ZIGBEE BASED SYNAESTHESIA

ARADHANAYOGANAND HARINI VENKATACHALAM PURVA PAWAR SHWETHA JAGDISH

INDEX
SRNO 1 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3 3.1 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 6 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 7 7.1 7.2 7.3 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 9 TITLE Abstract Introduction Concept of synaesthesia Application of synaesthesia Color blindness Vision of the color blind Different types of wireless connections used Comparison of WIFI, Bluetooth and Zigbee Basic components Diodes Leds Resistors Variable resistors Capacitors Power supply 5V Regulated power supply Circuit description Power supply design Design of step down transformer PIC 16f877A Microcontroller Introduction High performance RISC CPU Peripheral features Analog features Special microcontroller features CMOS Technology PIC 16f877A Pin diagram Serial communication Max 232 Pin diagram Internal pin diagram Color sensors Features of TCS2300 Description Functional block diagram Recognition color principle of sensor Zigbee PAGE NO

9.1 9.2 10 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 11 11.1 11.2 12 12.1 12.2 12.3 13 13.1 13.2 14 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 15 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 16

Zigbee network formation Zigbee module Voice processor General description Block diagram of APR9600 Features Message management LCD Features Pin diagram Block diagram Synaesthesia Transmitter Receiver Circuit diagram Transmitter Receiver PIC layout PIC BASIC layout Voice processor layout Power supply layout Technical specifications Power supply PIC 16f877A MAX RS 232 Zigbee Color sensors LCD Voice processor Conclusion

SRNO

TITLE Vision of a color blind 5V Regulated power supply Power supply circuit diagram Step down transformer showing magnetizing flux in the core

PAGE NO

5.1 5.2 5.3

5.4 5.5 5.6 6.1 7.1 7.2 7.3 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 9.1 9.2 10.1 11.1 11.2 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 13.1 13.2 14.1 14.2 14.3

Full wave rectifier Full wave rectifier IC 7805(Voltage regulator IC) PIC 16f877A Pin diagram Max RS 232 Pin diagram Max 232 internal pin diagram Max 232 logic diagram Color sensors Functional block diagram of TCS2300 Color sensors Graph Color sensor pin diagram Coordinator,Router and End device Zigbee module Block diagram of APR9600 LCD Display LCD Pin diagram Synaesthesia block diagram Power supply circuit diagram Transmitter block diagram Receiver block diagram Circuit diagram of Transmitter Circuit diagram of Receiver PIC BASIC Layout Voice processor layout Power supply layout

SRNO

TITLE Key charecteristics of wifi,Bluetooth and zigbee Turns per volt values for 50 Hz PIC 16f877A Pin diagram description PIC 16f877A Pin diagram description PIC 16f877A Pin diagram description PIC 16f877A Pin diagram description RS 232 Pin diagram description TCS 2300 functional block diagram description

PAGE NO

5.1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 7.1 8.1 8.2 8.3 11.1 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5

LCD Pin diagram description Power supply PIC 16f877A Max RS 232 Zigbee Color sensors

15.6 15.7

LCD Voice processor

1. ABSTRACT

This system tries to identify the possibility of converting colour in accordance with sound. It is an effort to deal with the psychological challenges of blind people & their emotions. This system tries to explore different colours the blind person could not see or they have lost the possibility of seeing it. The system is based on synesthesia which means stimulation of one sensory pathway leads to automatic experience in second pathway. This system represents new way of understanding & self development through music therapy for mainly blind children below 12years. This portable system will be capable of detecting colour & transforming it into sound. The concept of this system is a colour sensor that identifies colour & transform this data into musical note. This system is flexible enough which means the user can choose the best combination between colour & sound in order to improve their communication with the environment.

2. INTRODUCTION:
2.1 THE CONCEPT OF SYNESTHESIA Synesthesia is a condition in which one sense (for example, hearing) is simultaneously perceived as if by one or more additional senses such as sight. Another form of synesthesia joins objects such as letters, shapes, numbers or people's names with a sensory perception such as smell, color or flavor. The word synesthesia comes from two Greek words, syn (together) and aesthesis (perception). Therefore, synesthesia literally means "joined perception." Estimates for the number of people with synesthesia range from 1 in 200 to 1 in 100,000. There are probably many people who have the condition but do not realize what it is. Synesthesia can involve any of the senses. The most common form, colored letters and numbers, occurs when someone always sees a certain color in response to a certain letter of the alphabet or number. For example, a synesthete (a person with synesthesia) might see the word "plane" as mint green or the number "4" as dark brown.Synesthetic perceptions are specific to each person. Different people with synesthesia almost always disagree on their perceptions. In other words, if one synesthete thinks that the letter "q" is colored blue, another synesthete might see "q" as orange. Synestetes tend to be Women: in the U.S., studies show that three times as many women as men have synesthesia; in the U.K., eight times as many women have been reported to have it. The reason for this difference is not known. Left-handed: synesthetes are more likely to be left-handed than the general population. Neurologically normal: synesthetes are of normal (or possibly above average) intelligence, and standard neurological exams are normal. In the same family: synesthesia appears to be inherited in some fashion; it seems to be a dominant trait and it may be on the X-chromosome.

2.2 APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPT We as a group are applying the technique of synesthesia to mend the extrusions brought about to the people suffering from colour blindness. i.e. we are using the perceptional strength of sound to overcome the difficulties of sight. Hence, the user will be able to perceive two senses simultaneously, where in along with sight the person will be accompanied with the sense of sound. Robotic and automated systems are becoming increasingly common in all economic sectors. With rapid strides in technological advancement, more and more applications have become possible. Colour as a means of assessing quality is also gaining popularity amongst researchers.This paper focuses on the use of low cost colour sensors. This system tries to identify the possibility of converting colour in accordance with sound. It is an effort to deal with the psychological challenges of colour blind people & their emotions. 2.3 COLOUR BLINDNESS Color blindness or color vision deficiency is the inability or decreased ability to see color, or perceive color differences, under normal lighting conditions. Color blindness affects many people in a population. "Color blind" is a term of art; there is no actual blindness but there is a fault in the development of one or more sets of retinal cones that perceive color in light and transmit that information to the optic nerve. Color blindness is usually a sexlinked condition. The genes that produce photo-pigments are carried on the X chromosome; if some of these genes are missing or damaged, color blindness will be expressed in males with a higher probability than in females because males only have one X chromosome (in females, a good gene on only one of the two X chromosomes is enough to yield the needed photo-pigments) Most color vision problems are inherited and are present at birth. Approximately 1 out of 12 males and 1 out of 20 women are color blind.

2.4 THE VISION OF A COLOUR BLIND: A person with color-blindness has trouble seeing red, green, blue, or mixtures of these colors. The most common type is red-green color-blindness, where red and green are seen as the same color. Here are some illustrations of the most common forms of color-blindness:

The colors of the rainbowThe colors of the rainbow Normal color vision Deuteranope (simulation) i.e Absence of green retinal receptors.

The colors of the rainbowProtanope simulation. i.e. absence of red retinal receptors

The colours of the rainbow Tritanope simulation. i.e.

Absence of blue retinal photoreceptors Fig:2.1Vision of a color blind

3. DIFFERENT TYPES OF WIRELESS CONNECTIONS USED

3.1 The COMPARISON OF WIFI, BLUETOOTH AND ZIGBEE: In this context, I would like to introduce the comparison of Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and ZigBee.

