g. healthy; h. ill; i. operation j. plaster k. cured l. swollen 1. I can't see! There is something wrong with my left 2. The surgeon told me that I have to do an 3. I didn't go to school because I had been 4. Peter took a .and has gone to the doctor's. 5. Anita her leg and couldn't walk for a month. 6. A .diet includes lots of fruit and vegetables. 7. John is very ill and won't come to school until he is . 8. Helen's leg was broken so the doctor put it in .for a month. 9. It is .to take more than four of these tablets in 24 hours. 10. George has cut his hand and it's . 11. David keeps ..by doing exercises in the gym twice a week. 12. Edward walked all day in his new boots, and now his feet are

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VIII.5.2. Make up meaningful sentences using all the phrases in Exercise VIII.4.3. VIII.5.3. Fill in the gaps with one word only: When we are ill, we call a doctor, and he 1...us and diagnoses the illness. When we have a headache, a stomachache, a sore throat, a cold or a pain in some parts of the body, we call a doctor. He .2..our temperature and our pulse. He examines our heart, our lungs, our stomach or the part where we have ..3.and tells us what the matter is with us. The doctor .4..medicine, and gives us a prescription, which we take to the ..5., who makes up the medicine. If you follow the doctor's 6, you get better; if you disobey the doctor, you may get ..7, and even die. We must obey the doctor, if we want to get better. If we have a temperature, we must stay in bed and take the medicine he prescribes. If we cannot get better at home we must go to hospital. After our illness, we can go to a sanatorium until we are strong again. When we have toothache, we go to the .8 . He examines our 9, finds the tooth, which 10..us, stops or extracts it. Generally, the medical service ..11be of two kinds. Some state establishments give their employees medical insurance cards. They guarantee the people free of ..12..medical assistance. Some medical establishments charge fees for treatment. They may be rather high, but our medical service now uses all modern equipment and medicines and provides qualified medical help to all people. Homework In about 150 words, write about a common health proble m in your country. Refer to its sympthoms, treatment, necessary diet, general attitude towards it, degree of serious ness.

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UNIT NINE. TOWNS AND BUILDINGS

Content IX.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 51 IX.2. Competences......................................................................................................... 51 IX.3. Reading ................................................................................................................ 51 IX.4. Exercises .............................................................................................................. 54 IX.5. End of Unit Test .................................................................................................. 56 IX.6. Homework ........................................................................................................... 56

IX.1. Introduction This unit introduces basic terms related to towns and their peculiar features. IX.2. Competences On completion of UNIT NINE, students will be able to use a wide range of vocabulary items related to towns and buildings, including types of buildings, things in the street, elements in a house. Using their experience and newly acquired vocabulary, students will also be able to connect, compare and contrast information, as well as to enhance their reading and writing skills.

Study time for UNIT NINE: 2-3 hours.

READING IX.3.1. Talk to your partner about the town whe re you live and about your home town. Then discuss about your house/ apartment. IX.3.2. Read the following text about houses around the world and ans wer the questions: Do you live in a house? You might be surprised to learn that there are many, many kinds of houses. Most people in the United States are used to houses

51

made of wood or bricks. But many people around the world live in houses made of grass, dirt, or cloth. In the Great Rift Valley of Eritrea, the nomadic people who are in the Atr tribe build their houses of straw. Their houses are shaped like domes half spheres. The homes are small and cool. The people can move their houses when they want to move. Since the people are nomads, they move often. They take their animals to new places in order to find food. People who belong to the Uros tribe of Lake Titicaca, Peru build their houses of reeds. Not only that they also live on islands that are made of reeds! Their boats are made of reeds too! About 2,000 people live on these man made islands. They started to build their own islands about 500 years ago. In Andalusia, in the south of Spain, some people live in underground houses. This kind of house is called a cueba. During the winter, the houses stay warm. During the summer, the houses stay cool. In Sanaa, Yemen, some people live in tall houses made of bricks. These bricks are made of clay, straw, and soil. The bricks last many years maybe as long as 500 years. The modern houses in Sanaa are made to look like the older, traditional houses, but they are made of concrete instead of bricks. In Mindanao in the Philippines, some people still live in tree houses. The tree houses are made of bamboo with grass roofs. The houses are good lookouts for snakes and wild animals. The air is cool and the houses stay dry. Now, most people use these tree houses as meeting places. The fishermen of Sabah, Malaysia build their houses on the water. They use wood from mangrove trees. This wood stays strong in the water. The houses receive official addresses from the government. Fujian, China has many townhouses that are made of hardpacked soil. The dirt becomes as strong as brick when it is packed hard. One large family group lives in a townhouse. The townhouses were built around 300 years ago. A group of townhouses is protected by a thick dirtpacked wall. In the Gobi Desert in Mongolia, some nomadic people live in homes called gels. These homes are made of cloth. The cloth is filled with animal hair. Two poles in the center of the house hold the house up. The people move often to find food for their animals. The houses are easy to move and set up. Some American Indians live in teepees. These homes are made of c loth or buffalo hide. There are wooden poles used to hold the teepee up. Now some people use teepees only for special ceremonies, but people used to live in them all the time. The traditional houses of Chitos, Greece, are made of stone. They have arched doorways and indoor courtyards. They have outdoor dining rooms which are

