Topic 5 : THREE PHASE SYSTEM Basic Principles

A three-phase (3f) system is a combination of three single-phase systems. In a 3phase balanced system, power comes from a 3 phase AC generator . The three-phase generators have three coils fixed at 120 to each other rotating in a magnetic field; that produces three separate and equal voltages,each of which is 120 out of phase with the other voltages. Three-phase system are use for transmission and distribution of electricity and used in industry.

The advantages of using three-phase AC for transmission and distribution of electricity and for used in the industry are: Three-phase circuits weigh less than single-phase circuits of the same power rating. They have a wide range of voltages and can be used for single-phase loads. Three-phase equipment is smaller in size, weighs less, higher power factor and is more efficient than single-phase equipment. Less copper (or aluminium) is needed for the conductors of a three-phase system which transmits a given power at a given voltage over a given distance than for a simple single-phase system. Steady torque output, and the ability to self-start (because of the three magnetic poles). popular method of electric power transmission. due to its inherent benefits for high power transmission. The three phase system produce a constant amount of power in the load (the power waveform across 1 load in 3 phase system is 120 out of phase with the power across the other loads and when the 3 instantaneous are added the sum are always constant and constant load means a uniform conversion of mechanical to electrical energy which is important in many applications) Generation of Three Phase supplies Consider three loops each position 120o relative to each other rotating at uniform speed in a magnetic field due to north and south poles as shown below.

Figure 1 The generated e.m.f's are shown below

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Phasor diagram

The loops are being rotated anti-clockwise and each loop is producing exactly the same emf with the same amplitude and frequency but the loop Y Lags loop R by 1200 and the loop B lags loop Y by 1200. This is the same for the associated loop Y 1, B 1, and R 1 . At any moment the e.m.f generated in the three loops are as follows:

e R = E m sin ( ) e Y = E m sin ( - 1200) e B = E m sin ( - 2400 )

For the position in figure (1) E.m.f. in RR1= 0 (no flux is cutting the coil so no emf induced) When moved by 90 E.m.f. is RR1 max generated e.m.f. in YY1 and BB1 have same amplitude as in RR1 but lag by 120 and 240 respectively. (max flux cutting the coil)

Three-phase systems can be connected in two different ways. If the three common ends of each phase are connected at a common point N and the other three ends are connected to a 3 phase line, it is called a wye, or Y-, connection. ) (It is a 3 phase 4-wire supply), If the three phases are connected in series to form a closed loop, it is called a delta, or , connection. It has no neutral wire and provides a 3-phase 3-wire supply. 4-wire supplies are normally used to distribute domestic supplies since they can provide an earthed neutral. 3-wire systems are more commonly used for the transmission of high voltage supplies between substations because money is saved by not providing a neutral wire.

Figure 2i) Star Connected

2ii) Delta Connected

VL= Line voltage is the voltage measured between any two lines in a three-phase circuit. (VRY,VYB and VBR)

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Vph = Phase voltage is the voltage measured between the conducting line and neutral line N or the voltage measured across a single component in a three-phase source. (VRN, VYN and VBN) Relationship between phase voltage, phase current, line voltage and line current A) star connection. (Refer to figure 2.i)
VRY=VL

VL = line voltage Vph = phase voltage Zph = impdance load at each phase Zph = Vph
Iph IL = Line current Iph = Phase current Power factor = cos Cos = Rph Zph Cos 30 = VRY/2 VRN VRY = VRN cos 30 2 VRY = VRN 3 2 2 VRY = 3 VRN VL = 3 Vph IL = Iph

VRN=Vph

VRY/2
60

60 30 120

VYN VBN

B)

Phase difference between Vph and another Vph is 120 Phase difference between line voltage VL and another VL is 120 Phase difference between VL and Vph is 30 Delta Connection (Refer to figure 2ii ). The value of voltage and current are in rms. With balance load, all the 3 current are equal in values but with a phase difference of 120 between each other. I1 (Iph) flows out of R line. I3 (Iph) flows in the R line IR (line current) is the vector sum of I1 and I3
I1

IR

cos 30 = IR/2 I1 IR = I1 cos 30 2 IR = 2 I1 cos 30 IR = 2 I1 3 2 IR = 3 I1 IL = 3 Iph VL = Vph shs/msrm/ppd dec2010

IR 120 I3 120 I2 IR/2

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Delta-connected three-phase voltage sources give greater reliability in the event of winding failure than star(why-Y) connected sources. but Y-connected sources can deliver the same amount of power with less line current than delta-connected sources.

What is a balanced load? A balanced Load is one where impedance(Z) is same in all three phases i.e. equal in both magnitude and phase and draw equal current in all the three phases. IN = 0 Loads may also be unbalanced A load is unbalanced load when impedance is not the same in all the three phases and draw unequal currents in the three phases. Total Power for three phase system. Iph rms current in each phase Iph rms voltage across each load in each phase IL and VL rms line current and line voltage Power for 1 phase = Vph.Iph x power factor = Vph. Iph .cos Total power for 3 phase = 3 x Vph. Iph .cos i) Star Connection IL = Iph VL = 3.Vph Vph = VL 3 ` Total power in watt = 3 x Vph. Iph .cos = 3 x VL x IL x cos 3 PT = 3. VL. IL.cos Watt ii) Delta Connection Vph = VL IL = 3.Iph Iph = IL 3 Total Power in watt = 3 x Vph. Iph .cos = 3 x VL x IL .cos 3 PT= 3. VL. IL.cos Watt Power In Three Phase System PT= 3. VL. IL.cos (Watt)-True Power QT= 3. VL. IL.sin S= 3. VL. IL. (VAR) Reactive Power (VA) -Apparent Power so so

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Questions. 1. From the diagram below, calculate: i. The impedance ii. Line current iii. Power factor iv. True Power v. Apparent power and reactive power

VL=415V, 50Hz

R=90 in series C =35 F

2. Three equal impedance are connected in Delta to a 3 phase supply 400V.50Hz. The line current is 34.65A and the total power from the load is 14.4Kwatt. Calculate the value of the resistance and the reactance of each load.

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