Classnotes for ROSE School Course in: Classnotes for ROSE School Course in:

Masonry Structures Masonry Structures

Lesson 2 and 3: Properties of Masonry Materials Introduction, compressive strength, modulus of elasticity condition assessment, movements

Notes Prepared by:

Daniel P. Abrams
Willett Professor of Civil Engineering University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

October 7, 2004 Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 1

Historical Use of Masonry as a Structural Material

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 2

The First Building Material

The first masonry structures were constructed of mud, sundried brick. The people of Jericho were building with brick more than 9000 years ago. Sumerian and Babylonian builders covered brick walls with kiln-baked glazed brick. Mesopotamian builders constructed temple towers from 4000 BC to 600 BC.

Etemenanki Ziggurat height 91 meters

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 3

The First Building Material

Stone masonry was used for Egyptian pyramids c. 2500 BC. Pyramid of Khufu at Giza measured 147 m. high and 230 m. square. Pyramid of Khafre at Giza was constructed without cranes, pulleys or lifting tackle. No mortar or adhesive was used. Ancient examples of Cyclopean masonry found throughout Europe, China and Peru. Egyptian houses made of mudbrick walls.
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 4

Pyramid of Khafre at Giza

Greek and Roman Architecture

Early Greek architecture (3000 to 700 BC) used massive stone blocks for walls, and early vaults and domes. Greeks constructed with limestone and marble. Romans constructed with concrete, terra cotta and fired clay bricks. Romans refined arch, vault and dome construction to construct great aqueducts, coliseums and palaces were built with clay brick.
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 5

El Puente Aqueduct near Segovia Spain 1st Century AD two tiers of arches 28. 5m tall

Applications in China
The Great Wall of China was constructed from 221 to 204 BC. The wall winds 2400 km from Gansu to the Yellow Sea, and is the longest human-made structure in the world. The wall is constructed of earth and stone with a brick facing in the eastern part.

Great Wall of China 6 to 15m. tall 4.6 to 9.1m wide at base ave. 3.7 m wide at top

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 6

Byzantine Architecture
Huge domed churches were built on a scale far larger than achieved with the Romans. Innovative Byzantine technology allowed architects to design a basilica with an immense dome over an open, square space. Isalmic architects developed a rich variety of pointed, scalloped, horseshoe and S-curved arches for mosques and palaces.
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 7

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul constructed 532-537 AD dome fell after earthquake in 563

Masonry in the Americas

Early pyramids built c. 1200 BC at the Olmec site of LaVenta in Tabasco Mexico. Later monuments constructed by the Maya, Toltecs and Aztecs in central Mexico, the Yucatan, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador and Peru were based on the Olmec plan. Four-sided, flat-topped polyhedrons with stepped sides.
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 8

Pyramid of the Sun Teotihuacan Mexico 66-m. high 2nd century AD

Masonry in the Americas

Aztec, Mayan and other Indian cultures relied on masonry for housing and monuments. Stone veneers used by Mayans at Uxmal in 9th century. Slight outward lean of these buildings made them appear light and elegant. Pueblo Bonito housed up to 1000 residents. Anasazi constructed multistory pueblos from stone, mud and beams during period of 1100-1300 AD.
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 9

Pueblo Bonito Chaco Canyon, NM

10th Century AD covers more than 3 acres

Romanesque, Gothic and Renaissance

With Romanesque architecture (10th to 12th century), large internal spaces were spanned with barrel vaults supported on thick, squat columns and piers. Gothic architecture (12th to 16th century) used a pointed arch which minimized outward thrust and resulted in lighter and thinner walls. Renaissance architecture was influenced by the round arch, the barrel vault, and the dome.
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 10

Santa Maria degli Angeli Firenza, Italy constructed 1420-61 AD 39 m. in diameter, 91 m. high Filippo Brunelleschi

Masonry at the Turn of the Century

URM brick bearing-wall construction used for multistory buildings. Design based on empirical rules. URM construction popular for low-rise buildings in inner core of cities, many of which are still standing today. In 1908, the Nat. Assoc. of Cement Users developed the first specification for concrete block. Fifty million cmus produced in 1919 which grew to 467 million in 1941.
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 11

