January - February 2013 - International Aquafeed Magazine - Full Edition

Chicken viscera for fish
feed formulation
Profitable aquafeed
moisture control
The shrimp feed industry in China
an overview
Spray-dried plasma
from porcine blood in diets for Atlantic
salmon parrs
Vol ume 16 I s s ue 1 2013 - J anuary | f ebruary
I NCORPORAT I NG
f I sh fARmI NG T eChNOl OGy
Volume 16 / Issue 1 / January-February 2013 / Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2012 / All rights reserved
An internAtionAl mAgAzine for
the AquAculture feed industry
CONTENTS
AQUA
I n t e r n a t I o n a l
FEED
Volume 16 / Issue 1 / January-February 2013 / Copyright Perendale Publishers Ltd 2012 / All rights reserved
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept
no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. Copyright 2013
Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior
permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
Cover image courtesy of Oddmund Goete
Aqua News
3 Sea-grownbarramundi
thefuturewhitesalmonofthetropics?
3 DScforInternationalAquafeedsProfRana
3 EUprojectintoFlavobacteria
4 Internationalmatchmakingacceleratesgeneticadvances
4 AgriMarineandAkvatechjoinforceswithpurchaseandlicensingagreement
5 BigDNAgetsshareofsixmillionEuroEuropeanprojecttodevelopnewfishvaccines
7 Offshoremaricultureindustrylookstohighseasopportunities
8 AquaPortugal
8 Newvideohighlightssustainableaquaculturehatch-to-harvest
Features
10 Chickenvisceraforfishfeedformulation
14 Profitableaquafeedmoisturecontrol
18 Spray-driedplasmafromporcinebloodindietsforAtlanticsalmonparrs
22 AnoverviewofshrimpfeedindustryinChina
28 BioMarineBusinessConvention-report
44 Noveladditivestoreducetheeconomicimpactofdiseaseonshrimpproduction
Regular items
5 THEAQUACULTURISTS
26 PHOTOSHOOT
50 EXPERTTOPIC-ARCTICCHAR
54 INDUSTRYEVENTS
AquacultureatEuroTiercomesofage
Aquaculture2013
ISRMAXIndia
59 CLASSIFIEDADVERTS
62 THEAQUAFEEDINTERVIEW
64 INDUSTRYFACES
www.perendale.co.uk
Editor
ProfessorSimonDavies
Email: simond@aquafeed.co.uk
Associate Editors
ProfessorKrishenRana
Email: krishenr@aquafeed.co.uk
AliceNeal
Email: alicen@perendale.co.uk
Editorial Advisory Panel
Abdel-FattahM.El-Sayed(Egypt)
ProfessorAntnioGouveia(Portugal)
ProfessorCharlesBai(Korea)
ColinMair(UK)
DrDanielMerrifield(UK)
DrDominiqueBureau(Canada)
DrElizabethSweetman(Greece)
DrKimJauncey(UK)
EricDeMuylder(Belgium)
DrPedroEncarnao(Singapore)
DrMohammadRHasan(Italy)
Circulation & Events Manager
TutiTan
Email: tutit@aquafeed.co.uk
Design & Page Layout
JamesTaylor
Email: jamest@aquafeed.co.uk
International Marketing Team (UK Office)
DarrenParris
Email: darrenp@aquafeed.co.uk
LeeBastin
Email: leeb@aquafeed.co.uk
Latin American Office
IvnMarquetti
Email: ivanm@perendale.com
PabloPorceldePeralta
Email: pablop@perendale.co.uk
India Office
RajKapoor
Email: rajk@perendale.com
China Office
NancyYung
Email: talenta1@netvigator.com
More information:
International Aquafeed
7 St George's Terrace, St James' Square
Cheltenham, GL50 3PT
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1242 267706
Website: www.aquafeed.co.uk
H
appy New year to all our readers! This first edition of 2013 promises a
great start to the year with our regular news feature and articles addressing
the aquafeed and nutrition sector. This is the start of my fifth year as editor
and we have seen an evolution within the industry and much innovation
and developments over this period. The meetings and
international symposia that I was fortunate to attend
have given me much inspiration and also allowed me to
directly meet with the readership as well as providing me
with a whole new generation of friends and associates
from a wide spectrum of backgrounds.