52

decorated with tile and rock. This means they are ornamented, and made to look more beautiful. The Dayak people of Indonesia build some of their houses on stilts, several feet above the ground. The frame of the house is made of iron. The walls are made of tree bark. The floors are made of wooden planks which are placed side by side. The houses are decorated with pictures of water snakes and rhinoceros birds. These animals are part of the peoples story of creation, or how the world was made. People build their houses to fit the needs of their lives. The houses are different, but one thing is the same wherever you go. Theres no place like home! 1. How are the islands and the houses of the Uros tribe the same? a. They are both made by machines. b. They are both made of reeds. c. They are both made of soil. d. They are both built on land. e. They are both very modern. 2. Why did people live in tree houses? a. So they could see far. b. So they could stay cool. c. So they could stay safe. d. All of the above. e. None of the above. 6. Nomads are people who a. live on small farms. b. move from place to place. c. build their homes of stone. d. live in underground houses. e. build their homes on the water.

7. Traditional houses are houses that have been built a. to be easy to move. b. of clay, straw, and soil. c. the same way for a long time. d. with the dining rooms outdoors. e. with decorations of tile and rock. 3. Which groups have cloth houses? 8. What is another word for soil? a. The Atr and the Uros people. a. Tile b. The Dayak and the Greek people. b. Dirt c. Mongolians and American Indians. c. Cloth d. Andalusians and the Dayak people. d. Brick e. The Greek and the Malaysian people. e. Concrete 4. Where do houses have outdoor rooms? 9. When something is decorated, it is a. In Greece. a. made larger. b. In Malaysia. b. made stronger. c. In Indonesia. c. made to look more beautiful. d. In the Philippines. d. made to look more frightening. e. In the Gobi Desert. e. None of the above. 5. Why are Dayak houses decorated with 10. Creation is the process of pictures of snakes? a. making something. a. The Dayak people are afraid of snakes. b. moving something. b. The snake pictures scare away other c. living in something. animals. d. decorating something. c. The snakes are part of the Dayak e. holding something up. creation story. d. Both B and C are correct. e. None of the above

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EXERCISES IX.4.1. a. Choose from the words below to fill in the gaps: made attics logs door bathroom basements world living room room plain bedroom windows bright kitchen something ice

There are houses all over the .1.. Some houses are large. Some are small. Some are made of wood. Some are 2..of rock. Some are made of mud. Some are made of cloth. In cold places, some houses are made of .3. frozen water! People usually build their houses with 4..that is easy to find. For example, there are many trees in a forest. So people who live there might build a house made of 5.. Some houses have one 6... Some houses have many rooms. There is usually a 7.for sleeping. There is often a ..8for cooking. There is usually a 9.. . There is often a 10.for sitting and talking. Some houses have 11. . They are under the main part of the house. Some houses have 12... The attic is above the main part of the house. Most houses have a 13.so people can enter and exit the house. Most houses have 14.so the people can look outside. Windows also let air into the house from outdoors. Some houses are fancy. They are painted in 15.colours, and are very decorative. Some houses are not fancy they are 16..and simple. Houses look very different in different parts of the world. But, people who live in a house probably all agree that it is the place you always long for! b. buildings chemists church concert hall orchard town hall crossroads discos hospital hotels pavements zoo skyscrapers parks underground view-tower

1. 2. 3. 4.