3.1.1. Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance that may be used with certified products that belong to a class of wireless local area network (WLAN) devices based on the IEEE 802.11 standards. Wi-Fi allows local area networks (LANs) to be deployed without wires for client devices, typically reducing the costs of network deployment and expansion. Spaces where cables cannot be run, such as outdoor areas and historical buildings, can host wireless LANs. Wireless network adapters are now built into most laptops. The price of chipsets for Wi-Fi continues to drop, making it an economical networking option included in even more devices. Wi-Fi has become widespread in corporate infrastructures. A typical wireless router using 802.11b or 802.11g with a stock antenna might have a range of 32 m (120 ft) indoors and 95 m (300 ft) outdoors. Due to reach requirements for wireless LAN applications, power consumption is fairly high compared to some other standards.

3.1.2. Bluetooth

Bluetooth is a standard and a communications protocol primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (power-class-dependent: 100m, 10m and 1m, but ranges vary in practice) based on low-cost transceiver microchips in each device. Bluetooth makes it possible for these devices to communicate with each other when they are in range. Bluetooth uses a radio technology called frequency-hopping spread spectrum, which chops up the data being sent and transmits chunks of it on up to 79 frequencies. Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices such as mobile phones, telephones, laptops, personal computers, printers, Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, digital cameras, and video game consoles through a secure, globally unlicensed Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) 2.4 GHz short-range radio frequency bandwidth. The Bluetooth specifications are developed and licensed by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The Bluetooth SIG consists of companies in the areas of telecommunication, computing, networking, and consumer electronics. Bluetooth exists in many products, such as telephones, modems and headsets. The technology is useful when transferring information between two or more devices that are near each other in low-bandwidth situations. Bluetooth is commonly used to transfer sound data with telephones (i.e., with a Bluetooth headset) or byte data with hand-held computers (transferring files).

3. 1.3. ZigBee

ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh networking proprietary standard. The low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries, and the mesh networking provides high reliability and larger range. ZigBee operates in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands; 868 MHz in Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia, and 2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide. The technology is intended to be simpler and less expensive than other WPANs such as Bluetooth. Because ZigBee can activate (go from sleep to active mode) in 15 msec or less, the latency can be very low and devices can be very responsive particularly compared to Bluetooth wake-up delays, which are typically around three seconds. Because ZigBees can sleep most of the time, average power consumption can be very low, resulting in long battery life. qZigBee protocols are intended for use in embedded applications requiring low data rates and low power consumption. ZigBees current focus is to define a general-purpose, inexpensive, self-organizing mesh network that can be used for industrial control, embedded sensing, medical data collection, smoke and intruder warning, building automation, home automation, etc. The resulting network will use very small amounts of power individual devices must have a battery life of at least two years to pass ZigBee certification

ZigBee Range Networking Topology Operating Frequency 10-100 meters

Wi-Fi 50-100 meters

Bluetooth 10 100 meters Ad-hoc, very small networks 2.4 GHz

Ad-hoc, peer to Point to hub peer, star, or mesh 868 MHz (Europe) 2.4 and 5 GHz 900-928 MHz (NA), 2.4 GHz (worldwide) Low High

Complexity (Device and application impact) Power Consumption (Battery option and life) Security

High

Very low (low High power is a design goal)

Medium

128 AES plus application layer security Industrial control and monitoring, sensor networks, building automation, home control and automation, toys, games Wireless LAN connectivity, broadband Internet access

64 and 128 bit encryption

Typical Applications

Wireless connectivity between devices such as phones, PDA, laptops, headsets

Table:3.1 The key characteristics of Zigbee, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth

4. BASIC COMPONENTS:
4.1. DIODES: Diodes are components that allow current to flow in only one direction. They have a positive side (leg) and a negative side. When the voltage on the positive leg is higher than on the negative leg then current flows through the diode (the resistance is very low). When the voltage is lower on the positive leg than on the negative leg then the current does not flow (the resistance is very high). The negative leg of a diode is the one with the line closest to it. It is called the cathode. The postive end is called the anode. 4.2. LED Light Emitting Diodes are great for projects because they provide visual entertainment. LEDs use a special material which emits light when current flows through it. Unlike light bulbs, LEDs never burn out unless their current limit is passed. A current of 0.02 Amps (20 mA) to 0.04 Amps (40 mA) is a good range for LEDs. They have a positive leg and a negative leg just like regular diodes. To find the positive side of an LED, look for a line in the metal inside the LED. It may be difficult to see the line. This line is closest to the positive side of the LED. Another way of finding the positive side is to find a flat spot on the edge of the LED. This flat spot is on the negative side. When current is flowing through an LED the voltage on the positive leg is about 1.4 volts higher than the voltage on the negative side. Remember that there is no resistance to limit the current so a resistor must be used in series with the LED to avoid destroying it.

4.3. RESISTORS: Resistors are components that have a predetermined resistance. Resistance determines how much current will flow through a component. Resistors are used to control voltages and currents. A very high resistance allows very little

current to flow. Air has very high resistance. Current almost never flows through air. (Sparks and lightning are brief displays of current flow through air. The light is created as the current burns parts of the air.) A low resistance allows a large amount of current to flow. Metals have very low resistance. That is why wires are made of metal. They allow current to flow from one point to another point without any resistance. Wires are usually covered with rubber or plastic. This keeps the wires from coming in contact with other wires and creating short circuits. High voltage power lines are covered with thick layers of plastic to make them safe, but they become very dangerous when the line breaks and the wire is exposed and is no longer separated from other things by insulation. Resistance is given in units of ohms. (Ohms are named after Mho Ohms who played with electricity as a young boy in Germany.) Common resistor values are from 100 ohms to 100,000 ohms. Each resistor is marked with colored stripes to indicate its resistance. To learn how to calculate the value of a resistor by looking at the stripes on the resistor, go to Resistor Values which includes more information about resistors.

4.4. VARIABLE RESISTOR: Variable resistors are also common components. They have a dial or a knob that allows you to change the resistance. This is very useful for many situations. Volume controls are variable resistors. When you change the volume you are changing the resistance which changes the current. Making the resistance higher will let less current flow so the volume goes down. Making the resistance lower will let more current flow so the volume goes up. The value of a variable resistor is given as its highest resistance value. For example, a 500 ohm variable resistor can have a resistance of anywhere between 0 ohms and 500 ohms. A variable resistor may also be called a potentiometer (pot for short).

4.5. CAPACITOR: 4.5.1 Ceramic capacitor: A ceramic capacitor is a fixed capacitor with the ceramic material acting as the dielectric. It is constructed of two or more alternating layers of ceramic and a metal layer acting as the electrodes. The composition of the ceramic material defines the electrical behavior and therefor the application of the capacitors which are divided into two stability classes:

Class 1 ceramic capacitors with high stability and low losses for resonant circuit application

Class 2 ceramic capacitors with high volumetric efficiency for buffer, by-pass and coupling applications.

4.5.2 Electrolyte capacitor: An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an electrolyte (an ionic conducting liquid) as one of its plates to achieve a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types, but with performance disadvantages. All capacitors conduct alternating current (AC) and block direct current (DC) and can be used, amongst other applications, to couplecircuit blocks allowing AC signals to be transferred while blocking DC power, to store energy, and to filter signals according to their frequency. The large capacitance of electrolytic capacitors makes them particularly suitable for passing or bypassing lowfrequency signals and storing large amounts of energy. They are widely used in power supplies and for decoupling unwanted AC components from DC power connections.