LastyearmyvisitstoLasVegas,Kentucky,BeijingandSingapore
enabled me to appreciate the rapid increase in aquaculture
research globally and the growing commercial business
environment.ThesuccessfulmeetinginOctoberofBioMarine
2012 brought a number of parties together in London at
the prestigious setting of Fishmongers Hall andThe Houses
of Parliament to address the topics of governance in aquaculture including complex issues of
legislation,promotionofethicalstandardsandfishwelfareandenvironmentinaquaculture.We
mainly addressed the need for sustainable solutions in the production of fish feeds and their
administration based on the various aquaculture production systems around the world with
emphasisfromfarmtoconsumer.
Thisisgoingtobeacontinuousprocessandwillrequiremorerobustdataandevidenceofthe
claimsbeingmadeforproductsdestinedforthefoodchainwithtransparencyatthecoreofthe
issues.IAFwillendeavourasalwaystoprovideaplatformfordebateandtopresentmaterialthat
willbeofinteresttoallstake-holderswithvestedconcernsforproducingexcellentproductsforthe
consumerbasedonsafe,effectivenutritionforfishandshrimpthroughouttheirproductioncycle.
In our opening issue of 2013, there is a particularly interesting feature on the use of poultry viscera in
aquafeedformulationsfromworkundertakeninNigeria.Indeedanimalby-productsareinvaluablesources
ofproteinandthesearebeingre-evaluatedforuseinEuropealthoughquitepracticalandstandardinmany
partsoftheworld.Amorespecialityproduct;SprayDriedPlasmaforuseinsalmonisreportedtoowith
someinterestingconclusionsasanovelfeedcomponent.
Turningourattentiontoshrimpwehavetwoexcellentarticles,thefirstreviewingthestatusoftheshrimp
feedindustryinChinaandthesecond,moretechnicalreportonfeedadditiveenhancersforhealthwitha
focusondigestivefunctionalityandmodulationofthegutmicrobiota.Noveltechnologiesbasedonbacterial
communicationdisruption(QuorumSensing,QS)couldofferexcitingprospectsfordiseasecontroland
reducingpathogenicityinshrimp.
TheArcticcharisourspeciesfocusthismonthandasyouwouldexpectweincludeexamplesofproduc-
tionstrategiesfromthemorefrigidzonesofourplanet.Thismostbeautifulfishhasgreatpotentialandis
certainlyoneofmyfavourites.TheVikingscertainlymissedanopportunitywiththatone.
Ontheengineeringfront,wereportoneffectivedryingtechnologiesforfeedproductionwithcostand
efficiencyalwaysinmind.
Finally,Iendwitharathersadannouncementtothosewhomaynothaveknown.OnOctober24,2012,my
greatfriendandacademiccolleague,DrJohnE.Halver(EmeritusProfessoratTheUniversityofWashington)
passedawaypeacefullyinSeattleatthewonderfulageof90.Ihadknownhimformanyyearsandasthe
FatherofFishNutritionweallowehimsomuchforinitiatingandadvancingthisscience.Therewillbea
tributetohiminthenextissueofIAFandIwilldedicatethateditiontohismemory.
Takecare,goodprospectsfortheNewYearandenjoythereading!
Professor Simon Davies
CROESO a Blwthyn Newydd Dda
January-February 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 3
Now incorporating fish farming technology
InternationalAquafeedischanging.From2013weareaddingextrapagesandthestrapline,
incorporatingfishfarmingtechnology.
Thechangeistoreflectthegrowingnumberoftechnologieswhichinvolvefeedorsome
aspectoffishfarmmanagement.So,withtheconsentofoureditorProfessorDavies,we
will continue to publish article about feed ingredients, species and feed technologies but
alsocomplimentothertechnologiesthatcontributetofishfarmingefficiencies.
RogerGilbert,Publisher
I
n 2010, global production of
farmed food fish was ~60
million tonnes.The production
from aquaculture is almost entirely
destined for human consumption.