Every mayor has an office in the Big cities have tall with many floors. There is an .. with lovely olive trees beyond the town. You can see the whole town and its surroundings from the near-by . 5. A lot of cities have an for fast public transport. It's ideal to travel with if you are not claustrophobic. 6. On that hill you can find a . with a lot of exotic animals. 7. You must walk only on hard-surface . in this park. 54

8. Our town is known for its beautiful green . 9. Excuse me, can you tell me where the nearest is? I need some aspirin. 10. We can go to the concert that is taking place in the local. 11. I have lost my way. There are a lot of streets and.. with traffic lights. 12. Have you already seen the . of Saint Peter? It is a Catholic one. 13. Lovers of night-life can try some of the and night clubs. 14. Our town has a new ..for ill people. 15. Do you know any cheap .. and restaurants in that town? 16. When sightseeing you can see a lot of historical . IX.4.2. Match the following words with their definitions:

EXAMPLE 0. a small house especially in the country: cottage 1. a building divided into flats sharing the same front door; 2. one of a row of houses; 3. a house that stands on its own; 4. a house joined together with another one by a common wall; 5. a large splendid house; 6. the compartment of the house where you keep the car; 7. you use them to go up and down in the house; 8. an outdoor space for dining or recreation that adjoins a residence and is often paved; 9. a small room, enclosed recess, or cabinet for storing clothing, food, utensils etc.; 10. a theater designed chiefly for the performance of operas; 11. a room or series of rooms where works of art are exhibited; 12. a workplace in a building; 13. a public establishment where one can buy alcoholic beverages; 14. a stop for transportation by train. a. detached house; b. semi-detached house; c. stairs; d. patio; e. art gallery; f. office; g. concert hall; h. pub;

i. terraced house; j. closet; k. railway station; l. palace; m. block of flats; n. garage.

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End of UNIT TEST

IX.5.1. Fill in each gap with one word only: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. If you want to be safe, you must walk only on the . not on the road. We can go to the ... to talk to the mayor. This region is famous for its historical . We can buy things in many little ... in High Street. If you want to see the animals, go to the ..., which is at the outskirts of the town. 6. There are two beautiful green .... in my town. 7. I decided to invite my friends to the ...tonight to dance and have fun. 8. You should be careful when arriving at the .... You can easily lose your way. 9. He doesnt feel well. I think he needs to be taken to the .. 10. Could you tell me which are the best ...and restaurants in this town? 11. Differently from big cities, my town doesnt have tall ... with many floors. 12. The .is the fastest means of transport in big cities. 13. Its very cold in my ...............and I find it hard to sleep. 14. Will you be ................... home later this evening? 15. Pauls room is at the top of the ...............opposite the bathroom. 16. I have a large room and it looks out onto/ over a beautiful ..... 17. This is the front ...................., but there is another door at the side of the house. 18. This is indeed a fine ...............house in a quiet area. 19. At the top of the house there is a/ an ......................which we use for storing goods. 20. We used to keep vegetables for winter in the ................. IX.5.2. Finis h off the following sentences: 1. I would prefer to live in a cottage............... 2. Jenny lives in a small flat ........................... 3. My house is semi-detached......................... 4. Graham bought a terraced house ............... 5. The view from the skyscrapers .................. 6. Ann decided to move house........................ Homework In about 150 words, describe the home you would like to live in. Think of location, size, type, the way you would decorate it.

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UNIT TEN. DESCRIBING PEOPLE

Content X.1. Introduction............................................................................................................ 57 X.2. Competences .......................................................................................................... 57 X.3. Reading ................................................................................................................. 57 X.4. Exercises ............................................................................................................... 59 X.5. End of Unit Test .................................................................................................... 61 X.6. Homework ............................................................................................................ 62

X.1. Introduction This unit introduces basic terms related to peoples physical and psychological features. X.2. Competences On completion of UNIT TEN, students will be able to use a wide range of vocabulary items related to describing peoples appearance and personality. Starting from these vocabulary items, idioms are also introduced. Using their experience and newly acquired vocabulary, students will also be able to connect, compare and contrast information, as well as to enhance their reading and writing skills.

Study time for UNIT TEN: 2-3 hours.

