PROTECTION SCHEMES

Contents
1 2 3 TIME STEPPED DISTANCE .....................2 PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH...................3 PERMISSIVE OVERREACH .....................4

[05 01 Rev 1]

Page 1 of 6

PROTECTION SCHEMES
1 TIME STEPPED DISTANCE

A system diagram for a typical TIME STEPPED DISTANCE SCHEME is shown in Figure 1 with typical time delays for faults at various points along the line length as shown in Figure 1(c). Typically the Zone 1 is line length, Zone 2 to length and Zone 3 as protection to cover at adjacent line. set to 80% of the 120% of the line delayed back up least the longest

A STEPPED DISTANCE SCHEME is normally applied when there is no signalling available between relays and as shown in the timing diagram gives instantaneous Zone 1 coverage up to 80% of the line length and Zone 2 time delay for the remaining 20%. In this case the Zone 3 time delay is available as back up protection but this would not normally trip the CB as the Zone 1 or Zone 2 of the next feeder would operate faster.

STEPPED DISTANCE PROTECTION FOR 3 PHASE TRIPPING SCHEMES

A) SYSTEM DIAGRAM
Z3A(R) Z3B(R) RELAY 'A' RELAY 'B' (a) Z1A Z2A Z1B Z3A(F) Z2B

B) ZONE DIAGRAM
Z3A Z1A Z2A Z1B Z2B Z3B (b)

C) TIMING DIAGRAM

Z3A DELAY

Z3B DELAY

Z2A DELAY TIME Z1A INST Z1B INST

Z2B DELAY

DISTANCE (c)

Figure 1

[05 01 Rev 1]

Page 2 of 6

PROTECTION SCHEMES
2 PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH

A system diagram for a typical PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH SCHEME is shown in figure 2 (a). Figure 2(b) shows the set-up of the zones. Typical trip delays for faults at various points along the line length as shown in figure 2(c). Typically the Zone 1 is line length, Zone 2 to length and Zone 3 as protection to cover at adjacent line. set to 80% of the 120% of the line delayed back up least the longest

A PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH SCHEME requires signalling between two distance protection relays at each end of a line with the VTs and CTs connected so that the

two relays are looking towards the section of line being protected as illustrated in figure 2(a). If a system fault occurs on the line at point x, the relay at end A trips the CB at end A in Zone 1 time and the relay at end B trips the CB at end B in Zone 1 time. If a system fault occurs on the line at point Y (outside the zone 1 reach of the relay at end A), the relay at end B trips the CB at end B in Zone 1 time and the Zone 1 element at end B sends a signal (SS) to end A which informs end A that there is a fault on the protected line. When end A receives this signal the Zone 3 element at end A is allowed to trip the CB at end A instantaneously. If for any reason the signal link fails system faults at Y will be cleared at end A, in Zone 2 time as for the time stepped distance scheme.

PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH FOR 3 PHASE TRIPPING SCHEMES A) SYSTEM DIAGRAM

Z3A(R) X SS SR RELAY 'B' Z1A Z1B SS RELAY 'A' SR Y Z2A Z3A(F)

Z3B(F)

Z2B

Z3B(R)

SIGNALLING LINK (a)

B) ZONE DIAGRAM
Z3A Z1A Z1B Z2B Z3B

(b)

C) TIMING DIAGRAM
Z3B DELAY Z3A DELAY

Z2B DELAY TIME Z1A/B INST

Z2A DELAY

Z3B.SR

Z3A.SR

DISTANCE

---- FAULT CLEARANCE TIME IF SIGNALLING LINK FAILS

(c)

Figure 2 [05 01 Rev 1] Page 3 of 6

PROTECTION SCHEMES
3 PERMISSIVE OVERREACH

A system diagram for a typical PERMISSIVE OVERREACH SCHEME is shown in 3 below. In this case, the Zone 1 is set to overreach at approximately 120% of the line section being protected but cannot trip instantaneously until it receives permission from the other end. If the signal link fails fault clearance will take place in Zone 2 time delay as shown in fig 1(c). This Permissive Overreach Scheme should therefore only be used with high reliability signalling equipment.