Thetotalfarmgatevalueoffoodfish
productionfromaquacultureisesti-
matedatUS$119.4billionfor2010.
Aquaculture represents the fastest
growing protein-producing system
inthelastthreedecadesandalsoin
theforeseeablefuture.
It is expected that aquacul-
ture production will surpass 80
milliontonnesby2020,becoming
the third-largest protein industry
behindpoultryandpork,butwell
aheadofbeef.
Salmonfarmingrepresentsasig-
nificant par t of the high quality
fish market at a forecast ~1.8M
tonnes pa in 2012, and rapidly
growing. Salmon farming has a
number of industry giants with
many now investing in other
aquaculturesectors.
The primar y motivation for
salmonfarmerstoinvestinother
aquaculture ventures is
to leverage their
k n owl -
edge of fi sh husbandr y and
achieve synergy in feed procure-
ment, in marketing and distri-
bution activities and to achieve
species diversification in order to
mitigatetheeffectsofthesalmon
pricefluctuationcycle.
We get our terrestrially grown
meatproductsprimarilyfromfour
sources; chicken, beef, pork, and
lamb.Thesamewilllikelybetrue
fromfarmedfish.Withsalmonas
theclearnumberone,itisunclear
whatwillbenumbertwo.
Barramundiisagoodcandidate
having many of the key drivers
that made salmon successful:
lends itself well to domestication,
good growth, sur vival, density,
FCR, omega 3 fatty acid levels,
eating qualities, etc. Barramundi
also performs well on diets with
high levels of fishmeal and fish
oil substitution. Combine these
attributeswithanidealgeography
in Australasia (protection from
severe storms) and a growing
middle class market throughout
As i a a pot ent i al r eci pe
f or the next
salmon?
Sea-grownbarramundi
the future white salmon of the tropics?
A
nEU-fundedprojectinto
the control of diseases
caused by Flavobacteria
hasbeenannounced.
The research, entitledControl
of Flavobacteriaceae infections
in European fish farms, will
involve cooperation between
par tners i n France, Fi nl and,
Denmark, Switzerland, Italy and
Norway.
The aim of the project is to
identify the variation found in
Flavobacteria and characteri-
sation of the various types. At
present infections are normally
treated with antibiotics but
it hoped that the project will
help develop alternative treat-
ments.
"Knowledge generated in this
project will provide the basis
for selection of vaccine candi-
dates and development of diag-
nostic assays and vaccines.This
will make detection and control
possible e.g. through investiga-
tion of environmental samples
and i denti fi cati on of appar-
ently healthycarrier fish," says
Hanne Nilsen, researcher at
the Norwegi an Veter i nar y
Institute.
Strains of Flavobacteria affect
bothfreshandsaltwaterspecies
andcausenumerablelosseson
fishfarmsworldwide.
Al though sal mon can be
infected, in recent years it is
rainbowtroutwhichhassuffered
most from Flavobacteria related
illnesses.In2008,Flavobacterium
psychrophilum was responsible
for large losses on Norwegian
rainbow trout farms. F. psy-
chrophilum is ver y infectious
and causes a systemic infection
inrainbowtroutwithhighasso-
ciated mor talities. For tunately,
thediseasehasonlyreappeared
sporadically in recent tears but
it still constitutes a real threat
to Norwegian rainbow trout
farming.
Numerous countries using the
same testing methods to char-
acterise the bacteria will allow
greatercomparisonofdata.
"This is a huge advantage.We
now have a database with over
1000strainsofF.psychrophilum
from all over the world. Each
individual strain of bacteria has
been profiled using so-called
MLST (multi-locus sequence
typi ng) a techni que whi ch
revealsdifferencesinthegenetic
code. In this way we can form
a globalpicture of the disease
causedbyeachbacterialvariant.
We can then identify which
sequence types are most path-
ogenic, which have the greatest
ability to spread, and which
strains are currentlyemerging,"
saysNilsen.
EUprojectintoFlavobacteria
P
rof Rana, associate
editor of International
Aquafeed, has been
awarded a Doctor of Science
(DSc) inAquaculture in rec-
ognition for his contribution
to aquaculture research and
development.
