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Dr.AsmaaModdather
SoilMechanicsandFoundations FacultyofEngineering CairoUniversity
FALL2012
SOILCLASSIFICATION
SoilClassification S il Cl ifi ti
Soil
classification: is the arrangement of different soils with similar
properties i t groups th t reflects soils physical and mechanical ti into that fl t il h i l d h i l properties.
Coarsegrainedsoils C i d il
Angular
Subangular
Subrounded
Rounded
Wellrounded
Finegrainedsoils Fi i d il
Plate Clay
GrainSizeAnalysis G i Si A l i
Laboratory testing:
o Sieve analysis tests:
o Hydrometer tests: for coarsegrained soil for finegrained soil
SieveAnalysisTest Si A l i T t
Sieveshaker
Setofsieves f i
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012
SieveAnalysisTest
The
usual procedure is to use a system of sieves h i diff i having different mesh sizes, stacked on t h i t k d top of each other, with the coarsest mesh on top and the finest mesh at the bottom. After g y , y y shaking the assembly of sieves, by hand or by a shaking machine, each sieve will contain the th particles l ti l larger th than it mesh size, and its h i d smaller than the mesh size of all the sieves above it.
SieveAnalysisTest Si A l i T t
3in 75
1in 38
in 19
3/8in 9.5
4 4.75
10 2
20 0.85 5
40 0.425 4 5
60 0.25 5
100 0.15 5
140 0.106
200 0.075 75
PAN
SoilSample
SieveAnalysisTest Si A l i T t
Weightofsample=Wgm SieveNo. Particle size(mm) WeightRetained oneachsieve(gm) Totalweight Retained(gm) %Retained %Passing 3in
75
W1 W2 W3 140
0.106
200
0.075
w1
w2
w11
w12
w1 {}x100/W 100
Siev ves
Example E l
Weightofsample=250gm SieveNo. Si N Particle size (mm) Weight Retainedon eachsieve h i (gm) Totalweight Retained (gm) %Retained %Passing 3in i 75 4 4.75 10 2.0 sieves 20 0.85 60 6 0.25 100 0.15 200 0.075 Pan P
0.0
25
48
35
51
48
30
13
25 10.0 90.0
73 29.2 70.8
250
Hydrometertest
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012
HydrometerTest H d t T t
Hydrometer
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012
HydrometerTest H d t T t
Larger The
GrainSizeDistributionCurve G i Si Di t ib ti C
sieves
SieveNo. Particle size (mm) %Passing g
hydrometer
3in
75 100.0
4
4.75 90.0 9
10
2.0 70.8 7
20
0.85 56.8 5
60
0.25 36.4 3 4
100
0.15 17.2 7
200
0.075 5.2 5 0.04 3.0 3 0.02 1.8 .01 0.5 5
80
60
Particlesize(mm)
40
20
GrainSizeDistributionCurve G i Si Di t ib ti C
sieves
SieveNo. Particle size (mm) %Passing g
hydrometer
3in
75 100.0
75;100
4
4.75 90.0 9
10
2.0 70.8 7
20
0.85 56.8 5
60
0.25 36.4 3 4
100
0.15 17.2 7
200
0.075 5.2 5 0.04 3.0 3 0.02 1.8 .01 0.5 5
Semilog scale
100 9 90 80 70 60 50 40 3 30 20 10 0 100
4.75;90
%Pass sing
0.25;36.4
10
Particlesize(mm)
0.1
0.01
0.001
Semilogscalepaper S il l
100 90 80 8 70 %Pa assing 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 10 1 0.1 Particlesize(mm) 0.01 0.001
GrainSizeDistribution G i Si Di t ib ti
100 90 80 70 %P Passing 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 10 Particlesize(mm) 1 D60 D30 0.1 D10 0.01 0.001
%Passing=30 %Passing 60 %Passing=60
%Passing=10
GrainSizeDistribution G i Si Di t ib ti
D60 is the diameter of the particle at 60% passing on the grain size distribution
curve. curve
D30 i th di is the diameter of th particle at 30% passing on th grain size di t ib ti t f the ti l t % i the i i distribution curve.
D10 is the diameter of the particle at 10% passing on the grain size distribution
curve. effective grain size
GrainSizeDistribution G i Si Di t ib ti
Well graded sand W ll d d d Well graded gravel
100 9 90 80 70 %Passing 60 50 30 20 10 0 100 10 1 0.1 Particlesize (mm) 0.01 0.001 Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012 40
GrainSizeDistribution G i Si Di t ib ti
D60 = 1.0 mm, D30 = 0.2 mm, D10 = 0.095 mm Cu = 1.0/0.095 = 10.5, Cc = (0.2)2/(1.0 x 0.095) = 0.42 100 90 80 70 %Passi ing 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 10 Particlesize(mm) 1 D60 D30 0.1 D10 0.01 0.001
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012
%Passing=60
%Passing=30 %Passing 30
%Passing=10 %Passing 10
ConsistencyofCohesiveSoils C it f C h i S il
For
important property.
The
amount of water i the soil. Thi i expressed b the water f in h il This is d by h content w.
ConsistencyofCohesiveSoils C it f C h i S il
When the water content is very low (as in a very dry clay) the soil can be
very stiff, almost lik a stone. It i th said t b i th solid state. tiff l t like t is then id to be in the lid t t
Adding water, for instance if the clay is flooded by rain, may make the
y p , g y y clay plastic, and for higher water contents the clay may even become almost liquid.
