Amurao Notes 01

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes CRIMINALLAW1 June17,2011
Page 1 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao
IntroductiontoCriminalLaw
Q:Whatiscriminallaw? CRIMINALLAWbranchoflawwhichdefinescrimes,treatsoftheirnatureandprovidesfor theirpunishment Q: Suppose Congress enacted a piece of legislation, and any violation of that law, penalty will be paymentofdamages,isthatcriminallaw? Q:Supposetheformofpenaltywillbeconfiscationoflicense,isthatcriminallaw? Q:Howwillyoudefineacrime? *whatparticularactconstitutesthecrime *whataretheelementsoftheacts Q:Whatiscriminalprocedure? CRIMINALPROCEDUREbodyofrulesthatenforcesorregulatescriminallaw,providesforthe stepsintheprosecutionand/orconvictionofanaccused. Q:Isthereanydifferencebetweencriminallawandcriminalprocedure? Yes. Q:Whatarethedifferences? CRIMINALLAW CRIMINALPROCEDURE *substantive *procedural/remedial *GENERALLYprospective, *prospective,BUTCANBEappliedRETROACTIVE unlessfavorabletotheaccused, providedaccusedisnotahabitual delinquent *onlycomesfromthelegislative *canbepromulgatedbythejudiciary orlawmakingbody;neverfrom theexecutiveorjudiciary *infavoroftheendsofsubstantialjustice Q:whoisahabitualdelinquent? Apersonwhowithinaperiodof10yearsfromthedateofhislastreleaseorconvictionofthe crimesof1)seriousorlessseriousphysicalinjuries,2)robo,3)hurto4)estafaor5)falsification, heisfoundguiltyofanyofsaidcrimesathirdtimeoroftener(Art62,rpc) Q:SupposeaccusedisaHD,willtherebeprospectiveorretroactiveapplicationofcriminallaw?
Josh Villena (2007)| Tin Dabu (2010) | Xina Acosta (2010) | year 2011: Em Quinto * Hanz Santos * Janna Tecson*Bevs Quintos*Norly Villanueva*Ayla Salendab
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes
Q:IscriminallawthesameastheRPC? Yes Q:Whatisacrime? GenerictermusedtorefertoawrongdoingpunishedeitherinRPCorunderaspeciallaw Q:Whohasthepowertoenactlaws? Congress(Legislative) Q:IsthepowerofCongressabsolute? No.Therearelimitations.Itshouldnotviolatetheconstitution Q:Wecallourpenalcode,theREVISEDPENALCODE,why,whichpenalcodewasrevised? TheSpanishPenalCode Q:Howwasitrevised? *A committee was formed pursuant to Administrative Order No. 94 by the Department of Justice. *ThecommitteewasformedonOct18,1827 *The committee was composed of Anacleto Diaz (head); Quintin Paredes; Alex Reyes and MarianoDeJoya Q:Howdidtherevisioncomeabout? *theRPCcontainsprovisionsoftheSpanishpenalcode,USPenalCodeandSCdecisionsofthe PhilippinesbeforethecreationoftheRPC Q:Whatarethesourcesofcriminallaw? *RevisedPenalCode *Special Penal Laws enacted or passed by the Philippine Commission, Philippine Assembly, PhilippineLegislature,NationalAssembly,BatasangPambansa,CongressofthePhilippines *PenalPresidentialDecreesissuedduringMartialLaw(onlybecausethePresidentatthattime hadlegislativepower,butgenerally,theExecutivebranchcannotissueEOorPPthatarepenal innature) *SpanishPenalCode *USPenalCode(wecopiedtheffcrimesfromtheUSPenalCode:estafa,malversation,etc) Q:Whohasthepowertodefinecrimes? TheState Q:WhydoestheStatehasthepowertodefinecrimes? Becauseofitspolicepower.Therighttoprosecuteandpunishcrimesisvestedinthesovereign power,whichistheFilipinopeople. Q:WhendidtheRPCtookeffect? Jan1,1932 Q:WhyistherealonglapseoftimeintheeffectivityandapprovaloftheRPC?
NOTES BY:
SothatPHwillbefamiliarizedwiththenewprovisionsoftheRPC Q:WhoapprovedtheRPC? USPresident Q:Whatarethetheoriesincriminallaw? Classical,Positivist,Mixed CLASSICAL theobjectiveisretribution theemphasisisonthecrime consistentwiththesayinganeyeforaneye,atoothforatooth manhasfreewilltodoornottodo thecriminalliabilityarisesfromknowledgeandfreedom manisarationalbeing example:RA9372(HumanSecurityActof2007) POSITIVIST theobjectiveisreformation theemphasisisonthecriminal believesthatcrimeisasocialphenomenon seesmanasamoral/humanbeing manbynatureisgood manisexposedtoenvironmentwheremaniscompelledtodoacrime example: RA9344(JuvenileJusticeandWelfareActof2006) ProbationLawof1976 IndeterminateSentenceLaw MIXED combinestheclassicalandthepositivist appliedclassicaltheoryforheinouscrimes appliesthepositivistforeconomicandsocialcrimes Q:WhatdoweapplyinthePhilippines? Mixed.Oursystemisalittlebitofclassicalandalittlebitofpositivist.TheRPCisclassicaland recentlawsenactedbythelegislaturearepositivistinnature. Q:Whatisthedegreeofproofneededtoconvictanaccusedofacriminalcharge? Proofbeyondreasonabledoubt Q:Isthisabsolute? No. In the crime of treason, PBRD is not the only requirement. There is a requirement of the 2 witnessrule Q:Mayapersonbeconvictedbyreasonofthespiritofthelaw?
NOTES BY:
No. Only by the language of the law. It should be clear and in case of doubt, it should be favorabletotheaccused. June21,2011 Q:Whatarethekindsofrepeals? 1. AbsoluteorExpress theeffectisdecriminalization theobliterationofacrime forpendingcases,thecaseshallbedismissed forthoseservingsentence,theyshallbereleasedbecausethereisnomorereasonforthe accusedtoservesentence 2. PartialorImplied thecrimeisstillpunishable,butmodified(intermsofpenalty) example: the case of Robin Padilla, PD 1866 was partially repealed by RA 8294, which reduced the sentence for illegal possession of firearms, thus qualifying Robin Padilla for parole 3. Selfrepealing deemedrepealedupontheexpirationofthedatespecifiedbythelaw thelawdiesanaturaldeath example:RA1700(AntiSubversionLaw)andRentControlLaw Q:Whatisthegeneralcharacteristicofcriminallaw? CriminalLawisbindingonallpersonswholiveorsojourninthePhilippineterritory,regardless ofrace,nationality,politicalaffiliation. Q:Isthisruleabsolute? No.Theexceptionsare:1.Treaties 2.Lawsofpreferentialapplication Q:Whatistheterritorialcharacteristicofcriminallaw? OnlycrimescommittedwithinthePhilippineterritorymaybeprosecutedbeforePhcourt Q:Whatistherationalebehindthis? Acrimeisanoffenseagainstthedignity,authorityandsovereigntyofthePhterritory;andonly the state in which the dignity, authority and sovereignty has been offended has the right to punishtheoffender. Q:Istheterritorialityabsolute? No.Theexceptionsare:1.Treaties 2.Lawsofpreferentialapplication Q:Othercharacteristicofcriminallaw? Prospective(nonretroactivity)
NOTES BY:
Exception:favorabletotheaccused Exceptiontotheexception:accusedisahabitualdelinquent Q:Canyougiveanexampleofatreatythatisanexceptiontothegenerality&territorialityprinciplesof criminallaw? VFA Q:WhyisVFAanexception? Generality because even if the accused sojourn in the Philippines, the accused will not be prosecutedinphcourts TerritorialitybecauseeveniftheaccusedcommittedthecrimeinthePhilippines,theaccused willnotbeprosecutedinphcourts Q:WhoarethepartiestoVFA? USandPH Q:whoarecoveredbytheVFA? USmilitarypersonnel UScivilianpersonnelconnectedtotheUSmilitaryoperationsinthePhilippines Q:WhoisaUSmilitarypersonnel? militarymembersoftheUnitedStatesArmy,Navy,MarineCorps,AirForce,andCoastGuard Q:IstheAmericanRedCrosspersonnelcoveredbytheVFA? Yes.IsheispartoftheUSpersonnel Q:WhatarethetypesofjurisdictioninVFA? ExclusiveandConcurrent Q:Whatdoyoumeanbyexclusive&concurrentjurisdiction? Exclusiveexclusiveofothercourts;vestsjurisdictionononecourt Concurrentbothcountrieshavejurisdiction Q:Whenisitexclusive? PHhaveexclusivejurisdictioncrimespunishableunderPHlawsbutnotpunishableunderUS laws. UShaveexclusivejurisdictioncrimespunishableunderUSlawsbutnotpunishableunderPH laws. Q:Whenisitconcurrent? CrimespunishablebothunderPHandUSlaws. Q:But,evenifjurisdictionisconcurrent,whenwillPHhaveprimaryjurisdiction? *Philippineauthoritiesshallhavetheprimaryrighttoexercisejurisdictionoveralloffenses *Especially,whenitisathreattothesecurityofthePhilippines, a)treason b)espionage c)sabotage
NOTES BY:
EXCEPT: *crime committed by a US personnel against the property and security of the US Ph has no jurisdiction,theseincludes: 1.againstthepropertyoftheUS 2.againstthesecurityoftheUS 3.againstthepropertyofanothermilitarypersonnel 4.againstthesecurityofanothermilitarypersonnel 5.committedintheperformanceofofficialduties
Q: Suppose US military personnel was driving at Roxas Blvd to deliver a confidential letter to the US embassy,whiledriving,herunoverapedestrian,whichcourthasjurisdiction? US.Committedintheperformanceofofficialduties. Q:SupposeonenightUSmilitarypersonnelwenttothebar,afterdrinkingandbeingsotipsy,rapeda woman,whichcourthasjurisdiction? PH.Notintheperformanceofofficialduties Q:Suppose2FilipinocitizensworkingasUSmilitarypersonnelinthePHhadaquarrel.Filipino1shoots Filipino2.Whohasjurisdiction? US.Citizenshipisimmaterial.WhatisimportantisattachmenttotheUSmilitary Q:Supposetheonewhowasinjuredfiledacivilcasefordamages,willitprosper? No.VFAcoversonlycriminalaspect Q:1USmarinestolethewalletofanotherUSmarine,whohasjurisdiction? US.Propertyofanothermilitarypersonnel Q:Supposeyouareajudge,theUSwrotealetterforyoutowaivejurisdiction,whatwillyoudo? Generally,thePHhastowaivejurisdictionuponrequestofUS.Therequestforwaivercannotbe rejected. Q:Isthisruleabsolute? No.Therequestforwaivermayberejectedifthecrimeisofparticularimportance RA9659(heinouscrime) RA7610(childabusecases) RA9165(dangerousdrugs) Q:SupposeUSmilitarypersonnelcommittedkidnapping,whohasjurisdiction? PHcourts.Thisisacrimeagainstpersonalsecurity Q:GiveanexampleofLawsofPreferentialApplicationthatislocalinnature? Constitution *immunitysuitofpresident *absoluteimmunityofCongressforprivilegespeeches *Congressimmunefromlibel
NOTES BY:
NOTE:Art6,Sec11,1987Constiisnotanexception.BECAUSECongressisonlyimmunefrom arrestnotfromprosecution Q:Whatelse? RA75PublicInternationalLaw Diplomaticimmunityandcannotbesued,arrestedorpunishedbythelawofthecountrywhere theyareofficiallyassigned: Ambassadors SovereignorotherchiefofState Ministersplenipotentiaryorministerresidents Chargedaffairs DomesticServantsofpersonsmentioned NOTE:Consulsandotherconsularofficialsarenotexemptfromcriminalliabilitybecausethey represent the business, commercial mercantile of their country; while, ambassadors, chiefs of State,etc.representthepoliticalinterestsoftheircountryoforigin. WARSHIPRULE warship of another country, even though docked in the PH is considered an extension of the territoryofthatcountry Q:supposethewarshipofUSisdockedatSubic,oneday,youwenttoSubicwithyourgf,broughtherto theship,andthenrapedher.Willyoubeprosecuted? No.WarshipisanextensionUSterritory Q:supposeafterrapingher,youbroughtyourgftoherparents,willyoubeprosecuted? No.Warshiprule EmbassyRulesameaswarshiprule Q:Supposeoneday,youshutapersonatRoxasBlvd,whenthepoliceofficerswererunningafteryou, you jumped over the fence of US embassy. May the officers arrest you, while you are inside the US embassy? No. Q:Whatisthentheremedyoftheofficers(Phgovernment)? Extradition Q: suppose a Filipina legally married had sexual intercourse with an American at the Ph embassy. Is thereanycrimecommitted? Yes. The crime of adultery, but she cannot be prosecuted under Ph courts because of the embassyrule. Q:whoelseisexempt/immunefromcriminalprosecution? ExecutivedirectorsofWHO
NOTES BY:
MembersoftheConstitutionalCommission JusticesofSupremeCourt Q:Howaboutconsularofficials? They are not covered. They are not exempt from criminal liability because they represent the business,commercialmercantileinterestsoftheircountryoforigin. Q: Suppose Ambassador of Japan to the US committed a crime in the Philippines, may he be prosecuted? Yes,becauseheisnotarecognizeddiplomaticrepresentativeofhiscountrytothePhilippines.
Article2
^par15ofArt2isnotanexemptiontotheterritorialityprinciple,itisEXTRATERRITORIALITY! Q:ThefirstinstanceinArt2? ShouldcommitanoffensewhileonPhshiporairship Q:WhatisPhshiporairship? ShipregisteredwithMARINA AirshipregisteredwithCivilAeronauticsBoard Q:Whataretherequirementsinorderaship/airshipbeaPhship? ItmustberegisteredinaccordancewithPhlaws Q:WhynotregisterinBureauofCustoms? ThelawrequiringregistrationinBureauofCustomshadbeenrepealed.NowitsMarinaandCAB Q:DoesPHincludewarship? No.Warshiphasdifferentrule Q:SupposeacargoshipinQuezongoingtoMalaysia,withinPhterritory,1crewcommittedhomicide againstanothercrew,whohasjurisdiction? PH.ThecrimeiscommittedinPHterritory Itisnotimportantwhethercargoshipisregisteredornot,becausecrimecommittedinPh territory.(Territorialityprinciple) Q:SupposethatcargoshiptraversedthroughinternationalwatersthenreachedthewatersofMalaysia, 1crewmembercommittedhomicideagainstanother.Whichcourt? Malaysia.BecausethecrimeiscommittedinMalaysianwaters Ârt2,par1ceasestoapplyiftheshipisintheterritoryofforeigncountry Ârt2,par1appliesonlyiftheshipisininternationalwaters
NOTES BY:
Q:Supposeyouliveinacoastaltown,thenyouhiredanunregisteredmotorboat,thenyouwenttointl waters, then you shoot your gf because you are so depressed because of recitations in criminal law review,willyoubeliable? No.unregisteredmotorboat Q: suppose in the same motorboat, a married man with his new gf went on high seas, and there got married.Isthemanliableforanycrime? Yes.Heisliableforbigamy.(becausehecontractedasecondmarriage) BUThecannotbeprosecutedbecauseoftheterritorialityprinciple.Thecrimewascommitted outsidePhterritory. Q:supposeaftertheweddingceremony,youwenttoaresort,wherethere isabigreception.Inthat resort,youhadyourhoneymoon;willyou(marriedman)beliableforanycrime? No. Not concubinage because mere sexual intercourse not punishable, it must be under scandalousmanner Q:supposeafteryourhoneymoon,youlivetogetherinacondoinManila,willyoubeliable? Yes.Concubinage Cohabitation;livinginaseparatehomeashusbandandwife Q:Whatarethe2rules? English Rule vessel is in the territory of another country, crimes committed in that area are triableinthatothercountry,unlessthecrimescommittedinvolvepurelyinternalmatterswithin thevessel;theemphasisisontheterritorialityofthevessel;wherethevesselisfound FrenchRulevesselisintheterritoryofanothercountry,crimescommittedinthatareaarenot triableinthatcountry,unlessthecrimescommittedhaveendangeredthepeaceandsecurityof that country; the emphasis is on the nationality of the vessel; jurisdiction lies where the merchantvesselisregistered. ^ThePHadherestotheEnglishrule Q:Cargoship,registeredinPanamawhileinManila,1crewmembershoottheothercrewmember, whohasjurisdiction? Phcourts.Crimecommittedinmanila Q:Cargoship,registeredinPanama,carriedshabu,whichcourthasjurisdiction? Phcourts. Q:SecondinstanceinArt2? Art2par2. ShouldforgeorcounterfeitanycoinorcurrencynoteofthePhilippineIslandsorobligationsand securitiesissuedbytheGovernmentofthePhilippineIslands Q:whatmaybethesubjectofforgery?
NOTES BY:
Anycoin,CurrencyNote,obligationsandsecuritiesissuedbytheGovernmentofthePhilippine Islands Q:SupposeyouhaveaprintingpressinTaiwan,andyouprintedBagongLipunannotes(martiallaw), liable? No.BecauseBagongLipunannotesarenotlegaltender Q:Supposecoinswithdrawnfromcirculation,liable? Yes.Thelawdoesnotdistinguish.ItsaysANYCOIN Q:Supposeinyoutamperedalottoticket,liable? Yes.LottoticketisobligationsandsecuritiesissuedbytheGPI Q:giveexamplesofobligationsandsecuritiesofGPI Treasurybills,lottotickets,bondsoftheBSP ÔbligationsandSecuritiesofGSIS,SSS,LandbankarenotoftheGPIbecausetheyhavetheir owncharter Q:anyotherinstance? Art2,par3 Shouldbeliableforactsconnectedwiththeintroductionintotheseislandsoftheobligationsand securitiesmentionedinthepresidingnumber ^thosewhointroducedthecounterfeiteditemsarecriminallyliable,eveniftheywerenotthe oneswhocounterfeitedtheobligations&securities ôntheotherhand,thosewhocounterfeitedtheitemsarecriminallyliableeveniftheydidnot introducethecounterfeititems Q:anyotherinstance? Art2,par.4 Whilebeingpublicofficersoremployees,shouldcommitanoffenseintheexerciseoftheir functions Q:whoisapublicofficer?(seeArt203) *taking part in the performance of public functions in the government, or performing in said governmentorinanyofitsbranchespublicdutiesasanemployee,agentorsubordinateofficial, ofanyrankorclass;and *that his authority to take part in the performance of public functions or to perform public dutiesmustbe a. bydirectprovisionofthelaw,or b. bypopularelection,or c. byappointmentbycompetentauthority
NOTES BY:
Q:SupposePHambassadortoGermanywasgivenUSD200,000asafundtorenovatethePHembassy building in Germany. He used only USD 50,000 for the renovation, and gave the USG 150,000 to his number2inGermany.Ishe(ambassador)liable? Yes.Heisliableformalversationofpublicfunds.HemaybeprosecutedinPhcourts. Hewasincustodyofthemoneybyreasonofhisofficialfunctions Q: Suppose our AFP high officials were tasked to scout for firearms abroad, and while they are negotiatingwithforeigncompaniesabroad,thesecompaniesinsertedUSD1000intheproposalfolderin anticipationthattheircompanywillbechosenbyAFPtobethesupplierofourfirearms.MaytheseAFP officialsbeliable? Yes.Theyareliableforbribery. Q:(followup)Eveniftheactofacceptingthebribewascommittedabroad,willtheystillbeliable? Yes,becausetheactwascommittedinrelationorwhiletheAFPareindischargeoftheirofficial functions. Q: Suppose Chairman Abalos (comelec) while playing golf in Shanghai, China received USD50,000 in relationtotheZTE?Isthereacrimecommitted?Mayhebeliable? Crimeantigraft&corruptpracticesact BUT, he cannot be liable/prosecuted before Ph courts because Abalos has nothing to do with ZTE (paki alamera lang siya). Therefore, he received the money not in connection with his officialfunction. Q:SupposethePHambassadortoAustraliaislegallymarried.Canhebeprosecutedforconcubinage? No.CrimewascommittedoutsidePH Crimewasnotinrelationtoofficialfunctions Elementsofconcubinage: 1. Thatthemanmustbemarried. 2. Thathecommittedanyofthefollowingacts: a. Keepingamistressintheconjugaldwelling. b. Havingsexualintercourseunderscandalouscircumstanceswithawomanwhois nothiswife. c. Cohabitingwithherinanyotherplace. 3. Thatasregardsthewomanshemustknowhimtobemarried Q:CanthePHambassadoruseimmunityfromsuitasadefenseagainstPHcourts? No Q:PHambassador,married,hadsexualintercoursewithherAmericanboyfriendinthecomfortroomof PHembassy.Mayhebeprosecuted? Yes.PhembassyisanextensionofPhterritory Forwhatcrimeadultery Q:maytheAmericancitizenbfbeliableforanycrime? Yes.Adultery Elements: *Thatthewomanismarried(evenifmarriagesubsequentlydeclaredvoid)
NOTES BY:
*Thatshehassexualintercoursewithamannotherhusband. *Thatasregardsthemanwithwhomshehassexualintercourses,hemustknowherto bemarried. Q:Lastinstance? Art2,par5 Shouldcommitanyofthecrimesagainstnationalsecurityandthelawofnations,definedinTitle OneofBookTwoofthisCode. Q:Giveexampleofcrimesagainstnationalsecurity? Treason,espionage,conspiracytocommittreason Q:Howaboutrebellion? No.rebellioniscrimesagainstpublicorder Q:crimescommittedbytheMILF? No.Crimeagainstpublicorder Q:exampleofviolationofthelawofnations? Antiterrorlaw Crimesagainsthumanity Genocide Q:whatarethe2kindsofpiracy? PiracyundertheRPC PiracyunderPD532 Q:whatdoesArt2covers? PiracyunderRPConly.BecausepiracyunderPD532iscommittedwithinPHwaters
Article3
Q:Whatarefelonies? Actsandomissionspunishablebylawarefelonies(delitos). Q:Whatdoyoumeanbypunishablebylaw PunishablebytheRPC Q:howfeloniesarecommitted? Feloniesarecommittednotonlybemeansofdeceit(dolo)butalsobymeansoffault(culpa). Q:Whatisdolo?Whatisculpa? There is deceit when the act is performed with deliberate intent and there is fault when the wrongfulactresultsfromimprudence,negligence,lackofforesight,orlackofskill.
NOTES BY:
^ViolationsofRPCfelony ^Violationsofspecialpenallawoffenses ^violationsofordinancemisdemeanor(minorinfractionofthelaw) Q:Whataretherequisitesoffelony? 1. Actoromission 2. RPC 3. Voluntary a. Freedom b. Intelligence c. Intent ÂLLMUSTBEPRESENTINORDERTOINCURCRIMINALLIABILITY Q:Isillegalpossessionofbladedweaponafelony? No.ItisnotundertheRevisedPenalCode Atty.AmuraoLectureHighlights: *Tobeconsideredasafelonytheremustbeanactoromission;amereimaginationnomatter howwrongdoesnotamounttoafelony. *Anactreferstoanykindofbodymovementthatproduceschangeintheoutsideworld.For example,ifyouhaveinyourmindthatyouwillrapethisbeautifullady,butyoudidnotrapeher, youwillnotbeliable. *Actusnonfacitreum,nisimenssitrea(anactofacriminalshouldbecoupledbyacriminal mind) *ItdoesnotmeanthatifanactoromissionispunishedundertheRevisedPenalCode,afelonyis alreadycommitted.Tobeconsideredafelony,itmustalsobedonewithdoloorculpa. *Ifyoudonothavefreedom,theactisnotvoluntary;theactisnotafelony *TheseareamplifiedinthesomeprovisionsoftheRPC,like Intelligenceart12insanity,imbecility,minority Freedomart12undercompulsionofsomeirresistibleforce;fearofgreaterinjury Intentart12bymereaccidentw/outfaultorintenttocauseharm *Mistakeoffactisavaliddefense Q:WhatarethedifferencesbetweenMALAINSEandMALAPROHIBITA MALAINSE MALAPROHIBITA *intentisessential *intentisnotessential *goodfaithisavaliddefense *goodfaithisnotavalid defense
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes *honestmistakeoffactisa defense *punishableunderRPC *condemnedbysociety *actdonemustbecriminal intent
Page 14 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao *honestmistakeoffactisnota defense *punishableunderspeciallaws *injurioustopublicwelfare *itissufficientthatthe prohibitedactwasdone
Q:giveexamplesofMalaInse? RPChomicide,murder,parricide,arsonandsoon Q:giveexamplesofMalaprohibita AntiFencingLaw BouncingCheckLaw IllegalPossessionofFirearms AntiHumanTraffickingLaw AntiHijackingLack Q:Supposeyourbfisapoliceofficer,1daywhileyouwerehavingyourdateinLunetaPark,yourbfhad to answer the call of nature, so he handed to you his pistol, while you were holding it, the officers arrestedyou,mayyoubeliableforillegalpossessionoffirearms? No.TransientPossessionnotliable AlthoughIwasinpossession,althoughIhavenolicensetoposses,StillnotliablebecauseIhave nointent,andthisisanexceptiontomalaprohibita Q:Supposethepoliceofficersarerunningafteraman,thenthemanthrowhis.45caliber,youwere aroundthecornerandyouextendedyourarms,thenthefirearmfellonyourhands,mayyoubeliable forillegalpossession? No.Transientpossession Q:SupposeI(atty.Amurao)mortagedmyfirearmtoyoufor30days,andonthe20thday,therewasa raidinyourhouse,mayyoubeliableforillegalpossession? Yes.Thereisanimuspossendi anactoromission Actanyphysicalmovementofthebody(Amurao);anybodilymovement tendingtoproducesomeeffectintheexternalworld(Reyes) Omissionmeansinaction;thefailuretoperformapositivedutywhichoneis boundtodo;theremustbealawrequiringtheperformanceofanactand punishingtheomission;eg.arbitrarydetention;misprisionoftreason punishablebytheRevisedPenalCode ^WhenthereisaconflictbetweenspecialpenallawsandtheRevisedPenal
NOTES BY:
Code,intermsoftheapplicationofpenalties,whattofollow? ^Whatisimportantisthedefinitionandtheclassificationoftheact(whetherit isanoffenseorafelony) SpecialPenalLaws=penaltiesarestatedintermsofyears,months,days RevisedPenalCode=penaltiesarestatedintermsofdegrees,withdeathasthe highestpenalty;classifiedasindivisibleordivisible a.indivisible=deathandpubliccensure b.divisible(has3periods;whatperiodtoapplyisdependentonthe aggravatingandmitigatingcircumstancespresentinthecase) PenaltiesundertheRPC(indescendingorderintermsofdegree) DeathorCapitalPunishmentindivisible ReclusionPerpetua(20yrs&1day40yrs) ReclusionTemporal(12yrs&1day20yrs) PrisionMayor(6yrs&1day12yrs) PrisionCorreccional divisible orDestierro(6mos&1day6yrs) ArrestoMayor(1mo&1day6mos) ArrestoMenor(1day30days) Fine PublicCensureindivisible theactsdoneshouldbevoluntary(Amurao) voluntarytheconcurrenceofintelligence,freedom,intent(Ortega) âllshouldbepresentinordertoincurcriminalliability (a)intelligencenointelligence,nocriminalliability;eg.children15yrs old&belowareexemptfromcriminalliability(RA9344) (b)freedomnofreedom,actisnotvoluntary,nocriminalliability (c)intentessentialtoafelony;prosecutionhastoproveintent;good faithisadefense Article12oftheRPC(ExemptingCircumstances)isamplifiedbytheimportance oftheelementofvoluntariness: (a)intelligenceinsanity/imbecility[Art.12(1)];minority[Art.12(2&3)] (b)freedomunderthecompulsionofsomeirresistibleforce[Art.12(5)];fearof greaterinjury[Art.12(6)];failuretoperformanactrequiredbylawwhen preventedbysomelawfulorinsuperablecause[Art.12(7)]
NOTES BY:
(c)intentbymereaccidentw/ofaultorintenttocauseharm[Art.12(4)] Alibiusedindefensesayingthattheactoromissionwasnotdoneatall;intendsto disprovetheexistenceofanactoromission;weakestdefense;caneasilybefabricated; eg.VizcondecaseWebbsalibi=hearguedthathewasintheUSwhenthecrime happened,therefore,hecouldnothavekilledthevictims,claimingthatheisinnocent Actusnonfacitreum,nisimenssitreaanactofacriminalshouldbecoupledbya criminalmind thedefenseofhonestmistakeoffact theactdonebytheaccusedwouldhaveconstituted: (a)ajustifyingcircumstance(Art.11,RPC) inallinstances=nocriminalliability;nocivilliability (b)anabsolutorycause[Art.247(2)] (c)aninvoluntaryact Requisitesforhonestmistakeoffactasadefense: 1.thattheactdonewouldhavebeenlawfulhadthefactsbeenastheaccused believedthemtobe 2.thattheintentionoftheaccusedinperformingtheactshouldbelawful 3.thatthemistakemustbewithoutfaultornegligence/carelessnessonthepart oftheaccused Casesonhonestmistakeoffact: 1.USv.AhChong(landmarkcase) AhChongkilledfriendPascualthinkinghewasathief/ladron therewassufficientwarningonthepartofaccused;accusedwasacquitted 2.USv.Apego accusedkilledherbrotherinlawinfearofbeingraped;guiltyofhomicide 3.Peoplev.Oanis policemenkilledthewrongpersonw/owarning;guiltyofmurder 4.Peoplev.Bayambao accusedkilledhisbrotherinlawthinkinghewasanoutlaw brotherinlawactedasifhegoingtoattack;accusedwasacquitted Motive specialreasonsthatimpeltheaccusedtoact(Amurao) themovingpowerwhichimpelsonetoactionforadefiniteresult(Reyes) notanessentialelementofafelony evidenceofmotiveisnecessaryonlyincaseof:(1)doubtintheidentityoftheaccused (Amurao),(2)twoconflictingversionsofthecrime motiveisestablishedbythetestimonyofthewitness lackofmotivemaybeanaidinshowinginnocence
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Discernmentabilityoftheaccusedtodeterminerightfromwrong
Exceptionstothegeneralruleonmalumprohibitumcrimes(PLEASEREFERTOREYESBOOK) 1.Cuencav.People CuencawasacquittedbytheSCfromthecrimeofillegalpossessionofanunlicensedfirearm;itissaid thattheSCerredinitsdecision(Amurao) 2.Peoplev.Landicho convictedbythetrialcourt;decisionreversedbytheCourtofAppeals theCAheldthatconvictingtheaccusedwouldbesacrificingsubstantialjusticeformeretechnicality 3.Peoplev.Mallare casewasaboutthedelayoftheissuanceofthelicense theaccusedconvictedbythetrialcourt;decisionreversedbytheCA theCAheldthattheblameshouldbeputonthegovernmentnotontheapplicantofthelicense 4.meretransientpossessionofunlicensedfirearm notcriminallyliable inthecrimeofillegalpossessionofunlicensedfirearm,foranaccusedtobecriminallyliable,there shouldbeanimusposidendiorintenttopossess
Article4
Conceptofproximatecauseinjuryinflicted Q:Whatisproximatecause? Proximatecauseisthatcausewhichsetsintomotionothercausesandwhichunbrokenbyany efficient supervening cause produces a felony without which such felony could not have resulted Asageneralrule,theoffenderiscriminallyliableforalltheconsequencesofhisfeloniousact, although not intended, if the felonious act is the proximate cause of the felony or resulting felony. Aproximatecauseisnotnecessarilytheimmediatecause.Thismaybeacausewhichisfarand remotefromtheconsequencewhichsetsintomotionothercauseswhichresultedin thefelony. Immediatecauseinfection
NOTES BY:
Q:Whatisefficientinterveningcause? EfficientInterveningCauseinterruptedthenaturalflowofeventsleadingtoonesdeath *Victimisundernoobligationtosubmittomedicaltreatmenttoreduceormitigatetheliabilityofthe accused. Q:A,B,Choldupabus,apassengerranaway,hitbythecar,passengerdied.Whoisliable? ABC Q:Holdupinanearbygrocerystore,oldmansuddenlycollapsedseeingthecommotion,oldman eventuallydied,whoisliable? Robbers Immediatecauseheartfailure Q:SupposeAttyAmuraoduringrecit,youcollapsed,hitthetableandmassivebleeding,deadonarrival, isamuraoliable? No.Recitisnotacrime Q:supposebecauseofyourwronganswers,amuraoshouteddefamatorywords,liable? Yes.Amuraocommittedslander Q:Isitwrongtoloveamarriedperson? No.Aslongasitdoesnotgobeyondthatpoint Q:Sexualintercoursewithamarriedwoman,whiledoingtheact,thewomanhadheartattack,willyou beliable? Yes.Youcommittedadultery Q:Manmarried,hadasexualintercoursewithasinglewoman,thewomanhadheartattack,died.Will youbeliable? No.Concubinageisnotcommitted Q:IfunderatreeinLuneta? Yes.Liableforconcubinage,underascandalousmanner Q:bothsingle,manisateacher,womanisastudent,liable? No.Thereisnocrime Q:Ifthestudentisunder18yearsold,willyouranswerbethesame? No.Thistimethereisacrime.Qualifiedseductionorrapebygraveabuseofauthority Q:Whatisanimpossiblecrime? Q:GivethecaseofIntod
NOTES BY:
Q:GivetheelementsofimpossiblecrimevisvisfactsofIntod Q:GivethecaseofPPvJacinto? Q:doyouagreewiththedecision? Q:Howistheftcommitted? Q:Isitanelementthattheaccusedshouldmakeoractuallyprofit? No Q:Mayapersonbeliableifhedidnotcommitacrime? Yes.Impossiblecrime.Technicallynocrime,subjectivelythereisacrime Q:Whatisthepenalty? ArrestoMayororafinerangingfrom200to500 Ûrbanocase Q:whatisthenegligencecommittedbyJavier? Causeswhichmayproducearesultdifferentfromthatwhichtheoffenderintended,ascontemplated inArt.4(1) 1.thereisamistakeintheidentityofthevictim alsoknownaserrorinpersonae;ornapagkamalan notadefenseinacriminalcase;notevenamitigatingcircumstance 2.thereisamistakeintheblow alsoknownasaberrationictus notadefenseinacriminalcase;notevenamitigatingcircumstance 3.theinjuriousresultisgreaterthanthatintended alsoknownaspraeterintentionem Article4(1)contemplatesthatthereshouldbeafelonybeingcommitted emphasisisnotonthemerewrongfulact;itshouldconstituteafelony eg.theactofcommittingsuicideresultstoothersbeinginjured=punishableunderArt.4(1)because althoughnotintended,theinjurywascausedbymeansofculpa,whichcanconstituteafelony Article4(1)doesnotapplyiftheactcommittedconstitutesacrimepunishablebyspeciallaw Concubinageinstances ahusbandbringinghomeawoman,thatisnothiswife,totheconjugaldwelling havingsexualintercourseunderscandalouscircumstances cohabitation;livinginaseparatehomeashusbandandwife ProximateCause