Prof Rana was recently
awardedthehighestuniversity
accolade from the University
of Stellenbosch, SouthAfrica
for his contribution to aquac-
ulture research and develop-
ment following a peer review
submission of his research
by two eminent UK scien-
tists making him one of only
twoknownacademicsinthe
worldtoholdaDScforwork
in aquaculture. He has presented
several key note lectures and
chaired international conferences
and engaged with FAO in over
a dozen Expert Consultations as
specialistresourcepersonininter-
nationalforums
Prof Rana who was at the
InstituteofAquaculture,University
ofStirlingfor25years,wastheonly
academicstaffattheuniversityto
holdaDScdegreeinAquaculture.
He was also awarded the Stirling
Provostsawardinrecognitionfor
his outstanding achievement in
the field of academic research in
2006andwaselectedfellowofthe
Linnaean Society, London for his
contributiontoconservation.
Prof Ranas needs-dri ven
research focus, resulting in over
150publicationsandpresentations,
has earned him international rec-
ognitioninhisfieldsofstudy,trans-
lating science into: policies, stra-
tegic frameworks, master plans
andenvironmentalassessmentsfor
nationalgovernments;design,tech-
nicalauditsandevaluationforgov-
ernmentandprivateoperationsfor
hatcheries and on-growing aquac-
ultureprogrammesandfacilities;as
wellascontributinggloballytothe
trainingofover500postgraduates
inaquaculture.
Prof Rana, can be contacted
through our office and at krish-
enrana@yahoo.co.uk and also at
Kr42@st-andrews.ac.uk, kjr3@
sun.ac.za
DScforInternationalAquafeedsProfRana
Aqua News
Professor Krishen Rana,
Associate editor of
A
gr i Mar i ne Hol di ngs
Inc. and Akvatech AS
have brokered a deal
to advance the adopti on of
AgriMarines closed containment
fishrearingtechnologyinNorway
andinothercountries.
The agreement i ncl udes a
securedloanfromAkvatechtothe
companys subsidiaryAgriMarine
Industries Inc. for CAD $2.5
mi l l i on and thepurchase of
AgriMarinesintellectualproperty
ri ghts and know-how wi thi n
certainnorthernEuropeancoun-
tries, including Norway for CAD
$1.5million.
Thedealalsoencompassesthe
saleoftwo24mtanksforadem-
onstrationprojectinNorwayand
thedevelopmentandpatentpro-
tectionofa30mtankdesignwith
capacity of 5,500 cubic meters.
This is the first saleAgriMarines
technol ogy and establ i shes
the company as a supplier of
closed containment technology.
The demonstration project is
expected to be jointly financed
by a consor tium of industr y
players and salmon farmers, as
well as Innovation Norway, the
Norwegian Governments inno-
vationanddevelopmentarm.
Th i s a g r e e me n t wi t h
Akvatech not onl y val i dates
our IP and signals the imme-
diate sale of two AgriMarine
tanks for use in Norway, and
italsosetsthestageforfuture
t ank s al es and expans i on
throughout Europe, says Sean
Wilton, President and CEO of
AgriMarine.
We are confident that the
transacti on wi l l al so bol ster
furthersupportandinterestfrom
salmon producing companies in
otherterritoriessuchasSoutheast
AsiaandAustralia.
Wilton adds,We believe that
we have the answer to sustain-
able salmon farming with sub-
stantial operational advantages
in terms of reduced mor tali-
ties, improved feed conversion,
and mitigation of sea lice infes-
tations.
A
quacul ture company
Landcatch is stepping up
its search for the perfect
fish by linking pedigree breeding
programmes in Scotland and
Chile.
Information on hundreds of
thousands of salmon in both
countries is now being fed into
a state-of-the-art database which
canmakequickerandmoreexact
decisions on pairing individual
fish.
The process is accelerating
genetic advances by producing
more robust offspring that grow
faster and are less susceptible to
disease.
Dr Al an Ti nch, di rector of
genetics at Landcatch, UK says,
We now have the ability to
use information in all three pro-
grammestomakemoreaccurate
decisions on the selection of fish.