Monadnock Building Chicago, 1891 D. Burnham and J. Root

Rational Structural Design

Masonry compressive strength standardized by 1910. Empirical design still prominent through first half of twentieth century. Research on structural masonry done at the Structural Clay Products Association and Portland Cement Association. BIA in the 1966 and NCMA in 1970 developed standards for structural design of brick and block.

code of Hammurabi Babylon, 1780 BC

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 12

Recent Code Developments

TMS developed first standard for brick/block masonry, and became Chapter 24 of 1985 UBC. Further revised in 1988, 1991 and 1994 (as Chapter 21). ACI-ASCE 530 code published in 1988. Further revised in 1992 and 1995 as MSJC code. Strength design introduced into 1985 UBC. New chapter on strength design in 2002 MSJC.

MSJC Building Code Requirements for Masonry

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 13

Masonry Seismic Provisions

Chapters 8 and 8A of NEHRP Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings (FEMA 222A, 1994) Appendix C of NEHRP Handbook for Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings (FEMA 178, 1992) FEMA 273/356 Guidelines for Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings
NEHRP Provisions for New Buildings
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 14

Present Applications
The use of masonry as a structural material has been developing rapidly in the western US over the last two decades. Tall buildings of structural masonry are now being constructed. A slow revolution in the east. URM still used for new construction. Tall, slender walls compete with tilt-up construction.
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 15

Excaliber Hotel, Las Vegas tallest building of structural masonry

Masonry Compressive Strength

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 16

Mechanics of Masonry in Compression

P l

xb

P A

zb

tj tb

masonry unit

zb

xb

stresses shown for mortar > unit

xm

zm

mortar

xm

zm

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 17

Biaxial Strength of Masonry Units

brick splits when: flat-wise compressive strength of unit from test fut

compression fut

xb = f 'udt (1

y
f 'ut

fut direct tensile strength of unit from test

xb

fudt fudt fudt

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 18

tension

Biaxial Strength of Mortar

mortar crushes when: fjt uniaxial compressive strength from test fjt

compression

- f' y jt xm = 4.1
4.1

1.0

f' jt
compression

xm

multiaxial compressive strength

xm

xm

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 19

Masonry Compressive Strength

equilibrium relation:

xb( tbl ) = xm( t jl )

xb =
xm =
xb =

tj

tb

xm
tj tb

if mortar crushes:

( y f ' jt ) 4.1

or
t j / tb 4.1

t j / tb 4.1

( y f ' jt ) = ( y f ' jt ) where =

if brick splits:

xb = f 'udt (1 -

y
f 'ut

)
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 20

Masonry Compressive Strength

if mortar crushes and brick splits simultaneously:

( y f ' jt ) = f'udt (1

f ' ut

y f' jt = f'udt y
f ' +f ' jt y = udt f 'ut f 'udt +f 'ut
f'm = prism strength =

f'udt f'ut

Hilsdorf equation

y
Uu

where Uu = coefficient of non-uniformity (range 1.1 to 2.5)

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 21

Nonlinear Mortar Behavior

y

triaxial test

1000 psi

xm
zm

xm
zm

30 psi = xm =

zm
y

1000 psi

x z

30 psi

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 22

Unit Splitting vs. Mortar Crushing

Linear Mortar
unit stress path

fut

mortar stress path mortar failure envelope

failure

unit failure envelope

mortar crushes fjt

tension
xb

compression

fudt

xm

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 23

Unit Splitting vs. Mortar Crushing

Nonlinear Mortar
unit stress path

fut
mortar failure envelope

unit splits
unit failure envelope

fjt failure

mortar stress path

tension
xb

compression

fudt

xm

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 24

Incremental Lateral Tensile Stress on Masonry Unit

Assuming linear behavior for masonry unit, and nonlinear mortar behavior:

xb =

Ej ( xm, z m ) Eb tb Eb tb - b m ( xm,zm ) 1 + Ej ( xm, z m ) t j Ej ( xm, z m ) t j

where : = Poisson s ratio for masonry unit
b

y b -

Eb

m( xm,zm )

m = Poisson s ratio for mortar

E
b

= Young s modulus for masonry unit

E j = Young s modulus for mortar t b = thickness of masonry unit tj

xm , zm

=
=

thickness of mortar joint lateral mortar compressiv e stresses

From Atkinson and Noland A Proposed Failure Theory for Brick Masonry in Compression, Proceedings, Third Canadian Masonry Symposium, Edmonton, 1983, pp. 5-1 to 5-17.

