Lecture 22 MECH3361

1
Recap
Contact Problems
Cases Tangential def Normal Displacement
contact stress



* ) ( 4
3
2 1
2 1 3
E
P
R R
R R
a
+
=

1
2
2
2
1
2
1
1 1
*

|
|
.
|

\
|

+

=
E E
E
v v


2
2 1
2 1 3
*
) (
16
9
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
E
P
R R
R R
o

2
2
0
1
a
r
q q =

( ) P E
R R
R R
q
2
2
2 1
2 1
3
3
0
*
6
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
t



* 4
3
1
3
E
P
R a =


2
1
3
*
1
16
9
|
.
|

\
|
=
E
P
R
o

2
2
0
1
a
r
q q =

( ) P E
R
q
2
2
1
3
3
0
*
1 6
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t



* ) ( 4
3
1 2
2 1 3
E
P
R R
R R
a

=


2
2 1
1 2 3
*
) (
16
9
|
.
|

\
|
=
E
P
R R
R R
o

2
2
0
1
a
r
q q =

( ) P E
R R
R R
q
2
2
2 1
1 2
3
3
0
*
6
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
t



* ) (
4
2 1
2 1 2
E
p
R R
R R
b
+
=
t

|
.
|

\
|
+

+
|
.
|

\
|
+

=
407 . 0
2
ln
1
407 . 0
2
ln
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
3
b
R
E
b
R
E p
v
v
t
o

2
2
0
1
b
x
q q =

p E
R R
R R
q *
1
2 1
2 1 2
0
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
t

Stress Methods (Flowchart): Select stress function | (combination of several) Calculate
stresses
2
2
y
xx
c
c
=
|
o ,
2
2
x
yy
c
c
=
|
o ,
y x
xy
c c
c
=
|
o
2
Use B.C. to determine coefficients
Fully determine stress functions Hookes law to determine strains Strain-Displacement
to derive displacement function Disp B.C. to fully determine displacement functions.
Solution to a circular hole in a plate

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
u o
u o
u o
u
uu
2 sin
2 3
1
2
2 cos
3
1
2
1
2
2 cos
4 3
1
2
1
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
2
2
2
2
4
4
2
2
r
a
r
a T
r
a T
r
a T
r
a
r
a T
r
a T
r
rr

When 1 2 cos = u ,
uu
o reaches the maximum ( ) T a r 3
max
= = =
uu uu
o o
Strain energy density (SED) | | 2 / ) ( 2
zx zx yz yz xy xy zz zz yy yy xx xx
U c o c o c o c o c o c o + + + + + =
Distortion energy density (DED) | |
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
) ( ) ( ) (
6
1
o o o o o o
v
+ +
+
=
E
U
d



T
a
b
u
T
Lecture 22 MECH3361
2
7.3 Plasticity under Simple Tension

Typical tensile testing diagram:

The yielding occurs after yielding limit in the test as shown.
Unloading leads to plastic strain (permanent strain) and
elastic strain (recoverable strain).

Beyond this point material may behave in different ways of
the plastic deformation as shown below:

Mild steel Stainless steel Al alloy

To simplify such curves, people introduce some simplified models:

Remarks:
- When the unloading takes place after plasticity has occurred, the deformation will be
completely elastic. Thus we can use the method of elastic analysis to study the stress
and deformation during unloading.
- After unloading, then load it again. The strain-stress behaviour will be first elastic. If
the material has a hardening behaviour, it will not yield until the reloading stress
reaches new yield stress, namely Y. Since Y is higher than Y, the material in
reloading shows a hardening behaviour
- Increase in yield stress and loading-reloading phenomena is called work-hardening

The bilinear model sometime is not accurate enough. For this reason some nonlinear models
may be needed.
Power law:
n
Ac o =
where material constants A= strength coefficient and n=strain-hardening exponent.

Rambery-Osgood model:
n
E
k
E
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
o o
o
K and n are material constants to be determined by test.

Curve fitting: Sometime fit the testing curves is needed as

+ + +
=
m
m
A A A
E
c c
c
o

1 0

Lecture 22 MECH3361
3
Example 7.1
A cylinder bar made of steel is subjected to a uniform tension P along its axis. The maximum
axial strain was measured to be 0.005. Youngs modulus E=210GPa and its yield stress is
Y=600MPa and the materials stress-strain curve shows almost no hardening. (a) Calculate
the plastic strain in the bar at the above max strain. (b) If the bar is unloaded at this max strain,
what is the residual strain remaining in the bar after complete unloading (short answer
question, 2009 Final Exam).