Watercontent Liquidstate
Plastic limit (P.L., wP): is the transition from the plastic state
to the semisolid state semi solid state.
Pl i i iindex (PI Ip) = wL wP Plasticity d (PI, These limits are obtained using laboratory tests. g y
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012
LiquidLimitTest Li id Li it T t
Liquidlimitdevice
Groovingtool
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LiquidLimitTest Li id Li it T t
LiquidLimitTest Li id Li it T t
The liquid limit is the value of the water content for which a standard
Vshaped groove cut i th soil, will j t close ( V h d t in the il ill just l (0.5 i h) after 25 d inch) ft drops.
Water content
Water content
wL
wL
25
No.ofblows
25
LogNo.ofblows g
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012
PlasticLimitTest Pl ti Li it T t
Plastic limit
is defined as the water content at which the clay can just be
Very wet clay can be rolled into very thin threads. Dry clay will break when rolling thick threads.
ShrinkageLimitTest Sh i k Li it T t
Put soil
weight ( s) (w ).
Shrinkage
ShrinkageLimitTest Sh i k Li it T t
vs = ws/(Gsw)
Drysoil Shrinkage limit
v v = vT vs w w = v v w Sh.L. = ww/ws
vv vT A vT vw W ww
vs
ws
vs
ws
ConsistencyIndexofCohesiveSoils C it I d f C h i S il
wL w CI = wL wP
CI 0 0.5 0 0 5 0.5 0.625 0.625 0.625 0.75 0.75 1.00 1.00< .00 (w>wSh) 1.00< (w<w ( Sh) TypeofSoil Verysoft Soft Mediumstiff Stiff Verystiff Hard
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012
Example E l
The
following table shows the parameters determined for different
cohesive soil samples for these soils determine Find the consistency samples, index and comment on its indication.
Soil A B C
CI 0 0.5 0.5 0.625 6 0.625 0.75 0.75 1.00 5 1.00< (w>wSh) 1.00< (w<wSh)
w (%) 46 12 9
wL (%) 60 45 10
wP (%) 40 15 5
wSh (%) 10 9 2
indication
RelativeDensityofCoarseGrainedSoil R l ti D it f C G i d S il
Loose emax
Achieved by A hi d b carefully pouring th soil i t a container, or b l tti f ll i the il into t i by letting th the material subside under water, avoiding all disturbance.
emin
densest packing
RelativeDensityofCoarseGrainedSoil R l ti D it f C G i d S il
emax is the maximum possible void ratio. The loosest packing can be achieved by carefully pouring the soil into a
container, or by letting the material subside under water, avoiding all disturbance.
emin
RelativeDensityofCoarseGrainedSoil R l ti D it f C G i d S il
emax eact Dr ( ) = (%) x100 emax emin
Dr (%) 0 15 15 35 35 65 65 85 85 100 TypeofSoil Veryloose Loose Mediumdense Dense Verydense
SoilClassification S il Cl ifi ti
Boulders
Sand F
6
C
0.6
M
0.2
C
0.02 0 02
M
0.006 6
2mm
0.06mm
GrainSizeDistributionCurve G i Si Di t ib ti C
60mm 100 90 80 70 %Passi ing 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 100 10 1 0.1 Particlesize(mm) 0.01 0.001
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012
Gravel G l
2mm
Sand S d
0.06mm
Silt
0.002mm Clay Cl
GrainSizeDistributionCurve G i Si Di t ib ti C
% Boulder = 100 % Passing 60mm = 100 97 = 3% B ld P i 6 % % Gravel = % Passing 60mm % Passing 2mm = 97 70.8 = 26.2 % % Sand = % Passing 2mm % Passing 0.06mm = 70.8 6.0 = 64.8 % % Silt = % Passing 0.06 mm % Passing 0.002 mm = 6.0 0.0 = 6.0 % % Clay = % Passing 0.002mm = 0.0 %
60mm Gravel G l 2mm Sand S d 0.06mm Silt Sil 0.002mm Clay Cl
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
100
%Passing P
10
Particle size(mm)
0.1
0.01
0.001
% Boulder = 3.0% % Gravel = 27.2% % Sand = 65.8% % Silt = 5.0% y % Clay = 0.0%
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012
Information needed: o G i size di ib i curve: Grain i distribution cu, cc % Passing sieve No. 4 (4.75 mm) % Passing sieve No. 200 (0.075 mm) o Atterberg limits: L.L. P.L. P.I.
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012
G S M C
W P
S Silt&Clay
San nd
USCSSummaryTable USCS S T bl
UseplasticitycharttodetermineMorC
UseplasticitycharttodetermineMorC
UsePlasticityChart
oo
oo bbbbbbbbbbbbb
CH,CL ML,MH ML MH
Dr.Asmaa Moddather PBWN302 Fall2012
PlasticityChart(ALine) Pl ti it Ch t (A Li )
60 50 Plasticit Index (%) ty
CH
40
CL
30 20
Ip = 0.73(w L-20)
MH
10
CL-ML
0 0 10
ML
20 30 40
ML
50 60 70 80 90 100
%Sand>%Gravel
%Gravel>%Sand
>50% 5 Finegrainedsoil
%PassingsieveNo.200