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 25

Effect of Mortar on Compression

Weaker Mortars

M
y

S N

weaker mortars result in weaker prism strength because ratio of vmortar/vunit is larger weaker mortars result in greater extents of nonlinear prism behavior

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 26

Effect of Mortar on Compression

Stronger Mortars

M
y

S N O

may not adhere to units as well. a larger scatter of experimental data with the stronger mortars. create a stiffer prism which is more sensitive to alignment problems during testing and more brittle. more variable masonry compressive strength.

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 27

Guidelines for Prism Testing

UBC Sec. 2105.3.2: Masonry Prism Testing

A set of five prisms shall be built and tested prior to construction in accordance with UBC Std. 21-17. At least three prisms per 5,000 sq. feet of wall area shall be built and tested during construction. Test values for prism strength shall exceed design values.

Note that testing is not required if half of allowable stresses are used for design.

NCMA TEK 18-1 Concrete Masonry Prism Testing Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 28

Guidelines for Prism Testing

UBC Standard 21-17: Test Method for Compressive Strength of Masonry Prisms Methods for prism construction, transportation and curing. Preparation for testing, test procedures, etc. Calculation for compressive stress. Net area, correction factors. Table 21-17A prism h/tp correction factor 1.3 0.75 1.5 0.86 2.0 1.00 2.5 1.04 3.0 1.07 4.0 1.15 5.0 1.22

tp

Use lesser of average strength or 1.25 times least strength. Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 29

Code Values for Prism Strength

UBC Sec. 2105.3.4: Unit Strength Method

Use test values per UBC 21-17. Take fm equal to 75% of average prism record value. (2105.3.3) Take fm from Table 21-D if no prisms are tested.

Associated BIA Technical Note: 35 Early Strength of Brick Masonry Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 30

Compressive Strength of Masonry per UBC

UBC Table 21-D Specified compressive strength of clay masonry, fm
Compressive Strength of Clay Masonry Units (psi)

Specified Compressive Strength of Masonry, fm, (psi) Type M/S mortar 5,300 4,700 4,000 3,350 2,700 2,000 Type N mortar 4,400 3,800 3,300 2,750 2,200 1,600

14,000 or more 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 31

Compressive Strength of Masonry per UBC

UBC Table 21-D Specified compressive strength of concrete masonry, fm
Compressive Strength of Concrete Masonry Units (psi)

Specified Compressive Strength of Masonry, fm, (psi) Type M/S mortar 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 Type N mortar 2,800 2,350 1,850 1,350 950

4,800 or more 3,750 2,800 1,900 1,250

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 32

MSJC Specifications for Prism Strength

Sec. 1.4.B Compressive Strength Determination Sec. 1.4B.2 Unit Strength method Table 1 Compressive Strength for Clay Masonry Table 2 Compressive Strength for Concrete Masonry Sec. 1.4B.3 Prism Test Method ASTM C 1314

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 33

Compressive Strength of Masonry per MSJC

MSJC Specification Table 1 Compressive strength of clay masonry by unit strength method Net Area Compressive Strength of Clay Masonry Units (psi)
Type M/S Mortar Type N Mortar

1,700 3,350 4,950 6,600 8,250 9,900 13,200

2,100 4,150 6,200 8,250 10,300 -

Net Area Compressive Strength of Masonry (psi) 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 34

Compressive Strength of Masonry per MSJC

MSJC Specification Table 2 Compressive strength of concrete masonry by unit strength method Compressive Strength of Concrete Masonry Units (psi)
Type M/S Mortar Type N Mortar

Net Area Compressive Strength of Masonry

(psi)

1,250 1,900 2,800 3,750 4,800

1,300 2,150 3,050 4,050 5,250

1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000

MSJC values of compressive strength from Table 1 and Table 2 are intended to be used in lieu of prism tests to estimate needed mortar types and unit strengths for a required compressive strength. Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 35

Comparison of Default Prism Strengths

UBC Table 21-D vs. MSJC Specifications Table 1
C lay-U nit Masonry
6

Pr is m St re ngt h, f'm ksi

M/S, UBC N, UBC

M /S, M SJC N , M SJC

0 0 5 10 15 20

Unit Strength, ksi

Default prism strengths are lower bounds to expected values.