5. POWER SUPPLY
There are many types of power supply. Most are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can be broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. 5.1 5V regulated supply:

Fig:5.15V Regulated power supply Each of the blocks is described in more detail below:

Transformer - steps down high voltage AC mains to low voltage AC. Rectifier - converts AC to DC, but the DC output is varying.

Smoothing - smoothes the DC from varying greatly to a small ripple. Regulator voltage. - eliminates ripple by setting DC output to a fixed

5.2. Circuit description: This circuit is a small +5V power supply, which is useful when experimenting with digital electronics. Small inexpensive wall transformers with variable output voltage are available from any electronics shop and supermarket. Those transformers are easily available, but usually their voltage regulation is very poor, which makes then not very usable for digital circuit experimenter unless a better regulation can be achieved in some way. The following circuit is the answer to the problem. This circuit can give +5V output at about 150 mA current, but it can be increased to 1 A when good cooling is added to 7805 regulator chip. The circuit has over overload and terminal protection.

5.3. POWER SUPPLY DESIGN:

Fig: 5.2 Power supply circuit diagram Power supply is the first and the most important part of our project. For our project we requires +5V regulated power supply with maximum current rating 500Ma. Following basic building blocks are required to generate regulated power supply.

5.3.1 Step down Transformer: Step down transformer is the first part of regulated power supply. To step down the mains 230VA.C. we require step down transformer. Following are the main characteristic of electronic transformer. 1) Power transformers are usually designed to operate from source of low impedance at a single freq. 2) It is required to construct with sufficient insulation of necessary dielectric strength. 3) Transformer ratings are expressed in voltamp. The volt-amp of each secondary winding or windings are added for the total secondary VA. To this are added the load losses. 4) Temperature rise of a transformer is decided on two well-known factors i.e. losses on transformer and heat dissipating or cooling facility provided unit.

5.3.2 TRANSFORMER: it is an electrical device that transfers energy from one circuit to another by magnetic coupling with no moving parts. A transformer comprises two or more coupled windings, or a single tapped winding and, in most cases, a magnetic core to concentrate magnetic flux. An alternating current in one winding creates a time-varying magnetic flux in the core, which induces a voltage in the other windings. Transformers are used to convert between high and low voltages, to change impedance, and to provide electrical isolation between circuits simple transformer consists of two electrical conductors called the primary winding and the secondary winding. These two windings can be considered as a pair of mutually coupled coils. Energy is coupled between the windings by the time-varying magnetic flux that passes through (links) both primary and secondary windings. Elementary analysis

Fig:5.3A step-down transformer showing magnetizing flux in the core

5.3.3 WORKING OF A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER: If a time-varying voltage is applied to the primary winding of turns, a

current will flow in it producing a magneto motive force (MMF). Just as an electromotive force (EMF) drives current around an electric circuit, so MMF tries to drive magnetic flux through a magnetic circuit. The primary MMF produces a varying magnetic flux in the core, and, with an open circuit

secondary winding, induces a back electromotive force (EMF) in opposition to . In accordance with Faraday's law of induction, the voltage induced across the primary winding is proportional to the rate of change of flux:

and where

vP and vS are the voltages across the primary winding and secondary winding, NP and NS are the numbers of turns in the primary winding and secondary winding, dP / dt and dS / dt are the derivatives of the flux with respect to time of the primary and secondary windings.

Saying that the primary and secondary windings are perfectly coupled is equivalent to saying that voltages shows that: . Substituting and solving for the

where

vp and vs are voltages across primary and secondary, Np and Ns are the numbers of turns in the primary and secondary , respectively.

Hence in an ideal transformer, the ratio of the primary and secondary voltages is equal to the ratio of the number of turns in their windings, or alternatively, the voltage per turn is the same for both windings. The ratio of the currents in the primary and secondary circuits is inversely proportional to the turns ratio. This leads to the most common use of the transformer: to convert electrical energy at one voltage to energy at a different voltage by means of windings with different numbers of turns. In a practical transformer, the higher-voltage winding will have more turns, of smaller conductor cross-section, than the lower-voltage windings. The EMF in the secondary winding, if connected to an electrical circuit, will cause current to flow in the secondary circuit. The MMF produced by current in the secondary opposes the MMF of the primary and so tends to cancel the flux in the core. Since the reduced flux reduces the EMF induced in the primary winding, increased current flows in the primary circuit. The resulting increase in MMF due to the primary current offsets the effect of the opposing secondary MMF. In this way, the electrical energy fed into the primary winding is delivered to the secondary winding. For example, suppose a power of 50 watts is supplied to a resistive load from a transformer with a turns ratio of 25:2.

P = EI (power = electromotive force current) 50 W = 2 V 25 A in the primary circuit

Now with transformer change: 50 W = 25 V 2 A in the secondary circuit

5.3.4 Rectifier Unit: Rectifier unit is a circuit which converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. Generally semi-conducting diode is used as rectifying element due to its property of conducting current in one direction only. Rectification is a process whereby

alternating current (AC) is converted into direct current (DC). Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific arrangement for more efficiently converting AC to DC than is possible with just a single diode. Rectification is commonly performed by semiconductor diodes. Generally there are two types of rectifier. Half wave rectifier Full wave rectifier In half wave rectifier only half cycle of mains A.C. is rectified so its efficiency is very poor. So we use full wave bridge type rectifier, in which four diodes are used. In each half cycle, two diodes conduct at a time and we get maximum efficiency at o/p.

Fig:5.4 Full wave rectifier Following are the main advantages and disadvantages of a full-wave bridge type rectifier ckt. Advantages:

1. The need of center tapped transformer is eliminated. 2. The o/p is twice that of center tap circuit for the same secondary voltage. 3. The PIV rating of diode is half of the center tap circuit.

Disadvantages:

1. It requires four diodes. 2. As during each half cycle of A.C. input, two diodes are conducting therefore voltage drop in internal resistance of rectifying unit will be twice

as compared to center tap circuit.

5.3.5 Filter Circuit : Generally a rectifier is required to produce pure D.C. supply for using at various places in the electronic circuit. However, the o/p of rectifier has pulsating character i.e. if such a D.C. is applied to electronic circuit it will produce a hum i.e. it will contain A.C. and D.C. components. The A.C. components are undesirable and must be kept away from the load. To do so a filter circuit is used which removes (or filters out) the A.C. components reaching the load. Obviously a filter circuit is installed between rectifier and voltage regulator. In our project we use capacitor filter because of its low cost, small size and little weight and good characteristic. Capacitors are connected in parallel to the rectifier o/p because it passes A.C. but does not pass D.C. at all. Output smoothing: For many applications, especially with single phase AC where the full-wave bridge serves to convert an AC input into a DC output, the addition of a capacitor may be important because the bridge alone supplies an output voltage of fixed polarity but pulsating magnitude (see photograph above).