Thatssomethingunique.
DrTinchsaysthedatabaseeffec-
tivelyactsasalargeandcomplex
dating agency. He says,We are
collecting information about the
salmon we have on our farms
around the world and using it to
match the best female with the
bestmale.
In this way the next genera-
tion of fish is better in a number
of respects than before faster
growing, more disease resistant,
with improved fat content and
bettereatingquality.
Wecannotmovetheindividual
fish, but we can work out which
dowellinScotlandandChileand
thenbreedfromthebestineach
country to meet the needs of
eachcustomer.
Therearepresentlyover800,000
salmon recorded in the database
with more than 100,000 records
addedeveryyear.Eachhasitsown
identificationnumberwhichallows
experts to trace its family history
from parents, grandparents and
great-grandparents.
Every fish can have over 100
traits recorded, such as its fat
contentorresistancetocertain
disease, meaning scientists can
look at millions of pieces of
information in matching individ-
uals.
The family histories, combined
withallthegeneticinformationwe
haveonthedatabase,allowsusto
make predictions about which of
thefisharegoingtogiveusagood
performance,saidDrTinch.
The system gives us an even
greater level of accuracy in deci-
sionswemakeastheinformation
at our disposal is more robust,
moreaccurateandthereismore
ofitcollectedoverdifferentenvi-
ronments.
Itallowsustoquicklyandeasily
accessalltheinformationwehave
on individual animals and their
families and when we crunch
the numbers we know which is
the best male for the industry in
Scotland, or the best female for
Chile. We can also customise
matches for individual compa-
nies.
Its no longer about crossing
togetherthebig,goodlookingfish.
We look at all the information
using advanced genetic models
anddecidewhicharethebest
males and the best
females.
Landcatchispart
of the global
H e n d r i x
Genetics
mul t i -
s p e c i e s
f ood produc-
tion organisation whose
mission is to help the
world meet its food needs
throughinnovativeandsustainable
genetictechniques.
Using new genomic tools offers
the potential for the company to
accelerate the rate of improve-
ment within their breeding pro-
grammes and allows selection for
important characteristics, such as
resistancetodisease.
Thedatabasetoanalysegenetic
and genomic information was
originallyestablishedbyLandcatch
in 2006 in a collaborative project
wi t h EGENES ( Edi nbur gh
Genetic Evaluation Ser vices),
part of Scotlands Rural College
(SRUC).
Over the past five years the
database has been developed by
specialistsinLandcatch,DrDerrick
Guy and Andrew Robertson, in
col l aborati on wi th database
experts at EGENES. As well as
providing conventional genetic
analysis the
new database
isdesignedtoimple-
mentnewgenomicmethods
such as markerassisted selection
for Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis
virus(IPN)resistance.
Landcatchidentifiedmarkersfor
IPN resistance in collaboration
with Roslin Institute and Stirling
Institute ofAquaculture. Further
work by this group, including
UniversityofGlasgow,isextending
this work to sea lice resistance
using a cutting-edge genomic
selection tool the SNP Chip
a glass slide used to analyse var-
iations in DNA sequences, or
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
(SNPs), which act as biological
markersandhelpscientistslocate
a range of genes associated with
disease.
The dat abase wi l l mean
improvedqualityproductsandan
accelerationofgenetictechniques
in farmed fish which the industry
and commentators, including the
former UN Secretary General
Kofi Annan, believe is necessary
to address world food shortages
causedbyclimatechange.
More InforMatIon:
www.landcatch.co.uk
AgriMarine
andAkvatech
joinforces
withpurchase
andlicensing
agreement
4 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2013
Aqua News
Internationalmatchmakingacceleratesgeneticadvances
BigDNAgetsshareofsix
millionEuroEuropean
projecttodevelopnewfish
vaccines
S
cottish life sciences firm Big DNA,
l ocated at the Rosl i n Bi oCentre,
Edinburgh,ispartofaEuropeanwide
consortiumthathasbeenawardedEuropean
Unionfundingunderthe6millionTargetfish
project.Thismajorprojectisaimedatdevel-
oping new aquaculture vaccines, of which
BigDNAs proprietar y phage M13 based
chimericvaccinetechnology,willbepart.
