EE1 Electrical Engineering Physics

Winter, 2012
Prof. Y. Ethan Wang Electrical Engineering Dept. UCLA

EE1 Course Information

Instructor: Y. Ethan Wang Office Hours: Wed., 1:30 to 3:30pm, EN IV 56-147K Textbook: William Hayt & John Buck, Engineering Electromagnetics, 6Ed 7 Homeworks (25%), distributed on Thursday and due on next Thursday 1 Midterm (30%), Feb. 14th, Tuesday, The sixth week 1 Final (45%), March 22nd, 2012, 11:30am-2:30pm No late submission of homework will be accepted !!!

EE1 Syllabus
Review of vector analysis (Ch. 1) Coulombs law (Ch.2) Gausss law (Ch.3) Energy and potential (Ch.4) Current and conductors (Ch.5) Dielectrics and capacitance (Ch.6) Midterm Amperes law and Biot-Savarts law (Ch.8) Magnetic forces and material (Ch.9) Inductance (Ch.9) Faradays law and displacement current (Ch.10) Maxwells equations (Ch.10) Final Exam 2 lectures 2 lectures 2 lectures 2 lectures 1 lecture 1 lecture 1 lecture 2 lectures 2 lectures 1 lecture 2 lectures

About EE1
Devices

Electromagnetics
Systems Circuits

Evolution of Concepts
Observation & Experiments Electrostatics & Magnetostatics Vector Calculus

, ,

Maxwells Eqs. Amperes Law Biot-Savarts Law Faradays Law Gausss Law Laplaces Eqs. Poissons Eqs. Physical Insights

E dl =
S

d B dS dt S d D dS dt S

H dl = J dS + D dS = dv
S V

B dS = 0
S

Review of Vector Analysis

Scalar (a quantity) Vector (quantity with directions) Tensor (quantity with multiple dimensions of directions)
=

a a

r A
(a x , a y , az )

A
a xx , a xy , a xz a yx , a yy , a yz a ,a ,a zx zy zz
(permittivity, permeability )

(Voltage, current, charge)

(electric field, magnetic field, force)

Vectors in Cartesian Coordinate System

Z

r A

az
ax
X or where o

Any vector measured in 3-D space can be represented by a line drawn from an origin toward the same direction of this vector, with the length of the line representing the strength of the vector Y The projections of this line onto any three orthogonal axes, which are X, Y, Z axes in a Cartesian Coordinate system, can be used to represent this vector, for example, ( a x , a y , a z )

ay

r A = xa x + ya y + za z

x, y , z

are unit vectors pointing to X, Y, Z directions respectively

Vector Operations
The magnitude of the vector: The direction of the vector (unit vector):

r 2 A = a x + a 2 + a z2 y
For any two vectors, Summation:

r A xa x + ya y + za z a= r = 2 A a x + a 2 + a z2 y

r r A = (a x , a y , a z ) & B = (bx , by , bz )

r r r r A + B = B + A = ( a x + bx , a y + by , a z + bz ) r cA = (ca x , ca y , ca z )

Scalar product with constant c: Dot product:

r r r r r r A B = B A = A B cos AB = a x bx + a y by + a z bz
r r r r r r

Cross product: A B = B A = a N A B sin AB

x = ax bx

y ay by

z az bz

AB: the span angle between

vector A and B : the unit vector perpendicular to both vector A and B

aN

Displacement Vector
Z

r r

Displacement vector is a vector used to represent any physical location in a 3-D space, which is usually shown by a line drawn from an origin to this location The magnitude of the displacement vector is the distance between the represented location to the origin The projections of the displacement vector onto the X, Y, Z axes are their Cartesian coordinates of the location (x, y, z)

z
x
X o

So the displacement vector is expressed by where

r r = xx + yy + zz

x, y , z

are unit vectors pointing to X, Y, Z directions respectively

Vector Field (or Field Vectors)

Field vectors are vectors defined or observed for each location in 3-D space, with both magnitudes and directions functions of the position Z In the coordinate system, the field r z A vectors are shown as vectors drawn Az from its physical location and pointing y r to the direction of the field with the Ax Ay r length of the line representing the x Y strength of the field o

In general, the field vectors are written as: X Noted that

r r r A( r ) = A( x, y , z ) = xAx ( x, y , z ) + yAy ( x, y , z ) + zAz ( x, y , z )

are x, y, z components of the field vector are x, y, z coordinates of the location where the field is observed are unit vectors pointing to X, Y, Z directions respectively

Ax , Ay , Az
x, y , z

x, y , z

Circular Cylindrical Coordinates

Z

z
o

z r
Az

Cylindrical coordinates is the convenient choice when the source or the boundary are circularly symmetrical The vector field takes the form: Y

r r r A( r ) = A( , , z ) = A ( , , z ) + A ( , , z ) + zAz ( , , z )

X The displacement vector takes the form: Noted that

r r = + zz

A , A , Az

are , , z components of the field vector are , , z coordinates of the location where the field is observed are unit vectors pointing to , , z directions respectively

, , z
, , z

Cylindrical Coordinates to Cartesian

Conversions among the unit vectors:

x = cos sin y = sin + cos z = z

Conversions among the coordinates:

= x cos + y sin = x sin + y cos z = z

= x 2 + y 2 1 y = tan x z = z

x = cos y = sin z = z
Conversions among the field components:

Ax = A cos A sin Ay = A sin + A cos A = A z z

A = Ax cos + Ay sin A = Ax sin + Ay cos A = A z z

Spherical Coordinates
Z r A Spherical coordinates is the convenient choice when the source or the boundary are spherical symmetrical The vector field takes the form: Y

r o
Ar

r r r A( r ) = A( r, , )
= rAr ( r , , ) + +A ( r , , ) + A ( r, , )