Fig:5.5 Full wave rectifier The function of this capacitor, known as a 'smoothing capacitor' is to lessen the variation in (or 'smooth') the raw output voltage waveform from the bridge. One explanation of 'smoothing' is that the capacitor provides a low impedance path to the AC component of the output, reducing the AC voltage across, and

AC current through, the resistive load. In less technical terms, any drop in the output voltage and current of the bridge tends to be cancelled by loss of charge in the capacitor. This charge flows out as additional current through the load. Thus the change of load current and voltage is reduced relative to what would occur without the capacitor. Increases of voltage correspondingly store excess charge in the capacitor, thus moderating the change in output voltage / current. 5.3.6 Three Terminal Voltage Regulator: A voltage regulator is a ckt that supplies constant voltage regardless of change in load current. IC voltage regulators are versatile and relatively cheaper. The 7800 series consists of three terminal positive voltage regulator. These ICs are designed as fixed voltage regulator and with adequate heat sink, can deliver o/p current in excess of 1A. These devices do not require external component. This IC also has internal thermal overload protection and internal short circuit and current limiting protection. For our project we use 7805 voltage regulator IC. "Fixed" three-terminal linear regulators are commonly available to generate fixed voltages of plus 3 V, and plus or minus 5 V, 9 V, 12 V, or 15 V when the load is less than about 7 amperes.The "78" series (7805, 7812, etc.) regulate positive voltages

5.3.7 Summary of circuit features:

Brief description of operation: Gives out well regulated +5V output, output current capability of 100 mA

Circuit protection: Built-in overheating protection shuts down output when regulator IC gets too hot

Circuit complexity: Very simple and easy to build Circuit performance: Very stable +5V output voltage, reliable operation

Availability of components: Easy to get, uses only very common basic components

Design testing: Based on datasheet example circuit, I have used this circuit successfully as part of many electronics projects

Applications: Part of electronics devices, small laboratory power supply

Power supply voltage: Unregulated DC 8-18V power supply Power supply current: Needed output current + 5 mA Component costs: Few for the electronics components + the input transformer cost

5.4 Design of Step down Transformer: The following information must be available to the designer before he commences for the design of transformer. 1) Power Output. 2) Operating Voltage. 3) Frequency Range. 4)Efficiency and Regulation.

Size of core: Size of core is one of the first considerations in regard of weight and volume of transformer. This depends on type of core and winding configuration used. Generally following formula is used to find area or size of core.

Ai = ----------0.87

P1

Ai P1

= Area of cross - section in Sq. cm. and = Primary voltage.

In transformer P1 = P2 For our project we required +5V regulated output. So transformer secondary rating is 12V, 500mA. So secondary power wattage is, P2 = 12 x 500 x 10-3 w. = 6w.

6 0.87

So

Ai

= 2.62

Generally 10% of area should be added to core to accommodate all turns for low Iron losses and compact size. So Ai = 2.88.

Turns per volt :Turns per volt of transformer are given by relation 10,000

Turns / Volt = -----------------------

4.44 f Bm Ai

Here, f is the frequency in Hz Bm is flux density in Wb/m2 Ai is net area of cross section. Following table gives the value of turns per volt for 50 Hz frequency. Flux density Wb/m2 Turns per volt 1.14 40/Ai 1.01 45/Ai 0.91 50/Ai 0.83 55/Ai 0.76 60/Ai

Table: 5.1 TURNS PER VOLT VALUES FOR 50 Hz.

Generally lower the flux density better be quality of transformer. For project for 50 Hz the turns per Volt for 0.91 Wb/m2 from above table.

Turns per Volt

= 50 / Ai

50

2.88

17

Thus for Primary winding & for Secondary winding

= 220 x 17 = 3800. = 12 x 17 = 204.

Wire size:As stated above size depends upon the current to be carried out by the winding, which depends upon current density of 3.1 A/mm2. For less copper losses 1.6 A/mm2 or 2.4 A/mm2 may be used. Generally even size gauge of wire are used.

Rectifier Design:R.M.S. Secondary voltage at secondary of transformer is 12 So maximum voltage Vm across Secondary is = Rms. Voltage x 2 = 12 x 2 = 16.9

D.C. O/p Voltage at rectifier O/p is

2 Vm

Vdc

----------

2 x 16.97 = ----------------------

= 10.80 V PIV rating of each diode is PIV = 2 Vm. = 2 x 16.97 = 34 V & maximum forward current which flow from each diode is 500mA. So from above parameter we select diode IN 4007 from diode selection manual.

Design of Filter Capacitor Formula for calculating filter capacitor is,

----------------------

43 r f RL.

= ripple present at o/p of rectifier. (Which is maximum 0.1 for full wave rectifier.)

F RL

= frequency of mains A.C. = I/p impedance of voltage regulator IC.

------------------------------

43 x 0.1 x 50 x 28 = 1030 f 1000 f.

And voltage rating of filter capacitor is double of Vdc i.e. rectifier o/p which is 20V. So we choose 1000 f / 25V filter capacitor.

IC 7805 (Voltage Regulator IC.)

123 Fig:5.6 IC 7805 (Voltage regulator IC)

6. PIC 16F877A MICROCONTROLLERS

6.1. INTRODUCTION: 6.2. HIGH PERFORMANCE RISC CPU: Only 35 single-word instructions to learn All single-cycle instructions except for program branches, which are two-cycle Operating speed: DC 20 MHz clock input DC 200 ns instruction cycle Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory, Up to 368 x 8 bytes of Data Memory (RAM), Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM Data Memory Pinout compatible to other 28-pin or 40/44-pin PIC16CXXX and PIC16FXXX microcontrollers 6.3. PERIPHERAL FEATURES: Timer0: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit prescaler Timer1: 16-bit timer/counter with prescaler, can be incremented during Sleep via external crystal/clock Timer2: 8-bit timer/counter with 8-bit period register, prescaler and postscaler Two Capture, Compare, PWM modules Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution is 12.5 ns Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution is 200 ns PWM max. resolution is 10-bit

Synchronous Serial Port (SSP) with SPI (Master mode) and I2C (Master/Slave) Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART/SCI) with 9-bit address detection Parallel Slave Port (PSP) 8 bits wide with external RD, WR and CS controls (40/44-pin only) Brown-out detection circuitry for Brown-out Reset (BOR)

6.4. ANALOG FEATURES: 10-bit, up to 8-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter (A/D) Brown-out Reset (BOR) Analog Comparator module with: Two analog comparators Programmable on-chip voltage reference (VREF) module Programmable input multiplexing from device inputs and internal voltage reference Comparator outputs are externally accessible

6.5. SPECIAL MICROCONTROLLER FEATURES: 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years Self-reprogrammable under software control In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC oscillator for reliable operation Programmable code protection Power saving Sleep mode Selectable oscillator options In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins

6.6. CMOS TECHNOLOGY: Low-power, high-speed Flash/EEPROM technology Fully static design Wide operating voltage range (2.0V to 5.5V) Commercial and Industrial temperature ranges Low-power consumption

6.7. PIC16F877A PIN DAIGRAM

Fig:6.1 PIC 16F877A Pin Diagram PIC16F877A PIN DESCRIPTION: PIN NAME PIN NO. DESCRIPTION

OSC1/CLKI OSC1 CLKI

13

Oscillator crystal or external clock input. Oscillator crystal input or external clock source input. ST buffer when configured in RC mode; otherwise CMOS. External clock source input. Always associated with pin function OSC1

OSC2/CLKO OSC2

14

CLKO

Oscillator crystal or clock output. Oscillator crystal output. Connects to crystal or resonator in Crystal Oscillator mode. In RC mode, OSC2 pin outputs CLKO, which has 1/4 the frequency of OSC1 and denotes the instruction cycle rate.