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 36

Comparison of Default Prism Strengths

UBC Table 21-D vs. Table 2 MSJC-Spec.
Concrete-Unit Masonry
3.5

M/S, UBC
3

M/S, MSJC N, UBC N, MSJC

P rism Strength, f'm ksi

2.5 2

1.5 1

0.5 0 0 2 4 6 8 10

Unit Strength, ksi

Note: MSJC and UBC values are almost identical for concrete masonry. Default prism strengths are lower bounds to expected values. Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 37

Masonry Elastic Modulus

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 38

Elastic Modulus of Masonry in Compression

Basic Mechanics

P = y Anet

j = deformation of mortar = j t j = E t j
y

[1] [2] [3] [4]

b = deformation of unit = b t b =

= deformation of masonry = E ( t j + t b )
y

t E b
b

tj tb

= j + b = E t j + E tb
y j b

t = thickness ratio = t j b m = modulus ratio = E j b

t j + tb = ( 1 + t )tb
E

[5] [6]

[7]

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 39

Elastic Modulus of Masonry in Compression

Basic Mechanics

P = y Anet

from 3 and 7 : = ( t j + tb ) = ( 1 + t )tb m m

from 1,5 and 6 : j =

[8] [9]

y
Ej

tj =

y t tb m Eb

tj tb

from 4, 8 and 9 :

y
Em

( 1 + t )t b =

y m Eb

t tb +

y
Eb

tb

[10]

(1+ t ) 1 t = ( +1) Em Eb m

[11]

m =

(1+ t ) (1+

t ) m

[12]

Reference: Structural Masonry by S. Sahlin, Section D.2 Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 40

Elastic Modulus of Masonry in Compression

Em Emasonry = Eb Eunit
1.2

Em Eb

(1 + t ) (1 +

t ) m

1.0

0.76

concrete block masonry

0.8

t= 0.152
(typical for brick masonry)

clay-unit masonry

0.6

t= 0.0498
(typical for concrete block masonry)

0.4

0.2

0.0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

E mortar E unit

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 41

Code Assumptions for Elastic Modulus

UBC Sec. 2106.2.12 and 2106.2.13 & MSJC Sec. 1.8.2.2.1 and 1.8.2.2.2 secant method estimate without prism test data
UBC Sec. 2106.2.12.1 for clay-unit or concrete masonry Em = 750 fm < 3000 ksi fmt MSJC Sec. 1.8.2.1.1 for clay-unit masonry Em = 700 fm for concrete-unit masonry Em = 900 fm UBC 2106.2.13 MSJC Sec. 1.8.2.2.2 G = 0.4 Em

fm

Em

0.33 fmt 0.05 fmt m

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 42

Strength of URM Bearing Walls

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 43

Unreinforced Bearing and Shear Walls

Structural Walls have 3 functions: resist vertical compression resist bending from eccentric vertical loads and/or transverse wind, earthquake, or blast loads resist in-plane shear and bending from lateral loads applied to building system in direction parallel with plane of wall in-plane shear and moment
(shear wall)

floor or roof loads

(bearing wall)

sv lane ran-of-p t
t (ou

ds oa e l wall) ers

Ref: BIA Tech. Note 24 The Contemporary Bearing Wall Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 44

Unreinforced Bearing and Shear Walls

Historically walls were sized in terms of h/t ratio which was limited to 25.
M = wh = F S = F t 6 8 h = 8 F = 8 (50 psi) ( 144 ) t 6 w 6 (15 psf)
2 b b 2 b 2 2

wind = 15 psf

h = 25.3 t

Empirical design of masonry UBC 2105.2 h < 35

Associated BIA Technical Note: 24 series The Contemporary Bearing Wall Building Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 45

Concentric Axial Compression

Buckling Load P = y Anet Euler buckling load:
2 Pcr = Em2I ( kl ) 2 cr = Em I 2

( kl ) A

h = kl

for rectangular section:

I=
r=

bt 3 12

A = bt

I bt 3 t2 = = = 0.289t A 12bt 12

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 46

Concentric Axial Compression

3 2 m( bt ) 0 .82 m 12 = cr = 2 kl 2 (kl) bt ( ) t

y
fm

24.8

if Em =750 f 'm and h' = kl, then cr = 615 f'2m ( h' ) t

Euler curve
cr
615f' m = 2 ( h' ) t
m cutoff at f 'm = cr = 615f'2 , or h' /t = 24 .8 ( h' ) t

0.25 fm MSJC/UBC

h/t
25 50 75 100

Note: for MSJC and UBC plot, r=0.289t is assumed

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 47

Code Allowable Compressive Stress

Fa f 'm
0.3

MSJC Section 2.2.3 and UBC Section 2107.3.2: for h/r < = 99: Fa = 0.25 fm [1 - (h/140r)2] for h/r > 99 : Fa = 0.25 fm [(70r/h)2]

MSJC Eq. 2-12 and UBC Eq. 7-39

0.2

MSJC Eq. 2-13 and UBC Eq. 7-40

0.1

0 0 50 100 150 200

h' r

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 48

Concentric Axial Compression

UBC 2106.2.4: Effective Wall Height
translation restrained no sidesway restraint

h=kh

k = h/h

rotation unrestrained 1.0

rotation restrained 0.70

rotation unrestrained 2.0

rotation restrained 2.0

MSJC 2.2.3: Buckling Loads

P 1 Pe 4 Pe = 2EmI ( 1 0.577 e )3 r h' 2 (2 11 / 2 - 15)

e = eccentricity of axial load

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 49

Concentric Axial Compression

UBC 2106.2.3: Effective Wall Thickness
A. Single Wythe t = specified thickness B. Multiwythe C. Cavity Walls both wythes loaded one wythe loaded

P1 P2
mortar or grout filled collar joint air space

wire joint reinforcement

t1

t2

t1

t2

each wythe considered separate

2 2 t = t1 + t 2

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 50

Concentric Axial Compression

UBC 2106.2.5: Effective Wall Area
Effective area is minimum area of mortar bed joints plus any grouted area.

face shell

raked joint

effective thickness Neglect web area if face-shell bedding is used.

effective thickness

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 51

Example: Concentric Axial Compression

Determine the allowable vertical load capacity of the unreinforced cavity wall shown below per both the UBC and the MSJC requirements. Pa
Case A: Prisms have been tested.
8CMU face-shell bedding 4 brick metal ties

fm = 2500 psi for block wall fm = 5000 psi for brick wall Case B: No prisms have been tested. fm = 1500 psi for block wall
(Type I CMUs and Type S mortar will be specified.)

20-0

7.63

3.63

concrete footing

Per NCMA TEK 14-1A for face shell bedding: Anet = 30.0 in2 Inet = 308.7 in4 r = 2.84 in. (r based only on loaded wythe)
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 52

Example: Case A
MSJC Section 2.2.3 & UBC 2107.3.2
h' 12( 20') = = 84 .5 r 2 .84 in. for h'/r < 99: Fa = 0 .25 f'm [ 1 (h'/ 140 r)2 ] Fa = 0 .159 f'm = 0 .159( 2500 psi) = 397 psi Pa = ( 0 .397 ksi)( 2 x 1.25 in. x 12 in.) = 11.9 kip/ft

MSJC Section 2.2.3: check buckling *

1 2 m I e Pe = 0 .25 ( 1 0 .577 )3 4 r h2 Em = 900 f'm MSJC Section 1.8 .2 .2 .1 P < Em = 900 2500 = 2 ,250 ,000 psi = 2250 ksi P = 0 .25 2( 2 .25 x 10 3 )( 308.7 ) = 29 .8 kip/ft buckling doesn't govern ( 240 )2

Pa = 11.9 kip / ft for both codes

* no buckling check per UBC.