NOTES BY:
thereisachainofcausesfromanoriginalactthatresultstoaninjury iftheresultcanbetracedbacktotheoriginalact,thenthedoeroftheoriginalactcanbeheldliable EfficientInterveningCauseinterruptedthenaturalflowofeventsleadingtoonesdeath Q:Whatisimpossiblecrime?Whatisthereasonforpunishing? Suppresscriminalpropensity Q:Supposesonforgedsignatureofhisfatherinacheck,thedepositedthecheck,butwasdishonored,is thisimpossiblecrime? No.Falsificationofcommercialdocument.Forgeryisacrimeagainstpublicinterest Givetheelementsofforgery Q:Yourroommatekukuninyungjewelrynanasacabinetnanakalock,taposwalapalayungjewelry dunsacabinet,impossiblecrime? No.Theftofkeyungtamangsagot ^womanlangangpwedeforforcibleabduction Instanceswhenthereisaproximatecauseandwhenthereisnone Whenthereisaninterveningdiseaseandthediseaseis: (a)closelyrelatedtothewound(s)=accusediscriminallyliable (b)unrelatedtothewound(s)=accusedisnotcriminallyliable, becausethediseasenotassociatedwiththewound(s),eg.brain tumor (c)acombinedforcewiththewound(s)=accusediscriminallyliable, becausethemortalwoundisacontributingfactorto thevictimsdeath Amortalwoundisacontributingfactorwhen: i.thewound(s)is/aresufficienttocausevictimsdeathalongwiththedisease ii.themortalwoundwascausedbyactionscommittedbytheaccused
2.Whenthedeathwascausedbyaninfectionofthewoundduetotheunskilledmedicaltreatment fromthedoctors: (a)ifthewoundismortal=accusediscriminallyliable,becausetheunskilledtreatment +infectionarenotefficientinterveningcauses
NOTES BY:
mortalwound+unskilledmedicaltreatmentonly=accusediscriminallyliablebecause themortalwoundnaturallyledtothedeathofthevictim (b)ifthewoundisslight=accusedisnotcriminallyliable,becausetheunskilled treatment+infectionareefficientinterveningcauses *In Urbano v. IAC, the wound caused by accused Urbano was already treated and was in the normal processofhealingwhichisinapproximately4weeks;butbecausedeceasedJavierdidnotwaitforthe woundtohealandstillworkedbyfishing,hiswoundgotinfectedwithtetanuswhichcausedhisdeath. Theactionsofthedeceasedwhenhestillworkedwithoutwaitingforhiswoundtohealwasanefficient interveningcause,thustheaccusedisnotliableforhisdeathanymore. Q:Whatisthepurposeforpunishinganimpossiblecrime? Thepurposeofpunishinganimpossiblecrimeistopreventorsuppressthecriminaltendencyof theaccused Personsfoundguiltyofimpossiblecrimesaresentencedtoarrestormayor(1mo.1dayto6mos.) pursuanttoArticle59oftheRevisedPenalCode Objectively,thereisnocrime Subjectively,thecrimeispresent Shouldtherebeacrimecommitted,inordertobeheldliableforanimpossiblecrime?YES;theact(s) shouldconstituteacrimeagainstpersonsorproperty RequisitesforanimpossiblecrimeunderArticle4(2) 1.thattheactperformedwouldbeanoffenseagainstpersonsorproperty 2.thattheactwasdonewithevilintent 3.thatitsaccomplishmentisinherentlyimpossibleorthatthemeansemployediseither inadequateorineffectual 4.thattheactperformedshouldnotconstituteaviolationofanotherprovisionoftheRevised PenalCode Rape used to be a crime against chastity; but because of RA 8353, rape was reclassified as a crime against persons, therefore, one can now be held liable for the impossible crime of rape InPeoplev.Intod,theCourterredinitsdecisionofconsideringtheactsoftheaccusedasanimpossible crime under Art.4(2) of the RPC because the 4th element/requisite was not satisfied. The acts of the accusedofshootingatthehouseanddamagingthesame,canconstituteasmaliciousmischief,whichis a crime against property. Therefore, the accused should have been charged with the latter instead of findingthemguiltyonlyoftheimpossiblecrimeofmurder. July4,2011 Q:Whoincurscriminalliability?
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Q:Whatisaproximatecause?
Q:ifthereisacrimeintendedandacrimecommittedisdifferent,whatistheextentofcriminalliability? Thelesserpenaltywillbeimposed. Ifthecrimeintendedhasalesserpenalty,thenthatwillbecharged Ifthecrimecommittedhasalesserpenalty,thenthatwillbecharged Q:Supposeyouwillrobajeepney,becauseoffear,thepassengerjumpedofanddied,willbeliable? Yes.BecauseIamcommittingafelony,andIamliableforitseffects. Q:SupposeAmuraoduringyourrecit,pointedagunatyoubecauseofyourwronganswers,thenyou collapsedanddied.isamuraoliable? Yes.Thereisgravethreat Q:Supposethegunwasatoygun,liable? Yes,stillliable.Thereisstillthreat Q:Supposebecauseofyourlowgradeincriminallawreview,youbreakupwithyourboyfriendbeingso sad,yourbfcollapsedanddied,liable? No.Breakingupisnotafelony Q:Supposewhileyouandyourboyfriendisdoingtheactitself(doIneedtoelaboratealammona yan),yourbfcollapsedanddied,willyoubeliable? No.Theactofhavingsexisnotafelony. Q:evenifyouarenotmarriedtoeachother? Yessir Q:supposeyourbfismarried,areyouliable? Yes.Concubinage Q:Supposemanhadsexualintercoursewithmarriedwoman,butthewomanconsented,crime? Adultery
Article5
Article5(1)Requirements: 1.theactcommittedbytheaccusedappearstobenotpunishablebylaw 2.butthecourtdeemsitpropertorepresssuchact 3.inthatcase,thecourtmustrendertheproperdecisionbydismissingthecaseandacquitting theaccused
NOTES BY:
4.thejudgemustthenmakeareporttotheChiefExecutivethroughtheSecretaryofJustice statingthereasonswhichinducehimtobelievethatthesaidactshouldbemadethesubjectof penallegislation BasisforArticle5(1): Nullemcrimen,nullapoenasinelege.Thereisnocrimeifthereisnolawthatpunishestheact Whydismiss?Intheabsenceofalawthatwillpunishtheaccused,thejudgecannotimposeapenalty becausethedutyofthejudgeisonlytointerpretorapplythelaw;thejudgecannotreprimandorcurse theaccusedbecauseitwouldequatetopubliccensure;thereprimandwouldbeinconsistentwiththe acquittal Article5(2)ExcessivePenalties Q:Whataretherequirements? 1.thecourtaftertrialfindstheaccusedguilty 2.thepenaltyprovidedbylawandwhichthecourtimposesforthecrimecommittedappearsto beclearlyexcessivebecause: (a)theaccusedactedwithlesserdegreeofmaliceand/or (b)thereisnoinjuryortheinjurycausedisoflessergravity 3.thecourtshouldnotsuspendtheexecutionofthesentence 4.thejudgeshouldsubmitastatementtotheChiefExecutivethroughtheSecretaryofJustice, recommendingexecutiveclemency
ThePresidenthasthepowertograntexecutiveclemency,throughpardon,parole,commutation (reductionofsentence),reprieveoramnesty Article5(2)maynotbeinvokedincasesinvolvingactsmalaprohibitabecausesaidarticleonly appliestoactsmalainsebecausetherulingisbasedonthephraseintheprovision,takesinto considerationthedegreeofmalice
Article6
Q:Whatarethestagesinthecommissionofafelony? Consummatedafelonyisconsummatedwhenalltheelementsnecessaryforitsexecutionand accomplishmentarepresent Frustrateditisfrustratedwhentheoffenderperformsalltheactsforexecutionwhichwould producethefelonyasaconsequencebut,nevertheless,donotproduceitbyreasonofcauses independentofthewilloftheperpetrator
NOTES BY:
Attemptedthereisanattemptwhentheoffendercommencesthecommissionofthefelony directlybyovertactsanddoesnotperformalltheactsforexecutionwhichshouldproducethe felonybyreasonofsomecauseoraccidentotherthanhisownspontaneousdesistance NOTE:AvailableonlyinRPC. Q:Giveexampleofeach(consummated,frustrated,attempted) Q:Whatarethephases? Subjectivephasefromthetimetheoffendercommencesthecommissionuptothe performanceofthelastactwherehestillhascontrol;anattemptedfelonyiscommittedwithin thesubjectivephaseanddoesnotgobeyondthisphase Objectivephasefrustratedandconsummatedfeloniesarewithintheobjectivephase (a)frustratedthefelonyiscompletebutstillisstillnotproducedasfarastheoffenderis concerned (b)consummatedwhenalltheelementsundertheRevisedPenalCodearepresent REMEMBER:inArson (a)consummated=solongasapartofthebuildingisburned,nomatterhowsmall (b)frustrated=ifonlythecontentsofthebuilding(eg.chairsandtables)areburned (c)attempted=contentshaventbeenburned Întentisalwaysestablished.Kahitpaapprehendedatthetimeotintheactofbringing/getting gasolineattemptedpadin Îndeterminatestageintentisnotyetestablished Q:Supposebuiltincabinets,burnedtheclothesinthecabinet,includingthecabinet? Consummatedarson,deemedpartofthebldg Q:Supposing,theaccusedbroughtgasolineintoabuilding,withtheintenttoburnthebuilding,but wasapprehendedbythesecurityguard;didthecrimeofarsoncommence? YES,thustheaccusedisliableforattemptedarson,becausethebringingofgasolinewas alreadyanovertactwhiletheapprehensionwasthereasonotherthanhisownspontaneous desistance. Q:Supposing,usingthesamesetoffactsabove,butwithouttheintenttoburnthebuilding,isthere criminalliability? NO,infactthereisnocrime,becausetheactswereonlyinanindeterminatestage. Q:Supposethewhiteboardwasburned? Whiteboardnotanintegralpart
NOTES BY:
Q:whenisthecrimeintheattemptedstage? IndeterminateStagewedonotknowwhatcrimeisinthemindoftheoffender;thecrimehasnot yetbeendetermined;therearestilltwopossibilitieswhentheaccusedwascaught AccordingtoProf.Amurao,whenapersonisaccusedofcommittingafelony,wehavetofirstestablish thecrimeinthemindoftheoffendertoestablishthecommencementofthecommissionofthefelony; otherwise,thesituationwhenhewascaughtwouldbeinanindeterminatestage,whereinthecrime thattheaccusedintendedtodocouldnotbedetermined Theft/Robbery boththesecrimesarecommittedbytakingthepersonalpropertyofanotherand,withthe intenttogain thedifferenceisthatinrobbery,thereistheuseofforceorviolence solongastheactstatedintheRPCisdone,thecrimeisconsummated itdoesnotmatterhowlongthepropertywasinthepossessionoftheaccused;itdoesnot matterwhetherthepropertywasdisposedornot;whatmattersiswhetherornottherewas asportacion=unlawfultaking momentarypossessionconsummatesthecrimeoftheftorrobbery returningtheitemtotheownerisimmaterial;hasnoeffecttothecrime uponconsummationofthecrime,criminalliabilityautomaticallyattaches Q:youarewalkinginrecto,cellphonewassnatched,butitwasreturntoyou.Whatstage? Consummated
Q:supposeinaprivatesubdivision,withintenttocommitrobbery,youaretinkeringwiththelockofa gate,thesecurityguardapprehendedyou.Liable? Yes.Attemptedrobbery Q:supposeyouintenttocommitrobbery,thenyouplacealadderatthewallofthehouse,whenyou placetheladder,youwereapprehended.Liable? Yes.Attemptedrobbery Q:ifnointent? Notliable Q:accusedtryingtoopenyourcar,problemissilentwiththeintent,mayyoubeliableforattempted theft?
NOTES BY:
No. Openingthedoorofthecaronlyindeterminatestage Q:Supposing,theaccusedwastinkeringwiththelockofthegateofaneighborshouse,withoutthe intenttocommitafelony;isheliableforanything? NO,becausethesituationwasinanindeterminatestagewhereinitcouldnotbedetermined whattheaccusedintendedtodo Q:Supposing,theaccusedjumpedoverthefenceintoanotherpersonshousewithouttheintentto commitrobbery,isheliableforattemptedrobbery? NO,butheisliableforthecrimeoftrespassing ^Samewitharson,whenapersonisaccusedofcommittingafelony,wehavetofirstestablish thecrimeinthemindoftheoffendertoestablishthecommencementofthecommissionofthe felony; otherwise, the situation when he was caught would be in an indeterminate stage, whereinthecrimethattheaccusedintendedtodocouldnotbedetermined InPeoplev.Lamahang,theaccusedwasabletoopenoneboardofthedoortoprivaterespondent TanYusstore,whenthepolicecaughthim.TheSCruledthattheaccusedisnotliableforattempted robberybecausetheintenttorobTanYusstorewasnotestablished,thuswhenaccusedwascaught, itwasinanindeterminatestage.ButtheCourtheldhimliableforattemptedtrespasstodwelling InPeoplev.Salvilla,theaccusedwereheldliableforthecrimeofrobberywithseriousillegaldetention andseriousphysicalinjuries,andnotfrustratedrobbery,evenwithoutphysicaltakingorpossessionof the money they demanded because the money was within the dominion, which the accused had controloveranditwaswherethecrimewasbeingcommitted.Duringwholetimewhennegotiations wentonbetweentheaccusedandthepolice,thecrimeofrobberywasdeemedconsummated Q:supposeholdupinagrocerystore,holduppersaskedthecashiertoplacethemoneyinsideabag,no oneholdthemoney.Isthecrimeconsummated? Yes.Thereisconstructivecontrol July5,2011 Crimesinvolvingthetakingofhumanlife/Crimesagainstpersons thesecrimesarecommittedbykillingaperson(MHPI): i.Murderkillingapersonwithattendingoraggravatingcircumstances ii.Homicidekillingapersonwithoutattendingcircumstances iii.Parricidekillingarelative,i.e.spouse,parent,child,sibling,etc. iv.Infanticidekillingachildlessthanthree(3)daysold
NOTES BY:
evenwithoutintent,themomentthevictimdies,intentispresumedbyoperationoflawand thecrimeisconsummated ifthevictimdoesntdiebutthewoundinflictedismortal,itisfrustrated ifthethereisnointenttokill,butthewoundinflictedismortalorfatal,thecrimeisnoteither MHPIbutseriousphysicalinjuries Mortalwhenthewoundinflictedcancausethedeathofthevictim;whendeathwillfollow forfrustrated&attemptedcases,itisimportanttodetermineintenttokill Q:Supposing,inacaraccident,theaccusedhitsapersoncausingmortalwounds,butthevictimdoes notdie,isthedriveraccusedliableforfrustratedhomicide? NO,heisonlyliableforseriousphysicalinjuries Rulesoncrimesagainstpersons(MHPI)andthestagesofexecution 1.victimdies,withorwithouttheintentiontokill,intentisconclusivelypresumedbyoperation oflaw,thecrimeisconsummatedMHPI 2.victimdoesnotdie,withtheintenttokill,mortalwoundswereinflicted,thecrimeis frustratedMHPI 3.victimdoesnotdie,withtheintenttokill,nonmortalwoundswereinflicted,thecrimeis attemptedMHPI 4.victimdoesnotdiebecausetherewasonlyanovertactandnowoundwasinflicted,butthere wasintenttokill,thecrimeisattemptedMHPI 5.victimdoesnotdie,withouttheintenttokill,mortalwoundswereinflicted,thecrimeis seriousphysicalinjuries 6.victimdoesnotdie,withouttheintenttokill,nonmortalwoundswereinflicted,thecrimeis lessseriousorslightphysicalinjuries Illustration: Death (1)YES (2)NO (3)NO (4)NO Intent presumed YES YES YES Gravityofthewound ofcoursemortal! mortalwounds Crime ConsummatedMHPI FrustratedMHPI AttemptedMHPI AttemptedMHPI
nonmortalwounds overtactonly,nowound
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes (5)NO (6)NO NO NO mortalwounds nonmortalwounds
Page 28 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao Seriousphysicalinjuries Lessserious/Slightphysicalinjuries
In People v. Trinidad, the trial court held the accused criminally liable of two counts of murder (for killingSorianoandLaroa)andfrustratedmurder(forshootingatTan).TheSCmodifiedthedecisionby ruling that the accused was liable for two counts of murder and attempted murder, not frustrated, becausethewoundinflictedonTanwasnotmortalorfatal InPeoplev.LimSan,thetrialcourtheldtheaccusedcriminallyliableofattemptedmurderforstabbing Keng Kin in the left eye. The SC modified the decision by ruling that the accused should be liable of frustratedmurderbecausenotonlywasitestablishedthattherewasintenttokill,butalsothewound inflictedwasmortal.Itjustsohappenedthatthevictimdidnotdiebecauseofthepromptandefficient medical assistance given to the victim. The treatment was the cause independent of the will of the accused. In Mondragon v. People, the SC held that the accused was only guilty of less serious physical injuries becausewhentheaccusedandthevictimwerehackingeachotherwiththeirbolos,therewasnointent tokillonneitherparty;andalsobecausethevictimdidnotdiesincethewoundswerenotmortal RAPE thecrimeofrapeisconsummatedbymerepenetrationofthemaleorgan,nomatterhowslight Q:Supposing,thepenetrationwasonly2millimetersdeep,consummated? YES,nomatterhowslightthepenetrationis,itisstillconsummated Q:Supposing,therapewasconsummatedbecausetherewaspenetration,butaccordingtothemedical examination,thevictimwasstillavirgin,cantheaccusedstillbeheldliableforconsummatedrape? YES,aslongasthereispenetration,therapeisconsummated. InPeoplev.Orita,themedicalexaminertestifiedthatthevictimwasstillavirginthereforetherapemay nothavebeenconsummated.ButtheSCruledthatthetestimonyofthevictimherselfshouldbegiven greaterweightbecausesheherselfcanfeelwhetherornottherewaspenetration. Instancesofattemptedrape: whentheskirtofthevictimhasbeenlifted,nomatterwhatposition whentheaccusedmountedonthebodyofthevictim whenthereisepidermaltouchingofthegenitalorgansoftheaccusedandthevictim The difference between attempted rape and acts of lasciviousness is that with the former, there is carnalknowledgeortheintenttohavesexualintercourseisestablished
NOTES BY:
Thereisnosuchthingasfrustratedrape;theonlyexceptionwaswhentheSCruledinPeoplev.Eria that the accused was guilty of frustrated rape. Thereafter, no one has since been held guilty of frustratedrape. ESTAFA theelementsforthecrimeofestafaare(1)deceit,and(2)damage withoutoneofthetwoelements,estafawouldnotbeconsummated In US v. Dominguez, the SC ruled that the accused was guilty of frustrated estafa because before accusedcouldcausedamagebydisposingofthemoneythathedeceitfullytook,hewasapprehended bytheirstoressupervisor,whichwasthecauseindependentofthewilloftheaccused. OTHERINSTANCESFORHOMICIDEANDOTHERCRIMES Q:Supposing,withintenttokill,theaccusedpullsoutagunthenpointsitatsomeone,whatcrimeis theaccusedliablefor? Attemptedhomicide Q:Supposing,withintenttokill,theaccusedfiresagunatsomeonebutmisses,whatcrimeisthe accusedliablefor?Attemptedhomicide Q:Supposing,usingthesamesetoffacts,butwithouttheintenttokill,whatcrimeistheaccused liablefor? forpullingoutthegunandpointingit=gravethreat forfiringthegun=illegaldischargeoffirearm(obsolete;mustbedeleted) Q:Supposing,withintenttokill,theaccusedfiresagunatsomeone,thenaccusedleavesthinkingthat thevictimis alreadydead.Theaccuseddidnotknowthathe missedbecausethevictimplayed dead. Whatcrimeistheaccusedliablefor?Attemptedhomicide,attemptedbecausetherewasnowound,but therewasstillintenttokill.Whatisimportantisthattherewasnowound Q:Supposing,withintenttokill,theaccusedfiresagunatsomeone,thenaccusedleavesthinkingthat thevictimisalreadydead.Thevictimishitbutitisnotfatalormortal.Whatcrimeistheaccusedliable for?StillAttemptedhomicide,becausewhatisimportantistheextentorgravityofthewound.(People v.Orinaga) Q:supposeasalesladyinthedepartmentstore,placethejewelryinsideherbag,butthejewelrywas recoveredbythesecurityguard,crime? Consummatedqualifiedtheft Q:willrecoveryaffectthestageofthecommission? No Q:Supposethesaleslady,voluntarilyreturned,crime? Stillqualifiedtheft.
NOTES BY:
Takingconsummatesthecrime Q:supposethesaleslady,soldthejewelryandusedthemoney,crime? Estafa Q:supposethesaleslady,soldthejewelryandreturnedthemoneyat6pm? FrustratedEstafa Q: suppose 2 crew members discovered the presence of a stowaway and they want to eliminate the stowaway,sotheydecidedthrowthestowawayinthesea,wherethereissharpobject,butafteryou leave,afishingvesselwastheretohelpthestowaway,therewasnowound,crime? Frustratedmurder INTENTTOKILL Q:3armarliteshotsneighborbutdidnothit? Attempted Q:distinguishfromillegaldischargeoffirearm Nointenttokill Q:distinguishfromgravethreat? Thereisintenttokill Q:supposethereare99wounds,butnonewasmortal? Attempted Q:whatisanovertact? Somethingyousee,feel,touch(donotrelatetocriminaloffenseatfirst)
Article7
Q:Whatarelightfelonies? Lightfeloniesareinfractionsoflawwhichhavethepunishmentofarrestomenororafinenot exceeding200pesos GeneralRule:Lightfeloniesarepunishableonlywhentheyhavebeenconsummated Reason:involvesinsignificantmoralandmaterialinjuries;ifnotconsummated,thewrongdoneisso slightthatapenaltyisunnecessary Exception:Lightfeloniescommittedagainstpersonsorpropertyarepunishableevenifinthe attemptedorfrustratedstage Reason:presupposesmoraldepravity Forlightfelonies,theonlyoneswhocanbeheldliablearetheprincipalsandaccomplices.
NOTES BY:
Forgraveorlessgravefelonies,thosewhocanbeheldliableareprincipals,accomplicesandeven accessories,becausethedegreeofthepenaltytobeimposeddependson3factors: (1)stagesofexecution (2)thedegreeofparticipation (3)thepresenceofattendingcircumstances Q:Whenpunishable? Onlywhenconsummated Q:Isthisabsolute? No.Ifagainstpersonsorproperty Q:Reason. Q:Whoshallbecriminallyliable? Principals Accomplices NOTACCESSORIES ^Penaltyforaccomplicesonedegreelower(censure) ^Penaltyforaccessoriestwodegreeslower(WALANANGLOWEPA.KAYANGAHINDILIABLE ANGACCESSORIES) Q:Whoisaprincipal?AnAccomplices?AnAccessories?
Article8
Q:whatisconspiracy? Conspiracyexistswhentwoormorepersonscometoanagreementconcerningthe commissionofafelonyanddecidetocommitit Proposalexistswhenthepersonwhohasdecidedtocommitafelonyproposesitsexecutionto someotherpersonorpersons Generalrule:Conspiracyandproposaltocommitafelonyarenotpunishable Reason:becausetheyaremerepreparatoryacts(Reyes) Exception:Conspiracyandproposalarepunishableonlyinthecasesinwhichthelawspecially providesapenaltythereof Q:giveanexampleofconspiracy&proposal Q:theeffectsofconspiracy
NOTES BY:
Therewillbecollectiveresponsibility Q:effectofnonestablishmentofconspiracy? Accusedwillbeliableonlytotheextentofparticipation Q:ifestablished? Collectiveresponsibilityactofone,actofall Q:degreeofevidenceneededtoproveconspiracy? NOTbeyondreasonabledoubt Sufficientthattheactiscloselyrelatedtothecrime/felonyintendedtocommit Q:isitnecessarythateachparticipate? No.Theymusthavecommoncriminaldesign Q:whatdoyoumeanbycommoncriminaldesign? Q:whatisimpliedconspiracy? Q:fromwhatfactorsmayyouimplyconspiracy? Actsandwordsbeforeandafterthecommissionofthefelony Q:isitenoughthatthereisanagreementtocommitfelony? No.theymustexecutetheovertact Q:howwouldyouknowifcommunityofpurposeexists? Fromtheactsandremarksoftheaccused Theremustbeunityofcriminalthough BEFORE,DURING,AFTERactsofeachoftheaccusedmaybeseparate,independentofeach otherbutmustshowclosepersonalassociation;closelyrelatedtoeachother,thereis coordination. Q:ABCDE(robbers)agreedanddecidedtocommitbankrobbery.Astayedinthegetawaycar100 metersfromthebank;BlookoutCdisarmthesecurityguardD&Ecommitrobbery.Eshottodeaththe bankmanager.WillAbeliableforthedeath? YES.Thereisconspiracy.Actof1,actofall Q:1,2,3,4,5metinsafehousediscussed,agreedanddecidedtocommitrobbery.Whentheywere abouttorobthebank,theysawthepolicearoundthebank.Liable? No.Mereconspiracynotpunishable Q:5membersofarmydecidedtocommitcoupdetat,metinsafehousetodiscussplan,liable? Yes.Conspiracytocommitcoupdetatispunishable Q:distinguishconspiracyasafelonyandasmannerofincurringcriminalliability. FELONYRPCpunishesmereconspiracy
NOTES BY:
LIABILITYTheremustbeoveract Q:1,2,3,4,5,agreedtocommitafelonywhenabouttomeetthenextmorning.5didnotarrivefor emergencypurposes.1,2,3,4committhefelonyandwascaught.Isnumber5liable? No.Heisnotaconspirator. Aconspiratormustagree,decideandexecutetheoveract 5wasnotpresent Q:suppose5drovefor1,2,3,4butwenthomeearly.Liable? Yes.Drivingalreadyanovertact Q:suppose5wasnotthedriver,buthewassittiginfrontofthevan,thenafteralightingwenthome, liable? No.Thereisnoovertact(pasaherolangsiyasavan) ^GeneralRuleifnotpresentinthesceneofthecrimeNOliability Êxceptionspresenceistoprovideformoralsupportortoensurecommissionofthefelony Casesofconspiracypunishablebylaw (i)Article115oftheRPCConspiracytocommittreason (ii)Article136Conspiracytocommitcoupdetat,rebellionorinsurrection (iii)Article141Conspiracytocommitsedition (iv)Article186Monopoliesandcombinationsinrestraintoftrade (v)ConspiracytocommitterrorismundertheHumanSecurityAct(RA9372) (vi)ConspiracytocommitcrimesundertheComprehensiveDangerousDrugsAct(RA9165) Casesofproposalpunishablebylaw (i)Proposaltocommittreason (ii)Proposaltocommitcoupdetat,rebellionorinsurrection thereisnocrimeofproposaltocommitsedition Q:Whatisthelegaleffectofthepresenceofconspiracy? theactofoneistheactofall,meaningeveryonewhoparticipatedisequallyliable;thereis collectiveresponsibility Forconspiracy,takenoteofthewordagreement Agreementmaybeoralorwritten,expressorimplied
NOTES BY:
Itistheburdenoftheprosecutiontoprovetheexistenceofconspiracythroughcircumstantialevidence unlessthereisaconfessionorwrittenagreement,whichisseldombecausecriminalswillusuallydeny theirparticipationorthecommissionofthecrime Q:WhatisImpliedConspiracy? Impliedconspiracycanbeinferredfromtheactsoftheperpetrators/accusedbefore,during orafterthecommissionofthecrime Q:Howabouttheuseofwords,remarksorlanguageoftheperpetrators,canconspiracystillbe ascertainedorestablished?YES Q:Maytherebeconspiracywhentheperpetratorsperformseparate,distinctandindependentactsin thecommissionofacrime?YES Q:Maytherebeconspiracyevenifotherconspiratorsdonotknowwhotheotherconspiratorsare?YES *InPeoplev.Manlolo,itwasheldthattherewasimpliedconspiracyonthepartoftheaccusedbecause theywereactinginconcert,oneperforminganact,theotherdoinganotheract,allaimedatthesame object Ruleondeterminingwhetherthereisconspiracy basedonthe(1)actsdonebefore,duringorafterthecommissionofthecrime,or,basedon the(2)words,remarksorlanguageusedbefore,duringorafterthecommissionofthecrime,it isnecessarytodetermineaftertheseactsweredonewhethertheconspiratorshadthe following: 1.concertedaction 3.communityofpurpose 2.commoncriminaldesign 4.jointcriminalobjective
allofwhicharegearedtowardstheattainmentofthefelonyorcrime Suggestedcasesforconspiracyonthisrule Peoplev.Salcedo;Peoplev.Briones;Medija,Jr.v.Sandiganbayan Q:Supposing,onlyminoractsweredone,willtheactorstillbeliable?YES Q:Supposing,therewasnoconspiracy,whatwillhappen?Theperpetratorsofthecrimewillbe individuallyliabledependingtheextentofthedegreeofeachonesparticipation InPeoplev.Agapinay,theSCruledthattherewasnoconspiracyincommissionofthemurderbecause the incident was only a spur of the moment or in this case, a chance stabbing, which cannot be considered conspiracy, thus they were held individually liable, some as principals and some as accomplicesonly
NOTES BY:
Q:Supposing,therewasonlymerepresenceofapersonwhenthecrimewasbeingcommitted,willhe beliable? NO,thatpersonnotparticipatingshallnotbeliablebecausehedidnotperformanyovertact; thereshouldbeanovertacttoestablishtheparticipationandliabilityofaperson Q: Supposing, the persons presence when the crime was being committed was to provide was to provide moral support, or to persuade the participants from performing the acts constituting the crime,willhebeliable? YES,inbothcasesthepersonshallbeheldcriminallyliable In order to hold someone criminally liable, in addition to mere presence, there should be overt acts that are closelyrelated and coordinated to establish the presence of common criminal design and communityofpurposeinthecommissionofthecrime. In People v. Taaca, the SC ruled to acquit Regalado because there was no evidence to prove that RegaladoassistedhisbrotherHerminiointhekillingofAlfredoGabuat;therewasnoprooftoshowthat Regaladospresencewasaccompaniedbyovertactsforthecommissionofthecrimeandthattherewas noproofofconspiracybetweentheTaacabrothers. InPeoplev.DeLaCruz,theSCalsoruledthatthemerepresenceoftheGalaweyswerenotenoughto prove that they conspired to the commission of the crime despite the fact Galawey had a grudge againstoneofthevictims;hisparticipationinaconspiracycannotbeassumedespeciallywhennoacts bytheGalaweysprovedtobeconnectedwiththecrime. InPeoplev.Manero,however,theSCruledthateventhoughtheaccusedappellantswerenotpresent intheactualcommissionofthecrimes,itwasestablishedthattheymetinaneateryandconspiredto liquidatecommunistsympathizers;thereforetheywerestillheldcriminallyliable. Q:Supposing,onepersondesistedfromparticipatingintheactualcrimeandinsteaddecidedtostay insidethegetawaycartowaitfortheothers,isheliable? YES,heisstillliabledespitedesistancetoparticipateintheactualcrimebecausehecanstill assisttheotherswiththeescapeusingthegetawaycar Q:Supposing,whilecommittingthecrimeofrobbery,anadditionalcrimewascommittedthatwasnot partoftheoriginalplan,eg.homicide;canalltheparticipantsbeconvictedofthecrimeofrobberywith homicide,eventhoughsomeofthemperformedveryminoracts(i.e.lookoutsordrivers,etc)? YES,theycanallbeheldliableforthatsamecrime,becauseitisnotrequiredthatallthe participantsperformeachandeverydetailinthecommissionofthecrime;aslongastheacts performedarecloselycoordinatedandthattheyhavethesamecriminalpurpose. Q:merepresencewillonebeacoconspirator? No Q:presencetogivemoralsupport? Liable
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Impliedconspiracy
Acts before during words,after remarks
separateanddistinct closenessassociation, Coordination,personal associationwitheachother
concertedaction commoncriminaldesign communityofcrimes jointcriminalobjective
Article9
Q:Howdoyouclassifyfelonies? AccordingtoPenalty 1.GraveFeloniesthosethatthelawattachesthecapitalpunishmentorpenaltiesthatare afflictivebasedonArticle25oftheRPC 2.LessGraveFeloniesthosethatthelawpunisheswithpenaltieswhosemaximumperiodsare correctional 3.Lightfeloniesinfractionsoflawthatarepunishablebyarrestomenororfines Illustration:
Death Gravefelonies ReclusionPerpetua ReclusionTemporal PrisionMayor PrisionCorreccional
afflictivepenalties
Lessgravefelonies
ArrestoMayor Suspension Destierro ArrestoMenor
correctionalpenalties
Lightfelonies
Fines
lightpenalties
PublicCensure
TheclassificationinArticle25oftheRPCassumessignificanceonArticle91oftheRPConPrescription:
NOTES BY:
(i)Prescriptionofacrimereferstotheexpirationofacertainperiod,afterwhichapersoncannotbe prosecutedforthecrimeanymore;contemplatesthattherehasbeennojudgmentofconvictionyet (ii)Prescriptionofpenaltyreferstotheexpirationofaperiodoftimeafterwhichthepenaltyimposed bythecourtscannotbeenforcedanymore;contemplatesthattherehasbeenafinaljudgmentbythe courts Q:Doesclassificationappliestospeciallaws? No
Article10
provisionsoftheRevisedPenalCodeshallnotbeappliedwithofviolationsofspeciallaws,but ifaspeciallawissilentintermsofapenaltyforexample,theabsenceshallbeprovidedbythe RevisedPenalCode. Butgenerally: forviolationsoftheRPC=whatlawgoverns?theRevisedPenalCode forviolationsofspeciallaw=whatlawgoverns?Specialpenallaws ExamplesofprovisionsintheRPCthathavesuppletoryapplicationpursuanttoArticle10oftheRPC 1.Article100CivilLiability;therearetwosidesofcrime,thecriminalliabilityandthecivilliability,the formerimposesthepenaltyprescribedforthecrime,thelatterisforthepaymentofdamages 2.Article22RetroactiveApplication;thelawbecomesfavorabletotheaccusedaslongasheisnota habitualcriminalandisconvictedbyfinaljudgment 3.Article17Principals;areclassifiedintothree:(1)bydirectparticipation,(2)byinducement,(3)by indispensablecooperation 4.Article45Forfeitureofinstrumentsortoolsusedinthecommissionofthecrime 5.Article39Subsidiaryimprisonmentforfailuretopayfines 6.Article8Conspiracy;inviolationoftheHumanSecurityAct(RA9372),DangerousDrugsAct,sec26 only(RA9165),BouncingChecksLaw(BP22) *IftheDeathPenaltywasnotabolished,itwillalsobegivensuppletoryapplication allowed.