MCLR/VPP MCLR VPP

Master Clear (input) or programming voltage (output). Master Clear (Reset) input. This pin is an active low Reset to the device. Programming voltage input.

PIN NAME

PIN NO.

DESCRIPTION

RA0/AN0 RA0 AN0

2 Digital I/O Analog input 0

RA1/AN1 RA1 AN1

3 Digital I/O Analog input 1

RA2/AN2 RA2 AN2

4 Digital I/O Analog input 0

RA3/AN3 RA3 AN3

5 Digital I/O Analog input 3

RA4

Digital I/O

RA5/AN4 RA5 AN4

7 Digital I/O Analog input 4

RE0/RD/AN5 RE0 RD AN5

8 Digital I/O. Read control for Parallel Slave Port. Analog input 5

RE1/WR/AN6 RE1 WR AN6

9 Digital I/O. Write control for Parallel Slave Port. Analog input 6

RE2/CS/AN7 RE2 CS AN7

10 Digital I/O. Chip select control for Parallel Slave Port. Analog input 7

PIN NAME

PIN NO

DESCRIPTION

VDD

11,32

Ground reference for logic and I/O pins. Positive supply for logic and I/O pins.

VSS RC0

12,31 15

Digital I/O

RC1

16

Digital I/O

RC2

17

Digital I/O

RC3

18

Digital I/O

RD0/PSP0 RD0 PSP0

19

Digital I/O. Parallel Slave Port data.

RD1/PSP1 RD1 PSP1

20 Digital I/O. Parallel Slave Port data.

RD2/PSP2 RD2 PSP2

21 Digital I/O. Parallel Slave Port data.

RD3/PSP3 RD3 PSP3

22 Digital I/O. Parallel Slave Port data.

RC4

23

Digital I/O

RC5

24

Digital I/O

RC6

25

Digital I/O

PIN NAME

PIN NO

DESCRITION

RC7

26

Digital I/O

RD4/PSP4 RD4 PSP4

27 Digital I/O. Parallel Slave Port data.

RD5/PSP5 RD5 PSP5

28 Digital I/O. Parallel Slave Port data.

RD6/PSP6 RD6 PSP6

29 Digital I/O. Parallel Slave Port data.

RD7/PSP7 RD7 PSP7

30 Digital I/O. Parallel Slave Port data.

RB0

33

Digital I/O.

RB1

34

Digital I/O.

RB2

35

Digital I/O.

RB3

36

Digital I/O.

RB4

37

Digital I/O.

RB5

38

Digital I/O.

RB6

39

Digital I/O.

RB7

40

Digital I/O.

7. SERIAL COMMUNICATION The Serial communication is used to transfer data between the mobile device and the microcontroller. MAX RS232 is used for this purpose. 7.1. MAX 232: The MAX232 was the first IC which in one package contains the necessary drivers (two) and receivers (also two), to adapt the RS-232 signal voltage levels to TTL logic. It became popular, because it just needs one voltage (+5V) and generates the necessary RS-232 voltage levels (approx. -10V and +10V) internally. This greatly simplified the design of circuitry. The MAX232 has a successor, the MAX232A. It should be noted that the MAX232 (A) is just a driver/receiver. It does not generate the necessary RS-232 sequence of marks and spaces with the right timing, it does not decode the RS-232 signal,it does not provide a serial/parallel conversion. All it does is to convert signal voltage levels. Generating serial data with the right timing and decoding serial data has to be done by additional circuitry. The original manufacturer offers a large series of similar ICs, with different numbers of receivers and drivers, voltages, built-in or external capacitors, etc. E.g. The MAX232 and MAX232A need external capacitors for the internal voltage pump, while the MAX233 has these capacitors built-in. The MAX232 is a dual driver/receiver that includes a capacitive voltage generator to supply TIA/EIA-232-Fvoltage levels from a single 5-V supply. Each receiver converts TIA/EIA-232-F inputs to 5-V TTL/CMOS levels.These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V, and can accept 30-V inputs. Each driver converts TTL/CMOS input levels into TIA/EIA-232-F levels. Meets or Exceeds TIA/EIA-232-F and ITU Recommendation V.28 Operates From a Single 5-V Power Supply With 1.0-_F Charge-Pump Capacitors Operates Up To 120 kbit/s

Two Drivers and Two Receivers 30-V Input Levels Low Supply Current 8 mA Typical ESD Protection Exceeds JESD 222000-V Human-Body Model (A114A) Upgrade With Improved ESD (15-kV HBM) and 0.1-_F Charge-Pump Capacitors is available With the MAX202 Applications TIA/EIA-232-F, Battery-Powered Systems,Terminals, Modems, and Computers

7.2. PIN DIAGRAM:

Fig:7.1 MAX RS232 Pin Diagram

PIN DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION : PIN NAME C1+ VS+ C1C2+ C2VST2OUT PIN NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at RS232 logic level; connected to receiver pin of PC serial port R2IN 8 Input pin; receives serially Capacitor connection pins Capacitor connection pins Capacitor connection pins DESCRIPTION Capacitor connection pins

transmitted data at RS 232 logic level; connected to transmitter pin of PC serial port R2OUT 9 Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at TTL logic level; connected controller. T2IN 10 Input pins; receive the serial data at TTL logic level; connected to serial transmitter pin of controller. Input pins; receive the serial data at TTL logic level; connected to serial transmitter pin of controller. Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at TTL logic level; connected controller. R1IN 13 Input pin; receives serially transmitted data at RS 232 logic level; connected to transmitter pin of PC serial port Output pin; outputs the serially transmitted data at RS232 logic to receiver pin of to receiver pin of

T1IN

11

R1OUT

12

T1OUT

14

level; connected to receiver pin of PC serial port GND VCC 15 16 Ground (0V) Supply voltage; 5V (4.5V 5.5V)

Table: 7.1 RS 232 PIN diagram description 7.3. PIN INTERNAL DIAGRAM:

Fig7.2. MAX 232 Pin internal Diagram

Fig:7.3.MAX 232 Logic Diagram

In telecommunications, RS-232 (Recommended Standard 232) is a standard for serial binary data signals connecting between a DTE (Data terminal equipment) and a DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). It is commonly used in computer serial ports. The RS-232 standard defines the voltage levels that correspond to logical one and logical zero levels. The standard has been renamed several times during its history as the sponsoring organization changed its name, and has been variously known as EIA RS 232, EIA 232, and most recently as TIA 232. Valid signals are plus or minus 3 to 15 volts. The range near zero volts is not a valid RS-232 level; logic one is defined as a negative voltage, the signal condition is called marking, and has the functional significance of OFF. Logic zero is positive, the signal condition is spacing, and has the function ON. The standard specifies a maximum open-circuit voltage of 25 volts. The region -3 to +3 is called as a dead band, since the voltages are undefined in this region. For this reason to use RS232 to any microcontroller we must first use voltage converters like MAX232 to convert TTL logic to RS232 logic and vice versa. Such chips are commonly known as line drivers. A standard serial interfacing for PC, RS232C, requires negative logic, i.e., logic '1' is -3V to -12V and logic '0' is +3V to +12V. To convert TTL logic, say, txd and rxd pins of the uc chips, thus need a converter chip. A MAX232 chip has long been using in many uc boards. It provides 2-channel RS232C port and requires external 10uf capacitors. This I.C. also includes two receivers and two transmitters in the same package. This is useful in many cases when you only want to use the Transmit and Receive data Lines. You don't need to use two chips, one for the receive line and one for the transmission.