Soln:
(a) No hardening, the steel can be idealised as an
elastic/perfectly plastic material as shown.
003 . 0
10 200
10 600
9
6
=

= = =
E
Y
Y e
c c
Hence at the maximum strain of 005 . 0
max
= c , the
plastic strain in bar is
002 . 0 003 . 0 005 . 0
max
= = =
e
p
c c c
(b) When unloading, all the elastic strain will disappear and the plastic strain remains. Thus
the residual strain after complete unloading is equal to 002 . 0 =
p
c .

Example 7.2 For the structure loaded at joint O shown below, determine (a) elastic limit P
e
;
(b) plastic limit load P
p
.

Soln
Step 1: determine internal forces. From the F.B.D. (right sub-figure)

P N N P N N N F
N N N N F
y
x
= + + + =
= = + =

2 1 3 2 1
3 1 3 1
cos 2 , cos cos : 0
, 0 sin sin : 0
u u u
u u

We cannot solve for three unknowns using the two equations. Other compatibility condition is
needed.
Step 2: Compatibility condition of strain:
Elongation of bar 1 and 3: u cos d ,
( )
u c
u
u c u
c
2
2
2
1
cos
cos /
cos
'
cos
= = =
L
L
L
d

where L is the original length of bar 2 (and 3).

Step 3: Stress inside the bars

= +
=
A P/ cos 2
2 1
3 1
o u o
o o

Step 4: Calculate the stresses
From Hookes law:
1 1
c o E = and
2 2
c o E = u
c
c
o
o
2
2
1
2
1
cos = = u o o
2
2 1
cos =
Plug into stress eqn#2: ( ) A P/ cos cos 2 cos 2
2
2
2 2 1
= + = + o u u o o u o
h h
L
d
u u
1 2 3
P
N
1
N
2
N
3
u u
L
/
c
o
s
u
A
B
C
O
E=Youngs modulus
Y=Yield stress
o
c
c
e
c
p
c
max
Lecture 22 MECH3361
4
We obtain:
) cos 2 1 (
3
2
u
o
+
=
A
P
Thus:
) cos 2 1 (
cos
3
2
1
u
u
o
+
=
A
P

Step 5: Elastic deformation and initial yielding:
Since u o o
2
2 1
cos = ,
2 1
o o s , which implies that yielding occurs in Bar 2 first.
Lets assume that the corresponding load in this bar reaches the elastic limit Y =
2
o . This is
) cos 2 1 (
3
2
u
o
+
=
A
P
) cos 2 1 ( ) cos 2 1 (
3 3
2
u u o + = + = YA A P
e
) cos 2 1 (
3
u + =YA P
e

Step 6: Elastic-plastic deformation and plastic limit load:
Bar 2 reaches elastic limit and undergoes plastic deformation if further increasing the load.
Since the material is elastic/perfectly plastic, we always have Y =
2
o . Thus from
A P/ cos 2
2 1
= +o u o , one can have
) 1 cos 2 ( cos ) ( 2 ) ( + = + = u u YA YA Y A P
This reaches plastic limit where all the bars start undergoing different degrees of plastic
deformation: ) 1 cos 2 ( + = u YA P
p

Step 7: Comparison of Elastic-plastic loading: 1
cos 2 1
cos 2 1
) cos 2 1 (
) 1 cos 2 (
3 3
>
+
+
=
+
+
=
u
u
u
u
YA
YA
P
P
e
p

For example, = 45 u , 41 . 1 =
e
p
P
P
, which means that if we allow the frame to work in its
elastic-plastic deformation regime, the load-carrying capacity is much increased.

7.4 Plasticity under Complex Stress States

Yield Criterion and initial yield condition
It is assumed that when the principal stresses and some
parameters satisfy a critical condition, plastic yielding
occurs. Mathematically,
( ) 0 , , , , , ,
2 1 3 2 1
=
n
k k k F o o o
is called yield criterion or initial yield condition. Initial =
before the critical state is reached, deformation is purely
elastic. If plot it graphically, ( ) 0 , , , , , ,
2 1 3 2 1
=
n
k k k F o o o

is a surface in the space of coordinates
3 2 1
, , o o o (as shown),
namely initial yield surface.