X The displacement vector takes the form: Noted that

r r = rr

Ar , A , A r, ,

are r, , components of the field vector are r, , coordinates of the location where the field is observed are unit vectors pointing to r, , directions respectively

r, ,

Spherical Coordinates to Cartesian

Conversions among the unit vectors:

x = r sin cos + cos cos sin y = r sin sin + cos sin + cos z = r cos sin
Conversions among the coordinates:

r = x sin cos + y sin sin + z cos = x cos cos + y cos sin z sin = x sin + y cos

x = r sin cos y = r sin sin z = r cos

Conversions among the field components:

r = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 z 1 = cos x2 + y2 + z2 y = tan 1 x
Ar = Ax sin cos + Ay sin sin + Az cos A = Ax cos cos + Ay cos sin Az sin A = A sin + A cos x y

Ax = Ar sin cos + A cos cos A sin Ay = Ar sin sin + A cos sin + A cos A = A cos A sin r z

Spherical Coordinates to Cylindrical

Conversions among the unit vectors:

= r sin + cos = z = r cos sin

Conversions among the coordinates:

r = sin + z cos = cos z sin =

r = 2 + z 2 z = cos 1 2 + z2 =
Ar = A sin + Az cos A = A cos Az sin A = A

= r sin = z = r cos
Conversions among the field components:

A = Ar sin + A cos A = A A = A cos A sin r z

Vector Path Integrals (1)

Path integral:

r r r r r r r r dl = f ( r ) cos ( r )dl f ( r ) dl = f ( r ) l
c c

r and f (r ) is the angle between the vector l

C represents the path that starts at A1 and end at A2, l represents the unit vector tangential to the path pointing to the increase of the path length Path integral from A1 to A2 will be different (with the opposite sign) to the path integral from A2 to A1 on the same path z

r l
A1

A2

r r

Vector Path Integrals (2)

The differential line element take different forms in different coordinate systems, e.g.,

r dl = d + d + dzz r dl = drr + r sin d + rd

The path integral is thus:

r dl = dxx + dyy + dzz

r r r r r r f ( r ) dl = f x ( r )dx + f y ( r )dy + f z ( r )dz r r r r r r f ( r ) dl = f ( r )d + f ( r ) d + f z ( r )dz r r r r r r f ( r ) dl = f r ( r )dr + f ( r ) r sin d + f ( r ) rd

c c c c c c c c c

Vector Surface Integrals

r r r r r r r r f ( r ) d s = f ( r ) nds = f ( r ) cos ( r )ds

s s

r r is the angle between the normal vector and f (r )

z

is the outward pointing normal vector of the surface

n
r r

s
x

Vector Surface Integrals (1)

r r r r r r r r ds = f ( r ) cos ( r )ds f ( r ) d s = f ( r ) n
s s

Special cases when the surface are parallel to one of the main planes: z Top

S1

r r r r r f ( r ) ds = f ( r ) zdxdy r r r r r f ( r ) ds = f ( r ) ydydz r r r Side r r f ( r ) ds = f ( r ) xdydz

Front

S1 S3 S2

S2

S3

Vector Surface Integrals (2)

r r r r r r r r f ( r ) d s = f ( r ) nds = f ( r ) cos ( r )ds

s s

Special cases when the surface are parallel to one of the main planes: z

z0 S 1 S2 S3 y
S1

r r r 2 0 r r f ( r ) ds = f ( r ) zdd
0 0 2 z0 r r r r r f ( r ) ds = f ( r ) 0 dzd 0 0 2 0 r r r r r f ( r ) ds = f ( r ) zdd 0 0

Top

Side

S2

Bottom

S3

Vector Surface Integrals (3)

r r r r r r r r f ( r ) d s = f ( r ) nds = f ( r ) cos ( r )ds

s s

Special cases when the surface is the spherical surface z

r0 S
S1

2 r r r r r f ( r ) ds = f ( r ) rr02 sin dd 0 0

Vector Volume Integrals

r r f ( r )dv =

z 0 y 0 x0

0 0 0

r r f ( r )dxdydz

r r f ( r )dv =

z0 2 0

0 0 0

r r f ( r ) dddz

2 0 r r r r f ( r )dv = f ( r ) ddd 0 0 0

Vector Calculus Basics

Del. operator is a differential operator to the scalar and vector functions of space

x+ y+ z x y z

The operator has a property very similar to a vector so its operation on vectors can often be considered as products between vectors (in Cartesian Coordinates) Divergence leads to a scalar function from a vector function

r A = r A = r A =

Ax Ay Az + + y z x 1 1 A Az (A ) + + z 1 2 1 1 A (r Ar ) + r sin (sin A ) + r sin 2 r r

Vector Calculus Basics

Gradient takes a scalar function to make a vector function

v = v = v =

v v v x+ y+ z x y z 1 v v v + + z z 1 v 1 v v r+ + r r sin r

Curl takes a vector function to make another vector function

r Az Ay Ax Az Ay Ax A = y z x + z x y + x y z r 1 Az A A A 1 1 A + z + A = (A ) z z z r A 1 1 Ar A 1 1 A = (sin A ) r + (rA ) + ( rA ) r r sin r sin r r r

Integrations Often Needed in EE1

(a
1
2

+x

2 3/ 2

dx =

x a2 a2 + x2

1 1 1 x (a 2 + x 2 ) dx = a tan a

x x2 a2

dx = x 2 a 2