Q:Circumstancesaffectingcriminalliability? Therearefivecircumstancesaffectingcriminalliability: (1)Justifyingcircumstances; (2)Exemptingcircumstances; (3)Mitigatingcircumstances; (4)Aggravatingcircumstances;and (5)Alternativecircumstances. NOTES BY:
TherearetwootherswhicharefoundelsewhereintheprovisionsoftheRevised PenalCode: (1)Absolutorycause;and (2)Extenuatingcircumstances. Injustifyingandexemptingcircumstances,thereisnocriminalliability.Whenanaccusedinvokesthem, heineffectadmitsthecommissionofacrimebuttriestoavoidtheliabilitythereof.Theburdenisupon him to establish beyond reasonable doubt the required conditions to justify or exempt his acts from criminalliability.Whatisshiftedisonlytheburdenofevidence,nottheburdenofproof.
Article 11
Q:Whatisajustifyingcircumstances? JustifyingCircumstancesarethosewheretheactofapersonissaidtobeinaccordancewith lawsothatsuchpersonisdeemednottohavetransgressedthelawandisfreefromcriminal andcivilliability Q:Istherecivilliability? Generallyno,exceptinArticle11(4) Q:Whatelementofvoluntarinessislacking? Intent;withoutintent,thereisnovoluntariness;withoutvoluntariness,thereisnofelony; withoutafelony,thereisnocriminalliabilitybecausethereisnocrime Article11,par1SelfDefense Q:WhataretheElementsofSelfdefense? 1.UnlawfulAggressiononthepartoftheoffendedparty 2.ReasonableNecessityoftheMeansEmployedbythepersondefending 3.LackofSufficientProvocationonthepartofthepersondefending Q:Whatmaybethesubjectofselfdefense? Person,right,property,honororhome (i)defenseofpersonthereisdangertothelifeorlimboftheperson (ii)defenseofrights (iii)defenseofpropertyshouldbecoupledwithdangertotheperson (iv)defenseofhonor Q:Burdenofproofinselfdefense? burdenlieswiththedefense Q:Howisselfdefenseestablished? throughclearandconvincingevidence Q:Istheaccusedrequiredtoadmithavingkilledthevictim?
NOTES BY:
YES;theaccusedhastoadmithavingkilledthevictimbeforeselfdefensecanbeinvokedbythe accused *Itistheobligationoftheaccusedtoproveselfdefensethroughclearandconvincing evidence;iftheevidenceisnotclear,therewillbeaconviction Whenalltheelementsofselfdefensearepresent=thepersondefendinghimselfisfreefromcriminal liabilityandcivilliability Whenonlyamajorityoftheelementsarepresent=privilegedmitigatingcircumstance,provided thereisunlawfulaggression Whenonlyamajorityoftheelementsarepresent,thereisanincompleteselfdefense,butitisstill necessarytohavetheelementofunlawfulaggression,becauseitisthemostimportantelement UnlawfulAggression anindispensableelement asuddenunprovokedunlawfulattackthatexposesapersonslifeorlimbtoactual,real, imminentdanger;merethreatening,imaginedorspeculativedangerisnotenough Whenthereisnounlawfulaggression,thereisnoneedtodefendoneself;whenthereisnoneedto defendoneself,thereisnoneedforareasonabledefensiveact;whenthereisnoneedforareasonable defensiveact,thereisnoneedforreasonablemeanstopreventorrepelsomething;therefore,without unlawfulaggression,everythingelsewillbeerased Because unlawful aggression produced a danger, there comes a need to eliminate that danger; that need is a response impelled by selfpreservation; the means used to eliminate the danger should be reasonable and the means needed to be employed can be determined based on the extent of the unlawfulaggression Q:Supposing,youwrestedtheknifefromarobber.Ifheisstilltryingtogetbacktheknife,thereis unlawfulaggression,becauseunlawfulaggressioniscontinuingiftheattackeristryingtoregaincontrol overthesituation ^Thefirstprincipleinallcriminalcasesisthat:theaccusedwillalwaysbepresumedinnocent Intheconstitutionalprovisiononpresumptionofinnocence,itcaneasilybeoverthrownbycontrary evidence,butitisdifferentincriminalcases Thepresumptionofinnocenceprinciple,ofalldisputablepresumptions,isthestrongestbecauseto overthrowit,theCourtrequiresthatthelawprovestheguiltofanaccusedbeyondreasonabledoubt Theburdenordutytoproveguiltlieswiththeprosecutionorthegovernmentandtheyshould introduceevidencebeyondreasonabledoubt;theprosecutionshouldrelyonthestrengthofitsown evidenceandshouldnotdependontheevidenceofthedefense;theseprinciples,however,willchange
NOTES BY:
whenthedefenseinvokes,selfdefense,defenseofarelative,ordefenseofastranger,becausethe accusedmustalwaysadmitfirstthefactofkillingthevictim,thustheburdenisliftedfromthe prosecutionandshiftstothedefense Iftheevidenceforbothsidesisweak,theaccusedwillbeacquitted Theprosecutionsweaknessiscuredwhenthedefenseinvokes,selfdefense,defenseofarelative,or defenseofastrangerbecausethereisanadmissionofthekilling Iftheevidenceofthedefenseisnotclearandconvincing,convictionwillbesure,assurethesunrises attheEast Theadmissioninvolvedisonlyanadmissionoffacts,backedupbyclearandconvincingevidence;it notanadmissionofguilt,becauseifso,theCourtcanstoptheprosecutionandrenderjudgment TheCourtshouldputitselfintheshoesoftheaccusedduringthetimewhentheaccusedallegedly defendedhimself Q:Supposing,afteryouwrestedtheknifefromtherobber(whoistheobviousaggressorinthiscase), therobber/aggressorrunsaway,istherestillunlawfulaggression? NO,whentheaggressorfleesunlawfulaggressionnolongerexists;andifyoustillkillthe aggressorinthissituation,selfdefensecannotbeinvokedanymore Q:Supposing,usingthesamefactsmentionedearlier,buttheretreatoftheaggressorwaswiththe purposetotakeamoreadvantageouspositionortogetamoreeffectiveweapon,toinsurethesuccess ofhisattack,istherestillunlawfulaggression? YES,whenthepurposeofretreatingistotakeamoreadvantageouspositionortodosomething toinsurethesuccessofhisattack,unlawfulaggressioniscontinuing,thereforethedangeris stillcontinuing;inthiscase,theaccusedorthepersondefendinghimself,doesnothavetowait fortheaggressortogetanotherweapon Q:Supposing,thereisanagreementtofightorachallengetofightwasaccepted,isthereunlawful aggressionononeoftheparties? NO,thereisnounlawfulaggressioninagreementstofightbecauseselfdefensecannotinvoked sincebothpartiesareassailantandassaulted Q:Supposing,usingthesamefactsabove,thereisagreement,butoneofthepartiesattackstheother evenbeforetheagreedtimearrives,isthereunlawfulaggression? YES,whentheattackismadeaheadofthetimeagreedupon,thereisunlawfulaggression Q:Supposing,theaggressorusedatoygunandthepersondefendinghimselfkilledtheaggressor, believingthatthegunwasreal,ishestillcriminallyliable? NO,assumingclearandconvincingevidenceisprovided,andthattheaccusedbelievedthe weapon/guntobereal,thenhonestmistakeoffactwhileinselfdefensecanbeinvoke NOTES BY:
ReasonableNecessityoftheMeansEmployed thereisacontinuingnecessitytoeliminatethedanger involvestwoelements: 1.necessityforthecourseofaction,necessitytoeliminatedanger 2.necessityofthemeansemployedtopreventorrepelthatdanger Bothshouldbereasonable Itisnotnecessarytohavematerialequalityormaterialcommensurabilitybetweenthedangerand themeansemployedtopreventorrepelthatdanger Indeterminingreasonablemeans,thesomefactsandcircumstancescanbeconsideredasfactors, suchas: 1.emergencytowhichthepersondefendinghimselfhasbeenexposedto 2.presenceofimminentdanger 3.impelledbytheinstinctofselfpreservation 4.natureoftheweaponusedbytheaccusedcomparedtotheweaponoftheaggressor 5.sizeand/orphysicalcharacteroftheaggressorcomparedtotheaccusedandother circumstancesthatcanbeconsideredshowingdisparitybetweenaggressorandaccused Factors: age, size, location, other circumstances, character or nature of weapon, physical character, reputation Q:WhatisLackofSufficientProvocation? sufficientprovocationshouldcomefromthepersondefendinghimself/accused sufficientprovocationshouldimmediatelyprecedetheaggression Insultinganotherorcommittingoraldefamationisconsideredsufficientprovocation achallengetofightisconsideredsufficientprovocation Q:Whenisprovocationsufficient? proportionatetotheactofaggressionandadequatetostirtheaggressortoitscommission Q:Whohasthedutytoproveelementsofselfdefense? Accused Q:Whatistheeffectofclaimofselfdefensesonburdenoftheprosecution? Shiftingtheburdenofproof Prosecutionisrelievedofitsdutytoproveguiltofaccused Q:Mayaccusedbeconvictedevenifevidenceofprosecutionisweak? Yes,iftheselfdefensenotestablishedbyclearandconvincingevidence Q:doesadmissionofguiltamountstoconfessionofguilt? No.Onlyanadmissionoffact Accusedmustestablishtheelementwhichismissingtoprovethatheisnotguilty Q:Whatarethelegaleffects
NOTES BY:
Confessionofguiltnonecessityfortrial,excepttoprovemitigating&aggravating circumstances Admissionoffactnecessityfortrial Q:Maytherebeselfdefenseevenwithoutunlawfulaggression? No.UAisthefoundation Q:howaboutinincompleteselfdefense? No.UAisalwaysanindispensableelementofselfdefense,whethercompleteorincomplete Throughreasonablemeans Reasonable(needstoeliminatethedanger) Underinstinctofselfpreservation (Life&Limb)Thereisdanger(actual,real,imminent) notmerelyimaginary,fanciful,false UnlawfulAggression,sudden,unprovoked,illegalattack DefendingProperty Defenseofpropertyshouldbecoupledwithdangertothepersondefendingoneself;ifthereisno dangertothepersonortheperson'slifeorlimb,defenseofpropertycannotbeinvoked. Q:Indefendingproperty,wheniskillingtheaggressorjustified? *Necessityofunlawfulaggression(uponthepersondefendinghisproperty) *Mustbecoupledwithanattackonyourownperson *Suchacase,youarenotdefendingyourownproperty,butyourownperson? DefenseofOWNpropertynotOFproperty Q:Supposehittingonlythelowerportionofthebody,notkillingtheaggressor,defenseofproperty, maybeclaimed? YES.Aslongasnottotheextentofkilling ^pagnapataymo,dapatmayassaultonyourownperson,righttolifeissuperiortorightto property Q:Supposing,usingaknife,someoneslashedyourbagtogetitscontents,afterwhichyouwereableto wresttheknifefromhim,andyoustabbedhim,causinghimtodie,canyouinvokedefenseofproperty? NO,becausetherewasnoimminentdangertoyourlifeorlimbsinceyoualreadyhavecontrolof theknife
NOTES BY:
Q:Supposing,youcaughtsomepeopleinsideyourhouseintheactofstealingyourhouseholditems, assumingyouhaveagun,canyouusethegunandshootatthemorevenkillthem? YES(accordingtoProf.Amurao,youcanevenstagethecrimescenetoyourfavor)becauseif youdonotshootthem,theywillsurelyusetheirweaponsagainstyouandeventrytokillyou anyway.Itsbettertohitthemfirst.(Defenseofhome,checkReyes) Q:Supposing,aprostitutedisagreestohavesexualintercoursewithsomeone,butthelatterstillforces hiswaywiththeprostitutewithcarnalknowledge,triestorapeher,thentheprostitutetakesoutaknife inherbagandstabstheguy,cansheinvokedefenseofhonordespitebeingaprostitute? YES,aprostituteisstillentitledtotherightofdefenseofhonorandtheknifewasareasonable meansused. Defenseofhome Withoutassaultofperson,justified?NO. Q:Indefendingyourcarbeingstolen,firedatthetires,whichhitabystander,liable? No.Justifiedforallconsequencesoftheactrelatetoart4(par1)notcommittingafelony Q:exampleofunlawfulaggressionagainsthonor slapontheface repelledbyrevolver,reasonablemeans?No(norationalequivalence) *Useoftheboloagainstanunarmedaggressor? Dependsonthecircumstances Suchasthesizeoftheaggressor,built,reputationoraccessibilityofothermeans Factoroftimeinterval Mustbesimultaneouswiththeattackorwithappreciableintervaloftime Q:whatiscontinuingdanger? Q:whatiscontinuingaggression? Q:exampleofdefenseofhonor? Q:exampleofagreementtofight? Q:libelagainstlibel,justified? Yes. Q:AandBarelongstandingenemies.Becauseoftheircontinuousquarrelovertheboundariesoftheir adjoiningproperties,whenAsawBoneafternoon,heapproachedthelatterinamenacingmannerwith aboloinhishand.WhenhewasaboutfivefeetawayfromB,BpulledoutarevolverandshotAonthe chest,killinghim.IsBcriminallyliable?Whatcrimewascommitted,ifany? NOTES BY:
TheactofAisnothingbutaprovocation.Itcannotbecharacterizedasanunlawfulaggression becauseincriminallaw,anunlawfulaggressionisanattackorathreatenedattackwhichproducesan imminentdangertothelifeandlimboftheoneresortingtoselfdefense.In thefactsoftheproblem given above, what was said was that A was holding a bolo. That bolo does not produce any real or imminentdangerunlessaraiseshisarmwiththebolo.AslongasthatarmofAwasdownholdingthe bolo, there is no imminent danger to the life or limb of B. Therefore, the act of B in shooting A is no justified. Article11(2)DefenseofRelatives Q:Whoaretherelativescontemplated?(inthefollowingorder) spouse ascendants descendants brothersorsisters(legitimate,naturaloradopted) relativesbyaffinityinthesamedegrees(mentionedabove) relativesbyconsanguinitywithinthefourth(4th)civildegree appliesthesameconceptofunlawfulaggressionandreasonablenecessityofmeans employed,ascontemplatedinArt.11(1)onselfdefense Spouseshouldbethelegitimatehusbandorwife commonlawmarriagesarenotincluded;thecommonlawspouseisconsideredastranger Whocandeterminebeinglegitimate?theCourt;thevalidity,legality,illegalityofthepartiescannotbe determinedbythemselves Q:Supposingahusbanddefendsacommonlawwifebykillinganattacker,canheinvokedefenseof relative? NO,buthemayinvokedefenseofastranger Q:Supposingahusbanddefendsasecondwifebykillinganattacker;consideringthatthemarriage betweenhimandhisfirstwifeisnotnullandvoid,thusmakinghissecondmarriagebigamous,canhe stillinvokedefenseofrelative? YES,thepresumptionisthatallmarriagesarelegalandvalid.Evenintheabsenceofajudicial declarationofnullity(JDN)ofthefirstmarriage,thesecondmarriageisconsideredvalid,thus defenseofrelativecanbeinvoked. Q:Supposingthehusbandandhisfirstwifeareonlegalseparation,thenhedefendsherfroman attacker,canheinvokedefenseofrelative? YES,becausethereisnoJDNtosaythattheirmarriageisnullandvoid. Q:Supposing,husbandandwifesuccessfullyannulstheirmarriageandtheyhavesecuredaJDNonthe groundsofpsychologicalincapacity,thenincidentally,hedefendsherfromanattacker,canheinvoke defenseofrelative?
NOTES BY:
NO,becausethereisnomarriageanymorebetweenthem;theJDN,onceitisapprovedbythe RTCandisfinalandexecutory,itwillhaveaneffectwhereinasifnomarriageexistedbetween thedefenderandtheonedefended;therefore,whatcanbeinvokedisdefenseofastranger. Q:Supposinghusbandandwifehasapendingcaseforannulmentduetopsychologicalincapacityofone oftheparties,thenincidentally,hedefendsherfromanattacker,canheinvokedefenseofrelative? YES,becausethereisnoJDNthathasnullifiedthemarriage Ascendantsincludesparents,grandparents,greatgrandparents,evengreat(4x)grandparents Descendantsincludeschildren,grandchildren,greatgrandchildren,evengreat(4x)grandchildren Whatdoascendantsanddescendantshaveincommon?Theyarebloodrelatives Q:Supposing,agreat,great,great,greatgrandfatherisattackedandisdefendedbyhisillegitimate grandchild,canthegrandchildinvokedefenseofrelative? YES,becausethenodistinctionintheRevisedPenalCodewhetherthedescendantshouldbe legitimateorillegitimate;whenthelawdoesnotdistinguish,thecourtscannotdistinguish Q:Supposing,afatherdefendshisadopteddaughterfromanattacker,canheinvokedefenseof relative? NO,defenseofrelativecannotbeinvokedbecausethelawdoesnotcontemplateadopted childrenasdescendantsandalsodoesnotcontemplateadoptiveparentsasascendants,to qualifyasrelativescontemplatedunderArt.11(2)RPC BrothersandSistersorsiblings 1.legitimatesiblingsofthesameparentswhoaremarried 2.naturalsiblings,whoatthetimeoftheirconceptionwiththesameparents,theparentsare notmarriedbutarenotdisqualifiedbyanylegalimpedimenttomarryeachother;ifparentsare disqualifiedtomarrybyanyimpediment,thechildisillegitimate 3.adoptedthereshouldbeajudicialproceedingincourtvalidatingtheadoptioninordertobe consideredunderdefenseofrelativeascontemplated;anextrajudicialproceedingonthe adoptionisnotenough Relativesbyaffinityinsamedegreesrelativesbymarriage Insamedegreesapplicabletoascendants,descendants,siblings,evengrandparentsofonesspouse, i.e.motherinlaw,fatherinlaw,brotherinlaw,sisterinlaw,etc. Relativesbyconsanguinitywithinthefourth(4th)civildegree relativesbyblood Eachgenerationisonedegree Onesparentsareinthefirst(1st)degree Onesgrandparentsareinthesecond(2nd)degree Onesunclesandauntsareinthethird(3rd)degree Onesfirstcousinsareinthefourth(4th)degree
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Illustration: (1stdegree) (3rddegree)
parent(2nddegree)
daughterinlawsondaughtersoninlaw child child(4thdegree)
(startingpoint,eg.thisisyou) RequisitesforDefenseofRelatives asidefrom (1)unlawfulaggressionand (2)reasonablenecessityofthemeansemployedtopreventorrepeltheaggression, thereis 3rdrequisite:iftherewasprovocationarosefromtherelativebeingdefended,the persondefendingshouldhavehadnopartinthatprovocation Q:Supposing,yourbrotherprovokedsomeoneandstartedafight,whenyoucametohisaid,youdid notknowthatitwasyourbrotherwhostartedthefight,butwhenyousawhim,hisenemywasonthe vergeofstabbingyourbrother,soyoushothisenemy,canyoueffectivelyandvalidlyinvokedefenseof arelative? YES,becauseatthatverymomentthelifeandlimbofyourbrotherwasinactual,imminentand realdanger;therewasnotimeforyoutoinvestigatewhatreallyhappened.Theperson defendinghastherighttoactonmereappearance(Amurao) Q:Supposemanandwomanlivingtogetherwithoutbenefitofmarriage,canclaimselfdefense? No. Commonlawspousenotcontemplated Theyareentitledtoclaimdefenseofstranger Q:Husbandandwife,Phcitizensmarriedinhongkong.Aftermarriage,discoveredtheywere1stcousins, solemnizingofficerinhongkongnotauthorized,cantheyclaimdefenseofrelative? Yes.Absentajudicialdeclaration,marriagepresumedexisting Q:Supposetheactionforjudicialdeclarationispending,cantheyclaimdefenseofrelative? Yes.Thereisnojudicialdeclarationyet.
NOTES BY:
Q:supposethelowercourtissuedadecision? Notanymore.Asifnomarriage.Canclaimdefenseofstranger Q:supposewhatwasfiledwaslegalseparation,andthereisadecreeoflegalseparation,canclaim defenseofrelative? Yes.Legalseparationdoenotterminatemarriage. Q:whoarethedescendantscovered? Q:AkilledapersontodefendthehonorofB,andillegitimate,defenseofrelative? Yes.Thelawdoesnotdistinguish Q:Whoaretheotherrelativescovered? Q:halfbloodbrothersandsisters? Yes Q:Adoptivefatherdefendedtheadopteddaughter? No.(notcontemplatedbylaw) Q:stepbrotherkilledaccusedtodefendlifeandhonorofastepsister? Yes.Relationshipbyaffinity(brotherorsisterbyreasonofmarriage) Q:relativebyconsanguinity,uptowhatextent? 4thdegree Q:lastelementindefenseofrelative? Defenseofstranger Whataretheelements? Giveanexample Whoarestrangers? AnyonenotenumeratedandthosenotcontemplatedunderArticle11(2) Requisites: sameconceptofunlawfulaggressionandreasonablenecessityofthemeansemployedtopreventor repeltheaggression;asidefromthosetwothereisa3rdrequisite:thepersondefendingshouldnotbe inducedbyrevenge,resentment,orotherevilmotive Article11(4)Avoidanceofgreaterevilorinjury Requisites: 1.theevilactuallyexists 2.theinjuryfearedbegreaterthanthatdonetoavoidit 3.therebenootherpracticalandlessharmfulmeansofprevention Thedamagetoanothercontemplatedare:(Reyes) NOTES BY:
injurytopersons damagetoproperty Onesownlifeismoreimportantthananyoneelse(Amurao) Thegreaterevilshouldnotbebroughtaboutbythenegligenceorimprudenceofthepersonwho committedtheoffense Q:criminalliability?No Q:Civilliability?Yes,shouldbebornebythepersonsbenefited Example:Sinkingshipjettison Article11(5)FulfillmentofDuty/LawfulExerciseofRightorOffice Requisites: 1.thattheaccusedactedintheperformanceofadutyorinthelawfulexerciseofarightor office 2.thattheinjurycausedortheoffensecommittedbethenecessaryconsequenceofthedue performanceofdutyorlawfulexerciseofsuchrightoroffice Thefulfillmentofdutymustbedonecarefully,withdueperformance;nocarelessness,no negligence/imprudence,noabuse Theexerciseofpublicofficewascommittedwithnegligenceandabuseofauthority=arenot applicable,theexercisemustbelawful! Q:Supposing,araidingteamtaskedtoconfiscatedrugsbroketheclasscabinetsinsearchofthedrugs, wasthereabuseofauthority?YES,becausedueperformanceofdutyshouldhavebeenemployed Q:Canthisbeinvokediftherewasnegligence? No. Q:ifthereisabuseofauthority? No Q:Prisonguardsescortingprisonersonthewaytothecourt,oneprisonerescaped,despitewarning shots,prisonerstillranaway,guardshottheprisoneratthebackwhodied,liable? No Q:warrantofarrest,NBItoarrestcriminalandbringbeforetheRTCofManila.Whentheofficersareat thehouseoftheaccused,theaccusedrefusetoopenthedoor,NBIforciblyopenanddestroyedthe doors,liable? No. Q:proceededdirectlywithoutannouncingtheirauthority,liable? Yes.Thereisabuse,exceedingauthority,didnotfollowprocedure
NOTES BY:
Q:exampleoflawfulexerciseofaright Doctrineofselfhelp Article11(6)Obediencetoalawfulorderbyasuperiorofficer Requisites 1.thatanorderhasbeenissuedbyasuperior 2.thatsuchordermustbeforsomelawfulpurpose 3.thatthemeansusedbythesubordinatetocarryoutsaidorderislawful Whentheorderisnotforalawfulpurpose,thesubordinatewhoobeyeditiscriminallyliable Thesubordinateisnotliableforcarryingoutanillegalorderofhissuperiorifheisnotawareofthe illegalityoftheorderandheisnotnegligent BatteredWomanSyndrome(BWS) referstoascientificallydefinedpatternofpsychologicalandbehavioralsymptomsfoundin womenlivinginbatteringrelationshipsasaresultofcumulativeabuse(RepublicAct9262:Anti ViolenceAgainstWomenandChildrenAct) Batteryreferstoanactofinflictingphysicalharmuponawomanorchildresultingtothephysical, psychologicaloremotionaldistress(RA9262) Q:WhocanverifyorconfirmwhetherawomansuffersfromBatteredWomanSyndrome? OnlyacertifiedpsychologistorpsychiatristcanprovetheexistenceofBatteredWoman Syndromeinawoman Q:WhatisthelegaleffectoftheproofofexistenceofBWSinawoman? ThosefoundbythecourtstobesufferingfromBWSdonotincurcriminalandcivilliability notwithstandingtheabsenceofanyoftheelementsofthejustifyingcircumstanceofself defenseundertheRevisedPenalCode(Section26,RepublicAct9262) ThelegaleffectofBWSisofthesamelevelwiththejustifyingcircumstancesinArt.11oftheRPC, exceptpar.4. Evenwithoutunlawfulaggressiononthepartofthedeceasedhusbandormalepartner,theactofthe womanshallstillnotincurcriminalandcivilliability Q:WhoarethewomenwhocaninvokeBatteredWomanSyndrome? wife anywomanhavingasexualrelationshipwithaman girlfriendincludingdatingwomen,ifrelationshipisintimate formerwife commonlawwife formerwifewhosemarriagewithherhasbeenannulledbyajudicialdeclarationof nullity(JDN)
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes children
ItnotnecessarythatthewomansufferingfromBWSisstillinarelationshipwiththemanthatshe killedorharmed. DoctrineofStandyourgroundwhenintheright Thelawdoesnotexpectyoutorunaway Whenintheright,defendyourrightorposition,defendyourself Atotaloppositeoftheolddoctrineofretreatingtothewall,wherethelawexpectsyoutorun awayandavoiddefendingyourself Q:WhatisthelegaleffectofBWS? Nocriminalliability Nocivilliability Q:Mayabatteredhusbandclaimitasadefense? No.Thelawsaysonlywoman Q:Whatisadatingrelationship? Q:Youbreakupwithyourgf,shewasemotionally&psychologicallywrecked,isthisbattery? Yes.(haydenkhocase) Q:ProtectionOrderunderRA9262? preventedfromlivinginsamecommunityorhousewiththebatteredwoman itmustbeissuedbycourtorbaranggay Q:CanyoufileviolationofRA9262togetherwithparricideorphysicalinjuries? Yes.RA9262withoutprejudicetothefilingofanyothercivilorcriminalaction Q:womansufferingfromBWS,killedhusband,liableforparricide? No.itisnotnecessarythatUAexist Q:howwillcourtdetermineBWS? Certifiedpsychiatristorpsychologist
Article12
Q:Whatisanexemptingcircumstance? acircumstanceifpresentduringthecommissionofthecrimewillfreetheaccusedfrom criminalliability thereisacrime,butthereisnocriminal
NOTES BY:
burdenofprooftoprovetheexistenceofanexemptingcircumstance:lieswiththedefense Q:Distinguishjustifyingfromexempting Justifying Exempting
thereisneitheracrime noracriminal
thereisacrimebutthereis nocriminal theactisnotjustifiedbutthe
theactisjustifiedandthe
actorisnotcriminallyliable actorisnotcriminallyliable thereisnocivilliability exceptinparagraph4 thereiscivilliabilityexceptin paragraphs4and7
Article12(1)ImbecilityandInsanity animbecileoraninsaneisentitledtobeexempted,unlessthelatteractedduringalucid interval Imbecileonewhoisdeprivedcompletelyofreasonordiscernmentandfreedomofwillwhen committingacrime;exemptedinallcases;mentalityiscomparabletoachild27yearsold Insanitynotsoexemptbecauseduringalucidinterval,thepersoncanactwithintelligence Q:whatispermanentsickness? Imbecility Q:Whichisnotpermanent? Insanity Q:Insanitybeforethecommissionofthecrime,legaleffect? Notexempt Duringexempt Afternotexempt,butproceedingwillbesuspended *insanitymustbeatthetimeofthecommissionoftheoffenseunlessisproventosubsistuntil commission Q:Whatisthetestforthedegreeofinsanityforittocountasanexemptingcircumstance? Thetestsofthedegreeofinsanityaretheexistenceof: 1.completedeprivationofintelligence 2.totaldeprivationoffreedomofwill
NOTES BY:
Mereabnormalitiesofthementalfacilitiesarenotenough Q:Supposing,amansuddenlyjuststabsanotherperson,hethenbegantorunawaybecauseheknew hecommittedacrime,thenastheauthoritiestriedtocatchhim,astheygotclosertohim,heraneven faster,canheinvokeinsanityasanexemptingcircumstance? NO,thefactthathewasrunningawaywasanindicationthathewasnotdeprivedof intelligencebecauseheknewhedid,andbyrunningfastertoavoidtheauthoritieswasan indicationofnotbeingtotallydeprivedofhisfreedomofwillbecauseofhisintentiontoescape Q:WhohastheBurdentoproveinsanity: lieswiththedefense,(AccordingtoReyes,throughcircumstantialevidenceifclearand convincing) Evidenceofinsanitymustrefertothetimeprecedingtheactorattheverymomentof execution Q:Supposing,theoffenderbecomesinsaneonlyafterthecommissionofthecrimeorduringtrial,can hestillinvoketheexemptingcircumstanceofinsanity? NO,becausewhatiscountedandconsideredindeterminingwhethertherewasinsanity,isthe timeprecedingtheactorthemomentofexecution Feeblemindednessnotexemptingbecauses/hecanstilldistinguishrightfromwrong;notequivalent toinsanity Somnambulismorsleepwalkingmustbeclearlyproventobeconsideredanexempting circumstanceunderthisArticle;actsofthesleepwalkershouldnotbevoluntary Malignantmalariacancauseinsanity,therefore,canbeconsideredasanexemptingcircumstance underthisArticle Basisforexemptioncompleteabsenceofintelligence TemporaryInsanityyes,exempting Article12(2&3)Minority(repealedbyRepublicAct9344ortheJuvenileJusticeandWelfareAct) RA9344,Section6achild15yearsofageorbelowatthetimeofthecommissionofthecrimeshall beexemptfromcriminalliabilitybutwillundergoaninterventionprogram;achildabove15yearsof age or below 18 years of age shall be exempt and be subjected to an intervention program unless s/heactedwithdiscernmentinwhichcasesuchchildwillbesubjecttotheappropriateproceedingsin accordancewiththisAct Children falling under this Act are referred to as a child in conflict with the law; normally minor offenders are referred to as the accused, juvenile delinquent, prisoner, respondent, etc. but it is contemplatedthatthesetermsrefertopersonswhohavecommittedcrimes;RA9344prohibitsthe useofthesetermstorefertominoroffenders,onlytheabovementionedtermcanbeused Forachildinconflictwiththelawthereisapresumptionoftheabsenceorlackofintelligence
NOTES BY:
Offendersarefreefromcriminalliabilitybutarestillcivillyliable Thelegaleffectoftheexemption:thechildshallbegiventothecustodyoftheparentorguardian;in theirabsence,thecustodyisgiventothefollowing,accordingtotheirorderofavailability: (a)registerednongovernmentalorganization (b)registeredreligiousorganization (c)memberoftheBarangayCouncilfortheProtectionofChildren(BCPC) (d)localofficeoftheDept.ofSocialWelfare&Development(DSWD) (e)nationalofficeoftheDept.ofSocialWelfare&Development(DSWD) Anothereffectisthattheminorissubjectedtoaninterventionordiversionprogramwhichinvolves: seminarsandclassesonfamilyandmediation,skillsimprovement,emotionalmanagement,etc.;other diversionprogramsareforreformationandrehabilitation,inwhichthepublicprosecutorusually initiatestherecommendationfortheminortobesubjectedundertheprogram Q:Whatisachildatrisk? GeneralRuleforminorsabove15orbelow18yearsofage:exempted,becausethepresumptionis thattheyactedwithoutintelligence Exception:theminoractedwithdiscernment Howisdiscernmentdetermined?(Reyes) (1)mannerofcommittingthecrime (2)conductoftheoffender Discernmentcanalsobedeterminedbythewordsutteredbytheminorattendanttothecommission oftheact,eg.thewords,Butingasayo!,whichindicatesanexpressionofaccomplishment,victory orsatisfaction Whenthecasehasbeendecidedbythecourt Ifthejudgmentisanacquittal,thedecisionshallimmediatelytakeeffectwithoutsuspension,andthe decisionshallbepromulgatedandpronounced Whatisthesignificanceofpromulgation? itisfullofsignificance;thedecisionisreadinopencourt immediatelyafterthereadingthejudgmentofacquittalbecomesimmediatelyfinalandexecutory, whichcannotbesubjectforanymotionofreconsideration,hencethedecisioncannotbeeither reversedormodified Ifthejudgmentisconviction,thepromulgationofthedecisionandthesentenceshallbesuspendedby thecourt;theminorshallbeorderedtoundergointervention,whichshallhavethefollowingeffects:
NOTES BY:
(a)Ifaftertheintervention,thereisreformonthepartoftheminor,theminorshallbereturnedto thecourttodismissthecriminalcaseanddismissthechargesagainsttheminor (b)Ifaftertheintervention,thereisnoreform,theminorshallbereturnedtothecourtforthe promulgationofthedecisionagainsttheminor;then,thecourtshalleitherdecideonthesentence orextendtheintervention Onlywhenthereisrefusaltobesubjectedtoreformationorwhenthereisfailuretoreformcanthe childbesubjectedtocriminalprosecutionandthejudicialsystem OthereffectsofRepublicAct9344 (i)decriminalizesthesniffingofrugbybyaminor (ii)decriminalizestheviolationofaminoroftheAntiMendicancyLaw,whichprohibitsbeggingor beggars (iii)decriminalizesvagrancyandprostitution,punishedundertheRPC,whencommittedbyaminor 15yearsoldorbelow;theminorwillnotbecriminallyliable (iv)criminalrecordsofminorsabove15orbelow18yearsofagearekeptconfidentialinorderto protectthehonorandreputationoftheminor (v)exemptsminorsfromtheoffenseofrefusingtoacknowledgethefactthats/hehadbeeninvolved orconvictedinacriminalcasebefore (vi)minorscandenyunderoaththeircriminalinvolvementorconviction;cannotbechargedwith perjuryorfalsificationormisrepresentation,forconcealingthecriminalinvolvementorconviction; purpose:togivetheminoranewleaseinlifeandtopreventthestigmaofconvictionwhichextends inalongtermbasis,i.e.inlookingforjoborprotectingthefamiliesreputation (vii)retroactiveapplicationofRA9344onpersonswhowereconvictedandarecurrentlyservingtime forcrimestheycommittedwhentheywereminorsabove9orbelow15yearsofagewhenthey committedtheoffense,becauseminorswhoactedwithdiscernmentunderthisagebracket,were notexemptedfromcriminalliabilitybeforeundertheRPC,buthasalreadybeenrepealedbyRA 9344;theircriminalliabilityiserasedthereforetheyshallbereleased Q:Supposing,a10yearold,whoisapparentlyveryintelligent,commitsacrime,willhebeexempted fromcriminalliabilityconsideringthehighlevelofintelligenceofthechild? YES,heisstillexempted;whatisimportantistheageofthechildatthetimeofthecommission ofthecrime;itdoesntmatterwhetherthechildwasextremelyintelligent StatusOffenses(underRA9344)referstooffenseswhichdiscriminateonlyagainstachild,whilean adultdoesnotsufferanypenaltyforcommittingsimilaracts;theseshallincludecurfewviolations, truancy,parentaldisobedienceandthelike