READING X.3.1. Talk to your partner and ans wer the following questions: 1. In what ways are people different? 2. Are there fundamental differences between people belonging to different nations/ races or people looking differently?

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X.3.2. a. Read the text and say what criteria for presenting people the author mentions in the text. There are many ways to talk about physical appearance. My grandfather is quite old. In fact, as he has a pension, he is an old age pensioner, or a senior citizen. His daughter, my aunt, is 55, and middle-aged. She has three sons. One is a young adult, at 24 years of age, and the other two are both teenagers. They are 16 and 17. My sister also has two children one toddler who is a two-year old, and a baby who is 6 months old. People are built in all shapes and sizes. There are those who are fat and overweight. Some people are extremely overweight and are obese. Other people are naturally slim, but others have absolutely no fat on them and are thin, or skinny. Personally, I am stocky small, but well-built. My father is tall and lean with very little fat. My sister is short, but wiry she is quite thin, but muscular. Both my brothers are athletic and well-proportioned. My mother looks like a 1940's film star. My grandfather is fit for his age and takes plenty of exercise. He doesn't want all his muscles to get flabby. My sister is an English rose she has fair hair and fair skin. She doesn't tan easily and has to be careful in the sun. My mother is blonde, also with a fair complexion. I am a red-head with red hair. Like many other people with a pale complexion, I get freckles from the sun small brown dots on my face and arms. In contrast, my father has dark-brown hair and he is quite darkskinned. You are born with a colour white or Caucasian, black or Asian. People whose parents are of different ethnic origin are mixed-race. Southern Europeans are sometimes described as Mediterranean. Faces, like build, vary a lot. Some people have oval faces their foreheads are much wider than their chins. Other people have heart-shaped, square or round faces. Features also vary. My grandfather has bushy eyebrows (he has lots of hair!), a hooked nose and high cheekbones. His eyes are large and set quite far apart. My mother has a broad nose, which she hates, as she prefers narrow noses. But she is lucky to have even or regular teeth. My sister corrected her crooked teeth by wearing a brace which straightened them. She has rosy cheeks, small ears and a snub nose, which goes up at the end. I have long, curly hair, though my sister is the opposite, with short, straight hair. Her hair is fine and doesn't weigh very much, but mine is thick and heavy. My mother's hair is wavy in between straight and curly. It's cut in a bob and she also has a short fringe, where it is cut horizontally across her forehead. My father is losing his hair in fact he is going bald, which makes him very sad. My brother looks like he is going to lose his hair too it is receding. b. Considering the text, match the words on the left with their definitions on the right:

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

toddler overweight skinny wiry lean flabby

7. to tan 8. complexion 9. brace 10. bob 11. fringe 12. bald 13. recede 14. snub

a. to make brown by exposure to the sun; b. a woman's or child's short haircut; c. a young child learning to walk; d. short and blunt; e. looking loose anf fat; f. weighing more than is normal, necessary, or allowed; g. extremely thin; h. thin but looking strong; i. short hair that hangs down over ones forehead; j. to grow less and less; k. the natural color, texture, and appearance of the skin, especially of the face; l. a dental appliance constructed of bands and wires that is fixed to the teeth to correct irregular alignment; m. lacking hair on the head; n. thin and looking physically fit and healthy.

EXERCISES X.4.1. Match the adjectives below to the word which means the opposite: Tall Weak Young Fat beautiful generous Big strong old ugly thin short small mean

X.4.2. IV. Match the parts of the face with the list of adjectives that can be used to describe them: big, snub, pointed, thin, full, sexy, big, bright, blue, big, cauliflower, sticky-out. EARS e.g. big NOSE EYES LIPS

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X.4.3. Look at the table below and try to find as many pairs of antonyms as possible: shy bad-tempered friendly out- going fun selfish childish thoughtless mean affectionate good-tempered thoughtful easygoing mature honest sociable patient generous nice caring kind

X.4.4. Which of the words above would you use to describe the people below? Sometimes there is more than one possible ans wer. 1. She gives a lot of money to charity, and she likes to share everything she has with other people. 2. Hes great to go out with to parties and discos. He makes me laugh. 3. He never gets angry. Hes always calm and relaxed. 4. She never thinks about how other people may feel. 5. Hes very loving. He likes to show that he cares about me. 6. Sometimes he does stupid things. He should grow up! 7. He doesnt like spending his money. 8. She is only interested in herself. X.4.5. Match the following body idioms with their significance:

EXAMPLE 1. e 1. break someone's heart 2. stand on your own two feet 3. back someone up 4. learn something by heart 5. have got green fingers 6. keep an eye on 7. from head to toe 8. have your hands full 9. have a heart of gold 10. twist someone's arm a. persuade someone; b. watch someone carefully; c. entirely; d. be independent e. upset someone greatly; f. be a very kind person; g. be very busy; h. like gardening; i. support someone; j. remember all the words without help.

X.4.6. Use the right form of the idioms above to fill in the gaps: 1. 2. 3. 4. She ..when she left him. Ive ..the poem , so I can recite it to you She'll always help she .. . I can't do anything about it right now my . . 60

5. 6. 7. 8.

Her garden looks amazing. She must .. I didn't want to go out, but, after he .., I finally went. I don't need your help I can Thank you for in the meeting. I woyldnteaching have persuaded them without your help. 9. I think that he is not really honest; youd better .. 10. We were covered in mus X.4.7. We often use adjectives that end in y to describe personality. Find the phrase in the description that defines each of the words below. fussy cheeky witty nosy moody

EXAMPLE He likes everything to be in the right place all the time. (= fussy) Well, frankly, my brother is all of those things. He likes everything to be in the right place all the time. He always wants to know what everybody else is doing, even when its none of his business. He is bright and lively one minute, and quiet and bad-tempered the next. But he thinks very quickly and says the funniest things, although sometimes what he says is funny but rude to people older or more senior than him. For example, he asked his teacher why his red tie was the same colour as his eyes. The teacher had been to a party the night before it was very funny but definitely rude!

End of UNIT TEST

X.5.1. Choose the right ans wer: 1. My wife is always ......... when she is busy and becomes angry at me for no reason at all. a. jealous; b. talkative; c. content; d. bad-tempered. 2. Students at the school where I teach are very .......... They always hand in their homework on time. a. patient; b. lazy; c. reliable; d. friendly. 3. Glenn is very .......... He always helps out the underprivileged people in our community. a. creative; b. reticent; c. sociable; d. generous. 4. My little sister is so ......... at school that she is afraid to ask any question. a. shy; b. courageous; c. tolerant; d. envious. 5. Never ask Phoebe to dance while her husband is looking. He always gets so ......... of her. a. jealous; b. responsive; c. loving; d. tolerant. 61

6. Our new teacher is very .......... If we don't understand something, she goes over it again and again until we do. a. patient; b. easy going; c. friendly; d. thoughtless. 7. Mary's husband is very .......... He never helps her with any of the chores around the house. a. handsome; b. dependable; c. lazy; d. tolerant. 8. Our English teacher at school is very .......... He is always coming up with new games that help make learning fun. a. creative; b. creating; c. talkative; d. trustworthy. 9. Fiona loves parties and getting around with friends. Thats because she is very . a. easy going; b. selfish; c. party; d. fun. 10. William loves gossip. He always wants to know what everybody else is up to. Thats because hes . a. inquisitive; b. interesting; c. informed; d. bad tempered. X.5.2. Fill in the gaps with one word only: 1. He wants to become the boss and have a lot of power and money. Hes .. 2. Harry loves partying, meeting people and talking to them. He's so . 3. Sheila insisted on giving a party to celebrate Pete's birthday although all her friends said it was next month. She's as .as a mule. 4. My new neighbour is really . . He has lived next door for three months and he hasn't even introduced himself. 5. What I like the best about my friend Jamie is how ..he is. He never left me alone in my worst moments. 6. You never know how Nadine will react. One moment she's so nice and the next she's the nastiest person in the world. She's really .. 7. Be careful when you give Tess the bad news. You can hurt her easily because she's very . 8. Jeff would never be a good actor. He's so ..he thinks everybody's looking at and judging him all the time. 9. He won't tell a lie. He's absolutely 10. He only sees his side of things. He's .. Homework What personal qualities do you think are important in the following types of people? a. a close friend c. a parent e. a colleague b. a wife/ a husband d. a grandparent f. a boss