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 53

Example: Case B
MSJC Section 2.2.3 & UBC 2107.3.2

h' 12( 20' ) = = 84.5 r 2.84 in . for h' / r < 99 : Fa = 0.25 f 'm [ 1 ( h' / 140r )2 ] Fa = 0 .159 f 'm = 0.159( 1500 psi ) = 283 psi Pa = ( 0.283 ksi )( 2 x 1.25 in . x 12 in .) = 7.2kip / ft
MSJC Section 2.2.3: check buckling
1 e 2 m I Pe = 0.25 ( 1 0.577 )3 4 h2 r m = 900 f 'm MSJC Section 1.8.2.2.1 P<
Governs for MSJC, take 1/2 for UBC since no special inspection is provided.

m = 900 1500 = 1350,000 psi = 1350 ksi

P = 0.25

2 ( 1.35 x 10 3 )( 308.7 )
( 240 )2

= 17.85kip / ft buckling doesn' t govern

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 54

Eccentric Axial Compression

e P Pe
fa = P A
axial stress bending stress

M = Pe

fb =

Mc M = I S

combined axial stress plus bending fa + fb -fa + fb

Ref: NCMA TEK 14-4 Eccentric Loading of Nonreinforced Concrete Masonry

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 55

Eccentric Axial Compression

UBC Section 2107.2.7 and MSJC 2.2.3: Unity Formula
limiting compressive stress
fa f + b < 1 .0 Fa Fb

(controls for small es)

where Fa= allowable axial compressive stress (UBC 2107.3.2 or MSJC Sec. 2.2.3) Fb= allowable flexural compressive stress = 0.33 fm (UBC 2107.3.3 or MSJC Sec 2.2.3)

UBC 2107.3.5 or MSJC 2.2.3: Allowable Tensile Stress

limiting tensile stress -fa + fb < Ft
where Ft = allowable tensile stress (controls for large es)

References
Associated NCMA TEK Note 31 Eccentric Loading of Nonreinforced Concrete Masonry (1971) Associated BIA Technical Note 24B Design Examples of Contemporary Bearing Walls 24E Design Tables for Columns and Walls

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 56

Allowable Tensile Stresses, Ft

MSJC Table 2.2.3.2 and UBC Table 21-I
Direction of Tension and Type of Masonry
all units are (psi)

Mortar Type Portland Cement/Lime Masonry Cement/Lime or Mortar Cement M or S

40 25 68*

N
30 19 58*

M or S
24 15 41*

N
15 9 26*

tension normal to bed joints solid units hollow units fully grouted units tension parallel to bed joints solid units hollow units fully grouted units

80 50 80*

60 38 60*

48 30 48*

30 19 29*

* grouted masonry is addressed only by MSJC

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 57

Allowable Flexural Tensile Stresses, Ft

flexural tension normal to bed joints

Note: direct tensile stresses across wall thickness is not allowed per UBC or MSJC.

flexural tension parallel to bed joints strong units weak units

No direct tensile strength assumed normal to head joints, just shear strength along bed joint.

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 58

Example: Eccentric Axial Compression

Determine the allowable vertical load capacity per UBC and MSJC.

e = 3.0

Pa

fm = 2000 psi (from tests) Type S mortar Ft = 25 psi per UBC 2107.3.5 and MSJC Table 2.2.3.2
1.25 face-shell bedding 8CMU ungrouted

20-0

Per NCMA Tek 141A:

(per running foot)

7.63 concrete footing

Anet = 30.0 in2 Ix= 309 in4 Sx = 81.0 in3 r= 2.84

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 59

Example
Tension controlling:

- fa + fb = Ft = 25 psi
Pa Pe + a = Ft h Anet Snet

Pa P ( 3 .0") + a = 25 psi 30.0 81.0

Pa = 6750 lbs.

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 60

Example
Compression controlling: UBC 2107.3.4 and MSJC 2.2.3
Fb = 0.333 f 'm = 0.333( 2000 psi ) = 667 psi

h 12.0 ( 20' ) = = 74.8 r 2.84 in. h 2 Fa = 0.25f m 1 - 140r

Fa = 0.159 f m = 0.159(2000 psi) = 318 psi

Pa Pa e Anet Snet + 1.0 Fa Fb

Pa Pa e 30.0 + 81.0 1.0 318 psi 667 psi

Pa = 6233 lbs . < 6750 lbs . compressio n controls

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 61

Example
MSJC Section 2.2.3: Check Buckling (no buckling check per UBC)
Em = 900 f 'm per MSJC Sec. 1.8.2.1.1