TheFramework7TargetfishProject,which
lastsforfiveyears,includes30collaborators,
both industrial and academic, across 10 EU
countries,andaimstodevelopaffordableand
effectivevaccinesagainstarangeofeconom-
ically important fish diseases, including those
affectingsalmon,troutandseabass,amongst
others.
Scotland is par ticularly well represented
in the project which involves four Scottish-
based commercial companies and research
institutes.
Dr John March, CEO of Big DNA com-
mented,We are delighted to be par t of
thissignificantEuropeaninitiative,whichrec-
ognises the potential of our chimeric M13
phage-based vaccine technology for use in
applicationssuchasaquaculture.Thisfurther
expands the utility of our platform tech-
nology in addition to our core interest in
developinghumanhealthcareproducts.
RhonaAlison,seniordirectoroflifesciences,
Scottish Enterprise, says, "This news is very
exciting for both Scottish Life Sciences and
BigDNA.ThelevelofScottishparticipationas
awholeinthisEuropeanprogrammeunder-
lines the strength of the aquaculture sector
hereandbuildsonScotland'sincreasingrep-
utation as a leading international hub of life
sciencesexpertise."
Big DNA has developed fish vaccines
which are able to be administered through
immersing the fish in tanks of water con-
tainingthevaccines,thuseliminatingtheneed
for use of needles which can damage the
fish.
More InforMatIon:
Website: www.bigdna.co.uk
Aqua News
Scotland
Scottish fish producer, Loch Duart
istoreceivea4millioncashinjec-
tion from Scottish Investment Bank
andCapicornInvestmentGroup.The
company will upgrade equipment
and infrastructure with the hope of
increasingexportsales.
http://bit.ly/10Opn8l
USA
Research at Cal i forni a State
University, Fresno into the biology
of tilapia, will get a $349,000 boost
thanks to a U.S. Depar tment of
Agriculturegrant.LarryRiley,assistant
professor of biology, is researching
the hormonal control of appetite
and growth during stress in tilapia.
http://bit.ly/TiJe9T
Pakistan
A three-year project examining
the prospect of introducing the
catfish (Pangasius pangasius) into
Pakistan has received a Rs3.954
million research grant from the
Higher Education Commission.The
research will be lead by Dr Noor
Khan,The University ofVeterinary
and Ani mal Sci ences Assi stant
Professor Department of Fisheries
andAquaculture,Pakistan.Underthe
project artificial feed will be formu-
lated and prepared for various age
groups and evaluated for its effect
on the growth, nutrient profile and
breeding potential of this species.
http://bit.ly/UTmOh6
New Zealand
Research to domesti cate the
New Zealand Greenshell mussel is
now marketable thanks to a new
NZ $26 million agreement. The
Ministry for Primary Industries and
SPATnz have signed a seven year
innovation contract to selectively
breed mussel spat at the Cawthron
Aquaculture Park north of Nelson,
usi ng research establ i shed by
Cawthrons MBIE-funded Cultured
Shellfish Programme.Its fantastic
thatresearchintoproductenhance-
ment for Greenshell mussels will
now be able to be used to benefit
the New Zealand mussel industry
and help it take off internationally,
CawthronChiefExecutiveProfessor
Charles Eason says.Its possibly the
most exciting thing to happen in
the mussel industry for decades
it will propel it forward. http://bit.
ly/UTpsU5
Canada
Can you grow Atlantic halibut to
market size onshore? Paul Merlin,
president of Canaqua Seafoods,
Canada, certainly thinks it's possible.
Merlin has secured a $496,584
l oan from the Atl anti c Canada
Oppor tunities for his project.The
money comes on top of Merlin's
initial $2.9 million investment and a
$1.2-million federal grant in 2010.