NOTES BY:
Statusoffenseswhencommittedbyaminorarepunishable,butarenotpunishableanymoreunderRA 9344 Statusoffenseswhencommittedbyanadultarenotpunishable TheDangersofRepublicAct9344(Amurao) canbeabusedortakenadvantageofbycrimesyndicatesthatuseminorsasinstrumentsfor thecommissionofcrimes TheeffectoftheliberalexemptionsofRA9344whatwillhappentothevictimsifthe offenders,whoareminors,willbeexemptedallthetime?VictimswilltaketheFilipinoway= takingthelawintotheirownhands WithreferencetoRA9344,thePhilippinesisnotyetreadyforthatkindoflaw.(Amurao) Basisfortheexemptionofaminor:absenceorlackofintelligence Article12(4)Accident Elements: 1.apersonisperformingalawfulact 2.theactisdonewithduecare 3.causesaninjurytoanotherbymereaccident 4.injurywasdonewithoutfaultorintentionofcausingit Q:WhatisanAccident? Q:WhataretheRequisites? Q:WhataretheLegalEffectsofAccident? Nocivilliability Nocriminalliability Examplesofexceptions Q:Driverwithanexpiredlicense?NOTexempt Q:Notregistered1yeardelinquent?NOTexemptnotlawfulact Withdefectivebreaks,w/nSpeedlimitsproperlane? Notexemptfaultornegligence Tiresofcaralreadywornout?Notexempt Intiptopcondition,brandnewtires?Notexempt Of7passengersinthecaroverloading
NOTES BY:
Rightlaneempty,overtookthecar?Notexempt Leftlaneisforovertaking Overtakingontheleftlane,hitachildwhosuddenlycrossedtheroad?Yes,exempt. Absolutorycause(Art.247) Par.1notexemptfromcriminalliability.Thereisapenaltydestierro.Itisstillanunlawfulact. Ifalltheelementsarepresent,thelegaleffectisthattheaccusedshallincurnocriminalliabilityand nocivilliability Ifnotalltheelementsarepresent,Article67oftheRPCwillapplyandthepenaltyprescribedis arrestomayortoprisionmayorforgravefelonies Thereisnegligencewhen=theaccusedtriedtoovertakeanothervehicleontherightsideoftheroad becausethisisaviolationoftrafficlaws Speedingalongtheroadisanexampleofanactdonewithoutduecare Basisforexemptionabsenceofintent Article12(5)CompulsionofIrresistibleForce Elements: 1.compulsiontocommitthecrimeisbymeansofphysicalforceorviolence 2.physicalforceorviolenceisirresistible 3.thephysicalforceorviolencemustcomefroma3rdperson Presupposesthatapersoniscompelledbymeansofforceorviolence IrresistibleForcedegreeofforcewhichisexternalorphysicalforcewhichreducesthepersontoa mereinstrumentandtheactsproducedaredonewithouthiswillandagainsthiswill(Amurao) Basisforexemptionabsenceoffreedom Article12(6)ImpulseofanUncontrollableFear Requisites:(Reyes) 1.thatthethreatwhichcausesthefearisofanevilgreaterthanoratleastequaltothatwhich heisrequiredtocommit 2.thatitpromisesanevilofsuchgravityandimminencethattheordinarymanwouldhave succumbedtoit Presupposesintimidationorthreat,notforceorviolence Elements: 1.theexistenceofanuncontrollablefear 2.thefearmustrealandimminent 3.thefearofaninjuryisgreaterthanorequaltothatcommitted Alltheelementsmustconcur NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Basisforexemptionabsenceoffreedom Q:Whatelementofvoluntarinessisabsent? Intent,Freedom Q;Par.6Distinguish6and5. Natureofthreatgreaterorequal? Differencebetweenirresistibleforceanduncontrollablefear: IrresistibleForceinvolvestheuseofviolenceorphysicalforcetocompel UncontrollableFearinvolvestheuseofthreatorintimidationtocompel
Article12(7)FailuretoPerformaLawfulActDuetoLawfulorInsuperableCause Elements: 1.anactisrequiredbylawtobedone 2.thatapersonfailstoperformsuchact 3.thatthefailuretoperformsuchactwasduetosomelawfulorinsuperablecause Failuretodeliverarrestedpersonstotheproperauthoritiesduetoproblemsregardingdistanceand transportationisalawfulorinsuperablecause Atyphooncausesthefailuretoperformthelawfulactisaninsuperablecause Basisforexemptionabsenceofintent AbsolutoryCausesthosewheretheactcommittedisacrimebutforreasonsofpublicpolicyand sentiment,thereisnopenaltyimposed Instigationisanillegalactbecausethepublicofficerplantstheseedofcriminalityinthemindofthe personoroffender(Amurao);thepublicofficerinducesaninnocentpersontocommitthecrimewhich thepublicofficerconceived(Reyes) Entrapmentisalegalactbecausethepurposeistocaptureortrapthelawbreaker Buybustoperationsareformsofentrapment,hencetheyarelegal ArbitraryDetentionwithwarrant Art.125(Warrantlessarrest) Instigationvs.Entrapmente.g.buybustoperation Giveexamples Privateindividualboth Effectsofcriminalliabilityof: Instigatorliableasprincipalbyinducement
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Instigatedprincipalbydirectparticipation Putabsolutoryastodirectparticipation
Article13
Q:whatismitigatingcircumstance? thosewhich,ifpresentinthecommissionofthecrime,donotentirelyfreetheactorfrom criminalliabilitybutserveonlytoreducethepenalty Q:WhataretheKinds? Ordinary Privileged Par.1ofArt.13becomesaprivilegedmitigatingcircumstancebecauseofArt.69(Amurao) Art.69makespar.1ofArt.13apriv.mit.Circumstance. Classification: ORDINARY PRIVILEGED offsetbyagenericaggravating circumstance cannotbeoffsetbyageneric aggravatingcircumstance penaltyloweredbydegree
penaltyloweredtominimum
Mitigatingandaggravatingcircumstancesarenotappliedtospecialpenallawsbecausethepenalties inspecialpenallawscannotbedividedintothreeperiods Article13(1)IncompleteJustifyingorExemptingCircumstances isconsideredaprivilegedmitigatingcircumstance,provided,majorityoftheelementsrequiredto justifyorexemptarepresent forthejustifyingcircumstancesofselfdefense,defenseofrelativeanddefenseofstranger=the elementofunlawfulaggressionshouldalwaysbepresent *AllelementsofJCorECpresentexemptorjustified *IEelementsbutnotmajorityordinarymit.Circ. *Majorityoftheelementsarepresentpriv.mit.Circ. Providedthatinselfdefense,defenseofrelativeordefenseofstranger,Unlawfulaggressionis present. Q:Giveanexample.
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Exampleofmitigatingcircumstanceofincompleteaccident (seepage259ofbook)Therewasfault.
Q:Womansleepinginherroom.Janitorhappenedtoentertheroomtoclean.Heaccidentallytouched thehandofthewoman.Believingherhonorwasindanger,shotthejanitorusingagununderher pillow?(USvs.Apego) Mit.Circ.Mistakeoffactofthewoman. Priv.Mit.Circ.Ofselfdefense (N.B.UnlawfulAgression+eitherofrequisites2or3) Q:50metersawayprivileged? No,consideringthedistanceUAnotpresent Article13(2)Minority coversminorsabove15yearsbutbelow18yearsofage(1617yearsold),whoactedwith discernment shallbeentitledtothebenefitsofaprivilegedmitigatingcircumstance Basisformitigation:diminutionofintelligence Bet.15or18withdiscernmentmit(reducedbyonedegree) Withoutdiscernmentexempting RA9344didnotamendArt.68 Refusetosubmit Diversionprogram Violationofconditions Notforbestinterest DiversionprogramcommencementofcriminalactionifeventuallysentencedtoconvictionArt. 68willapply. Article13(3)PraeterIntentionem offenderdidnotintendtocommitsograveawrong disproportionofthemeansemployedtoexecutethecrimeandtheconsequencesproduced;there shouldhavebeenanintentatthemoment Basisformitigation:lackordiminutionofintent Factortodetermineexistenceofpraeterintentionem,intentbeingastateofmind. 1)weaponused 2)natureofinjury;numberofinjury NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes 3)partofthebodyinjured(locationofinjury) 4)mannerofinflictinginjury
TreacheryExternal Yes.Qualifyingaggravatingifexternalinnaturecancoexistwithpraeterintentionemwhichis internal.CLEAR? Q:AintendtoinjureAMuraohitintherightshoulderDidnotsubmittomedicaltreatment.Amurao died. 1stquestion:IsAliable?Yes,par.1Art.4 Wastheretreachery?Yeshencemurder(qualifiedbytreachery) BecauseAmuraodied,intenttokillisbylawconclusive. Q:Peoplev.Enriquez(Abuseofsuperiorstrength) Intenttothreatenonly Howwouldyouclassify?Ordinary. Legaleffect?Minimum Exceptifcancelledbygenericaggaravatingcirc. Q:Claimpar.3inviolationofspecialpenallaws? No,intentisimmaterialinoffenses. Q:Trueorfalse:Allmitigatingcirc.Canbeappreciatedinspecialpenallaws? No,penaltiesnotgraduatedanddivisibleintomin,med,maxperiods,Ingeneral) Except:Age Article13(4)PresenceofSufficientProvocationorThreat Q:Whataretherequisites? 1.provocationmustbesufficient 2.mustoriginatefromtheoffendedparty 3.thattheprovocationmustbeimmediatetotheactorcrimecommittedbythepersonwhois provoked Q:Whatisprovocation? Provocationanyunjustorimproperconductoractoftheoffendedpartycapableofexciting, incitingorinitiatinganyone Q:WhenisprovocationSufficient adequatetoexciteapersontocommitthewrongandmustaccordinglybeproportionatetoits gravity
NOTES BY:
dependson: (1)theactconstitutingtheprovocation (2)thesocialstandingofthepersonprovoked (3)theplaceandtimewhentheprovocationwasmade Threatsshouldimmediatelyprecedetheact Basisofthemitigation:diminutionofintelligenceandintent Q:Elements:(SOI) Q:Testtodeterminewhetherprovocationcanbeconsideredmitigating.Whatkindofprovocation? Sufficient. Q:Whenisprovocationsufficient? P.273 Q:Howsoonmustthecrimebecommitted? Notimetoregainhisreasonandtoexerciseselfcontrol meaningofimmediatelyisnotwithreferencetothelapseoftimeperse *RelatetoRATIOOFTHELAW Butlapseoftimetoregainselfcontrol personaltoyou(theprovocation) Q:Whatisthedeterminingfactor? Influenceoreffectoftheprovocation (w/cmeansthatlapseorintervaloftimeisalloweddependingongravityofoffense) Q:Actsoflasciviousnesscommittedagainstyou(2pm);Borrowedknife(230pm) Mitigatingunderpar.4? Yes. Q:Underpar.6? Yes. Q:Mayyouconsiderbothtogether? No,alternativelyarisingfromthesamefacts. Q:Isactslasciviousnessagraveoffense? Yes.
NOTES BY:
Article13(5)ImmediateVindicationofRelatives/Himself Requisites: 1.thatagraveoffensehasbeendoneontheonecommittingthefelonyoronhisrelatives 2.felonycommittedinvindicationofsuchgraveoffense;alapseoftimeisallowedbetweenthe vindicationandthedoingofthegraveoffense DifferencebetweenPROVOCATIONandVINDICATION Provocation Vindication itismadedirectlyonlytotheperson thegraveoffensemaybe committingthefelony committedalsoagainstthe offendersrelatives thecausethatbroughtaboutthe offendedpartymusthavedone provocationneednotbeagrave agraveoffensetooffenderor offense hisrelatives itisnecessarythattheprovocationor vindicationofthegraveoffense threatimmediatelyprecedestheact maybeproximatewhichallowsan withoutintervaloftime intervaloftime Reasonforthedifference:vindicationconcernsthehonorofaperson Todeterminewhetherthepersonaloffenseisgrave,theff.areconsidered: socialstandingoftheperson timewhentheinsultwasmade placewheretheinsultwasmade sometimes,eventheagemaybeconsidered Basisforthemitigation:diminutionoftheconditionsofvoluntariness Q:Thereare3mit.Circ.Present.WillyoubeentitledtothebenefitsoftheseMC? No.Aroseonlyoutof1fact/setoffacts. Q:9:30motherinformedyouthatyoursisterwasraped.Yousearchedforhimwitharevolver.Didnot findhim.Foundhimafter3days. Passionorobfuscation?No. Provocation?No. Vindication?Yes. Q:Whatisrequiredinvindication? Lapseoftime Q:Whatifafteroneweek,vindication? Lawsaysimmediate
NOTES BY:
Q:Differenceofmeaningofimmediateinpar.4and5? Yes. 8months,vindicating? Q:Chinamanelopedwithsweetheart.Parentofsweetheartconsidereditanoffenseagainstfamily. Fatherlookedofrdaughter.Foundherinthehouseofthechinaman.Thenfatherknocked,Chinaman ranandrefusedtotalkwithfather.Fatherenragedshotchinaman. 1)Howmanymit.Circ.? Vindicationofgraveoffense Passionorobfuscation 2)Mustgraveoffenseconstituteacrime? No. Q:Supposingyouhaveafirstcousin,girl,soclosetoyou,whowasrapedbyneighbor.Youlookedfor neighbourandshothimdead. Whatmit.Circ?Vindication? No,firstcousinnotcontemplatedundervindication(relatives) Q:Requirementsofpassionorobfuscation? Q:Commonlawhusbandaskcommonlawwifetoreturnhome.Wiferefused.Husbandwashumiliated byreasonofwhichhestabbedcommonlawwife. Mayclaimpassionorobfuscation?No. Vindicationofgraveoffense?No,notenumeratedbylaw. Q:Humiliation,slanderedinpublic,isitacrime? Yes. Q:Itisagraveoffenseagainstyou? Q:Whatisthecrimecommitted?Slander, Q:Maybecommittedbyacommonlawwifeagainstacommonlawhusband?Yes. Q:PresenceofP&O,V,andSPYes Q:Canyouconsideralloftheseinyourfavour? P&ONo,notlawfulsentiment;notlawfullegitimaterelation SPYes VYes
NOTES BY:
Q: Old man has his own family already but not contented with wife went out every night . Met an attractivewomaninaprostitutionhouse,heconvincedwomantoleavetheprostitutionhouseandthey livedtogetherashusbandandwife.Wifeleft. Afterseveraldays,shewasfoundinanotherprostitutionhouse,convincedhertotogoback. Womanadamantinherrefusal.WomansaidAyokonasayo,Matandakana.Mahinanatuhod mo.Oldmanwasenraged,stabbedher. Q:MayoldmanclaimP&O? No.Peoplev.Belloisanexception(p.290291) 4,5,6areinterrelatedbecausetheycanexistinasingleactbutnotnecessarilyappreciatedseparately. Article13(6)PassionorObfuscation Elements: 1.theaccusedacteduponimpulse 2.theimpulsemustbesopowerfulthatitnaturallyproducedpassionorobfuscationintheaccused Reason:thesearecausesnaturallyproducinginapersonpowerfulexcitementthathe losesreasonandselfcontroltherebydiminishingtheexerciseofwillpower Rule:thepassionorobfuscationshouldarisefromlawfulsentimentsinordertobe mitigating Requisites: 1.thattherebeanact,bothunlawfulandsufficienttoproducesuchaconditionofmind 2.thatsaidactwhichproducedtheobfuscationwasnotfarremovedfromthecommissionofthe crimebyaconsiderablelengthoftime,duringwhichtheperpetratormightrecoverhisnatural equanimity DifferencebetweenPASSIONorOBFUSCATIONandIRRESISTIBLEFORCE PassionorObfuscation IrresistibleForce amitigatingcircumstance anexemptingcircumstance cannotgiverisetoirresistibleforce requiresphysicalforce becausepassionorobfuscationhasno physicalforce thepassionorobfuscationisinthe mustcomefromathirdperson offenderhimself mustarisefromlawfulsentiments isunlawful DifferencebetweenPASSIONorOBFUSCATIONandPROVOCATION PassionorObfuscation Provocation producedbyanimpulsewhichmay mustcomefromtheinjuredparty becausedbyprovocation theoffensewhichengenders mustimmediatelyprecedethe perturbationofmindneednotbe commissionofthecrime
NOTES BY:
immediate;itisonlyrequiredthatthe influencethereoflastsuntilthe momentthecrimeiscommitted theeffectislossofreasonand theeffectisalsolossofreason selfcontrolonthepartofthe andselfcontrolonthepartofthe offender offender Article13(7)VoluntarySurrender/VoluntaryConfessionofGuilt VoluntarySurrender Requisites: 1.thattheoffenderhadnotbeenactuallyarrested 2.thattheoffendersurrenderedhimselftoapersoninauthorityortothelattersagent 3.thatthesurrenderwasvoluntary Voluntarytobeappreciated,voluntarysurrendermustbespontaneousinsuchamannerthatit showstheinterestoftheaccusedtosurrenderunconditionallytotheauthorities,eitherbecause(1) heacknowledgedhisguiltor(2)becausehewishestosavethemthetroubleandexpensenecessarily incurredinhissearchandcapture IntentiontosurrenderwithoutactuallysurrenderingisNOTmitigating VoluntaryConfessionofGuilt Requisites: 1.thattheoffenderspontaneouslyconfessedhisguilt 2.thattheconfessionofguiltwasmadeinopencourtthatisbeforethecompetentcourtthatistotry thecase 3.thattheconfessionofguiltwasmadepriortothepresentationofevidencefortheprosecution Evenafterarraignment,voluntaryconfessioncanstillbemitigating,whenwiththeconsentofthe publicprosecutor,thereisanamendmentintheinformation=stillvoluntaryconfession(aswasheld inthemidterms) Voluntaryconfessionisusuallydoneduringarraignment Whathasbeenadmittedneednotbeprovenbyevidence;judgmentcanalreadyberenderedbutboth sidescanstillpresentevidencetoproveaggravatingormitigatingcircumstances Arraignmentchargesarebeingreadtotheaccusedinopencourtinalanguageknowntohim;ifthe chargesarereadinalanguagenotknowntohim,thearraignmentorpleaisvoid. Itisthedutyofcourtstoreadchargesinalanguageknowntohim Promulgationphysicalandactualreadingofthesentencetotheaccused canbelimitedtojustthedispositiveportion(thewhereforeclause) ifthereisanacquittal,thedecisionisfinalandexecutoryandnotappeallablebecauseoftheriskof doublejeopardy
NOTES BY:
ifthereisaconviction,theaccusedhas15daystoavailoflegalremedies,ifnotavailedafter,the convictionbecomesfinalandexecutory Basisformitigation:lesserperversityoftheoffender Q:HowmanyMC?two 1)VoluntarysurrenderOrdinary(notgeneric) 2)Voluntaryconfessionofguilt Paragraphs3to10areallordinarymitigating Reasonforconsideringvoluntarysurrendermitigating? 1.Actofrepentanceand 2respectforlaw,and 3.savestime,resourcesandenergyforhissearchandcapture TowhommustVSbedone? Personinauthority,Define(p.305) Agent e.g.ofPIA Brgy.Chairman CityMayor Judge,Governor Prosecutor,Congressman President,Professors,Teachers Agents Policeofficers MembersofAFP Brgy.Tanods NBIagents Sheriffs Killdneighbor,surrendertoAmurao,voluntarysurrender?Yes. BoardmembersofGSIS?Yes. OfLandbank?Yes. DBP?Yes. SSS?Yes. PAGCOR?Yes.
NOTES BY:
Q:Supposingaccusedafterkillingneighbourjuststayedinhishouse.Whenpoliceofficersarrived,went withthemvoluntarilymit?No. Voluntarysurrendernotsynonymouswithnonflight. Direct,positive,unequivocalactshowinganintentiontosubmithimselfvoluntarilyeithersavethegovt fromthetimeandexpensesorasasignofacknowledgmentofguiltorrepentance(Amurao) Offenderonradiothathewas#1suspectinslayingofpolitician,hecametothepolicetoclearhisname, hehasapendingcaseforrape.Voluntarysurrender?No. Willsurrenderonlyif 1)Heisgivenspecialtreatment 2)ref 3)aircon Voluntarysurrender?No. Aftercommittingcrime,accusedwentintohiding.Hewasfoundafterseveralmonths.Hidingplace surroundedbyauthorities. HecameoutsayingIsurrender.VS? No(Internal)Meaningofspontaneous. VoluntaryConfessionPar.10ofArt.14. AcaseforhomicidefiledagainstaccusedinBatanes.Uponlearning,theaccusedhidinginTawitawi surrenderedtoBrgy.ChairmanofTawitawi? Yes.Placeofsurrendernotsignificant.Itneednotbetheplacewherethecaseisfiled. Q:Phil.AmbassadortoAustralia,ifaccusedisinAustraliauponlearningofthecasefiled?Yes. Q:IfsurrenderedtoAustralianPrimeMinister?No,notaPIAoragentunderthePhillaws Q:Onthewaytothepoliceprecinct,wasapprehended?Yes. Q:Didnotofferresistance?No. Q:Issuedwarrant,surrenderedtoBrgy.Tanod?Yes. Evenifwarrantisalreadyissued?Yes,aslongasnotserved.
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes 10monthsafterissuance,surrendered?No.Nolongerspontaneous. Surrendertomotherinlaw?No.
Q:RequisitesofVCG: Competentcourtmeaning? Courttryingthecase Opencourtmeaning?Evenifdoorsareclosed? Yes. ReasonbehindVCG?Actofrepentance,Acknowledgmentofguilt Accusedwillingtopleadguiltywithcondition Ref,aircon,computerset?No. Whentoplead?Arraignment. Pretrial?(Thereispresentationofwitnesses,documents,andgistoftestimony) Afterinspectionofevidenceandconclusion,theevidenceagainsthimisstrong. Stages Arraignment Pretrial Trial ONLYSUBMISSION,NOTPRESENTATION Prosecpresented1steyewitness,clear&convicningtestimony After1stwitness,concludingthathewouldbeconvicted,withdrewguiltyplea.Mitigating?No. N.B.NOTpriortotermination Witnessonlyswornin,notestimonyyetmitigating?Yes. Amendinfotoalesseroffensew/oprotestwillingtopleaguilty,mitigating?Yes. Article13(8)DeafnessandDumbness mustrestrictthemeansofaction,defenseorcommunicationwithothers
NOTES BY:
Basisformitigation:offenderdoesnothavecompletefreedomofaction;diminutionoffreedomand voluntariness Bald?No. Blind?Yes. Partialblindness?Yes. Deafbyoneear?Yes. Crippled?Yes. Toothless?Yes! Whenmustthephysicaldefectbepresent?Atthetimeofthecommissionofthecrime. ORDINARYMIT. Legaleffects. Article13(9)Illness theoffenderhasdiminishedexerciseofwillpower;lossofwillpowermayevenbeexempting deprivationofconsciousness Basisformitigation:diminutionofintelligenceandintent Accusedprosecutedforsimpletheft(shopliftinginamall) Duringtrial,itwasprovedthathewasakleptomaniac.Mitigating?Yes. Ifprosecutedforfrustratedhomicide? No,notrelatedtotheoffensecommitted. Accusedprosecutedforrape.Duringtrialprovedtobesexmaniac,Mitigating?Yes. NOCONTROLOFTHEIROWNWILLASFARASTHEOFFENSEISCONCERNED Samefactsexmaniac.ProsecutedforRobbery?No. Article13(10)OtherAnalogousCircumstances Example? Blind,60yearsold70yearsofage Restitutionvoluntarysurrender. Creditor,debtor. Runningawayandrefusestopay. Victimbroughttothehospitalfortreatmentvoluntarysurrender. Givingvictimacertainamountforvoluntaryconfession.
NOTES BY:
Jealousy.Yousawyourgirlfriendwalkinghandinhandwithanotherman,youinflictedphysicalinjuries? Passionorobfuscation. Othermit.Circ.IntheRPC? Infanticideorabortiontoconcealdisgraceordishonor. Adulterythereisabandonmentbytheoffendedparty.(Unjustified)
Article14
Q:Whatareaggravatingcircumstances? thoseifpresent,arenotautomaticallyoffsetbymitigatingcircumstances mayincreasethepenaltyprovidedbythelawwithoutexceedingthemaximumpenaltyoritchanges thenatureofthecrime Classification: 1.Genericthosethatgenerallyapplytoallcrimes,eg.Recidivism,AidofMinors,Advantagetakenby PublicPosition,etc 2.Specificthosethatapplytoparticularcrimes,eg.Ignominy,Treachery 3.QualifyingThosethatchangethenatureofthecrime,eg.Treachery,EvidentPremeditation, Cruelty,etc. 4.Inherentnecessityaccompaniesthecommissionofthecrime,eg.sexisinherentincrimesagainst chastity DifferencebetweenGenericandQualifying GENERIC QUALIFYING canbeoffsetbyanordinary cannotbeoffsetbyanordinary mitigatingcircumstance mitigatingcircumstance
thelegaleffectistoincrease itchangesthenatureofthecrime thepenaltytothemaximum givethecrimeitsproperandexclusive withoutexceedingthelimit name
Bothqualifyingandgenericcircumstancesmustbeallegedintheinformation;theprosecutioncant proveanaggravatingcircumstanceduringtrial(p.326#3inthecomparisonpartintheReyesbookis wrong)
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Article14(1)AdvantageTakenofPublicPosition agenericaggravatingcircumstance
basedonRepublicAct7659,incrimescommittedbyapublicofficer,thepenaltyprescribedbylawis alwaysatthemaximum,regardlessofthemitigatingcircumstancespresentedandregardlessofthe natureofthesemitigatingcircumstances PublicOfficerforadvantagetakentobeappreciated,s/hemustusetheinfluence,prestigeor ascendancywhichhisofficegiveshimasthemeansbywhichs/herealizeshispurpose. Thereshouldbeadeliberateintenttousetheinfluence,prestigeorascendancy Isitenoughthattheoffenderisapublicofficer?NO,hehastousetheinfluence,prestigeor ascendancygiventohimbyhisoffice Supposing,apoliceofficerentersthehousethentiesuptheresidentsandrobsthem,canthe aggravatingcircumstanceofadvantagetakenofpublicpositionbeappreciated?YES Supposing,atrafficenforcertakeoverthecarofadriverandspeedsaway,heisconvictedofrobbery, cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofadvantagetakenofpublicpositionbeappreciated?YES Supposingsomemembersofthebarangaycouncilaskedforfinancialsponsorshipfortheeducation ofthecommunity,thentheprojectturnedouttobefalse,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceof advantagetakenofpublicpositionbeappreciated?YES Supposing,ifthesecrimeswereattendantofnegligence,passionorobfuscation,vindication,or sufficientprovocation,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofadvantagetakenofpublicpositionbe appreciated?NO,becausethesecircumstancesareincompatiblewithadvantagetakenofpublic positionsincedeliberateintentisabsentintheseinstances. Supposing,apoliceinvestigatoraskedarapevictimtoenteraroomwherehecommittedactsof lasciviousnessontherapevictim,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofadvantagetakenofpublic positionbeappreciated?YES TheaggravatingcircumstanceofadvantagetakenofpublicpositionisNOTappreciatedwhenthe publicpositionisanintegralelementorinherentintheoffense;Intheffcrimes,publicpositionis inherent: bribery malversationofpublicfunds indirectbribery RA3019 falsificationofpublicdocuments othercrimesagainstpublicofficersundertheRPC
Basisfortheaggravation:thegreaterperversityof(1)personalcircumstancesoftheoffender,and(2) meansusedtosecurecommissionofthecrime Article14(2)ContemptorInsulttoPublicAuthorities Requisites:
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes 1.thepublicauthorityisengagedintheexerciseofhisofficialfunctions 2.thepublicauthorityisnotthevictimofthecrime 3.offenderknowshimtobeapublicauthority 4.hispresencehasnotpreventedtheoffenderfromcommittingthecrime
Supposing,oneSunday,themayorjustfinishedmass,hesawtwopeoplefighting,hemediatedupon introducinghimself,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofcontemptorinsultofpublicauthoritiesbe appreciated?YES,becauseregardlessoftheday,evenifSundayisnotaworkingday,theofficial functionofthemayor,inthiscasetomaintainpeaceandorder,doesnotstopaslongasheiswithin hisjurisdiction Supposing,usingthesamefactsabove,thetwopeopleattackedthemayor,cantheaggravating circumstanceofcontemptorinsultofpublicauthoritiesbeappreciated?NO,becausethepublic authorityshouldnotbetheoffendedparty Supposing,usingthesamefacts,butthemayorattendedthemassinanothertown,canthe aggravatingcircumstanceofcontemptorinsultofpublicauthoritiesbeappreciated?NO,because mediatingwouldnotbepartofhisofficialfunctionsinthatothertown. Supposing,usingthesamefactsabove,butthetwopeopledidnotknowthattheonemediatingwas infactthemayor,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofcontemptorinsultofpublicauthoritiesbe appreciated?NO,theoffendershavetoknowthatheisthemayororapublicauthority Q:SupposingmayoroftownXattendingweddingintownY.Acrimewascommitted.Aggravating? No.Mustbewithinhisjurisdiction.Notengagedinofficialduties. Article14(3)DisregardofRank,Age,SexorDwellingoftheOffendedParty thereareFOURcircumstancesinthisparagraph rank,age,sexhaveacommondenominator=respectduetooffendedparty Disregardofrankoftheoffendedparty agenericaggravatingcircumstance=canbeoffsetbyanordinarymitigatingcircumstance notapplicabletocasesattendantofnegligenceorcarelessness notapplicabletocasesattendantofpassionorobfuscation,vindicationorthosewithsufficient provocation=becauseofthelackofintent thiscanbedonetoapersoninauthorityorhisagent thereshouldbedeliberateintenttodisregardorinsult=accompaniedwiththedifferenceinrank,and manifestedbydeliberateacts inherentinthecrimeofdirectassault
NOTES BY:
Supposing,asergeantwasdrivingajeepinacarelessmanner,thenhehitageneral,canthe aggravatingcircumstanceofdisregardofrankbeappreciated?NO,therewasnodeliberateintentto disregardtherankofthegeneral Supposing,physicalinjuriesweremadeagainstProf.Amuraobyhisstudent,cantheaggravating circumstanceofdisregardofrankbeappreciated?YES,becauseProf.Amuraoisapersoninauthority andrankshigherthanthestudent. Supposing,asergeantseeshiswifeembracingageneral,thenheranoverthem,cantheaggravating circumstanceofdisregardofrankbeappreciated?NO,becausethiscircumstancewasattendantof passionorobfuscation Disregardofageoftheoffendedparty agenericaggravatingcircumstance=canbeoffsetbyanordinarymitigatingcircumstance notapplicabletocasesattendantofnegligenceorcarelessness notapplicabletocasesattendantofpassionorobfuscation,vindicationorthosewithsufficient provocation=becauseofthelackofintent forthiscircumstancetobeappreciated,thedisparityofagebetweenoffenderandvictimcanbe determinedifthevictimcanbethefatheroftheaccused;adisparityof15yearsormore tenderage=forchildren;oldage=foroldpeople Supposing,theoffenderwas90yearsoldwhenhestabbedthe105yearoldvictim,canthe aggravatingcircumstanceofdisregardofagebeappreciated?YES,eveniftheoffenderwasalsovery old,thedisparityoftheiragesstillmatters Disregardofsexoftheoffendedparty agenericaggravatingcircumstance=canbeoffsetbyanordinarymitigatingcircumstance notapplicabletocasesattendantofnegligenceorcarelessness notapplicabletocasesattendantofpassionorobfuscation,vindicationorthosewithsufficient provocation=becauseofthelackofintent thevictimcontemplatedinthisparagraphshouldbeawoman theoffendershouldactwithdeliberateintenttodisrespectthewoman disregardofsexisabsorbedintreachery dwellingmaymeantemporarydwelling Dwelling aplaceorstructurethatsatisfiestherequirementsofdomesticlifeofaperson NOTES BY:
agenericaggravatingcircumstance=canbeoffsetbyanordinarymitigatingcircumstance therenoprovocationonthepartoftheoffendedparty alltheingredientsofthecrimeshouldbedoneinthedwelling iftheoffenderandoffendedarebothoccupantsofthesamehouse,dwellingcannotbeappreciated Supposing,thecrimewascommittedinthegarageofthehouse,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceof dwellingbeappreciated?YES,becausethegarageispartofthedwelling Supposingthecrimewasdoneintheroof?YES Supposing,achildwaskidnappedwhileatthestairsofthedwelling,therewasnoransombutthe childwaskilledinCavite,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofdwellingbeappreciated?YES,because thestairsisstillpartofthedwelling Supposing,ahusbandkillshiswifeintheirconjugaldwelling,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceof dwellingbeappreciated?NO Supposing,thehousemaidkilledtheemployerschild,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofdwelling beappreciated?NO Supposing,theaccusedwasontheroadwhenheshotthevictimwhowasatthestairs,candwelling beappreciated?YES Supposing,ifthevictimwasintheyardgoingtothedirectionofthestairs,cantheaggravating circumstanceofdwellingbeappreciated?NO Supposing,thevictimwasabouttosteponthestairs?cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofdwelling beappreciated?YES Supposing,theemployerrapedtheirmaid,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofdwellingbe appreciated?NO Supposing,thehouseboykilledthehousemaid,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofdwellingbe appreciated?NO Supposing,thewifekilledherhusbandintheconjugalhouse,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceof dwellingbeappreciated?NO Supposingthewifecommitsadultery,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofdwellingbeappreciated? YES Supposing,theownerofthehouseandthedwellingofthevictim,wherethevictimwasatenant,can theaggravatingcircumstanceofdwellingbeappreciated?YES,becausedwellingmaymean temporarydwelling Supposing,theownerwaskilledinthetoilet,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofdwellingbe appreciated?YES,becausethetoiletispartofthedwelling Supposing,theownerofthehousewaskilled500metersfromthetoiletwhichwassituatedoutside thehouse,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofdwellingbeappreciated?NO,becauseifyoudestroy thetoilet,thehouseremainsintact Basisoftheaggravation:Placeofthecommissionofthecrime;thesanctityofprivacythatthelaw providesthehumanabode Q:HowmanyACs?4