8. COLOUR SENSORS

Fig:8.1 Colour Sensors

8.1. FEATURES OF TCS3200: High-Resolution Conversion of Light Intensity to Frequency Programmable Color and Full-Scale Output Frequency Communicates Directly With a Microcontroller Single-Supply Operation (2.7 V to 5.5 V) Power Down Feature Nonlinearity Error Typically 0.2% at 50 kHz Stable 200 ppm/C Temperature Coefficient Low-Profile Surface-Mount Package

8.2. DESCRIPTION: TCS3200 Color Sensor is a complete color detector, including a TAOS TCS3200 RGB sensor chip and 4 white LEDs. The TCS3200 can detect and measure a nearly limitless range of visible colors. Applications include test strip reading, sorting by color, ambient light sensing and calibration and color matching, to name just a few. .

The TCS3200 has an array of photodetectors, each with either a red, green, or blue filter, or no filter (clear). The filters of each color are distributed evenly throughout the array to eliminate location bias among the colors. Internal to

the device is an oscillator which produces a square-wave output whose frequency is proportional to the intensity of the chosen color.

8.3. FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM:

Fig:8.2. Functional block diagram

The TCS230 programmable color light-to-frequency converter combines configurable silicon photodiodes and a current-to-frequency converter on single monolithic CMOS integrated circuit. The output is a square wave (50% duty cycle) with frequency directly proportional to light intensity (irradiance). The full-scale output frequency can be scaled by one of three preset values via two control input pins. Digital inputs and digital output allow direct interface to a microcontroller or other logic circuitry. Output enable (OE) places the output in the high-impedance state for multiple-unit sharing of a microcontroller input line.The light-to-frequency converter reads an 8 x 8 array of photodiodes. Sixteen photodiodes have blue filters, 16 photodiodes have green filters, 16 photodiodes have red filters, and 16 photodiodes are clear with no filters. The four types (colors) of photodiodes are interdigitated to minimize the effect of non-uniformity of incident irradiance. All 16 photodiodes of the same color are connected in parallel and which type of photodiode the device uses during operation is pin-selectable. Photodiodes are 120 mm x 120 mm in size and are on 144-mm centers.

Fig:8.3. Colour sensor The TCS3200 Colour sensor makes use of a TAOS TCS3200 RGB light-tofrequency chip. The TCS3200 colour sensor operates by illuminating the object with two white LEDs, while an array of photo detectors (each with a red, green, blue and clear filter) interpret the colour being reflected by means of a square wave output whose frequency is proportional to the light reflected. The TSC3200 Colour sensor has a 5.6-mm lens, which is positioned to allow an area of 3.5 mm2 to be viewed. A USB4000 spectrometer (Ocean Optics Inc., FL, USA) was used to find the height at which the greatest intensity oflight occurred when the RGB sensor was placed above a sample. As the two white LEDs are directed down at an angle, there is a point where the light intensity is the greatest. This position was 20 mm above the surface of the sample, as shown

Fig:8.4
Light absorbed from TCS3200 across the white LED light spectrum when the sensor is positioned at 6 different heights.

Since the TCS3200 is mounted 20 mm above the sample, and therefore not in direct contact with the sample, it was more suited for our application than the full contact required by the ColorPAL sensor.

Fig:8.5. Colour sensor pin diagram

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM: PIN NAME GND OUT S2 S3 VCC VCC S1 S0 LED GND PIN NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DESCRIPTION Power supply ground Output frequency Photodiode type selection input Photodiode type selection input Supply voltage: 2.7V 5V Supply voltage: 2.7V 5V Output frequency scaling selection inputs Output frequency scaling selection inputs Led control 1:LED on 0:LED off Power supply ground

Table:8.1TCS 2300 Functional block diag description

8.4. RECOGNITION COLOR PRINCIPLE OF SENSOR: To TCS3002D, when choose a color filter, it can allow only one particular color to get through and prevent other color. For example, when choose the red filter, Only red incident light can get through, blue and green will be prevented. So we can get the red light intensity. Similarly ,when choose other filters we can get blue or green light. TCS3002D has four photodiode types. Red , blue, green and clear, reducing the amplitude of the incident light uniformity greatly, so that to increase the accuracy and simplify the optical. When the light project to the TCS3002D we can choose the different type of photodiode by different combinations of S2 and S3. Look at the form as follows.

Table: 8.2 TCS3002D can output the frequency of different square wave (occupies emptiescompared 50%),different color and light intensity correspond with different frequency of square wave. There is a relationship between the output and light intensity. The range of the typical output frequency is 2HZ~500KHZ. We can get different scaling factor by different combinations of S0 and S1. Look at the form as follows.

Table:8.3

9. ZIGBEE
ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wirelessmesh networking standard. First, the low cost allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring applications. Second, the low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries. Third, the mesh networking provides high reliability and more extensive range. 9.1. ZigBee Network Formation Zigbee networks are called personal area networks (PAN). Each network contains a 16-bit identifier called a PAN ID. ZigBee defines three different device types coordinator, router, and end device.

Fig:9.1 Coordinator, Router and End device 9.1.1. Coordinator Responsible for selecting the channel and PAN ID. The coordinator starts a new PAN. Once it has started a PAN, the coordinator can allow routers and end devices to join the PAN.The coordinator can transmit and receive RF data transmissions, and it can assist in routing data through the mesh network. Coordinators are not intended to be battery-powered devices. Since the coordinator must be able to allow joins and/or route data, it should be mains powered. 9.1.2. Router A router must join a ZigBee PAN before it can operate. After joining a PAN, the router can allow other routers and end devices to join the PAN. The router can also transmit and receiveRF data transmissions, and it can route data packets through the network. Since routers can allow joins and participate in routing data, routers cannot sleep and should be mains powered. 9.1.3. End Device An end device must join a ZigBee PAN, similar to a router. The end device, however, cannot allow other devices to join the PAN, nor can it assist in routing data through the network. An end device can transmit or receive RF data transmissions. End devices are intended to be battery powered devices. Since the end device may sleep, the router or coordinator that allows the end device to join must collect all data packets intended for the end device, and buffer them until the end device wakes and is able to receive them. The router or coordinator thatallowed the end device to join and that manages RF data on behalf of the end device is known as the end devices parent. The end device is considered a child of its parent.

9.2. ZIGBEE MODULE

Fig 9.2 ZigBee module ZigBee 802.15.4 OEM RF module is used for embedded solutions providing wireless end-point connectivity to devices. This is an ideal module for robots to PC or robots to robots communication. This module can give range of 30 meters indoor or 100 meters outdoor. This XBee wireless device can be directly connected to the serial port (at 3.3V level) of your microcontroller. By using a logic level translator it can also be interfaced to 5V logic (TTL) devices having serial interface. This module supports data rates of up to 115kbps. It has indoor range of 30 meters and outdoor RF line-of-sight range of up to 100 meters. These modules use the IEEE 802.15.4 networking protocol for fast point-to-multipoint or peer-to-peer networking. They are designed for high-throughput applications requiring low latency and predictable communication timing. Features

Supported Network Topologies: Point-to-point, Point-to-multipoint &Peer-topeer

Number of Channels: (software selectable) 16 Direct Sequence Channels Addressing Options: PAN ID, Channel and Addresses Addressing: 65000 network address available for each channel Extensive command set

10. VOICE PROCESSOR

10.1. General Description

The APR9600 device offers true single-chip voice recording, non-volatile storage, and playback capability for 40 to 60 seconds. The device supports both random and sequential access of multiple messages. Sample rates are user-selectable, allowing designers to customize their design for unique quality and storage time needs. Integrated output amplifier, microphone amplifier, and AGC circuits greatly simplify system design. The device is ideal for use in portable voice recorders, toys, and many other consumer and industrial applications.