Tresca criterion
Tresca observed that material flow seems to be along the
direction of maximum shear stress.
Margin ( )
Tresca Tresca
k k F 2 2
3 1 max
= = o o t
Or:
Tresca
k 2
3 1
= o o
is called Tresca criterion.
To determine
Tresca
k , one can conduct an uniaxial tension, in which metal will yield when
Y =
1
o . Thus: 2 / 2 /
1
Y k
Tresca
= =o
Finally, the Tresca criterion becomes:
Y =
3 1
o o
Lecture 22 MECH3361
5
von Mises criterion
Experiment has shown that metals do not yield under high hydrostatic stress. Huber (1904)
proposed that plastic yielding occurs when the distortion energy density equal or exceeds that
of the same material under uniaxial tension. In 1913, von Mises suggested that metal will
yield under a combination of the principal stresses

2 2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2 ) ( ) ( ) (
vm
k = + + o o o o o o
which is called von Mises criterion.
To determine
vm
k , one can conduct an uniaxial tension in the 1
st
principal stress direction,
where
2
o and
3
o vanish, as.

2 2
1
2
1
2 2
1
2 2 ) 0 ( ) 0 0 ( ) 0 (
vm
k = = + + o o o
Thus Y k
vm
= =o . The von Mises criterion becomes

2 2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2 ) ( ) ( ) ( Y = + + o o o o o o
Or in Cartesian coordinate system
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 ) ( 6 ) ( ) ( ) ( Y
zx yz xy xx zz zz yy yy xx
= + + + + + o o o o o o o o o

Example 7.3
A thin square plate is subjected to a set of uniform stresses on its
edges as show, where =0.5. Y=600MPa. Find the maximum stress
o beyond which plastic deformation appears (Final exam 2012).
Soln
Step 1: determine the principal stresses: Since plane stress
problem 0 =
zz
o ,
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
|
.
|

\
|

+
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=
2 2
2
2
2
3 , 1
4 1 1
2
) (
2
0
2
0
2 2

o
o
o o
o
o o o o
o
xy
yy xx yy xx

Since
0 0 4 1 1
3
2
s s + o
Thus: |
.
|

\
|
+ = =
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
2
3 2
2
1
4 1 1
2
, 0 , 4 1 1
2

o
o o
o
o

Step 2: Tresca criterion: Y = + =
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
2 2 2
3 1
4 1 4 1 1
2
4 1 1
2
o
o

o
o o
Thus the maximum stress must be:
2
4 1
o
+
=
Y


( )
MPa
Y
54 . 422
2
600
5 . 0 4 1
600
4 1
2 2
= =
+
=
+
=

o
Step 3: von Mises criterion:
2 2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2 ) ( ) ( ) ( Y = + + o o o o o o
) 4 1 ( 4
4
4 1 1
4
4 1 1
4
4 1 1
2
4 1 1
2
4 1 1
2
0 0 4 1 1
2
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1

o
o o o o o o
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+ + =
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + |
.
|

\
|
+ +
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
+ +

o o
o
o
Lecture 22 MECH3361
6
| | | |
2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2
2
2 3 1 2 ) 4 1 ( 6 2
4
) 4 1 ( 4 4 1 2 ) 4 1 ( 1 4 1 2 ) 4 1 ( 1
4
Y = + = + + =
)
`

+ +
(

+ + + +
(

+ + + + =
o
o

o
MPa
Y
56 . 453
75 . 1
600
5 . 0 3 1
600
3 1
2 2
= =
+
=
+
=

o

Tresca criterion is lower in this case.

7.5 Failure Theories
Ductile materials:
- The maximum Shear Stress Theory:

o
o o
Y
s
3 1

where o is the safety factor

- The maximum distortion energy theory:

o
o o o o o o
2
2
1 3
2
3 2
2
2 1
2
) ( ) ( ) (
Y
= + +

Brittle materials
There is no yield for brittle material in general.
- The maximum normal stress theory

o
o
o
f
s
1

f
o is the failure normal stress

- The maximum normal strain theory

o
c
c
f
s
1

f
c is the failure normal strain.
Since from Hookes law: | | ) (
1
3 2 1 1
o o v o c + =
E


o
o
o o v o
f
s + ) (
3 2 1