Thesitehaseight,15-metrerecircu-
lationtanksandisexpectedtoopen
inMarch.http://bit.ly/UZu7li
Jamaica
J amai can fi sheri es are set to
benefitfromgrantfundingandtech-
nical suppor t totaling $36 million
Jamaicandollars.Themoneyispar t
ofafouryear$302millionproject,
whi ch wi l l suppor t the opera-
tions of fish sanctuaries in Jamaica,
Grenada,StLucia,Dominica,andSt
Vincent and the Grenadines.The
CaribbeanClimateChangeCentre
will spearhead the projects imple-
mentationacrosstheregion.http://
bit.ly/VaYpre
The Aquaculturist
Aregularlookinsidetheaquacultureindustry
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T
his month we take a closer look at cash injections and grants
awarded to aquaculture project worldwide. You can find out more
about these stories, and others, by visiting the blog
www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com
FEATURES
EveryissueofInternationalAquafeed
isavailabletoviewonlineinour
Archivesection.Bothfullonlineedi-
tionsandindividualfeaturescanbe
viewed,anditiscompletelyfree.
www.aquafeed.co.uk/archive.php
view
AQUACULTURE
by Dominique P Bureau, member
of the IAF Editorial Panel
Increasing the emphasis
on quality assurance
for raw materials
used in aquaculture
feed production
Thehighpriceandrelative
volatilityinthesupply
ofsomefeedstuffsare
forcingaquaculturefeed
manufacturerstoplaywithan
increasinglydiverseportfolio
ofeconomicalrawmaterials.
Largermanufacturersoften
needtosourcetherequired
highvolumesofcertain
rawmaterialsfrommultiple
suppliers.Smallmanufacturers
duetotheirlesserneedsmay
beabletosourcefromsingle
suppliersbut,atthesame
time,maybeevenmoreat
themercyofcapriciousnessof
themarkets.Tomaintaintheir
competitiveness,formulators
mustformulatefeedstolower
ornarroweressentialnutrient
specificationstominimize
costsbuttheymustensure
thatthefeedscansustain
highgrowth,feedefficiency,
health,andproductqualityof
theanimalsatthefarm.The
productionofhighlynutritious
andcosteffectivefeedswith
anincreasinglywidearrayof
feedingredientsobtainedfrom
differentsuppliersisclearlynot
aneasytask.Thisiscertainly
keepingsomefeedformulators
awakeatnight.
Sourcingofrawmaterials
fromdifferentcountries,
manufacturersorbrokers
arguablyresultsingreater
probabilityforsignificant
variationsinthequalityofthe
rawmaterialspurchased.The
highpriceofcertainfeedstuffs
(forexamplefishmeal)may
alsoincite(unscrupulous)
supplierstoadoptdeceptive
practices,suchasproduct
adulteration(forexample
blendinglessexpensiveraw
materialswithmoreexpensive
rawmaterials).Somerecent
experiencesIhadinthe
fieldandaswellasrecent
discussionwithexperts
indicatedthatvariabilityin
thenutritivequalityand
adulterationoffeedstuffsare
notathingofthepast.Inthis
verycomplexcontext,quality
assurance(QA)playsan
extremelyimportantrole.
QAusuallyinvolvesthe
definitionsofspecifications
forthepurchasingofthe
rawmaterialsandforthe
inspectionandanalysisof
theserawmaterialsastheyare
receivedatthefeedmill.Most,
ifnotall,aquaculturefeed
manufacturershaveadopted
somesortofQAprocess
andinvestverysignificant
financialandstaffresources
inthis.Themainemphasis
ofQAsystemsinplaceis
onchemicalcomposition,
mainlyonproximateanalysis
(crudeprotein,crudelipids,
crudefibre,etc.),oftheraw
materials.Relativelylittle
emphasisisplacedondirect
measurementsofindividual
nutrientorcontaminantlevels
duetotheoftenprohibitive
costofthistypeofanalysis.
NearInfraredReflectance
Spectroscopy(NIRS)iswidely
usedbymostaquaculture
feedmanufacturersaround
theworldtoobtainrapidand
generallyaccurateestimation
oftheproximateandindividual
nutrientlevelsofbatchesof
rawmaterials.