P < 0.25Pe = 0.25

0.25 Pe = 0.25

2 Em I
h2

e 1 0.577 r

3.00 1 0.577 2.84 (240 in)2 P < .25Pe = 1417 lbs < 6233 lbs. buckling controls

2 ( 1800 ksi)(308.7 in 4 )

Code UBC MSJC

Pa (lbs)
Tension Compression Buckling

6750 6750

6233 6233

----1417

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 62

Kern Distance for URM Wall

Assuming Ft = 0 for solid section. e P
- fa + fb = 0 P Mc + =0 A I A = bt I = bt 3 /12 P Pe(t/2) + =0 bt bt 3 /12

t fa
+

b/3 t/3
kern

e = t/6

fb fa + fb

= -fa + fb = 0

b
If load is within kern, then no net tensile stress.
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 63

Kern Distance for URM Wall

Specific Tensile Strength, Ft, for solid section. P e
- f a + f b = Ft P Mc + = Ft A I P Pe(t/2) - + 3 = Ft bt bt /12 e= t Ft t 2 b + 6 6P

t fa
+

b Ft b 2 t + 3 3P t Ft t 2 b + 3 3P

kern

fb fa + fb

= -fa + fb = Ft

b
If load is within kern, then tensile stress < Ft.
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 64

Strength of Walls with no Tensile Strength

Resultant load inside of kern. P
fm = P M + A S P 6 Pe + bt bt 2
P 6e ) (1+ t bt
[1]

t e

fm =
fm =

[2]
[3]

fm P

f m Fa orFb Fb = 0.33 f 'm

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 65

Strength of Walls with no Tensile Strength

Resultant load outside of kern. P
fm =

Neglect all masonry in tension.

Note: This approach is outside of UBC and MSJC since Ft may be exceeded.

2P = compressiv e edge stress < Fa or Fb b

[1] [2]

t t/2

3
fm =

t e 2

= 3( e )

t 2

e
fm =

2P 2P 1 = b 3 b( t e ) t 2 2 t2
4P e 3bt(1 - 2 ) t < Fa or Fb

[3]

fm P

[4]

Partially cracked wall is not prismatic along its height. Stability of the wall must be checked based on Euler criteria modified to account for zones of cracked masonry. Analytical derivation for this case is provided in Chapter E of Structural Masonry by S. Sahlin.

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 66

Example
Determine the maximum compressive edge stress.
P = 10 kip/ft. e
Part (a) e = 1.0 in. < t/6 = 1.27 in. within kern!
fm = fm = P 6e 1+ bt t 10,000 lbs. 6 ( 1.0 in.) 1+ = 195 psi ( 12 in.)(7.63 in.) ( 7.63 in.)

Part (b) e = 2.5 in. > t/6 = 1.27 in. outside of kern!

t = 7.63 two-wythe brick wall

4P e 3bt 1 - 2 t 4 (10,000 lbs) fm = = 422 psi 2.5 in. 3( 12 in.)(7.63 in.) 1 - 2 7.63 in. fm =

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 67

Condition Assessment

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 68

Insitu Material Properties

Compressive strength Elastic modulus Flexural tensile strength

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 69

Insitu Material Properties

Shear strength Shear modulus Reinforcement

v me

P 0.75 0.75 v te + CE An = 1 .5
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 70

Condition Assessment
Knowledge factor
= 0.75 when visual exam is done

Visual examination
measure dimensions identify construction type identify materials identify connection types

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 71

Condition Assessment
Knowledge factor
= 1.00 with comprehensive knowledge level

Nondestructive tests
ultrasonic mechanical pulse velocity impact echo or radiography

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 72

Movements

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 73

Differential Movements
One common cause of cracking is differential movement between wythes. Different materials expand or contract different amounts due to: temperature humidity freezing elastic strain Cementitious materials shrink and creep Clay masonry expands Consider differential movements relative to steel or concrete frames

shrink expand Ref: BIA Tech. Note 18 Movement - Volume Changes and Effect of Movement, Part I
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 74

Coefficients of Thermal Expansion

Material Clay Masonry
clay or shale brick fire clay brick or tile clay or shale tile 3.6 2.5 3.3 5.2 3.1 4.3 4.6 4.1 4.7 4.4 7.3 0.43 0.30 0.40 0.62 0.37 0.52 0.55 0.49 0.56 0.53 0.88

Thermal Expansion Ave. Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion (inches per 100 for
(x 10-6 strain/oF) 100oF temperature increase)

Concrete Masonry
dense aggregate cinder aggregate expanded shale aggregate expanded slag aggregate pumice or cinder aggregate

Stone
granite limestone marble

Thermal coefficients for other structural materials can be found in BIA Technical Note 18.