APLUS integrated achieves these high levels of storage capability by using its proprietary analog/multilevel storage technology implemented in an advanced Flash non-volatile memory process, where each memory cell can store 256 voltage levels. This technology enables the APR9600 device to reproduce voice signals in their natural form. It eliminates the need for encoding and compression, which often introduce distortion.

10.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF APR9600

Fig:10.1 Block diagram of APR9600

A differential microphone amplifier, including integrated AGC, is included on-chip for applications requiring its use. The amplified microphone signal is fed into the device by connecting the Ana_Out pin to the Ana_In pin through an external DC blocking capacitor. Recording can be fed directly into the Ana_In pin through a DC blocking capacitor, however, the connection between Ana_In and Ana_Out is still required for playback. The next block encountered by the input signal is internal anti-aliasing filter. The filter automatically adjusts its response according to the sampling frequency selected so Shannons Sampling Theorem is satisfied. After anti-aliasing filtering is accomplished the signal is ready to be clocked into the memory array. This storage is accomplished through acombination of the Sample and Hold circuit and the Analog Write/Read circuit. These circuits are clocked by either theInternal Oscillator or an external clock source. When playback is desired the previously stored recording is retrieved from memory, low pass filtered, and amplified as shown on the right hand side of the diagram. The signal can be heard by connecting a speaker to the SP+ and SP- pins. Chip-

wide management is accomplished through the device control block shown in the upper right hand corner. Message management is controlled through the message control block represented in the lower center of the block diagram.

10.3. Features Single-chip, high-quality voice recording & playback solution - No external ICs required - Minimum external components Non-volatile Flash memory technology - No battery backup required User-Selectable messaging options - Random access of multiple fixed-duration messages - Sequential access of multiple variable-duration messages User-friendly, easy-to-use operation - Programming & development systems not required - Level-activated recording & edge-activated play back switches Low power consumption - Operating current: 25 mA typical - Standby current: 1mA typical - Automatic power-down Chip Enable pin for simple message expansion

10.4 Message Management (General Description)

Playback and record operations are managed by on chip circuitry. There are several available messaging modes depending upon desired operation. These message modes determine message management style, message length, and external parts count. Therefore, the designer must select the appropriate operating mode before beginning the design. Operating modes do not affect

voice quality; for information on factors affecting quality refer to the Sampling Rate & Voice Quality section. Random access mode with 2, 4, or 8 fixed-duration messages Tape mode, with multiple variable-duration messages, provides two options: - Auto rewind - Normal

Modes cannot be mixed. Switching of modes after the device has recorded an initial message is not recommended. If modes are switched after an initial recording has been made some unpredictable message fragments from the previous mode may remain present, and be audible on playback, in the new mode. These fragments will disappear after a record operation in the newly selected mode. An important feature of the APR9600 message management capabilities is the ability to audibly prompt the user to changes in the devices status through the use of beeps superimposed on the devices output. This feature is enabled by asserting a logic high level on the BE pin.

11. LCD DISPLAY

Various display device such as seven segment display. LCD display, etc can be interfaced with microcontroller to read the output directly. In our project we use a two line LCD display with 16 characters each.

Fig:11.1 LCD Display 11.1. FEATURES 5 x 8 dots with cursor Built-in controller (KS 0066 or Equivalent) + 5V power supply 1/16 duty cycle B/L to be driven by pin 1, pin 2 or pin 15, pin 16 or A.K (LED) N.V. optional for + 3V power supply RS232 compatible serial interface (2400 & 9600 baud selectable) Externally selectable serial polarities (Inverted & NonInverted) Serially controllable contrast and backlight levels 8 user programmable custom characters 16 Byte serial receive buffer 11.2. PIN DIAGRAM:

Fig:11.2. LCD pin diagram

PIN DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION: PIN NAME VSS VDD V0 RS R/W E DB0 DB1 DB2 DB3 DB4 DB5 DB6 DB7 A/VEE K PIN NO 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 DESCRIPTION Gnd +3V +5V Contrast adjustment Register select signal Read write signal Enable signal Data bus line Data bus line Data bus line Data bus line Data bus line Data bus line Data bus line Data bus line

15 Negative voltage output 16 Power supply for B/L Table 11.1 LCD pin diag description

12. BLOCK DIAGRAM

12.1.SYNESTHESIA:

COLOUR SENSORS

VOICE PROCESS SOR

POWER SUPPLY

PIC89F77 A

PIC89F77 A

POWER SUPPLY

MAX RS232

ZIG BEE

ZIG BE E

MAX RS232

TRANSMITTER

RECIEVER

Fig:12.1 SYNESTHESIA BLOCK DIAGRAM Power supply is the first and the most important part of our project. For our project we require +5V regulated power supply with maximum current rating 500Ma. To step down the mains 230V A.C. step down transformer is required. Step down transformer gives out well regulated +5V output, output current capability of 100 mA Microcontroller PIC16F877A is the heart of the circuitry. It is the main block which takes the inputs and processes it and gives the output. All the other blocks work in accordance with the microcontroller. MAX RS232: The Serial communication is used to transfer data between the mobile device and the microcontroller. MAX RS232 is used for this purpose ZIGBEE TRANSNMITTER: It transmits the signal which is connected to RS 232 interface. It works on 2.4 Ghz frequency with the serial interface. ZIGBEE RECEIVER: It receives the signalwhich is connected to RS 232 interface. It works on 2.4 Ghz frequency with the serial interface

MAX RS232: The Serial communication is used to transfer data between the mobile device and the microcontroller. MAX RS232 is used for this purpose. Microcontroller PIC16F877A is the heart of the circuitry. It is the main block which takes the inputs and processes it and gives the output. All the other blocks work in accordance with the microcontroller. The APR9600 device offers true single-chip voice recording, nonvolatile storage, and playback capability for 40 to 60 seconds.

12.1.1 POWER SUPPLY

Fig:12.2 POWER SUPPLY CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 230 A.C Mains supply is given to the step down transformer. The number of turns in secondary winding is 204 and in primary winding is 3800 R.M.S. Secondary voltage at secondary of transformer is 12V D1, D2, D3, D4 diodes act as bridge rectifier. Bridge rectifier gives low output with fewer ripples. Bridge rectifier is an arrangement of four diodes connected in a bridge circuit as shown below, that provides the same polarity of output voltage for any polarity of the input voltage. D.C. O/p Voltage at rectifier O/p is 10.80V Capacitor acts as voltage regulator. The function of this capacitor, known as a smoothing capacitor is to lessen the variation in (or smooth) the raw output voltage waveform from the bridge Fixed three-terminal linear regulators are commonly available to generate fixed voltages of plus 3 V, and plus or minus 5 V, 9 V, 12 V, or 15 V when the load is less than about 7 amperes The 78 series (7805, 7812, etc.) regulate positive voltages The output voltage; eg, a 7805 is a +5 V regulator

12.2.TRANSMITTER

LCD DISPLAY

COLOUR SENSORS

PIC MICROC ONTROL LER

ZIGBEE INTERFACE

ZIGBEE TRANSMIT TER

POWER SUPPLY

Fig:12.3 TRNSMITTER BLOCK DIAGRAM COLOUR SENSORS TCS3200 Color Sensor is a complete color detector, including a TAOS TCS3200 RGB sensor chip and 4 white LEDs. The TCS3200 can detect and measure a nearly limitless range of visible colors. The TCS3200 has an array of photodetectors, each with either a red, green, or blue filter, or no filter (clear). The filters of each color are distributed evenly throughout the array to eliminate location bias among the colors. Internal to the device is an oscillator which produces a squarewave output whose frequency is proportional to the intensity of the chosen color.