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.) Rank Sex Age Dwelling
Q:Rankandabuseofpublicfunctionscancoexist? Yes w/SP?No,incompatible w/P/O?No Q:Isitenoughthattheoffendedoartybeofhigherrank? No.Deliberateintentandwithdisregard - Samewithage - Samewithsex(notenoughthatoffendedpartyisawoman) Q:Disregardofrank.Felonycommittedwithnegligence? No.Deliberateintentandnegligenceareincompatible - WithP/O?No. - Provocation?No - Vindication?Yes Q:GeneralhasillicitrelationswithawifeofaSergeant.Sergeantsawthemintightembrace,shootsthe General.Aggravating? No.withpassionandobfuscation(p/o) Vindicationofgraveoffensewithdisregardofrank?Yestheyarenotinconsistent. Age Q:Accidentalmeetingbetweenoffenderandoffended? No.musthavedeliberateintent Q:Spurofthemoment? No.samereason.AppliesalsotoRank Byaccident?No. Rankisageneric Q:whatistheLegaleffect? Notoffsetbyanyordinarymitigatingcircumstance.Raisesthepenaltytothemaximum - Canbeoffsetbymitcircumstance Q:Whenthereare2ormoregenericagg,notoffsetbyordinarymit,canthepenaltygobeyondthemax prescribedbylaw?No. Whenthereare10?No.
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Mustnotexceedthepenaltyprescribedbylawfortheoffense Whatistherequiredagedifference?15yearsatleast(couldbethefather)
Legaleffect?Notoffsetbyanyordinarymitigatingcircumstance.Raisesthepenaltytothemaximum Whenthereare2ormoregenericagg,notoffsetbyordinarymit,canthepenaltygobeyondthemax prescribedbylaw?No. Whenthereare10?No. Mustnotexceedthepenaltyprescribedbylawfortheoffense Whatistherequiredagedifference?15yearsatleast(couldbethefather) Ageisgeneric 95offended;90offenderageaggravating?No. Oldmanhumiliatedyouinpublic.Youstabbedhim.Aggravating?No.Sufficientprovocationis incompatible. Youattackeda60yomanwhofiledacriminalcaseagainstyou.Aggravating?Yes.Nopassionor obfuscationg. Passionorobfuscationmustarisefromunlawfulaction. Youstabbedanoldmanwhoaimedarevolveratyou.Notaggravating.Nosufficientprovocation. Ageisgeneric 95offended;90offenderageaggravating?No. Oldmanhumiliatedyouinpublic.Youstabbedhim.Aggravating?No.Sufficientprovocationis incompatible. Youattackeda60yomanwhofiledacriminalcaseagainstyou.Aggravating?Yes.Nopassionor obfuscationg. Passionorobfuscationmustarisefromunlawfulaction. Youstabbedanoldmanwhoaimedarevolveratyou.Notaggravating.Nosufficientprovocation. Canbeoffsetbymitcircumstance
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Sex Q:Consideredinrapeasaggravating? No.inherent Generic Canbeappreciatedincrimesagainstperson?Yesbutnotinrape(inherent)
Accusedintendedtokillhusband.Sawhusbandandwifewalking.Firedatthehusbandbuthitthewife. Notaggravating.Nodeliberateintent. Whyissexaggravating?Wemenbelongtotheweakersex. Ifthewomanisablackbelter?Nolongeraggravating.Reasonforlawdontexistanymore. Rank,Age,SexandDwellingcommonelement?RESPECT(deliberatedisregardoftherespect) Dwelling Whatisdwelling?(*Lloydusedthedefinitioninthebook.MALI) Generic Comforroomadwelling?No. Dwellingaplaceofstructurewhichsatisfiestherequirementsofdomesticlifeofaperson Isitenoughthatthecrimebecommittedinthedwelling?No.deliberatedisregardoftherespectdueto theoffendedpartyinthedwelling. - Incomapatiblewithnegligence - Incompatiblewithp/o - Incompatiblewithsufficientprovocation Vindicationcancoexistwithdwelling?Yes.Theyarenotincompatible. Accusedshotthevictimwhileontheroof.Dwellingisaggravating Accusedwasinthemiddleoftheroad.Victimwasbrushinghisteethbythewindowofthehouse. Dwellingisaggravating,regardlessofthelocationoftheoffender Accusedunderthehouseofvictim.Victimontheupperportion.Aggravating?Yes. - Carport?Yes - Comfortroomofhouse?Yes - IftheCRis500metersfromthehouse?No.nolongeranintegralpartofthehouse. Victiminsidecar.Carisincarport?Yes.
NOTES BY:
Sonofownerofhouse,rapedhousemaid.Notaggravating.Mustnotbelivinginthesamehouse. Maidonlyreportsfrom6amto9pm.Thengoeshometofamily.No. Familydriverreportsfrom6amto8pm.Employerwasout,driverrapedthestayinhousemaid.Thisis aggravating. Siblingsbrotherkilledbrother?No. Husbandkilledparamourinconjugalroom.Aggravatingagainstthehusband?No Wifehadsexwithastrangerintheconjugalroom.Aggravatingagainstwife?Yes.Seepage354. Exceptiontotherulethatdwellingisnotaggravatingifbothislivinginside. Iftheowneristheoffender?No,asageneralrule Article14(4)AbuseofConfidence/ObviousUngratefulness thisparagraphcontemplatesTWOaggravatingcircumstances AbuseofConfidenceexistsonlywhentheoffendedpartyhastrustedtheoffenderwholaterabuses suchtrustbycommittingthecrime.Theabuseofconfidencemustbeameansoffacilitatingthe commissionofthecrime.Theculprittakingadvantageoftheoffendedpartysbeliefthattheformer wouldnotabusesaidconfidence agenericaggravatingcircumstance=canbeoffsetbyanordinarymitigatingcircumstance;canbe raisedtothemaximum Thereareinstanceswhereabuseofconfidenceisqualifying: qualifiedtheft qualifiedrape qualifiedseduction Requisites: 1.offenderhadtrustedtheoffended 2.offenderabusedsuchtrustwiththecommissionofthecrime 3.abuseofconfidencefacilitatedthecommissionofthecrime Thereshouldbedirectrelationshipandtrust Confidencemustbeimmediateandpersonal AbuseofConfidenceisinherentintheff: malversation qualifiedtheft Exception:leasetemporarydwelling
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes estafa qualifiedseduction
Supposing,loversbrokeoff1weekbeforetheirencounter,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceof abuseofconfidencebeappreciated?NO Supposing,anannykilled2yr.oldchildunderhercare,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofabuseof confidencebeappreciated?NO,becausethereisnodirectrelationshipandtrustbetweenthenanny andchild Supposing,thenannykilledthemotherofthatchildunderhercare,cantheaggravating circumstanceofabuseofconfidencebeappreciated?YES,becausethereisdirectrelationshipand trustbetweenthenannyandtheparentsofthechild Ungratefulnessmustbeobvious,manifestandclear agenericaggravatingcircumstance=canbeoffsetbyanordinarymitigatingcircumstance;canbe raisedtothemaximum applicabletodomesticservants,katiwalas,securityguards notapplicabletoifoffenderandoffendedbothliveinthesamehouse Basisforaggravation:greaterperversityofthewaysandmeansemployed Abuseofconfidenceinestafa?Inherent. Obviousungratefulness Employerattemptedagainstthehonorofhousemaid.Afterseveralday,employerinvitedhousemaidto farm.Rapedhousemaid.No. Abuseofconfidence?Confidencebroken. Article14(5)PalaceandPlacesofCommissionofOffense thisparagraphcontemplatesFOURaggravatingcircumstances offendermusthavetheintentiontocommitacrimewhenheenteredtheplace allthefourcircumstancesarenotapplicabletocasesattendantofpassionorobfuscation,immediate vindicationorthosewithsufficientprovocation=becauseofthelackofintent notapplicabletocasesinvolvingspursofthemomentorchancemeetings Wisdombehindthiscircumstance:Whyaggravate?Whatswiththeplace?Becausetheplacedeserves respect(appliestoalltheplacesmentionedunderthisparagraph) CrimecommittedinthePalaceoftheChiefExecutive agenericaggravatingcircumstance=canbeoffsetbyanordinarymitigatingcircumstance;penaltycan beraisedtothemaximum
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes IsitnecessarythattheChiefExecutivebethere?NO thepalacecontemplatedhereistheMalacanangPalace
Supposing,thechefoftheChiefExecutivekilledajanitor,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofpalace oftheChiefExecutivebeappreciated?YES,theChiefExecutiveneednotbethere Supposing,aguestshottodeathFGMikeArroyo,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofpalaceofthe ChiefExecutivebeappreciated?YES Supposing,usingthesamefactsabove,thecrimewascommittedinthelawn,cantheaggravating circumstanceofpalaceoftheChiefExecutivebeappreciated?NO,becausethelawnisnotpartofthe palace Supposing,usingthesamefactsabove,thecrimewascommittedinthepresidentialmansion,can theaggravatingcircumstanceofpalaceoftheChiefExecutivebeappreciated?NO,becausethe mansionisnotthepalace CrimecommittedinthePresenceoftheChiefExecutive agenericaggravatingcircumstance=canbeoffsetbyanordinarymitigatingcircumstance;penaltycan beraisedtothemaximum requiresthepersonalpresenceoftheChiefExecutive IsitnecessarythatthecrimebecommittedinthePresidentialpalace?NO Supposing,thepresidentpersonallysawthecrime,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofinthe presenceoftheChiefExecutivebeappreciated?YES Supposing,thepresident,whilewatchingtelevision,sawthecrime?cantheaggravating circumstanceofpalaceoftheChiefExecutivebeappreciated?NO Supposing,onboardahelicopter,theChiefExecutivesawthecrimefromadistance,canthe aggravatingcircumstanceofpalaceoftheChiefExecutivebeappreciated?YES Supposing,theoffenderhadnoknowledgethattheChiefExecutivewaspresentorneartheplaceof thecommissionofthecrime,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofpalaceoftheChiefExecutivebe appreciated?NO CrimecommittedinthePlacewherePublicAuthoritiesareintheDischargeoftheirDuties agenericaggravatingcircumstance=canbeoffsetbyanordinarymitigatingcircumstance;penaltycan beraisedtothemaximum emphasizestheplaceofthecommissionofthecrime thepublicauthoritymustbeintheexerciseorperformanceofonesofficialfunction CrimecommittedinaPlaceDedicatedforReligiousWorship agenericaggravatingcircumstance=canbeoffsetbyanordinarymitigatingcircumstance;penaltycan beraisedtothemaximum emphasizestherespectthatshouldbeaffordedtotheplace
NOTES BY:
Supposing,therewasnoceremonyinthechurchwhenthecrimewascommitted,cantheaggravating circumstanceofplacededicatedforreligiousworshipbeappreciated?YES Supposing,therewasnopriestinthechurch,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofplacededicatedfor religiousworshipbeappreciated?YES Supposing,thecrimewascommittedinachapelinsideacemetery(thechapelisusedonlywhen therearemassestobeheldforpurposesoffuneralservices),cantheaggravatingcircumstanceof placededicatedforreligiousworshipbeappreciated?NO,theplaceofreligiousworshipshouldhold religiousceremoniesthereregularly Basisforaggravation:greaterperversityshownbytheplaceofthecommissionofthecrime,whichmust berespected Generic Emphasisofpar5?PLACEofthecommissionofthecrime.(respectduetotheplace) PresNoynoyinTimesSt.CrimecommittedinMalacananggrounds.(garden).No,mustbeinpalace itself,notgarden. Iftheconvoywascaughtinheavytraffic.Accusedknewitwasthepresidentsconvoy.Committed holdupinthestreets.Aggravating?Yes Incompatiblewithnegligence,p/oandsp. Presidentnoynoyinhelicopterhoveringovertheprojects.Twoworkershadafight.Onestabbed anothertodeathwithinviewofpresidentnoynoy.Aggravating?Yes. Placedevotedforreligiousworship. Generic. Isitenoughthatthecrimebecommittedinaplacedecotedtoreligiousworship?No.deliberateintent. AccusedrapevictimwhileprayinginSanBedaAbbey?Yes Ifinaprivatechapelinyourhouse?No.1.)regularworship.Regularreligiousworship.2.)mustbeopen tothepublic. Chapelsincemeteries?No. Publicauthoritiesareengagedintheperformancegenerice NotnecessarythatthePAmustbeengagedintheperformanceoffunctions.Why?Emphasisisinthe place.Reasonistherespectduetotheplace.
NOTES BY:
Chiefjusticeasleepinhishouse.TheOfficeofChiefJusticewasrobbed.Aggravating?Yes OfficeofSenatePreswhileSPwassleepinginhishouseinthemiddleofthenight?Yes BOOKISWRONG.Itwillcollidewithpar2ifitwillberequiredthatthePAshouldbeintheexerciseof hisfunctions. Article14(6)Nighttime,UninhabitedPlaceorBand thisparagraphcontemplatesTHREEaggravatingcircumstances allthethreecircumstancesarenotapplicabletocasesattendantofpassionorobfuscationorthose withsufficientprovocation Applicableincaseswhere: 1.thecircumstancefacilitatedthecommissionofthecrime 2.thecircumstancewasespeciallysoughtforbytheoffendertoinsurethecommissionofthecrimeor forthepurposeofimpunity tocommitthecrimewithmoreease contemplatesaplannedattack;notamereencounter 3.theoffendertookadvantageofthecircumstanceforthepurposeofimpunity topreventbeingrecognizedortosecurehimselfagainstdetection Nighttime aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME nighttimemeans:beginningattheendofduskandendingatdawn itisnotenoughthatitwasnighttime whatisespeciallysoughtforbytheoffenderisthedarknessofthenight thiscircumstanceisnotapplicabletocasesinvolvingaccidents,accidentalmeetings,chance encounters,orspursofthemoment Supposing,thecrimewascommittedinsideadarkmoviehouseataround4pm,cantheaggravating circumstanceofnighttimebeappreciated?NO,becausewasshouldbeespeciallysoughtforisthe darknessofnight,notthedarknessofthemoviehousewhenthelightswereonlyoffbecauseitwas only4intheafternoon Supposing,thecrimewascommittedinsideamoviehousewhenthelightswerestillopenandthe timethenwas9pm,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofnighttimebeappreciated?NO,because eventhoughitwasnighttime,theplaceofthecommissionwaswelllightedwhenitwascommitted Supposing,thecrimewascommittedinaplacewhereitwaswelllightedbyaMeralcolightpost,can theaggravatingcircumstanceofnighttimebeappreciated?NO UninhabitedPlace
NOTES BY:
aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME thereshouldbeintent SpurofthemomentNotapplicable Whatisconsideredisthereasonablepossibilityforthevictimtoreceivesomehelp;thedegreeof difficultyofgivingassistanceorhelp Solitude(mustbesoughtfortobetterattaincriminalpurpose) foraneasyanduninterruptedaccomplishmentoftheircriminaldesign toinsureconcealmentoftheoffense;securityagainstdetectionandpunishment Band morethanthreemalefactors shallhaveactedtogether aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME Whatdoyoumeanbyarmed?onlyguns?NO,knivesareconsidered;anythingthatcankillaperson Aggravatingincrimesagainstpropertyandcrimesagainstpersons;NOTapplicableincrimesagainst chastity Basisforaggravation:time&placeofthecommission&meansemployed HowmanyAC?3 Nighttimegeneric(withjurisprudence) Nighttimeasabsorbedintreacheryqualifieshomicidetomurder Whatisnighttime?P.365 8pm.Metintheclassroom.Stabbedamurao.Aggravating?No.classroomiswelllighted. Incompatiblewith:accidentalmeeting,negligence,p/o,s/p,spurofthemoment. Startedthecrimeat5pm(sunset)finishesat11pmaggravating?No.unsetnotdarkyet. Startedat3am530pmsunrise?No. Deliberateintent. Ifthecrimewasfinishedonlyatnighttimenotaggravating Moviehouse.Lightsoff?No. Announcementoftotaleclipsecausingtotaldarknessfrom3pmto5pm.Youplantokillyourneighbor whentheeclipsesetin.notaggravating \killedduringfullmoon.nocloudscoveredthemoon.NO - Nighttimetobeaggravating,theaccusedmusthavesoughtthedarknessofthenight. Incrimesagainstpersonmaybeanindiciaoftreachery. Uninhabitedplace Generic Legaleffect? Whyaggravating?Nopossibilityofreceivinghelp(TEST)
NOTES BY:
Deliberateintent Incompatiblewithnegligence,sp,p/o,chanceencounter,spurofthemoment, Cantreacheryabsorbthisac?Yes. ByBand Generic Absorbedbytreachery?Yes Synonymouswithsyndicate?No - 2ormore - Notnecessarilyarmed 5personscommirttedrobbery,only3armed.Byaband?No.atleast4armed. Article14(7)Onoccasionofcalamityormisfortune thatthecrimebecommittedontheoccasionofaconflagration,shipwreck,earthquake,epidemicor othercalamityormisfortune aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME thereshouldbedeliberateintenttotakeadvantage thiscircumstanceisnotapplicabletocasesinvolvingaccidents,accidentalmeetings,chance encounters,orspursofthemoment thiscircumstanceisnotapplicabletocasesattendantofnegligenceorcarelessness notapplicabletocasesattendantofpassionorobfuscationorthosewithsufficientprovocation Reason:inthemidstofgreatcalamity,insteadlendingaidtotheafflicted,theoffenderaddstothe victimssufferingbytakingadvantageoftheiradvantageoftheirmisfortunetodespoil Theoffendermustseekforthecalamityasanopportunitytotakeadvantageortocommitthecrime Supposing,theoffendersawhismortalenemyinaflood,thenhekilledhismortalenemy,canthe aggravatingcircumstanceofbeappreciated?NO Basisforaggravation:timeofthecommissionofthecrime PARAGRAPH7 - Qualifying - Legaleffect - Deliberateintentmusttakeadvantageofthecalamity Incompatiblewithnegligence
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Conflagration
Retrievingyourproperty.Accidentallymetyourmortalenemy.Stabbedhim.Notaggravating Incompatiblewith:p/o,spurofthemoment,sp ConflagrationAstrangertookyourproperties,whatisthecrime.Qualifiedtheft. Article14(8)AidorArmedMen,etc. thatthecrimebecommittedwiththeaidof(1)armedmenor,(2)personswhoinsureorafford impunity ArmedMen atleasttwo(2)men;thelawsaysmen;four(4)men=bandalready aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME Rule:CasualpresenceofarmedmenisNOTaggravating Thearmedmenmusttakepartdirectlyorindirectlyinthecrime Theoffendermustavailoftheaid Meremoralorpsychologicalaidorrelianceissufficient ActualaidisNOTnecessary Personswhoinsureoraffordimpunity aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME thesepersonsshouldhaveorbeinapositiontoaffordimpunity Isajudgeapersonwhocanaffordimpunity?YES Isanemployeeapersonwhocanaffordimpunity?NO Isasecretaryapersonwhocanaffordimpunity?NO Isamistressapersonwhocanaffordimpunity?NO Basisforaggravation:meansandwaysofcommittingthecrime PARAGRAPH8 Howmany?2 1.) Aidofarmedmen 2.) Aidofpersonswhoaffordimpunity Classification>qualifying Legaleffect?
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Requirements: 1.) Tookpart 2.) Availedorrelied Armedmendistinguishedfromband: 2 4 directlytookpart
Directorindirect
Whatkindofaidiscontemplated? Moralorpsychologicalwillsuffice;material Aand4friendsdecidedtokillAmurao.4friendsallarmedoutsidethegate.Aarmedwithlicensed revolver.4friendswillonlyhelpuponsignal.Aggravating?Yes. Casualpresenceofarmedmenalreadyaggravating?No Policemajorcelebratingbday.Invitedsubordinateswithservicefirearms.Agueststabbedanotherguest No Impunity Qualifying Legaleffect? e.g.firstgentlemanapprochaedtoprotectyouafterkillingsomebodyYes ChieftainofABBNPA(notorious).Aggravating?Yes.ImpunityforCriminalProsecution.Assurancethat therewillbenocomplainantandwitnessesYes.notrequiredtobelegalsource. Mistressofmayortoaffordimpunityyes Article14(9)Recidivism agenericaggravatingcircumstance=canbeoffsetbyanordinarymitigatingcircumstance;penaltycan beraisedtothemaximum Recidivistonewho,atthetimeofhistrialforonecrime,shallhavebeenpreviouslyconvictedby finaljudgmentofanothercrimeembracedinthesametitleoftheRPC Requisites: 1.thattheoffenderisontrialforanoffense 2.thathewaspreviouslyconvictedbyfinaljudgmentofanothercrime
NOTES BY:
3.thatboththefirstandthesecondoffenseareembracedinthesametitleoftheRPC 4.thattheoffenderisconvictedofthenewoffense Supposing,thefirstoffensewasactsoflasciviousnessin1980,thenthesecondoffensein2006was attemptedrape,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofrecidivismbeappreciated?NO,becauseactsof lasciviousnessandattemptedrapearenotembracedinthesametitleoftheRPC;actsof lasciviousnesscrimesagainstchastity;attemptedrapecrimesagainstpersons Supposingthefirstoffensein1980wasattemptedrape,thenthesecondoffensein2006wasactsof lasciviousness,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofrecidivismbeappreciated?YESbecause attemptedrapethenin1980wasembracedundercrimesagainstchastity,hencebothcrimesare embracedinthesametitleoftheRPC Pardondoesnotobliteratethefactthattheaccusedwasarecidivist Thetimeorperiodbetweenthetwooffensesisimmaterial Basisforaggravation:inclinationtocrimes - Qualifying - Legaleffect - Deliberateintentmusttakeadvantageofthecalamity Incompatiblewithnegligence Conflagration Retrievingyourproperty.Accidentallymetyourmortalenemy.Stabbedhim.Notaggravating Incompatiblewith:p/o,spurofthemoment,sp ConflagrationAstrangertookyourproperties,whatisthecrime.Qualifiedtheft. Recidivistdefine ViolationofspecialpenallawsNo,mustbeintheRPC Simpletheftconvictpendingappeal ViolationofantifencinglawNo Qualifiedtheftpendingappeal Accompliceinattemptedrobberyno,finaljudgment Before8353attemptedrapeservedsentence SlightphysicalinjuriesNOnotembraced PublicinterestinthesametitleofRPC Falsificationofcommercialdocuments
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Estafa - Poperty 19702010:notembracedinthesametitle.
Article14(10)ReiteracionorHabituality thattheoffenderhasbeenpreviouslypunishedforanoffensetowhichthelawattachesanequalor greaterpenaltyorfortwoormorecrimestowhichitattachesalighterpenalty agenericaggravatingcircumstance=canbeoffsetbyanordinarymitigatingcircumstance;penaltycan beraisedtothemaximum Requisites: 1.thattheaccusedisontrialforanoffense 2.thathepreviouslyservedsentenceforanotheroffensetowhichthelawattachesanequalorgreater penaltyorfor2ormorecrimestowhichitattachesalighterpenaltythanthatforthenewoffense 3.thatheisconvictedofthenewoffense DifferencebetweenRecidivismandReiteracion RECIDIVISM REITERACION
itsenoughthatafinaljudgment
itsnecessarythattheoffendershall
hasbeenrenderedforthe1stoffense haveservedouthissentencefor the1stoffense requiresthatbothoffensesbe 1stand2ndoffensemustnotbe
embracedinthesametitleoftheRPCembracedinsametitleoftheRPC alwaystakenintoconsiderationin termsofthepenaltytobeimposed notalwaysanaggravating circumstance previouscrimesmustbeofequal orgreaterinpenalty(atleastone) oratleasttwolighterpenalties Ifthe2ndcrimeisanoffenseorcrimepunishableunderaspeciallaw,itcannotbeconsideredunder reiteracionbecauseArticles13,14,15oftheRPCarenotapplicabletospeciallawcrimes,applicable onlytocrimesdefinedundertheRevisedPenalCode.
NOTES BY:
Supposing,the1stoffenseisillegalpossessionoffirearms(aspeciallawcrime),punishableby reclusiontemporal,whilethe2ndoffenseislessseriousphysicalinjuries,cantheaggravating circumstanceofreiteracionbeappreciated?YES,iftheoffenderwaspreviouslypunishedforaspecial lawcrimeoranoffense,thenatureofthecrimeisimmaterial;theemphasisisonthepunishmentor penalty FourFormsofRepetition 1.Recidivism 2.ReiteracionorHabituality HabitualDelinquencywhenapersonwithinaperiodof10yearsfromthedateofreleaseorlast convictionofthecrimesofseriousorlessseriousphysicalinjuries,robbery,theft,estafa,or falsification,foundguiltyfora3rdtimeoroftener.Ahabitualdelinquentshallsufferanadditional penalty Quasirecidivismanypersonwhoshallcommitafelonyafterhavingbeenconvictedbyfinal judgmentbeforebeginningtoservesuchsentenceorwhileservingthesame,shallbepunishedbythe maximumperiodofthepenaltyprescribedbylawforthenewpenalty. Basisforaggravation:inclinationtocrimes Reiteraciionandrecidivismdistinguish Murderpardon.Aggravating?Yes.Pardondoesnotobliterate. Attemptedhomicide6yearsprobation FrustratedmurderNo. Seriousphysicalinjuries4years,pobation Lessseriousno Classificationgeneric Legaleffect?
3.HabitualDelinquency/Multirecidivism 4.Quasirecidivism
NOTES BY:
Attemptedhomicidenotallegedbutprovedduringtrialappreciatehabituality?Yes,genericif withoutobjection Article14(11)Price,RewardorPromise aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME Theprice,rewardorpromisemustbethesolemotivatingfactorforcommittingthecrime;mustbefor thepurposeofinducinganothertoperformadeed Thereshouldbetwoormoreoffenders:theonewhooffers,theonewhoacceptsit CriminalParticipation:theonewhooffersisaprincipalbyinducement,theonewhoacceptsisa principalbydirectparticipation Itisnotnecessarythattheprincipalbydirectparticipationreceivetherewardorpromise;whatis importantisthattherewardorpromisewasthesolemotivatingfactorotherwisethecrimewouldnot havebeencommitted Supposing,theonewhocommitsthecrimeknowsoftherewardorpromisealready,canthe aggravatingcircumstanceofprice,rewardorpromisebeappreciated?NO,becausetherewasno motivationalready Basisforaggravation:greaterperversitybythemotivatingpoweritself Price,rewardorpromise - Atleast2ormoreoffenders - Mustbethesolemitigatingpowerwithoutwhichtherewouldbenocrime - Qualifyinflegaleffects Givingrewardprincipalbyinducement Acceptordirectparticipation Necessarythataccusedactuallyreceived?NO Youapproachedagunforhire.Paid50ktokillAmurao.Gunforhirewashisformerstudentwillingto killAmuraowithoutprice.Aggravating?No. Article14(12)Bymeansofinundation,fire,etc. Distinguishfromhabitualdelinquencynatureofoffense10yearsrequired Habitualitygeneric Bothmustbeallegedintheinformation
NOTES BY:
thatthecrimebecommittedbymeansofinundation,fire,poison,explosion,stranding,ofavesselor intentionaldamagethereto,derailmentofalocomotive,orbytheuseofanyotherartificeinvolving greatwasteandruin aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME Thereareinstanceswhenthesecircumstancesareinherentinthecrime,thuscannotbeappreciated asaggravatingcircumstances: 1.bymeansoffireinherentinarson 2.bymeansofderailmentoflocomotiveinherentindamagetomeansofcommunication 3.bymeansofexplosionwithoutintenttokill,inherentindestructiontoproperty DifferenceofPar.7andPar.12 Par.7=onoccasionofcalamityormisfortune;notwithinoffenderscontrol Par.12=theactsofgreatwasteandruinareusedbytheoffenderasmeans Basisforaggravation:meansandwaysemployed Article14(13)EvidentPremeditation aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME thiscircumstanceisnotapplicabletocasesinvolvingaccidents,accidentalmeetings,chance encounters,orspursofthemoment thiscircumstanceisnotapplicabletocasesattendantofnegligenceorcarelessness notapplicabletocasesattendantofpassionorobfuscationorthosewithsufficientprovocation EvidentPremeditationtheessenceofsuchisthattheexecutionofthecriminalactmustbe precededbycoolthoughtandreflectionupontheresolutiontocarryoutthecriminalintentduring thespaceoftimesufficienttoarriveatacalmjudgment Requisites: 1.thetimewhentheoffenderdeterminedtocommitthecrime 2.anactmanifestlyindicatingthattheculprithasclungtohisdetermination;throughanovertact 3.thedate&timewhenthecrimewascommitted(tocomputelapseoftime)
NOTES BY:
4.asufficientlapseoftimebetweenthedeterminationandexecution,toallowhimtoreflectuponthe consequencesofhisactandtoallowhisconsciencetoovercometheresolutionofhiswill IstheaggravatingcircumstanceofEvidentPremeditationcompatiblewiththemitigating circumstanceImmediateVindicationofaRelativeforaGraveOffense?YES,themitigating circumstanceandaggravatingcircumstancecanbeappreciated. Canevidentpremeditationbepresentinerrorinpersonae?NO Canevidentpremeditationbepresentinaberratioictus?NO Supposing,youintendedtokillProf.Amurao,thinkingitwashim,youshotattheperson,whoturned outtobeDeanJara,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofevidentpremeditationbeappreciated?NO, becausethereshouldbedeliberateintenttokillDeanJara Generalrule:Inaberratioictus,evidentpremeditationisNOTapplicable Exception:iftherewasageneralplantokillanyone;ifoffendersintendedtokillanyone Basisforaggravation:referencetothewaysofcommittingthecrimebecauseevidentpremeditation impliesdeliberateplanningoftheactbeforeexecutingit Elements:4 Classificationqualifying Legaleffects? Incompatiblewithnegligence,spurofthemoment,accidentalmeeting,p/o,sp Vindicationofgraveoffense?Yes Errorinpersonae generalrule:No Except:ifthereisageneralplan Accusedhasaspecificvictimbutwillingtokillapersonwhointerfered.Yes Abberatioictus:No Article14(14)Craft,Fraud,Disguise that(1)craft,(2)fraud,(3)disguisebeemployed thisparagraphcontemplatesTHREEaggravatingcircumstances aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME
NOTES BY:
Craftinvolvesintellectualtrickeryandcunningonthepartofaccused Supposing,theaccusedpretendedtobeacustomer,thenherobbedtheplace,cantheaggravating circumstanceofcraftbeappreciated?YES Supposingtheaccusedpretendedtobeapersoninauthority,forexampleposingasMeralcoofficials, thentheycommitacrime,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofcraftbeappreciated?YES Fraudinsidiouswordsormachinationsusedtoinducethevictim Fraudulentmachinationsandgraveabuseofauthoritywillbeabsorbedinthecrimeofrape Fraudisinherentinthecrimeofestafa Disguiseresortingtoanydevicetoconcealidentity Examples: wearingamask useofanassumedname wearingauniformofapoliceofficer Q:Craftdefinition ItisQualifyinglegaleffects Example:A,B,CinordertokillD,toldthelattertheyaregoingoncamping,killedDintheforest Fraud Qualifyinglegaleffects Estafalegaleffectoffraud ItisinherentinthecommissionofestafainherentinArt.213 Disguise Whenistheredisguise? Qualifyinglegaleffect Example:SeveralmembersofBonnetGangcommittedrobberyinthehighway Basisofaggravation:meansemployed Article14(15)AbuseofSuperiorStrength/MeanstoWeakenDefense that(1)advantagebetakenofsuperiorstrengthor(2)meansbeemployedtoweakenthedefense thisparagraphcontemplatesTWOaggravatingcircumstances aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME thereshouldbedeliberateintenttotakeadvantageofsuperiorstrength
NOTES BY:
AbuseofSuperiorStrengthdependsontheage,size,andstrengthoftheparties;itisconsidered wheneverthereisnotoriousinequalityofforcesbetweenthevictimandtheaggressor,assessinga superiorityofstrengthnotoriouslyadvantageousfortheaggressorwhichisselectedortaken advantageofbyhiminthecommissionofthecrime Ifthevictimwasalternatelyattacked,thereisNOabuseofsuperiorstrength MeanstoWeakentheDefense Supposing,theoffenderintoxicatedthevictimtomateriallyweakenher,cantheaggravating circumstanceofmeanstoweakendefensebeappreciated?YES Article14(16)Treachery(Alevosia) aspecificaggravatingcircumstance:onlyapplicabletocrimesagainstpersons;cantreacherybe appreciatedinrape?YES aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME thiscircumstanceisnotapplicabletocasesinvolvingaccidents,accidentalmeetings,chance encounters,orspursofthemoment,oronthespotdecisionstocommitthecrime thiscircumstanceisnotapplicabletocasesattendantofnegligenceorcarelessness notapplicabletocasesattendantofpassionorobfuscationorthosewithsufficientprovocation Treachery Whenistheretreachery Qualifyingandspecificcrimesagainstperson Qualifyingchangethenatureofthecrime Incompatiblewithnegligence,sufficientprovocation,passionorobfuscation Cancoexistwithvoluntaryconfessionofguilt?Yes.Withvoluntarysurrender?Yes.Theyarenot inconsistentwith BUTISITSTILLACCURATETHATTHISQUALIFYINGAGGRAVATINGCIRCUMSTANCECANNOTBEOFFSET BYANYMITIGATINGCIRC?Yes.Differentfunctions.Oneistochangethenatureofthefelony.(AGG) Otheristoreducepenaltybyoneperiodaftertheoffenseisqualified(MIT) Doesaprivilegedmit.Circ.Offsetaqualifyingaggravating?NO. Functionofqualifyingagg.Circ.Istochangethenatureoftheoffenseforwhichtheaccusedstandsto beprosecuted.
NOTES BY:
Roleofprivilegemitigatingcirc.Istoreducethepenaltybyoneortwodegreesasthecasemaybefrom theproperpenaltyimposedontheoffenseasqualified. Cancoexistwithvindicationforagraveoffense?Yes. Killneighbor W/otreacheryHomicide(reclusiontemporal) w/treacheryMurder(reclusionperpetuatodeath) with1mitcirc.(RPinmedium,RPinminimum) with1priv.mitcirc.RT(onedegreelowerfromRT) TreacherycanbeappreciatedinRAPE?Yes,crimeagainstpersons. Inaprosecutionforrape,bytreacheryandabuseofsuperiorstrengthorcraft,fraud,disguiseabsorbed intreachery InprosecutionforMURDERqualifiedbytreacheryandevidentpremeditation.CanEPbeappreciatedso astoincreasepenaltyinmaximum?NO.absorbedintreachery. Samewithinundation,fire,poison,explosion,price,rewardorpromise. Aidofarmedmen,personswhoaffordimpunity,nighttime,calamitiesormisfortune. ALLQUALIFYINGAGGRAVATINGCIRC.EnumeratedinPeoplevs.Palaganascanbeabsorbedby treachery. Supposingyoukilledyourneighborwithevidentpremeditationandemployedmeanstoweaken defenseanduseddisguiseandtookadvantageofdeepflood.Howmanyqualifying?4 Assumingtherewastreachery,howmany?5 Isitnecessaryforthecourttoconsiderall5tochangethenatureofthefelony?No.Treacherywill suffice. Now,whatwillhappentotheother4aggravatingcirc?Deemedabsorbedintreachery.Theycanno longerbeappreciatedtoimposepenaltyinthemaximum. TESTSinTREACHERY. 1.Istheattacksuddenandunexpected? 2.Wasthevictimgivenanopportunityfordefense? 3.Wasthemeansemployeddeliberateandconsciouslyadopted?(3rdtestisthemostimportant.) Incompatiblewithcasualencounterevenif1and2werepresent,if3islacking,thereisnotreachery.
NOTES BY:
Incompatiblewithaccidentalmeetingspurofthemoment. Incompatibelifkillingwasprecededbyaheatedargument.(placethevictimonguardtobeprepared foranyattack) Enteringcarpark,vacantlot Anothervehiclehurryingtowardstheslot.Yougotinfirst.Therewasaheatedargument.Hewarned you,Babalikankita.Aftertwominutesshotyou.Wastheretreachery?None. Ifkillingwasprecededbythreat,treachery?No. Lackingquestionno.2. Whenattackconsistsof2ormorestages Aggressionisinterruptedfatalblowtherewastreachery Continuingtreacherymustbepresentattheinception Exampleof#1(seegreennotebook) AsawhisenemyB w/oanywarningfrombehind,inflictedstabwounds. Bwasabletoavoid.Openfightfollowed,Bfled. Aimmediateltbehind,stabbedB.Bdied.Wastheretreachery?None.Treacherywasnotconsciously adoptedattheinceptionandtheaggressionbeingcontinuing. Exampleof#2.Peoplev.Canete,USvs.Baluyot AsaBinabar.AchallengedhisenemyBinafight.Theyfoughtinsidethebar.AhitBinthebackby pipe,Bdied.Whatcrime?Homicideonly.Chanceencounter,nottreachery. Accusedfoundtobeintoxicatedunderinfluenceofdrugs?MURDER.Influenceofillegaldrugsqualifies crimefromhomicidetomurder.(RA9165ComprehensiveDangerousDrugsActof2002) Supposingvictimwarnednottoenteracertainareawhilewalkingalongtheroad,somebodystabbed himfrombehind,treachery?YES.Generalwarningisnotenoughtoremovetreachery. IstheaggravatingcircumstanceofTreacherycompatiblewiththemitigatingcircumstanceImmediate VindicationofaRelativeforaGraveOffense?YES,becausetherewasintenttotakerevenge RulesregardingTreachery 1.applicableonlytocrimesagainstpersons
NOTES BY:
2.means,methods,orformsneednotinsureaccomplishmentofcrime;onlytoinsureexecution 3.themodeofattackmustbeconsciouslyadopted Requisites 1.Thatatthetimeoftheattack,thevictimwasnotinapositiontodefendhimself 2.Thattheoffenderconsciouslyadoptedtheparticularmeans,methodorformofattackemployedby him Whatisimportanttodeterminearethefollowing: thevictimsabilitytodefendhimself themodeofattackwasconsciouslyadopted Importantquestionstoanswer: 1.Wastheattacksuddenandunexpected? 2.Didtheoffendedhaveanyopportunitytodefendhimself? 3.Wasthemodetheattackdeliberatelyorconsciouslyadoptedbytheaccusedtoinsureexecution withoutrisktotheoffender? IftheanswertoallthesequestionsisYES;thentreacheryispresent Summaryoftherules: 1.Whentheaggressionisasingleandcontinuousact,itmustbepresentrightattheinceptionor presentinthebeginningoftheassault 2.Whentheassaultisnotcontinuous,ortheattackisdivisibleintotwoormorestages,orinterrupted, itissufficientthattreacherywaspresentatthetimeofthemortalblowwasinflicted. Supposing,therewasaheatedargumentbetweentheoffenderandtheoffendedbeforethey attackedeachother,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceoftreacherybeappreciated?NO,eitheror bothpartiesshouldhavebeenprepared Supposing,therewasawarningfromtheoffender,thenafterafewminutesheattackedthevictim, cantheaggravatingcircumstanceoftreacherybeappreciated?NO,becausetherewasachanceto defendhimselfandposearisktotheoffender Supposing,yourenemywassleeping,youtappedhim,thenyoushothimassoonasheawakened, cantheaggravatingcircumstanceoftreacherybeappreciated?YES
NOTES BY:
Supposing,thevictimshandsandfeetweretied,thenmortalwoundswereinflictedonthevictim, cantheaggravatingcircumstanceoftreacherybeappreciated?YES Supposing,theoffenderburiedhalfofthevictimsbody,thenhehackedthevictimtodeath,canthe aggravatingcircumstanceoftreacherybeappreciated?YES Supposing,theaccusedshotthevictimwhowastiedtoacoconuttree,cantheaggravating circumstanceoftreacherybeappreciated?YES Supposing,therewasadisputeoveraparkingspace,thentheaccusedshotthevictim,canthe aggravatingcircumstanceoftreacherybeappreciated?NO Supposing,thevictimsufferedfrontalmortalwounds,immediately,cantheaggravating circumstanceoftreacherynotbeappreciated?NO,becausehavingfrontalwoundsisNOTconclusive thattherewasnotreachery Supposing,thevictimsufferedmortalwoundsattheback,immediately,cantheaggravating circumstanceoftreacherybeappreciated?NO Note:Thelocationofthewoundsdoesnotgiverisetothepresumptionofthepresenceoftreachery Supposing,thevictimhidbehindadrumwherehecouldnotbeseenbytheoffender,theoffender, knowingthatthevictimwashidingbehindthedrumshotatthedrum;thebulletpenetratedthe drumandhitthevictimwhichcausedhisdeath,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceoftreacherybe appreciated?YES,becausethevictimwasnotinapositiontodefendhimself Supposing,therewasanagreementtofight Treacherycannotbepresumed;mustbeprovedbyclearandconvincingevidence Intreachery,itisnotnecessarythatthepersonintendedtobekilledwasnottheoneactuallykilled AccordingtoProf.Amurao,treacheryisapoliticianandabuwaya,becauseittakeseverything; becausetreacheryabsorbsallotheraggravatingcircumstances Basisforaggravation:meansandwaysemployed AdditionalnotesfromProf.Amurao: Iftheoffenderwasundertheinfluenceofdrugsinthecrimeofmurderorhomicide,thiscanbe consideredaqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance,evenintheabsenceoftreachery(pursuanttoRA 9165) theuseofanunlicensedfirearm=aspecialaggravatingcircumstanceforthecrimeofmurderor homicide;beforeitwasseparatelyprosecuted,butnowunlawfulpossessionisonlyaspecial aggravatingcircumstancethatcanincreasethepenaltytothemaximum;noseparateprosecution Article14(17)Ignominy
NOTES BY:
thatmeansbeemployedorcircumstancesbroughtaboutwhichaddignominytothenaturaleffectsof theact aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME Ignominyacircumstancepertainingtothemoralorderwhichaddsdisgraceandobloquytothe materialinjurycausedbythecrime Applicabletocrimesagainstchastity,lessseriousphysicalinjuries,lightorgravecoercionandmurder Effectofignominy:thecrimebecomesmorehumiliatingortoputtheoffendedpartytoshame Supposing,awomanwasrapedinthepresenceofherhusbandandchildren,cantheaggravating circumstanceofignominybeappreciated?YES Supposing,awomanwasrapedwhilecogongrasswaswrappedaroundthepenisoftheoffender, cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofignominybeappreciated?Prof.Amuraothinksthatthisscenario fallsundertheaggravatingcircumstanceofcruelty Basisforaggravation:meansemployed IGNOMINY Art,18and19PD532,accomplicesinPD532 Art.19accessoriesAntifencinglawPD1829(ObstructionofJustice) Art.29PreventiveImpandcrediting Victimallwoundsfrontal Treacherycannotbeappreciated?No.Merepresenceoffrontalwoundisnotconclusivethatno treacherywasemployedneitherwillpresenceofbackwoundsbeconclusivethattreacherywaspresent. Absentanyproofastohowwoundwasinflicted. Victimhasjustawaken,stilldrowsywhenattacked.Treachery?Yes. QuestionHour:AmuraoSpeaking. Whenthereare2qualifying,onewillsufficetochangethenatureofthecrime.Whatwillhappentothe otherqualifying?Theotherwillbeconsideredasgenericaggravatingcircumstancepenaltytothe maximum.(Excepttreachery,becausetreacherywillabsorbthem) N.B.Otherqualifyingcirc.Notinart248(murder)e.g.craft,fraud,ordisguise.Theyaremeansof treachery,absorbedintreacheryinArt.248.) Article14(18)UnlawfulEntry
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes thatthecrimebecommittedafteranunlawfulentry
aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME UnlawfulEntryanentranceiseffectedbyawaynotintendedfor Purposetoeffectentrancenotforescape Supposing,thewindowwasusedtogainentryintothehouse,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceof unlawfulentrybeappreciated?YES Supposing,theownersofthehousecommonlyusethewindowastheirordinarymeanstoenterthe house,thentheaccusedenteredthedoor,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofunlawfulentrybe appreciated?YES Unlawfulentryisinherent(thuscannotbeappreciatedasanaggravatingcircumstance)inthe followingcrimes: robberywithforceuponthings violationofdomicile(committedbypublicpersons) trespasstodwelling(committedbyprivateindividuals) Basisforaggravation:meansandwaysemployed Article14(19)BreakingWall thatasameanstothecommissionofacrime,awall,roof,floor,doororwindowbebroken aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME Toeffectentranceonly Shouldbeasameanstocommittocrime Supposing,theaccusedintendedtokillhisnextdoorneighborbybreakingthewallseparatingthem, thenheshottheneighbor,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofbreakingwallbeappreciated?YES Breakingwallisinherentinrobberywithforceuponthings Basisforaggravation:meansandwaysemployed Article14(20)AidofMinororbyMeansofMotorVehicles
NOTES BY:
thatthecrimesbecommitted(1)withtheaidofpersonsunder15yearsofageor(2)bymeansof motorvehicles,airshipsorothersimilarmeans thisparagraphcontemplatesTWOaggravatingcircumstances AidofMinor agenericaggravatingcircumstance=canbeoffsetbyanordinarymitigatingcircumstance involvesthetakingadvantageofthechildsimmaturityorinnocence UseofMotorVehicles aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME theoffendershoulddeliberatelyseekfortheuseofthevehicle theuseofthemotorvehiclemustbethemeansusedtocommitthecrime shouldfacilitatethecommissionofthecrime Supposing,theaccusedrobbedahousethenfoundacarinfrontofthehousewhichheusedforhis escape,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofuseofmotorvehiclebeappreciated?NO,becausethe crimewasalreadyaccomplished Supposing,theaccusedrobbedthepassengersinabus,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofuseof motorvehiclebeappreciated?YES,evenifitisapublicvehicle,thecircumstancecanbeappreciated Supposing,ataxicabwashired,thenanargumentensuedinsidewheretheaccusedkilledthevictim, cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofuseofmotorvehiclebeappreciated?NO,becausethemotor vehiclewasjustincidentaltothecrime Aremotorizedbikesconsidered?YES Whatifitisamotorizedbikebutthemotorisnotused?YES Areroadrollersorpisonconsidered?NO,becauseitisnotmotorizedascontemplatedbytheLTO Useofmotorvehiclesisinherentinthecrimeofcarnapping Basisforaggravation:meansandwaysemployed Article14(21)Cruelty thatthewrongdoneinthecommissionofthecrimebedeliberatelyaugmentedbycausingother wrongnotnecessaryforitscommission aqualifyingaggravatingcircumstance=cannotbeoffsetbyamitigating;CHANGESTHENATUREOF THECRIME Crueltywhentheculpritenjoysanddelightsinmakinghisvictimsufferslowlyandgradually,causing thevictimunnecessaryphysicalpainintheconsummationofthecriminalact
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Requisites: 1.Thattheinjurycausedbedeliberatelyincreasedbycausinganotherwrong
2.Thattheotherwrongbeunnecessaryfortheexecutionofthepurposeoftheoffender Istherecrueltywhenitisdoneagainstadeadbody?NO,becauseitdidnotprolongpainsincethe personwasalreadydead Istherecrueltywhenitisdoneagainstanunconsciousperson?YES Supposing,adeadpersonwasfoundwith125stabwounds,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofuse ofmotorvehiclebeappreciated?NO,becausethenumberofwoundsisimmaterialwithcruelty Ignominymoralsuffering Crueltyphysicalsufferingprolonged Crueltycannotbepresumed Basisforaggravation:waysemployed
Article15
thosewhichmustbetakenintoconsiderationasaggravatingormitigatingaccordingtothenatureand effectsofthecrimeandtheotherconditionsattendingitscommission Thefollowingarealternativecircumstances: 1.Relationship 2.Intoxication 3.DegreeofInstructionandEducationoftheOffender Article15(1)Relationship consideredwhentheoffendedpartyisthe: a.spouse b.ascendant c.descendant d.legitimate,natural,adoptedsibling e.relativebyaffinity Q:Supposing,astepdaughterwasrapedbyherstepfather,canthealternativecircumstanceof relationshipbeappreciated?YES Relationshipismitigatingincrimesagainstproperty(RUFA):
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes 1.robbery 3.fraudulentinsolvency
2.usurpation 4.arson Relationshipisexemptingincrimesoftheft,swindling,ormaliciousmischiefiftheoffenderand offendedlivetogether Relationshipisaggravatingincrimesagainstpersonswhentheoffendedisarelativeofhigher degreethantheoffenderorwhentheoffenderandoffendedarepartiesofthesamelevel Iftheoffendedisarelativeoflowerdegree,inthecrimeoflessseriousandslightphysicalinjuries, relationshipismitigating Iftheoffendedisarelativeofhigherdegree,inthesamecrimes,relationshipisaggravating Whenthecrimeishomicideormurder,whichresultedtothedeathofthevictim,relationshipis aggravating,regardlessofdegree. Incrimesagainstchastity,relationshipisALWAYSaggravating Article15(2)Intoxication a.mitigatingwhen: thedrinkingisnothabitual;oraccidental iftheintoxicationisnotsubsequenttotheplantocommitacrime Reasonformitigation:exerciseofwillpowerisimpaired b.aggravatingwhen: ifhabitual ifintoxicationisintentional(fullyknowingitseffectsasastimulant)orsubsequenttotheplanto committhecrime Reasonforaggravation:bolsteredcouragetocommitthecrime(intentional);lessensresistancetoevil thoughts(habitual) Article15(3)InstructionorEducation whatismeasuredisthedegreeofintelligencenottheformaleducation Lowdegreeofinstruction/Lackofeducationmitigating Highdegreeofinstruction;offenderavailsofintelligenceaggravating Supposing,thecrimewasdonenotinacivilizedsociety,canthealternativecircumstanceoflow degreeofinstructionasamitigatingcircumstanceYES,itisamitigatingcircumstance Supposing,theaccusedkilledaperson,canthealternativecircumstanceoflowdegreeofinstruction asamitigatingcircumstancebeappreciated?NO,becausekillingisinherentlywrong
NOTES BY:
Supposing,theaccusedcommittedthecrimeoftreason,canthealternativecircumstanceoflow degreeofinstructionasamitigatingcircumstancebeappreciated?NO,becauseloveforcountryisa naturalfeelingthatrequiresnodegreeofinstruction Supposing,accusedcommittedcrimesagainstchastity,canthealternativecircumstanceoflow degreeofinstructionasamitigatingcircumstancebeappreciated?NO Supposing,accusedcommittedcrimesagainstchastity,canthealternativecircumstanceoflow degreeofinstructionasamitigatingcircumstancebeappreciated?NO Supposing,accusedcommittedthecrimeofmurder,canthealternativecircumstanceoflowdegree ofinstructionasamitigatingcircumstancebeappreciated?NO Supposing,alawyercommittedthecrimeofestafa,canthealternativecircumstanceofhighdegree ofinstructionasanaggravatingcircumstancebeappreciated?YES Supposing,adoctorpreparedaspecialpoisontokillthevictim,canthealternativecircumstanceof highdegreeofinstructionasanaggravatingcircumstancebeappreciated?YES
Article16
ARTICLE16WHOARECRIMINALLYLIABLE thefollowingarecriminallyliableforgraveandlessgraveoffenses: 1.Principals 2.Accomplices 3.Accessories thefollowingarecriminallyliableforlightfelonies: 1.Principals 2.Accomplices Accessoriesarenotliableforlightfeloniesbecausethesocialwrongissosmall Rulesonlightfelonies 1.punishableonlywhenconsummated 2.whencommittedagainstpersonsorpropertyandpunishableintheattemptedorfrustrated 3.onlyprincipalsandaccomplicesareliable 4.accessoriesarenotliableevenincrimesagainstpersonsorproperty OnlynaturalpersonscanbeactivesubjectsofacrimecontemplatedunderArticle16oftheRPC Reasons: 1.UndertheRevisedPenalCode,personsactwithpersonalmaliceornegligence;artificial/judicial personscantactwithmaliceornegligence 2.Ajuridicalpersonlikeacorporationcantcommitacrimethatrequireswillfulpurposeormalicious intent
NOTES BY:
3.Thereissubstitutionofdeprivationoflibertyforpecuniarypenaltiesininsolvencycases 4.Otherpenaltieslikedestierroandimprisonment=executedonindividualsonly
Article17
ARTICLE17PRINCIPALS thefollowingareconsideredprincipals: 1.thosewhotakeadirectpartintheexecutionoftheact (ByDirectParticipation) 2.thosewhodirectlyforceorinduceotherstocommitit(ByInducement) 3.thosewhocooperateinthecommissionoftheoffensebyanotheractwithoutwhichitwouldnot havebeenaccomplished (ByIndispensableCooperation) Article17(1)PrincipalsbyDirectParticipation(PDP) Requisites: 1.theyparticipatedinthecriminalresolution 2.theycarriedouttheirplanandpersonallytookpartinitsexecutionbyactswhichdirectlytendedto thesameend Inmultiplerape,alltherapistsareequallyliable,regardlessofdegreeofparticipation Withoutthe2ndrequisite,thereisonlyconspiracy=thusthereisnocriminalliability Article17(2)PrincipalsbyInducement(PI) PrincipalsbyInducementareONLYliablewhenthePrincipalbyDirectParticipationcommittedtheact induced Twowaysofbecomingprincipalbyinduction 1.bydirectlyforcinganothertocommitacrime 2.bydirectlyinducinganothertocommitacrime Bydirectlyforcinganothertocommitacrime(noconspiracyinvolved) 1.byusingirresistibleforce 2.bycausinguncontrollablefear Bydirectlyinducinganothertocommitacrime 1.bygivingpriceorofferingrewardorpromise=collectivecriminalresponsibility 2.byusingwordsofcommand
NOTES BY:
RequisitesforthePrincipalbyInducement 1.thattheinducementbemadedirectlywiththeintentionofprocuringthecommissionofthecrime 2.thatsuchinducementbethedeterminingcauseofthecommissionofthecrime Inducementmaybebyactsofcommand,advice,orthroughinfluenceoragreementfor consideration;thewordsofadviceorinfluencemustactuallymovethehandsoftheprincipalbydirect participation Theinducementmustbethedeterminingcauseforthecommissionofthecrimebytheprincipalby directparticipation,thatiswithoutsuchinducementthecrimewouldnothavebeencommitted Theinducementmustprecedetheactandmustbesoinfluential Ifthereisapriceorrewardinvolved,w/opriorpromise=noinducement Byusingwordsofcommand thewordsmustbethemovingcauseoftheoffense 1.thattheoneutteringthewordsofcommandmusthavetheintentionofprocuringthecommissionof thecrime 2.thattheonewhomadethecommandmusthaveanascendancyorinfluenceoverthepersonwho acted 3.thatthewordsusedmustbesodirect,soefficacious,sopowerfulastoamounttophysicalormoral coercion Efficaciousitwouldseemoritwasfurnishedthatthematerialexecutororprincipalbydirect participationhadreasontobelieveorwasmadetobelievethatthedeceaseddidsomethingwrong 4.thewordsofcommandmustbeutteredpriortothecommissionofthecrime;whenthewordswere utteredafterthecommencementofthecrime=noinducement 5.thematerialexecutorhasnopersonalreasontocommitthecrime Differencebet.PrincipalbyInducement&OffenderbyProposal PRIN.BYINDUCEMENT OFFENDERBYPROPOSAL inducementtocommitthecrime inducementtocommitthecrime liableonlywhencrimeiscommitted mereproposaltocommitis bytheprincipalbydirectparticipationpunishableintreason&rebellion; personproposedtoshouldnt committhecrime appliesintreason&rebelliononly
inducementinvolvesanycrime
Article17(3)PrincipalbyIndispensableCooperation(PIC) thosewhocooperateinthecommissionofthecrimebyanotheractwithoutwhichitwouldnothave beenaccomplished
NOTES BY:
Cooperatemeanstodesireorwishincommonathing,butthatcommonwillorpurposedoesnot necessarilymeanpreviousunderstandingforitcanbeexplainedorinferredfromthecircumstancesof eachcase Requisites: 1.participationinthecriminalresolution,thatis,thereiseitheranteriorconspiracyorunityofcriminal purposeandintentionimmediatelybeforethecommissionofthecrimecharged 2.cooperationinthecommissionofthecrimebyperforminganotheract,withoutwhichitwouldnot havebeenaccomplished Firstrequisite requiresparticipationinthecriminalresolution theremustbeconspiracy concurrenceissufficient cooperationindispensable Secondrequisite cooperationMUSTbeindispensable ifdispensable,accusedisonlyanaccomplice CollectiveCriminalResponsibility(CCR)whentheoffendersarecriminallyliableinthesamemanner andtothesameextent;penaltyisthesameforall: a.PrincipalsbyDirectParticipationCCR b.PrincipalsbyInducementCCRwithPrincipalsbyDirectParticipation,exceptthosewho directlyforcedanothertocommitacrime c.PrincipalsbyIndispensableCooperationCCRwithPrincipalsbyDirectParticipation IndividualCriminalResponsibility(ICR)intheabsenceofpreviousconspiracy,unityofcriminal purposeandintentionimmediatelybeforethecommissionofthecrimeorcommunityofcriminal design,thecriminalresponsibilityarisingfromdifferentactsdirectedagainstoneandthesameperson isindividualandnotcollective,andeachoftheparticipantsisliableonlyfortheactcommittedbyhim
Article18
ARTICLE18ACCOMPLICES Accomplicesarepersonswho,notbeingincludedinArticle17,cooperateintheexecutionofthecrime bypreviousorsimultaneousacts QuasiCollectiveCriminalResponsibilitysomeoftheoffendersinthecrimeareprincipals;others areaccomplices
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Participationprovedbypositive&competentevidence;cantbepresumed Accompliceshavenopreviousagreement nounderstanding withthePrincipalby DifferencebetweenanAccompliceandaConspirator ACCOMPLICES CONSPIRATORS theyknow&agreewiththe criminaldesign theyknow&agreewiththe criminaldesign theyknowthecriminalintention notinconspiracy DirectParticipation
theycometoknowaboutthe
criminaldesignaftertheconspirators becausetheyhavedecidedupon havedecidedonit thecourseofaction theydecidetocommitthecrime
onlyconcurstothecommissionof thecrime;theydonotdecide;they merelyassenttoitandcooperate mereinstrumentsperformingacts NOTessentialtotheperpetrationof thecrime
theyaretheauthorsofthecrime
Requisitesforanaccomplice: 1.thattherebecommunityofdesign;thatis,knowingthecriminaldesignoftheprincipalbydirect participation,heconcurswiththelatterinhispurpose 2.thathecooperatesintheexecutionoftheoffensebypreviousandsimultaneousactswiththe intentionofsupplyingthematerialormoralaidintheexecutionofthecrimeinanefficaciousway 3.thattherebearelationbetweentheactsdonebytheprincipalandthoseattributedtotheperson chargedasaccomplice
NOTES BY:
RulesonAccomplices: 1.theonewhohadtheoriginalcriminaldesignisthepersonwhocommittedtheresultingcrime(there shouldbeaprincipalbydirectparticipation) 2.anaccomplicecooperatesonlywithpreviousorsimultaneousacts 3.anaccomplicedoesnotinflictmoreormostseriouswounds Moralaidmaybethroughadvice,encouragementoragreement Examplesofpreviousacts lendingofaweapon,knowingofthepurpose furnishingadrugorsleepingdrug,knowingthepurposeisforrape Examplesofsimultaneousacts disarmingthevictimwhiletheprincipalisattacking preventingthevictimsfromreceivinghelp actedasalookout,withoutconspiracy supplyingmaterialormoralaid distractingthevictim
Article19
ARTICLE19ACCESSORIES Accessoriesarethosewho,havingknowledgeofthecommissionofthecrimeandwithouthaving participatedtherein,eitherasprincipalsoraccomplices,takepartsubsequenttoitscommissioninany ofthefollowingmanners: 1.byprofitingthemselvesorassistingtheoffendertoprofitbytheeffectsofthecrime 2.byconcealingordestroyingthebodyofthecrimeortheeffectsorinstrumentsthereof,inorderto preventitsdiscovery 3.byharboring,concealingorassistingintheescapeoftheprincipalofthecrime,providedthe accessoryactswithofhispublicfunctionsorwhenevertheauthorofthecrimeisguiltyoftreason, parricide,murder,oranattempttotakethelifeoftheChiefExecutiveorisknowntobehabitually guiltyofsomeothercrime Accessoriesdonotparticipate;theydonotcooperate Accessoriesmusthaveknowledgeofthecommissionofthecrime,thentakespartsubsequenttothe commission,eg.fencing Knowledgemaybeacquiredaftertheacquisitionofstolenproperty
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Examplesofbyprofitingthemselvesbytheeffectsofthecrime receivedstolenpropertyandusedit sharedintherewardformurder Examplesofassistingtheoffenderbytheeffectsofthecrime sellsthestolenpropertyfortheoffendersbenefit runnersorcouriersforpickinguporgettingtheransommoney
Examplesofbyconcealingordestroyingthebodyofthecrime(orthecorpusdelicti) assistedintheburialtopreventdiscovery concealingorhidingweaponsusedinthecommissionofthecrime furnishesthemeanstostagethecrimescene RequisitesforArticle19(3): a.accessoryisapublicofficer harbors,conceals,assistsinthe escape
b.accessoryisaprivateperson harbors,conceals,assistsinthe escape crimeofprincipalistreason, parricide,murder,attempt againstthelifeofthePresident, aknownhabitualcriminal
actswithabuseofhispublic functions
crimeofprincipalisanycrime notalightfelony
Iftheprincipalisacquittedbyexemption,accessorymaystillbeconvicted Apprehensionandconvictionoftheprincipalisnotnecessaryfortheaccessorytobeheldcriminally liable Iftheprincipalisatlargeornotyetapprehended,theaccessorymaybeprosecutedandconvicted AntiFencingLawof1979(PresidentialDecreeNo.1612) Fencingistheactofanypersonwho,withintenttogainforhimselforforanother,shallbuy, receive,possess,keep,acquire,conceal,sellordisposeof,orshallbuyandsell,orinanyothermanner dealinanyarticle,item,objectoranythingofvaluewhichheknows,orshouldbeknowntohim,to havebeenderivedfromtheproceedsofthecrimeofrobberyortheft Fenceincludesanyperson,firm,association,corporationorpartnershiporotherorganization who/whichcommitstheactoffencing
NOTES BY:
Article20
ARTICLE20ACCESSORIESEXEMPTFROMCRIMINALLIABILITY thosewhoareexemptarethefollowing: a.spouses c.descendants e.relativesbyaffinityw/insamedegrees
b.ascendants d.legitimate,natural,adoptedsiblings exceptthosethatfallunderArticle19(1) Groundforexemptiontiesofblood;preservationofthecleanlinessofonesname Nepheworniecenotincluded Accessoriesnotexemptifthey:profitedbytheeffectsofthecrime assistedtheoffendertoprofit PENALTIES PenaltythesufferingthatisinflictedbytheStateforthetransgressionofalaw Differentjuridicalconditionsofpenalty productiveofsuffering certain commensuratewiththeoffense personal legal Purposeofpunishment:Tosecurejustice Theoriesjustifyingpenalty 1.PreventionpreventorsuppressthedangertotheState 2.Selfdefenserighttopunish;protectsocietyfromthethreatorwrong 3.Reformationcorrectandreformtheoffender 4.Exemplaritypunishmentfordeterrence 5.Justicepunishmentasanactofretributivejustice equalforall correctional
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Socialdefense&exemplarity:justifiestheimpositionofthedeathpenalty ThepenaltiesundertheRPChavea3foldpurpose 1.Retributionorexpiationpenaltycommensuratewiththegravityofthecrime
2.Correctionorreformationshownbyrulesthatregulateexecutionofpenaltiesconsistingin deprivationofliberty 3.Socialdefenseshownbyitsinflexibleseveritytorecidivistsandhabitualdelinquents
Article2129
ARTICLE21PENALTIESTHATMAYBEIMPOSED Nofelonyshallbepunishablebyanypenaltynotprescribedbylawpriortoitscommission ARTICLE22RETROACTIVEEFFECTOFPENALLAWS Penallawsshallberetroactiveinsofarastheyfavorthepersonguiltyofafelonyandisnotahabitual criminal GeneralRuleprospectiveeffect Exceptionfavorabletotheaccused Reasonfortheexceptionformerlawsrepealedoramendedareunjust Article22doesnotapplytotheprovisionsoftheRevisedPenalCode;butappliesto(1)penallaws enactedbeforetheRPC,and(2)penallawsenactedsubsequenttotheRPC,whicharemorefavorable totheaccused CriminalLiabilityofrepealedlawsstillsubsistwhen: 1.thereisareenactmentofthelaw 2.whentherepealisbyimplication 3.whenthereisasavingclause ARTICLE23PARDONBYTHEOFFENDEDPARTY doesnotextinguishcriminalactionexceptinArticle344oftheRPC;butanexpresswaivercan extinguishthecivilliabilityfortheinjuredparty Apardonbytheoffendedpartydoesnotextinguishcriminalaction,becauseacrimecommittedisa felonyoroffensecommittedagainsttheState,eg.estafaeventheoffenderpaysdamagestothe injuredparty,theoffendercanstillbeprosecuted Compromisedoesnotextinguishcriminalliability UnderArticle344,inthecrimesofseduction,abduction,rapeoractsoflasciviousness,thereshallbe nocriminalprosecutioniftheoffenderisexpresslypardonedbytheparentsorgrandparentsor guardianoftheoffendedparty.Inthecrimeofadulteryorconcubinage,bothoffenders(theoffending spouseandparamour)mustbepardonedbytheoffendedparty
NOTES BY:
PardonunderArticle344mustbemadebeforetheinstitutionofcriminalprosecution,unlessafterthe institutionofthecriminalaction,theoffenderandtheoffendeddecidetogetmarried;Thispardonis onlyabartocriminalprosecution ARTICLE24MEASURESOFPREVENTIONANDSAFETYTHATARENOTCONSIDEREDASPENALTIES 1.ArrestandTemporaryDetention 5.DeprivationofRightswith 2.CommitmentofaMinor Reparations
3.SuspensionfromEmployment 4.Fines&OtherCorrectiveMeasures,administrativeordisciplinaryinnature ARTICLE25CLASSIFICATIONOFPENALTIES PrincipalPenalties Capitalpunishment