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 75

Moisture Movements
Many masonry materials expand when their moisture content is increased, and then shrink when drying. Moisture movement is almost always fully reversible, but in some cases, a permanent volume change may result.

Moisture Expansion of Clay Masonry = 0.020% Moisture Expansion of Clay Masonry = 0.020% Freezing Expansion of Clay Masonry = 0.015% Freezing Expansion of Clay Masonry = 0.015%

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 76

Moisture Movements in Concrete Masonry

Because concrete masonry units are susceptible to shrinkage, ASTM limits the moisture content of concrete masonry depending on the units linear shrinkage potential and the annual average relative humidity. For Type I units the following table is given.
Moisture Content, % of Total Absorption (average of three units) Linear Shrinkage, % Humidity Conditions at Job Site humid intermediate arid

0.03 or less 0.03 to 0.045 0.045 to 0.065

45 40 35

40 35 30

35 30 25

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 77

Control Joints in Concrete Masonry

Control joints designed to control shrinkage cracking in masonry.
Spacing recommendations per ACI for Type I moisture controlled units.
Vertical S pacing of Joint Reinforcement Recommended control joint spacing Ratio of panel length to height, L/h Panel length in feet
(not to exceed L regardless of H)

None 2 40

24 2.5 45

16 3 50

8 4 60

Cut spacing in half for Type II and reduce by one-third for solidly grouted walls.

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 78

Control Joints in Concrete Masonry

Control joints should be placed at: all abrupt changes in wall height all changes in wall thickness coincidentally with movement joints in floors, roofs and foundations at one or both sides of all window and door openings

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 79

Control Joint Details for Concrete Masonry

paper grout fill

raked head joint and caulk

control joint unit

Ref. NCMA TEK 10-2A Control Joints in Concrete Masonry Walls

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 80

Expansion Joints in Clay Masonry

Pressure-relieving or expansion joints Pressure-relieving or expansion joints accommodate expansion of clay masonry. accommodate expansion of clay masonry.

expansion joint

Ref: Masonry Design and Detailing, Christine Beall, McGraw-Hill BIA Tech. Note 18A Movement - Design and Detailing of Movement Joints, Part II
Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 81

Spacing of Expansion Joints

For brick masonry:

W = [ 0.0002 + 0.0000045( Tmax Tmin )] L

where W = total wall expansion in inches 0.0002 = coefficient of moisture expansion 0.0000043 = coefficient of thermal expansion L = length of wall in inches Tmax= maximum mean wall temperature, F Tmin = minimum mean wall temperature, F

S=

24 ,000( p ) Tmax Tmin

S = maximum spacing of joints in inches p = ratio of opaque wall area to gross wall area

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 82

Expansion Joint Details for Brick Veneer Walls

20 oz. copper silicone or butyl sealant

neoprene

extruded plastic

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 83

Vertical Expansion of Veneer

flashing with weep holes steel shelf angle 1/4 to 3/8 min. clearance concrete block compressible filler clay-brick veneer joint reinforcement or wire tie

rc beam

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 84

Expansion Problems
In cavity walls, cracks can form at an external corner because the outside wythe experiences a larger temperature expansion than the inside wythe. sun

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 85

Expansion Problems
Diagonal cracks often occur between window and door openings if differential movement is not accommodated.

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 86

Expansion Problems
Clay-unit masonry walls or veneers can slip beyond the edge of a concrete foundation wall because the concrete shrinks while the clay masonry expands. As a result, cracks often form in the masonry at the corner of a building. Brick Veneer

Concrete Foundation

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 87

Expansion Problems
Brick parapets are sensitive to temperature movements since they are exposed to changing temperatures on both sides.

Elongation will be longer than for wall below.

parapet

sun

roof

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 88

End of Lessons 2 and 3

Masonry Structures, Lectures 2-3, slide 89