Give your ans wer in about 150 words.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Acklam, R., First Certificate Gold, Longman, 2003; 2. Aspinall, T., Advanced Masterclass CAE, OUP, 2001; 3. Paidos, C., Chilarescu, M., Proficiency in English, Institutul European, Iasi; 4. Vince, M., First Certificate Language Practice, Macmillan Heinemann, 2003; 5. Vince, M., Intermediate Language Practice, Macmillan Heinemann, 2006; 6. Watcyn-Jones, P., Test Your Vocabulary, Penguin English, 1980; 7. www.onestopenglish.com 8. www.learningenglishfeelgood.com 9. www.nonstopenglish.com 10. www.bbcenglish.com 11. www.english-at-home.com 12. www.english-test.net 13. www.english-online.at 14. www.esltower.com 15. www.englishforeveryone.org 16. www.englishexercises.org 17. www.learningenglish.com

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ANSWER KEY FOR END OF UNIT TESTS UNIT 1 I.5.1. 1. grandmother/ grandfather 2. sister- in-law 3. grandmother 4. cousin 5. I.5.2. 1. couple 2. children 3. twin 4. alike UNIT 2 II.5.1. 1. hate 2. open 3. to grate 4. a cook 5. to roll II.5.2. 1. put 2. chop 3. course 4. meal 5. bill UNIT 3 III.5.1. 1. pharmacist 2. vet 3. carpenter 4. plumber 5. dentist UNIT 4 IV.5.1. 1. note 2. coin 3. change

6. niece 7. wife 8. brother- in- law 9. grandparents 10. wife 11. sister- in-law 5. 6. 7. 8. single friendship elder engaged / housewife

6. beautiful 7. a second helping 8. apples 9. cabbage 10. stake 6. waiter 7. menu 8. frozen 9. ham 10. drink

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

electrician long part-time/ flexitime out down

4. cheque 5. credit card 6.cash

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UNIT 5 V.5.1. 1. red; 2. pink; 3. yellow UNIT 6 VI.5.1. 1. drive 2. take 3. ride 4. ride 5. take 6. catch VI.5.2. a. a person on the bus b. a student in a railway station c. the customs officer d. a friend/ acquaintance offering to take you somewhere e. a driver/ steward f. taxi driver g. a steward UNIT 7 VII.5.1. 1. The players of the opponent team scored four goals, so they won the game. 2. When the teams score the same number of goals in a match, we say its a draw. 3. The basketball team won the competition because they had been well trained. 4. Mary plays tennis as a way of earning her living. 5. I like going swimming in my free time. 6. Kate really enjoys riding the bike in the countryside. VII.5.2. 1. athletics 2. tennis VII.5.3. a. doing b. take c. on d. hand UNIT 8 VIII.5.1. 1. e 2. i 3. h 4. a 3. aerobics 4.golf e. f. g. h. sports/ sporting another line favourite

7. take 8. catch 9. drive 10. caught 11. drive 12. drive

5. c 6. g 7. k 8. j

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9.d 10. b VIII.5.3. 1. checks 2. takes 3. problems 4. recommends 5. pharmacist 6. prescription UNIT 9 IX.5.1. 1. pavement 2. city hall/ town hall 3. sightseeings 4. shops 5. zoo 6. areas 7. disco 8. crossroad 9. hospital 10. clubs

11. f 12. l 7. worse 8. dentist 9. teeth 10. bothers 11. can/ may 12. charge

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

buildings tube room back stairs park entrance detached attic basement

IX.5.2. 1. I would prefer to live in a cottage than in an apartment in a crowded city. 2. Jenny lives in a small flat, but she likes it a lot. 3. My house is semi-detached, so I sometimes hear my neighbours conversation. 4. Graham bought a terraced house, as he could not afford a detached one. 5. The view from the skyscrapers is breathtaking, so its worth going up. 6. Ann decided to move house, so lets give her a helping hand. UNIT 10 X.5.1. 1. d. bad-tempered. 2. c. reliable 3. d. generous 4. a. shy 5. a. jealous X.5.2. 1. greedy 2. outgoing 3. stubborn 4. anti-social 5. reliable 6. moody 7. sensitive 8. shy

6. a. patient 7. b. dependable 8. a. creative 9. a. easy going 10. a. inquisitive 9. honest 10. selfish

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