Death
Lightpenalties
ArrestoMenor Fines PublicCensure
Afflictivepenalties
ReclusionPerpetua ReclusionTemporal
PerpetualorTemporaryabsolutedisqualification PerpetualorTemporaryspecialdisqualification PrisionMayor
Penaltiescommontothe threeprecedingclasses
Fine Bondtokeepthepeace
Correctionalpenalties
PrisionCorreccional ArrestoMayor Suspension Destierro
AccessoryPenalties
PerpetualorTemporaryabsolutedisqualification PerpetualorTemporaryspecialdisqualification
NOTES BY:

Suspensionfrompublicoffice,therighttovoteandbevotedfor,theprofessionor calling Civilinterdiction Indemnification Forfeitureofconfiscationofinstrumentsandproceedsoftheoffense Paymentofcost
Classificationofpenaltiesaccordingtosubjectmatter 1.Corporal(death) 2.Deprivationoffreedom(reclusion,prision,arresto) 3.Restrictionoffreedom(destierro) 4.Deprivationofrights(disqualificationandsuspension) 5.Pecuniary(fine) ARTICLE26FINES(AFFLICTIVE,CORRECTIONAL,LIGHT) FinesandBondtokeepthePeaceare: 1.AfflictiveoverP6,000.00 2.CorrectionalP200.00P6,000.00 3.LightPenaltylessthanP200.00 ARTICLE27DURATIONOFPENALTIES 1.Reclusionperpetua20yrs.and1dayto40yrs. 2.Reclusiontemporal12yrs.and1dayto20yrs 3.Prisionmayor6yrs.and1dayto12yrs. 4.Prisioncorrectional,suspension,destierro6monthsand1dayto6yrs. 5.Arrestomayor1monthand1dayto6months 6.Arrestomenor1dayto30days 7.Bondtokeepthepeacetheperiodduringwhichthebondshallbeeffectiveisdiscretionaryonthe court ARTICLE28COMPUTATIONOFPENALTIES
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes (readingmatter)
ARTICLE29PREVENTIVEIMPRISONMENT Preventiveimprisonmentanaccusedundergoesthiswhenthecrimechargedisnonbailable,or evenifbailable,hecannotfurnishtherequiredbail Thefulltimeorfourfifthsofthetimeduringwhichoffendershaveundergonepreventive imprisonmentshallbedeductedfromthepenaltyimposed
Article3035
ARTICLES3035EFFECTSOFPENALTIES (readingmatter) Civilinterdictionshalldeprivetheoffenderduringthetimeofhissentenceoftherightsparental authority,orguardianship,eitherastothepersonorpropertyofanyward,ofmaritalauthority,ofthe righttomanagehisproperty,andoftherighttodisposeofsuchpropertybyanyactorany conveyance
Article36
ARTICLE36PARDON;ITSEFFECTS shallnotrestoretherighttoholdofficeandtherightofsuffrage,unlessexpresslyrestoredbythe termsofthepardon shallnotexempttheculpritfromcivilliability Differencebet.PardonbythePresident&PardonbytheOffended PARDONBYPRESIDENT PARDONBYOFFENDED extinguishescriminalliability doesnotextinguishcriminal liability,exceptinArticle344 cannotincludeextinctionofcivil liability offendedpartycanwaiveright toclaimcivilliability
shouldbegivenonlyafterconviction shouldbegivenbeforethe institutionofthecriminalaction maybeextendedtoanyofthe offenders mustbeextendedtobothoffenders
NOTES BY:
Article37
ARTICLE37COSTS 1.Fees 2.Indemnities,inthecourseofjudicialproceedings
Article38
ARTICLE38PECUNIARYLIABILITIES;ORDEROFPAYMENT 1.Thereparationofthedamagecaused 2.Indemnificationoftheconsequentialdamages 3.Fine 4.Costsofproceedings Theorderofpaymentisasstated
Article39
ARTICLE39SUBSIDIARYPENALTY SubsidiaryPenaltyasubsidiarypersonalpenaltytobesufferedbytheconvictwhohasnoproperty withwhichtomeetthefine,attherateofonedayforeacheight(P8)pesos,subjecttotherules providedforinArticle39 Subsidiarypenaltiesshouldbeexpresslyspecifiedintheconvictionbecausewithoutit,theaccused cannotbecompelledtocomplywithit
Article4044
ARTICLES4044ACCESSORYPENALTIESOFARRESTO (readingmatter) Accessorypenaltiesdonothavetobespecifiedexpresslyinthejudgmentofconviction usually,thespecificaccessorypenaltiesarenotspecified,theyaresaidgenerally
Article4547
ARTICLE45CONFISCATIONANDFORFEITURE theproceedsofthecrimemustfirstbesubmittedtothejurisdictionofthecourts,andalsothetools used;ifnotsubmitted,thecourtscannotadjudicateontheproceedsandtoolswhethertheywouldbe disposedinfavorofthestate
NOTES BY:
ARTICLE46PENALTYTOBEIMPOSEDUPONPRINCIPALSINGENERAL thepenaltyprescribedbylawforthecommissionofafelonyshallbeimposedupontheprincipals thelawprescribesapenaltyforafelonyingeneralterms,itshallbeunderstoodasapplicabletothe consummatedfelony Penaltyingeneraltermsshallbeimposed: 1.upontheprincipals 2.fortheconsummatedfelony Exceptionwhenthelawfixesapenaltyforfrustratedorattemptedfelony ARTICLE47WHENDEATHPENALTYNOTTOBEIMPOSED 1.minorsunder18atthecommissionofthecrime(repealedbyRA9344) 2.personsover70yearsold TheDeathPenaltyshouldbeimposedoncaseswherethelawspecifiesit TheDeathPenaltyasofnowisdeemedtobeirrelevant
Article48
ARTICLE48COMPLEXCRIMES 1.Whenasingleactconstitutestwoormoregraveorlessgravefelonies(compoundcrimes) 2.Whenanoffenseisanecessarymeansforcommittingtheother (complexcrimeproper) Theremustbeatleasttwocrimes Complexcrime=ONLYonecrime Complexcrimesaremorefavorabletotheaccusedbecauseinsteadofbeingconvictedoftwoseparate countsofthesamecrime,itisconsideredasonlyone CompoundCrime Requisites: 1.thatonlyasingleactisperformedbytheoffender 2.thatthesingleactproduces(i)2ormoregravefelonies,(ii)oneormoregrave&oneormoreless gravefelonies,(iii)2ormorelessgravefelonies
NOTES BY:
Thesingleactshouldproduceagravefelonyoralessgravefelonyoracombinationofboth Lightfeloniesproducedbythesamesingleactshouldbetreatedandpunishedasseparateoffensesor maybeabsorbedbythegravefelony Supposing,youshotyourneighborthenthebullethittwochildren;theresultwasyourneighbor died,twochildrenslightlyinjured,theresultwas1graveand2lightfelonies,isthecrimecomplexor separate?Separate,becausethesingleactshouldproduceagraveorlessgravefelonyonly Supposing,asinglecriminalactproduced1gravefelonyand10lightfelonies,isthecrimecomplexor separate?Separate Supposing,asinglecriminalactproduced1lessgravefelonyandseverallightfelonies,isthecrime complexorseparate?Separate Supposing,asinglecriminalactproducedacrimepunishablebytheRPCandacrimepunishableby speciallaw,isthecrimecomplexorseparate?Separate,consideredasseparateviolations Supposing,Prof.Amuraothrowsagrenadeinclass,5studentsdied,isthecrimecomplexorseparate? Complex Supposing,usingthesamefactsabove,inaddition3lightfelonieswereproduced,isthecrime complexorseparate?Separate Supposing,Prof.Amuraoswitchedthemachineguntoautomaticandshotatthestudentswithone singleactofpressingthetrigger,producingseveralinjuries,isthecrimecomplexorseparate? Separate,becausethewhatisconsideredistheno.ofbulletsdischarged(Peoplev.Desierto) Supposing,Prof.Amuraoswitchedthemachineguntonotautomaticandfiredonebulletaimedat someonebuthit3othersproducingseriousphysicalinjuries,isthecrimecomplexorseparate? Complex Supposing,theactoffiringamachinegunproducesthecrimesofattemptedmurderandphysical injuries,isthecrimecomplexorseparate?Separate,asheldbytheCourtofAppeals Supposing,twoshotswerefireddirectedagainsttwodifferentpersons,isthecrimecomplexor separate?Separate Supposing,inanotoriousvillage,acommanderorderedallhissoldierstoshootattheresidents,is thecrimecomplexorseparate?Complex,theSCheldinPeoplev.Lawasthatitwasacomplexcrime becausetherewasasingleoffensesincetherewasasinglecriminalimpulse/intent/purpose Supposing,apersonstolethefightingcocksofhisneighboralternatelywiththreeseparate, independentacts,isthecrimecomplexorseparate?Complex,asheldbytheSCinPeoplev.DeLeon, thecriminalactwasdoneonthesameoccasionandtheoffenderwasmotivatedbyonecriminal impulse Supposing,alibelousarticlewaspublisheddefaming5congressmenspecificallyidentifiedbytheir names,isthecrimecomplexorseparate?Separate,becausethereareasmanycrimesoflibelas therearepersonslibeled,providedthatthepersonsareexpresslyspecified;becauseeachofthe5 congressmenmayfileforlibel Supposing,usingthesamefactsaboveexceptthatthecongressmenwerenotidentified,isthecrime complexorseparate?Complex Supposing,inalocalpublication,newswriterswrotethattheHerreradoctorsareinefficient,isthe crimecomplexorseparate?Complex,becausetheidentificationwasingeneralterms,notspecifically identified ComplexCrimeProper
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Requisites: 1.thatatleasttwooffensesarecommitted 2.thatoneorsomeoftheoffensesmustbenecessarytocommittheother 3.thatbothoralltheoffensesmustbepunishedunderthesamestatute Necessarymeansnotequivalenttoindispensablemeans
Supposing,theaccusedkidnappedagirlwithintenttokill,broughtthevictimsomewherethen killedher,isthecrimecomplex?NO,thecrimeisonlymurder,becausethekidnappingwasonlya meanstocommitthecrimeofmurder Supposing,lawstudentsmadeafalsifiedsolicitationletterandcollectedmoney,isthecrime complex?YES,thefalsificationoftheprivatedocumentwasnecessaryforthecrimeofestafa Supposing,apublicofficialcommittedmalversationthroughfalsificationofpublicdocuments,isthe crimecomplex?YES,becausethefalsificationwasnecessarytocommitmalversation Supposing,theaccusedkilledhisvictiminabuilding,thencommittedarsontoconcealthemurder, isthecrimecomplex?NO Inthecrimesofestafaandfalsification,youlookatthecrimefirstcommittedifitwasnecessaryfor thecommissionoftheother;thecommonelementinestafaandfalsificationistheintenttocause damage Supposing,acitytreasurermalversedP5millionpesosoutoftaxesthenfalsifieddocumentsto concealthemalversation,isthecrimecomplex?NO,thecrimesareseparate Supposing,inthecrimeofrebellion,anNPAcommanderburnedvillagesandkilledthevillagersin furtheranceofhisactsofrebellion,isthecrimecomplex?NO,becausetheactshecommittedwere absorbedinthecrimeofrebellion Supposing,inthecrimeofrebellion,theNPAcommanderkilledsomeoneforpersonalreasons,isthe crimecomplex?NO,thecrimesareseparate Inthecrimesoftreasonorrebellion,whencommoncrimesarecommitted,(1)infurtheranceoforis relatedtotreasonorrebellion,thecrimesareabsorbed,but(2)forpersonalreasonsorforaprivate purpose,thecrimesareseparate Thereisnocomplexcrimeofrebellionwithcommoncrimes SpecialComplexCrimes RapewithHomicide RobberywithHomicide
RobberywithSeriousPhysicalInjuries KidnappingwithMurderorHomicide
ExpressprovisionsintheRevisedPenalCodethatcannotbecomplex Article129:searchwarrantobtainedmaliciously
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Article235:maltreatmentofprisoners DirectBribery=cannotbecomplexed
Article48isintendedtofavortheculpritoraccused Thepenaltyforcomplexcrimesisthepenaltyforthemostseriouscrime,thesametobeappliedinits maximumperiod Twofeloniesinacomplexcrimepunishablebyimprisonmentandfine=onlytheimprisonmentis imposed
Article49
ARTICLE49PENALTYFORPRINCIPALSOFCRIMECOMMITTEDWASDIFFERENTFROMWHATWASINTENDED applicableonlytomistakeinidentity Steps 1.identifylesserpenalty 2.whicheverpenaltyisprescribedbylaw, 3.thelesserpenaltyisalwaysappliedorimposed
Article5057
ARTICLES5057DEGREESTOWHICHPENALTIESSHOULDBELOWERED(readingmatter) Participantsliabilityloweredbydegrees Principals Accomplices Accessories consummated 0 1 2 frustrated 1 2 3 attempted 2 3 4
Article50Principalsinafrustratedfelony Article51Principalsinanattemptedfelony Article52Accomplicesinaconsummatedfelony Article53Accessoriesinaconsummatedfelony Article54Accomplicesinafrustratedfelony Article55Accessoriesinafrustratedfelony Article56Accomplicesinanattemptedfelony Article57Accessoriesinanattemptedfelony
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Basisforthedetermination undertheRPC,penaltiescanbereducedbydegrees
1.stagereachedbythecrimeinitsdevelopment(consummated,frustrated,attempted) 2.participationofpersonsliable(principals,accomplices,accessories) 3.privilegedmitigatingcircumstances AllpenaltiesforeachcrimeintheRPC=generally,shallalwaysbeimposedunlessthelawitself expresslyprovides,exceptArticle60 Degreeonewholepenalty;oneentirepenaltyoroneunitofpenaltiesenumeratedinthegraduated scales Periodoneofthe3equalportions(minimum,medium,maximum)
Article5860
ARTICLE58ADDITIONALPENALTYUPONACCESSORIESOFART.19(3) Absoluteperpetualdisqualificationifguiltyofagravefelony Absolutetemporarydisqualificationifguiltyofalessgravefelony Article19(3)publicofficerswhohelptheauthorofthecrimebymisusingtheirofficeanddutiesshall suffertheadditionalpenalties ARTICLE59PENALTYFORIMPOSSIBLECRIMES Arrestomayor,withfineofP200P500 Basisforimposition: socialdanger degreeofcriminality ARTICLE60EXCEPTIONSTOARTICLE5057 shallnotbeapplicabletocasesinwhichthelawprescribesapenaltyforfrustratedandattempted stagesortobeimposedonaccomplicesoraccessories
Article61
ARTICLE61RULESFORGRADUATINGPENALTIES DivisiblePenaltiesdividedintothree,soeffectsofordinarymitigatingcircumstancesandgeneric aggravatingcircumstancescanbeapplied
NOTES BY:
IndivisiblePenaltieseg.reclusionperpetua,publiccensure,fine FirstRuleandSecondRule Penaltyonlyconsistsofadegree Thepenaltynextlowerbyonedegree=penaltyimmediatelyfollowingthepenaltyprescribedbythe law singleandindivisible=Reclusionperpetua penaltynextlowerindegree=Reclusiontemporal Supposing,accusedshotthevictimqualifiedbytreachery,butthevictimsurvived,thusaccusedwas convictedoffrustratedmurder,thepenaltyformurderisreclusionperpetua,butsinceitwas frustrated,thepenaltynextlowerindegreeapplies,whichisreclusiontemporal FourthandFifthRule Penaltyprescribedbylawis1,2,or3,severalperiods Ifoneperiodlower,godownoneperiodinthegraduatedscale Iftwoperiodslower,godowntwoperiodsinthegraduatedscale Ifthreeperiodslower,godownthreeperiodsinthegraduatedscale Example:PrisionMayor Supposingthepenaltyprescribedbylawisprisionmayormediumperiod:isinitselfadegree;RPCall divisiblepenaltiesaredividedinto3periods;prisionmayormediumcanbedividedintomaximum, medium,minimum Prisionmayor(6yearsand1dayto12years) 126=6/3=2 2=commonmultiple(add2totheperiodsstartingfromtheminimum) Minimum6yearsand1dayto(6+2)8years Medium8yearsand1dayto(8+2)10years Prisionmayor
Maximum10yearsand1day(10+2)12yearsmedium Prisionmayormedium(8yearsand1dayto10years) 108=2years/3=8months 8months=commonmultiple(add8months) Minimum8yrs.&1dayto8yrs.&8months
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Medium8yrs.&8monthsto9yrs.&4months Maximum9yrs.&4yearsto10years
Withthe3periodsofprisionmayormediumnowdetermined,themitigatingandaggravating circumstancesattendantcannowbeapplied ThirdRule whenthreepenaltiesareimposedinone(eg.ReclusiontemporalDeath) sinceDeathisnotimposed,threeperiodsloweredimmediatelyfollowing
Article62
ARTICLE62EFFECTSOFTHEATTENDANCEOFMITIGATINGANDAGGRAVATINGCIRCUMSTANCESANDHABITUAL DELINQUENCY Firstrule:Aggravatingcircumstances: 1.shouldnotthemselvesconstituteacrime,eg.bymeansoffire=arson;bymeansderailmentofa locomotive=destructionofproperty Isunlawfulentryacrimeinitself?YES 2.shouldnotbeincludedindefiningthecrime,eg.bymeansofpoisoninthecrimeofmurder 3.Themaximumperiodshallbeimposedregardlessofmitigatingcircumstancesiftheoffenderisa publicofficerwhotookadvantagebypublicposition 4.Themaximumperiodshallbeimposedformembersofanorganizedorsyndicatedcrimegroup OrganizedorSyndicatedCrimeGroupgroupoftwoormorepersonscollaborating,confederatingor mutuallyhelpingoneanotherforpurposesofgaininthecommissionofanycrime Secondrule Aggravatingcircumstancesarenotapplicableifinherentinthecrime,eg.evidentpremeditationin robberyortheft;advantagetakenbypublicpositioninmalversation;sexincrimesagainstchastity; breakingwallinmaliciousmischief Thirdrule:AggravatingorMitigatingCircumstancesarisingfrom: 1.Moralattributes Supposing,thevictimgavesufficientprovocation,whichirritatedtheaccusedwhocalledhisbrother forassistance,thentheybothkilledthevictim,canthemitigatingcircumstanceofsufficient
NOTES BY:
provocationbeappreciatedforbothofthem?NO,onlytotheonewhowasthetargetofthe provocation(theaccused)andnothisbrother 2.Privaterelations Supposing,yourneighborslappedyourmom,thenyouaskedyourfriendtoaccompanyyoutokill yourneighbor,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofimmediatevindicationofarelativeforagrave offensebeappreciatedforthebothyou?NO,onlytoyoubecauseitwasyourmomwhowas offendedfirstandnotyourfriend 3.Personalcause Supposing,youandyourfriendenteredyourneighborshouse,notknowingthatyourfriendis afflictedwithkleptomania,canthemitigatingcircumstanceofillnessbeappreciatedforthebothof you?NO,illnesscanbeappreciatedonlytoyourfriend Fourthrule:Aggravatingormitigatingcircumstancesapplyinthe: materialexecutionoftheactandinthemeansemployedtoaccomplishit;onlytothosewhohad knowledgeatthetimeoftheexecution 1.Materialexecution Supposing,Prof.Amuraoaskedhisstudenttosimplykillhisclassmate,butthestudentapplied crueltywhenhekilledhisclassmate,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofcrueltybeappreciatedwith Prof.Amurao?NO,becausehehadnoknowledgeofthematerialexecutionused. Supposing,usingthesamefactsabove,butProf.Amuraotoldhisstudenttokillhisclassmateatall costs,cantheaggravatingcircumstanceofcrueltybeappreciatedwithProf.Amurao?YES 2.Meansemployedtoaccomplish Principalbydirectparticipationusespoisontocommitmurderwithouttheknowledgeofthe Principalbyinducement HabitualDelinquency HabitualDelinquentapersonwho,withinaperiodof10yearsfromthedateofreleaseorlast convictionofthecrimesofseriousorlessseriousphysicalinjuries,robbery,theft,estafa,or falsification,foundguiltyfora3rdtimeoroftener.Ahabitualdelinquentshallsufferanadditional penalty DifferencebetweenHabitualDelinquent/Recidivist/Reiteracion
HabitualDelinquent Recidivism Reiteracion
NOTES BY:

Crimes specifiedcrimes 2crimesembracedin2crimesnot thesametitleoftheRPC embracedinthesame titleoftheRPC hasservedsentence forthe1stoffense
Period within10years No.of Crimes 3rdtimeoroftener Effects additionalpenalty isimposed
timebet.2offenses isimmaterial
2ndtimeissufficient
2ndtimeissufficient
agenericaggravating circumstance;canbe offsetbyanordinary mitigatingcircumstance
notalwaysan aggravating circumstance
Differencebet.HabitualDelinquency&SubsidiaryImprisonment HabitualDelinquent SubsidiaryImprisonment needstobeallegedinthe information shouldbeallegedinthe beginning comesonlyafterthesentenceof conviction doesnotneedtobealleged
imposesanadditionalpenalty imposedonlywhenunabletopayfine cannotbeconsideredwitha generalallegationwillsuffice generalallegation,mustbe specificallyalleged RequisitesforaHabitualDelinquent: 1.offenderhasbeenconvictedofseriousorlessseriousphysicalinjuries,robbery,theft,estafa,or falsification
NOTES BY:
2.afterconvictionorafterservingsentenceagaincommittedwithin10yearsfromhisreleaseordateof firstconviction,hewasconvictedofanyofsaidcrimesforthe2ndtime 3.afterconvictionorafterservingsentenceforthe2ndoffenseagaincommitsandwithin10yearsof convictionorreleaseforthe2ndoffense,commitsa3rdtimeoroftener AdditionalPenalties 1.Forthe3rdtime=thepenaltyforthelastcrime+Prisioncorrectionalmediumtomaximum 2.Forthe4thtime=thepenaltyforthelastcrime+Prisionmayorminimumtomedium 3.Forthe5thtimeormore=thepenaltyforthelastcrime+PrisionmayormaximumtoReclusion temporalminimum Totaloflastpenaltyandadditionalpenalty=shouldnotexceed30yrs. Ifthecourtoverlookedtheimpositionofanadditionalpenaltyforhabitualdelinquency=the offendercannotbecompelledtosuffertheadditionalpenalty Inthecommissionofseveralcrimesoccurringonoraboutthesamedateshallbeconsideredonlyas oneforpurposesofhabitualdelinquency Intheconvictionforthosecrimesoccurringonoraboutthesamedateshallalsobeconsideredasone
Article63
ARTICLE63RULESONINDIVISIBLEPENALTIES 1.Forsingleindivisiblepenalties(reclusionperpetua)shallbeappliedregardlessofmitigatingor aggravatingcircumstances,eg.thecrimeofrapewithhomicide,withthemitigatingcircumstancesof voluntarysurrender,voluntaryconfessionofguilt,andillness,thepenaltyshallstillbereclusion perpetuabecausecircumstancesaredisregarded 2.Fortwoindivisiblepenalties(subparagraphs14areinapplicable,becausethereisnodeathpenalty, thereforetheresonlyoneindivisiblepenalty) Exceptiontodisregardingcircumstances:ifitisaprivilegedmitigatingcircumstance(Articles68& 69),oriftheaccusedisaminorwhoactedwithdiscernment=canbeentitledtoapenaltynextlower indegree
Article64
ARTICLE64RULESFORPENALTIESWITH3PERIODS Inaccordancew/Articles7677whetherthereareattendingcircumstances Firstrule ifneitheramitigatingoraggravatingcircumstanceispresent=mediumperiodisimposed
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Secondrule ifthereisamitigatingcircumstance=minimumperiodisimposed Thirdrule ifthereisanaggravatingcircumstance=maximumperiodisimposed
Fourthrule ifthereisbothamitigatingandaggravatingcircumstance=courtsshalloffsetthecircumstances accordingtorelativeweight Fifthrule ifthereare2ormoremitigatingcircumstancesandabsolutelynoaggravatingcircumstances=the penaltynextlowerindegreeisimposed Sixthrule whateverthenumberornatureofaggravatingcircumstances=courtscannotimposeagreaterpenalty thanprescribedbylawinmaximum Seventhrule Courtscandetermineextentofpenaltywithinthelimitsofeachperiod Mitigatingcircumstancemustbeordinary=notprivileged Aggravatingcircumstancemustbegeneric=notqualifiedorinherent
Article6567
ARTICLE65RULESFORPENALTIESNOTINTHREEPERIODS (readingmatter) ARTICLE66IMPOSITIONOFFINES (readingmatter) ofthemaximumfineiseitheradded(foraggravatingcircumstances)ordeducted(formitigating circumstances)fromthemaximumfine courtsmustconsider: 1.mitigatingoraggravatingcircumstances 2.wealthormeansoftheculprit ARTICLE67PENALTYFORINCOMPLETEEXEMPTINGCIRCUMSTANCEOFACCIDENT Arrestomayormaximumtoprisioncorreccionalminimum(gravefelonies) ArrestomayorminimumtoArrestomayormedium(forlessgravefelonies)
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Lightfeloniesthroughnegligence=nopenalty
Article68
ARTICLE68PENALTYFORMINORSUNDER18 (repealedbyRA9344) Minorunder18whoactedwithdiscernment=penaltytwodegreeslower
Article69
ARTICLE69PENALTYFORINCOMPLETEJUSTIFYINGOREXEMPTINGCIRCUMSTANCES loweredby1or2degrees Majorityofsuchconditionsmustbepresent Inselfdefense,defenseofarelative,defenseofastranger UnlawfulAggressionisindispensable
Article70
ARTICLE70SUCCESSIVESERVICEOFSENTENCE SimultaneousServiceifthenatureofthepenaltieswillsopermit,i.e.Reclusiontemporaland PerpetualAbsoluteDisqualification(refertoReyesbookforacompletelistofpenaltiesthatcabe servedsimultaneously) SuccessiveServiceifcannotbeservedsimultaneously(suchastwojailsentences)shallfollowthe scaleprovidedbyArticle70basedintheorderaccordingtoseverity 3foldrulethemaximumdurationoftheconvictssentenceshallnotbemorethan3foldthelength ofthetimecorrespondingtothemostsevereofthepenaltiesimposed onlyapplieswhentheconvicthastoserveatleast4sentences Innocaseshallthesumtotalofpenaltiesexceed40years Inthescale,Arrestomenorcomesbeforedestierrobecausecompletedeprivationoflibertyor imprisonmentinarrestomenorismoreseverethandestierro Supposing,youareajudge,canyouimposethesentenceof500countsofmalversation,whichis eachpunishableby15yrs.ofimprisonment,withoutviolatingArticle70?YES,becausethe3fold ruledoesnotrefertotheimpositionofsentencebutreferstotheservicetothepenalty;thecourts cansentencenomatterwhatandnomatterhowmuch The3foldruleistheconcernoftheDirectorofPrisons,NOTofthecourts
NOTES BY:
Ifthesumtotalofallthepenaltiesdoesnotexceedthemostseveremultipliedby3,the3foldrule doesnotapply Durationofconvictssentencereferstoseveralpenaltiesfordifferentoffensesnotyetservedout= hastoservecontinuousimprisonment
Article7177
ARTICLE71GRADUATEDSCALES Penaltiesareclassifiedbetweenpersonalpenalties(imprisonment)andpoliticalrights(suspension, fine,etc) Arrestomayorisfollowedbydestierro ARTICLES7277(readingmatter) Article73Accessorypenaltiesaredeemedimposed SubsidiaryimprisonmentisNOTanaccessorypenalty INDETERMINATESENTENCELAW(ACT4103AMENDEDBYACT4225) mandatoryinnature;whetherthecourtslikeitornot,theyhavetoapplythesameexceptforthose mentionedinSec.2whoaredisqualified Purpose/ObjectivesoftheISLAW 1.toupliftandredeemvaluablehumanmaterials 2.promoteeconomicusefulness 3.preventunnecessaryandexcessivedeprivationofliberty TheISLAWwasenactedtobenefittheaccusedbyallowingtheconvictnottoservethefullsentence TheseobjectivesareattainedwiththeapplicationoftheISLAW CourtfixesaMaximumtermandaMinimumterm AfterservingtheMinimumterm,theconvictshallbeentitledtoparoleuponevaluationoftheBoard ofPardonsandParole ThereleaseshallbeevaluatedbytheCourtwhethertheconvictis: fittedbytrainingforrelease reasonableprobabilitynottocommitanothercrimeorviolatethelaw compatiblewiththewelfareofsociety (takenoteofthis;thiswasgivenbyProf.Amurao) Asappliedinspecialpenallaws theMaximumtermshouldnotbemorethanwhatisprescribed theMinimumtermshouldnotbelessthanwhatisprescribed Example:5yrsand1dayto15yrs theMinimummaybeanywherefrom5yrsto14yrs,butnotlessthan5yrs theMaximummaybeanywherefrom615yrs.butnotmorethan15yrs. AsappliedintheRevisedPenalCode
NOTES BY:
theMaximumtermshouldbeimposedundertherulesoftheRPC;penaltyprescribedbylawafter applyingthelegaleffectsofmitigatingoraggravatingcircumstances;onlythemaximumisaffectedby theattendingcircumstances theMinimumtermshouldbewithintherangeofthepenaltynextlowertothatprescribedbytheRPC; thepenaltyprescribedbylaw,loweritimmediatelybyonedegree,ignoreallthemitigatingor aggravatingcircumstances Example: Supposing,accidentallyyoumetyourneighboralongtheroad,hechallengedyoutoafightandyou acceptedthechallenge,therewasaphysicalfight,thenyouinflictedamortalwoundthatcausedhis deathinthehospital,youwerechargedwithhomicide,becausetherewerenoqualifying circumstances,andsincetherewasnomitigatingandaggravatingyoushouldbesentencedtoa mediumperiodofreclusiontemporal(forhomicide) TogetMinimumterm,immediatelygetthepenaltynexttoReclusiontemporal,lowerby1degree= PrisionmayoranywherewithinPrisionmayor,thecourtcandecidewhatperiod,regardlessof attendingcircumstances TheMaximumterm,consideringtheabsenceofattendingcircumstances,isReclusionTemporal mediumperiod ThesentencenowusingtheISLAWisPrisionmayorinanyperiodastheMinimumterm,upto ReclusiontemporalmediumperiodastheMaximumterm IftheconvictreachestheMinimumterm,heshalleligibleforparole;termsandconditionscanbe imposedbytheBPP NotefromProf.Amurao:Itpaystobeingoodtermswiththejudgeandhiswifeorhisnumber2so youcangetalowMinimumtermifnotthelowest SurveillancePeriodduringParole(SP) 1.Ifthereisnoviolationduringtheduringthespecialperiod,thecourtwillissueanorderforfinal discharge 2.Legaleffectofaviolationoflaworrules: releasemayberevoked prosecutedanew prolongedchangeinthetermsandconditionsoftheparole madetoserveouttheremainingunexpiredportionofthesentence Duringparole,theconvictisasfreeasanynormalpersonexceptforthetermsandconditionthathave tobeobserved ISLAWisinapplicablewiththefollowing: 1.personsconvictedofdeathorlifeimprisonment intermsofdeath,thisreferstothepenaltyactuallyimposedintheconvictionbythecourts,notthe penaltyprescribedbythelaw intermsoflifeimprisonment,whatifReclusionperpetuaisimposed,cantheISLAWstillbeapplied? TheSCsaysNO,itsnotapplicable 2.thoseconvictedoftreason,proposalorconspiracytocommittreason 3.thoseconvictedofmisprisionoftreason,rebellion,sedition,espionage
NOTES BY:
4.convictedofpiracy 5.habitualdelinquents 6.thosewhoescapedfromconfinement 7.thosewhoviolatedthetermsofconditionalpardonbythePresident 8.maximumtermofimprisonmentlessthanayear 9.thoseconvictedbydestierroorsuspension destierroisaconvictionimposedbycourts PROBATIONLAW(PD968) Probationadispositionunderwhichadefendantafterconvictionandsentence,isreleasedsubject totheconditionsimposedbythecourtandtothesupervisionoftheprobationofficer Objectives/Purpose 1.Promotecorrectionandrehabilitation 2.Opportunityforreformation 3.Preventcommissionofoffenses Criteriaforgranting character environment
institution/community
antecedents mentalandphysicalcondition Criteriafordenying;iftheconvict: 1.needscorrectionaltreatment 2.hasundueriskofcommittinganothercrime 3.probationwilldepreciateseriousnessofoffense InapplicabilityoftheProbationLaw 1.aconvictsentencedtomorethan6years 2.convictedofsubversionothercrimesofnationalsecurityorpublicorder 3.arecidivist 4.previouslyprobationed 5.alreadyservingsentence Thereisfirst,ajudgmentofconvictionimposedbythecourt
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Duration notexceeding6yearsandnotdisqualified theaccusedmayfileanapplicationforprobationwiththecourt
thecourtwillorderaninvestigationthroughtheprobationofficer,alltheaspectsofthelifeofthe convict probationofficersubmitsfindingsandrecommendation aftersubmission,courtmaydenyorapproverecommendationandadmittheaccusedtoprobation Courtmayimposedurationbasedon:rehabilitation reformation reintegration
DurationoftheProbationPeriod 1.sentencenotmorethan1year=probationislessthan2years 2.sentencemorethan1year=probationislessthan6years 3.sentenceisfinewithsubsidiaryimprisonment=probationistwicethedaysofsubsidiary imprisonment AftertheProbationPeriod thecourtcanissue,uponrecommendationbytheprobationofficer,acertificateoffinaldischarge;its effectsare: 1.restoredtoonesoriginalposition 2.liabilityforthefineisdeemedextinguished Whentoapplyforprobation 15daysfrompromulgation,duringthereglamentaryperiod theconvictcaneitherappealorapplyforprobation Supposing,convictfiledanoticeofappeal,laterchangedhismind,withdrewhisappealthenfiledan applicationforprobation,canhedothat?NO,onceyoufileforanappeal,youwaiveyourrighttofile foranapplicationforprobation,andviceversaifyoufirstfileforanapplicationthenlaterondecide towithdrawit. Supposing,ajudgmentofconvictionwasmade,thusnotentitledtoprobation,soaccusedfiledan appealintheCAwherehissentencewaslowered,qualifyinghimforprobation,canheapplyfor probationnow?CAsaysYES,therecantbeanywaiverofrightbecausehewasnot entitledtofileanapplicationforprobation=theresnothingto
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes waive SCsaysNO,becausehealreadyappealed,thoughwithstrongdissenting opinionsaboutit(TheSCissupreme,butitisnotalwaysright)
Beyondthe15dayreglamentaryperiod,youcantfileanapplicationforprobation,exceptinRA9344, achildinconflictwiththelawcanfileanapplicationforprobationanytime ARTICLES7880(readingmatters) Article79SuspensionofExecution Article80(repealedbyRA9344)involvesthediversionandinterventionprogramsforchildrenin conflictwiththelaw ARTICLES8185PROCEDUREANDGUIDELINESFORTHEEXECUTIONOFDEATHPENALTY(readingmatter) ARTICLE86ADMINISTRATIVEMATTERONPENITENTIARIES (readingmatter) ARTICLE87DESTIERRO prohibitioninacertainplaceorplacesdesignatedintheconviction notpermittedtoentertheplaceorplacesnorwithintheradiusspecifiednotmorethan250,butnot lessthan25kilometersfromtheplace ARTICLE88ARRESTOMENOR shallbeservedinmunicipaljails orforhealthreasons,canbeallowedtostayhome(housearrest) ARTICLE89TOTALEXTINCTIONOFCRIMINALLIABILITY 1.Deathofaconvict=extinguishespersonalpenaltiesbutnotpecuniary ifdeathcomesbeforefinaljudgment,evenpecuniaryliabilitiesareextinguished 2.Serviceofsentence crimeisadebtincurredbytheoffenderasaconsequence;afterserviceofthesentence,thedebtis paid 3.Amnesty extinguishesthepenaltyanditseffects;asifthecrimewasnotcommitted 4.AbsolutePardon
NOTES BY:
anactofgracebytheChiefExecutive;exemptsthepersonfrompunishmentonly 5.Prescriptionofcrime forfeitureorlossoftherightoftheStatetoprosecute 6.Prescriptionofpenalty lossorforfeitureofrightofthegovernmenttoexecutethefinalsentence 7.Marriageofoffendedwoman(Article344) privatecrimes(abduction,seduction,lasciviousactsadultery,concubinage)cannotbeprosecutedde officio publiccrimes(rape)canbeprosecuteddeofficio(meaninginitiatedinCourtbyfilingacomplaint Marriagecanextinguisheithercrimes ARTICLE90AND91PRESCRIPTIONOFCRIMESANDCOMPUTATION 1.Death,Reclusionperpetua,Reclusiontemporal=20years 2.Crimespunishablebyotherafflictivepenalties=15years 3.Crimespunishablebycorrectionalpenalties=10years 4.Arrestomayor=5years 5.Crimesoflibel,orothersimilaroffenses=1year 6.Oraldefamation/Slanderbydeed=6months 7.Lightfelonies=2months Theprescriptiveperiodshallcommencetorunfromthediscoveryofthecrimeandshallbe interruptedonlybyfilingacomplaintorinformationincourt Commencestorunagainwhensuchproceedingsterminatewithouttheaccusedbeingconvictedor acquitted TheprescriptiveperiodshallnotrunwhentheoffenderisabsentfromthePhilippines Supposing,in1980theaccusedcommitsacrime,thengoesintohiding,heresurfaces20yearslater, thenthegovernmentfindsawitness,cantheyinstituteacase?NO,butiftheaccusedleftfortheUS, YEShecanbeprosecutedstill Themerefilingofacomplaintwiththefollowingdoesnotinterrupttheprescriptiveperiod: ChiefofPoliceOfficeoftheNBI OfficeoftheProvincialDirectorofthePNP
NOTES BY:
becausethesedonotconstitutethecourt;theyarenotpartofthejudiciary,notpartofthecourtsof justice Butfilingwith:OfficeofthePublicProsecutororOfficeoftheOmbudsman,mayinterruptthe prescriptiveperiod ARTICLE92AND93PRESCRIPTIONOFPENALTIESANDCOMPUTATION 1.Death,Reclusionperpetua=20years 2.Crimespunishablebyotherafflictivepenalties=15years 3.Crimespunishablebycorrectionalpenalties=10years 4.Arrestomayor=5years 5.Lightfelonies=1year Theprescriptiveperiodshallcommenceuponevasionoftheserviceofsentenceoftheconvictand shallbeinterruptedbythefollowing: 1.ifoffendergiveshimselfup 2.ifheiscaptured 3.goestoaforeigncountrywithwhichwehavenoextraditiontreaty 4.commitsanothercrimebeforeexpirationoftheperiodofprescription DifferencebetweenPrescriptionofcrimes&Prescriptionofpenalties PRESCRIPTIONOFCRIME PRESCRIPTIONOFPENALTY lossorforfeitureoftheStateto prosecute lossorforfeitureoftheStateto
enforcejudgmentafteralapseof time lightfeloniesfor1year
period:includeslibel,oral
defamation;differenceintimefor lightfelonies startscountingupondiscoveryofthe startscountingupontheescapeor
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes commissionofthecrime evasionofserviceofthesentence absencefromthePhilippines interruptedonlywhenhegoestoa foreigncountrywithoutan extraditiontreatywithus commissionofanothercrimebefore commissionofanothercrime theexpirationoftheperioddoesnot beforeexpirationoftheperiod interrupt ARTICLE94PARTIALEXTINCTIONOFCRIMINALLIABILITY 1.Conditionalpardon mustbedeliveredandaccepted;contractbet.Presidentandtheconvict 2.Bycommutationofthesentence 3.Forgoodconductallowanceswhichculpritmayearn 4.Fullcreditofserviceofpreventiveimprisonment 5.ReleaseonParole 6.ReleaseunderProbation ARTICLE95OBLIGATIONSOFTHOSEGRANTEDCONDITIONALPARDON (readingmatter) ARTICLE96EFFECTOFCOMMUTATIONOFSENTENCE (readingmatter) ARTICLE97ALLOWANCESFORGOODCONDUCT 1.first2years=deductionof5daysforeachmonthofgoodbehavior 2.35years=deductionof8daysforeachmonthofgoodbehavior interruptstheprescription
mereabsencefromthePhilippines interrupts
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes 3.610years=deductionof10daysforeachmonthofgoodbehavior 4.11&soonyears=deductionof15daysforeachmonthofgoodbehavior
ARTICLE98SPECIALTIMEALLOWANCES itisadeductionof1/5oftheperiodoftheentiresentence:havingevadedserviceduringcalamityor catastrophe(Art.158)giveshimselfuptotheauthoritieswithin48hours;otherwise,ifcaptured1/5of theremainingsentencewilladded Supposing,thereisacalamity,butyoudidnotescape,willyoubeawardedthe1/5deduction?NO, thelawsaysyouhavetofirstescape ARTICLE99WHOGRANTSTIMEALLOWANCES(readingmatter) TheDirectorofPrisons Article100CivilLiability Ineveryfelony,arisestwothings: (i)criminalliability,whichcanbeextinguishedby: imprisonment prescriptionofliberty Interestedpartiesare:thegovernment/State/Presidentagainsttheaccusedwhoistheonlyoneliable becausepenaltiesarepersonal (ii)civilliability,whichcanbeextinguishedby: restitution reparation Interestedpartiesare:theoffendedpartyandheirsagainsttheaccusedandheirs Civilliabilitycanbeextinguishedsimilartothatofcontracts indemnification fine
NOTES BY:
Uponfilingofthecriminalaction,civilactionisdeemedinstituted Ifthecriminalcasewasfiledfirst,itshalltakeprecedence Ifthecivilcasewasfiledfirst,itwillbesuspendedwhenthecriminalcaseisfiled Reservationofrightlosesrighttointerveneincriminalcase,butallowsfortheinstitutionofan independentcivilaction(ICA) IndependentCivilAction(forcasesoforclaimsfordamages,defamation,physicalinjuries)may proceedsimultaneouslywiththecriminalcase,butifthereisprejudicialquestion,itshallbedecided first PrejudicialQuestionisonewhicharisesinacase,theresolutionofwhichisalogicalantecedentof theissueinvolvedinthesaidcase,andthecognizanceofwhichpertainstoanothertribunal Extinctionofcriminalliability(acquittal)shallnotcarrythecivilactionwithitunlessitisthebasisfor thedecision ARTICLE101RULESONCIVILLIABILITY Article12pars.1,2,3,5,6andArticle11(4)arenotexemptfromcivilliability Firstrule: Article12(1,2,3)=civilliabilitydevolvestothosewhohaveparentalorlegalauthorityofthem Secondrule: Article11(4)=thosewhobenefitedfromtheharmpreventedarecivillyliable Thirdrule: Article12(5&6)=thepersonscausingthefearorusingviolenceareprimarilyliable;intheirabsence, thosewhoactedaresecondarilyliable ARTICLES102103SUBSIDIARYLIABILITYOFOTHERPERSONS (readingmatter) ARTICLES104109&111FORMSOFCIVILLIABILITY&OBLIGATIONS (readingmatter) ARTICLE110SEVERALLIABILITIESOFPARTICIPANTSINACRIME Theprincipals,accomplices,accessoriesshallhaveseveralliability;thus,theoffendedpartycanask paymentfromanyofthem Incaseofinsolvencyoftheprincipal,theaccompliceisnextinline,andsoon,ifthelatterisalso insolvent 3rdpersongratuitousrequiresparticipationknowledge;requiresknowledgeonhispartofthe commissionofthecrime
NOTES BY:
CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes ARTICLE112&113EXTINGUISHMENTOFCIVILLIABILITY sameasextinguishmentofcontracts 1.bypaymentorperformance 2.bythelossofthethingdue 3.bycondonationorremissionofthedebt 4.bytheconfusionormergeroftherightsofthecreditoranddebtor 5.bycompensation 6.bynovation
NOTES BY:

Amurao Notes 01

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Amurao Notes 01

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes CRIMINALLAW1 June17,2011

Page 1 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 2 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 3 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 4 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 5 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 6 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 7 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 8 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 9 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 10 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 11 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 12 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 13 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 15 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 16 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Discernmentabilityoftheaccusedtodeterminerightfromwrong

Page 17 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 18 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 19 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 20 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

2.Whenthedeathwascausedbyaninfectionofthewoundduetotheunskilledmedicaltreatment fromthedoctors: (a)ifthewoundismortal=accusediscriminallyliable,becausetheunskilledtreatment +infectionarenotefficientinterveningcauses

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 21 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes Q:Whatisaproximatecause?

Page 22 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 23 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 24 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 25 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 26 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 27 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

Page 28 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao Seriousphysicalinjuries Lessserious/Slightphysicalinjuries

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 29 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 30 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 31 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes

Page 32 of 139 Atty. Maximo Amurao

CRIMINAL LAW Lecture & Recitation Notes