An alternative PERMISSIVE OVERREACH SCHEME is shown in Error! Reference source not found. with the Zone 1 set to underreach and the Zone 2 is used as the overreach element. In this case the Zone 1 is independent of the signalling channel and gives instantaneous tripping for faults within Zone 1 setting (80%) even if the signal channel fails. The signal send (SS) output is enabled by operation of any operation of any zone 2 element in figure 4.

PERMISSIVE OVERREACH FOR 3 PHASE TRIPPING SCHEMES (SCHEME 1) A) SYSTEM DIAGRAM

Z3A(R) Z1A Z2A Z3A

Z3B

Z2B

Z1B SS RELAY 'A' SR SR SS RELAY 'B'

Z3B(R)

(a)

B) ZONE DIAGRAM
Z3A Z1A Z2A Z2B Z1B Z3B (b)

C) TIMING DIAGRAM
Z3B DELAY Z3A DELAY

Z2B DELAY

Z2A DELAY

TIM E Z1A/Z1B

DISTANCE ---- FAULT CLEARANCE TIME IF SIGNALLING LINK FAILS

(c)

Figure 3

[05 01 Rev 1]

Page 4 of 6

PROTECTION SCHEMES
P E R M ISSIVE OVERREACH FOR 3 PHASE T R IPPING SCHEMES (SCHEME 2) A) SYSTEM DIAG R A M
Z3A(R) Z1A Z2A Z3A

Z3B

Z2B

Z1B SS RELAY 'A' SR SR SS RELAY 'B'

Z3B(R)

(a)

B ) Z O N E D IAG R A M
Z3A Z1A Z2A Z2B Z1B Z3B

(b)

C) TIMING DIAGRAM
Z3B DELAY Z3A DELAY

Z2B DELAY

Z2A DELAY

TIM E Z2B.SR Z1A/Z1B Z2A.SR

D IS T A N C E ---- FAULT CLEARANCE TIME IF S IGNALLING LINK FAILS

Figure 4
(c)

[05 01 Rev 1]

Page 5 of 6

PROTECTION SCHEMES
ACCELERATED UNDERREACH A system diagram for a typical ZONE 2 ACCELERATED UNDERREACH SCHEME is shown in Figure 5(a) with typical trip times for faults at various points along the line length as shown in Figure 5(b). This scheme is similar to the permissive underreach scheme but uses the Zone 2 element in conjunction with SR (signal receive) for aided tripping. Thus the receipt of an SR signal will remove the time delay for Zone 2. Typically the Zone 1 is set to 80% of the line length, Zone 2 to 120% of the line length and Zone 3 as delayed back up protection to cover at least the longest adjacent line. An ACCELERATED UNDERREACH SCHEME requires signalling between two distance protection relays at each end of a line with the VTs and CTs connected so that the two relays are looking towards the section of line being protected as illustrated in Figure 5 (a). If a system fault occurs on the line at point x, the relay at end A trips the CB at end A in Zone 1 time and the relay at end B trips the CB at end B in Zone 1 time. If a system fault occurs on the line at point Y, the relay at end B trips the CB at end B in Zone 1 time and the Zone 1 element at end B sends a signal (SS) to end A which informs end A that there is a fault on the protected line. When end A receives this signal the Zone 2 element at end A is allowed to trip the CB at end A instantaneously. If for any reason the signal link fails system faults at Y will be cleared at end A in Zone 2 time delay as illustrated in the timing diagram.

ZONE 2 ACCELERATED UNDERREACH FOR 3 PHASE TRIPPING SCHEMES A) SYSTEM DIAGRAM

Z3A(R) X Z1A Z1B SS RELAY 'A' SR Y Z2A Z3A(F)

Z3B(F)

Z2B

Z3B(R)

SS SR RELAY 'B'

SIGNALLING LINK (a)

B) ZONE DIAGRAM
Z3A Z1A Z2A Z1B Z2B Z3B (b)

C) TIMING DIAGRAM
Z3B DELAY Z3A DELAY

Z2B DELAY

Z2A DELAY

TIME Z1A/B INST

Z2B.SR

Z2A.SR

DISTANCE

Figure 5

---- FAULT CLEARANCE TIME IF SIGNALLING LINK FAILS

(c)

[05 01 Rev 1]

Page 6 of 6