PIC16F877A This is the heart of the circuitry. It is the main block which takes the inputs and processes it and gives the output. All the other blocks work in accordance with the microcontroller. It is a 40-pin devices and has five I/O ports, fifteen interrupts, eight A/D input channels. The Parallel Slave Port is implemented only on the 40-pin devices

POWER SUPPLY Power supply gives out well regulated +5V output, output current capability of 100 Ma

ZIGBEE INTERFACE RS 232 interface will help the zigbee to communicate with microcontroller. A standard serial interfacing for PC, RS232C, requires negative logic, i.e., logic '1' is -3V to -12V and logic '0' is +3V to +12V. To convert a TTL logic, say, txd and rxd pins of the uc chips, thus need a converter chip. A MAX232 provides 2-channel RS232C port and requires external 10uf capacitors.

ZIGBEE TANSMITTER It transmits the signal which is connected to RS 232 interface. It works on 2.4 Ghz frequency with the serial interface.

LCD DISPLAY

12.3. RECIEVER

SWITCHES

APR 9600

AUDIO AMPLIFIE R

SPEAKER

LCD 16*2

PIC MICROCO NTROLLE R

MAX 232

ZIGBEE RECIEVE R

POWER SUPPLY

Fig:12.4 RECIVER BLOCK DIAGRAM POWER SUPPLY Power supply gives out well regulated +5V output, output current capability of 100 Ma

PIC 16F877A This is the heart of the circuitry. It is the main block which takes the inputs and processes it and gives the output. All the other blocks work in accordance with the microcontroller. It is a 40-pin devices and has five I/O ports, fifteen interrupts, eight A/D input channels.

The Parallel Slave Port is implemented only on the 40-pin devices

VOICE PROCESSOR APR9600 AUDIO AMPLIFIER SPEAKER SWITCHES

MAX232 - RS232 The Serial communication is used to transfer data between the mobile device and the microcontroller. MAX RS232 is used for this purpose.

ZIGBEE RECIEVER It receives the signal which is connected to RS 232 interface. It works on 2.4 Ghz frequency with the serial interface

LCD DISPLAY

13. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

13.1 TRANSMITTER:

Fig:13.1 Circuit diagram of Transmitter

13.2 RECIEVER:

Fig:13.2 Circuit diagram of Reciever

14. PIC LAYOUT

14.1 PIC BASIC LAYOUT:

Fig:14.1 PIC Basic layout

14.2. VOICE PROCESSOR LAYOUT:

Fig:14.2 Voice processor lauout

14.3. POWER SUPPLY LAYOUT:

Fig:14.3 Power supply layout

15. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS 15.1 POWER SUPPLY Available o/p D.C. Voltage Line Regulation Load Regulation Vin maximum Ripple Rejection Table:15.1 + 5V. 0.03 0.5 35 V 66-80 (db)

15.2 PIC 16F877A Ambient temperature under bias Storage temperature Voltage on any pin with respect to VSS Total power dissipation Maximum current out of VSS pin Maximum current into VDD pin Maximum output current sunk by any I/O pin Maximum output current sourced by any I/O pin Table:15.2 -55 to +125C -65C to +150C -0.3V to (VDD + 0.3V) 1.0W 300 mA 250 mA 25 mA 25 Ma

15.3 MAX RS232 Input supply voltage range, VCC Positive output supply voltage range, VS+VCC Negative output supply voltage range, VS Input voltage range, VI: 0.3 V to 6 V 0.3 V to 15 V 0.3 V to 15 V Driver: 0.3 V to VCC + Receive: 30 V Output voltage range, R1OUT, R2OUT Short-circuit duration: T1OUT, T2OUT 0.3 V to VS+ + 0.3 V 0.3 V to VCC + 0.3 V Unlimited

Package thermal impedance: Operating virtual junction temperature, TJ: Storage temperature range, Tstg: Table 15.3 15.4. ZIGBEE Model code Operating Frequency Antenna type Indoor/Urban Range up to 100 ft Outdoor RF line-of-sight Range up to 300 ft. Interface Supply Voltage Transmit Current (typical) Idle / Receive Current (typical) Dimensions Operating Temperature Table:15.4 15.5. COLOUR SENSORS Operating voltage range Supply current Interfaces Operating temperature Dimensions

73C/W 150C 65C to 150C

XB24-AWI-001 2.4 GHz Wire antenna 30 m 90 m 1200-115200 bps 2.8 3.4 V 45mA 50mA 2.438cm x 2.761cm -40 to 85 C

2.7~5V 5V LED ON 25mA

Output frequency -40deg ~85deg 33.2mm*33.2mm*25mm

High-Resolution Conversion of Light Intensity to Frequency Programmable Color and Full-Scale Output Frequency Table:15.5

15.6. LCD Minimum input voltage Maximum input voltage Typical input voltage Maximum supply current Typical supply current Drive method Display size Character structure Display data RAM Character generate ROM Character generate RAM 5V 5.3V 5V 3mA 1.2Ma 1/16 duty cycle 16 character * 2 lines 5*8 dots. 80 characters (80*8 bits) 192 characters 8 characters (64*8 bits)

Both display data and character generator RAMs can be read from MPU. Internal automatic reset circuit at power ON. Built-in oscillator circuit. Table:15.6

15.7. VOICE PROCESSOR Supply voltage Input voltage Storage temperature Temperature under bias Lead temperature Table:15.7 -0.3V 7V -1V VCC+ 1V -65 C 150 C -65 C 125 C 0.3 C 300 C

16.CONCLUSION
We as a group had begun working on this project and now we come to the completion of our project. It has been a very fulfilling experience for all of us. We have got a thorough learning experience and we shall cherish it for long. Despite being challenging and different from other assignments, it is a path where we have learnt a lot about hardware, software, troubleshooting and other aspects of engineering. It was a chance given to us that we go deep into applying what we had learnt in earlier years of our studies and we grabbed it with both hands. For simplicity we divided the project work into smaller parts and alternately took leads in performing those parts following the principle of the best man for the job. Since we were new to this, at initial stages most of our decisions were not apt for the required situations. At such times our professors and other knowledgeable friends came to our help. From finding the project idea to publishing this report, learning has been a continuous process. There have been times where we have taken inappropriate decisions but have then learnt how to overcome them and not to commit those errors in future tasks. The project has helped us study the practical use of microcontroller. We have learnt that what are the various stages one needs to follow when pursuing a project and how efforts as a team can be put towards finding solution to problems arising in the process. This opportunity given to us had proved very beneficial as it providedus with an avenue to furthermore dig into analog and digital electronics.