Relativelylittleemphasisis
placedonassessmentofthe
nutritivevalueofdifferent
batchesofrawmaterials.There
issomeexperimentalevidence
thatsignificantvariabilityexists
inthedigestibilityandbio-
availabilityoftheindividual
nutrientsofdifferentbatches
commonaquaculturefeed
ingredients.Fishmeals,feather
meals,meatandbonemeals
andDDGSoftencometo
mindasingredientsthatcan
varyquitesignificantlyinterms
ofdigestibilityandnutritional
quality.However,variabilityin
digestibilityandnutritivevalue
isnotonlylimitedtothese
ingredients.
Ifinditunfortunatethatsofew
researcheffortsareinvested
byaquaculturenutrition
researchersontheseissues
thataresoimportanttothe
aquaculturefeedindustry.
Betterresearchandmore
datawouldreallyhelpguide
QAeffortsofaquaculture
feedmanufacturers.For
example,NIRSishighly
dependentontheavailability
ofhighqualityrawdataon
thecompositionandnutritive
value(forexampleamino
aciddigestibility)ofdifferent
rawmaterialssothatreliable
calibrationoftheinstruments
canbedone.Thisisonearea
whereacademicresearch
groupscouldplayavery
importantroleandyetare
virtuallyabsent.
Otherrapidbutmoredirect
waysofassessingthenutritive
valueofdifferentbatchesof
rawmaterialsarealsorequired.
Pepsindigestibilityisprobably
oneofthemostwidelyused
teststoestimatedigestibility
ofprotein.However,thereis
somecontroversyastothe
properconcentrationofpepsin
tobeusedandtheapplicability
ofthistypeofteststodifferent
aquaticanimalspeciesand
differentrawmaterials.There
isverylimitedpublished
experimental(animal)studies
examiningthereliabilityof
pepsindigestibilityassays
anddefiningtheirlimitations.
Otherinvitrotests,suchas
pH-statproteindigestion
assayshavebeendeveloped
buttheyalsosufferfroma
lackofstandardisationand
lackofvalidation.Rightnow,
effortsarereallydisparateand
differentgroupsareproposing
verydifferentapproaches.
Thereshouldbesystematic
andconcertedeffortsonthis
topic.
Turningawayrawmaterial
shipmentsisnotalwaysfeasible
inthecurrentclimate.Itis
perhapsmoreimportantfor
feedmanufacturerstolearn
howtobetteridentifyand
determinetheconsequence
ofvariabilityincomposition
andlearnhowtosafelyand
appropriatelyuserawmaterials
thatdifferfromtheestablished
specifications.Thisisanother
importantroleinwhich
academicresearchlaboratories
couldplayarole.
Iamsometimefeelingthattoo
muchrelianceonlaboratory
teststoassessqualityof
rawmaterialsmayresultin
acertainlostoftouchwith
reality.Itismyexperiencethat
frontlineQApersonneland
generalfeedproductionstaffs
arenotalwayshighlyaware
ofhowdifferentrawmaterials
shouldlook,smellandfeellike.
Theseareprimaryindicators
thatsomethingmaynotbe
rightwiththequalityofraw
materialreceived.Clearly,
moretrainingoffrontlinestaff
isneeded.
Finally,howunfortunateis
thefactthatthetechniques
commonlyusedbyfeed
manufacturersforQAare
notcurrentlytaughtinmost
academicinstitutions?Iwonder
howmanyaquaculture
nutritionistshavebeen
properlytrainedintheuse
ofNIRSequipmentorhave
receivedbasictrainingin
feedmicroscopy?Howcan
weexpecttoprogressasan
industryifthenewblooddoes
nothavetheproperacademic
backgroundandtraining?
AmIsofarinleftfield?Any
feedback?Letmeknowby
email:dbureau@uoguelph.ca
AQUACULTURE
UPDATES
The final report from the
B i o M a r i n e B u s i n e s s
Convention is now available
online.The repor t includes
the proceedings from the five
thinktanks.Invaluabletothose
whowerethere,interestingfor
thosewhoweren't.Download
the report and view photos
from the convention at www.
biomarine.org.
Brazils IndustrialTechnology
CoreFoundationofCearhas
launched a system to convert
fishwasteintooilforbiodiesel
f eedstock. The Bi opei xe
Machine converts 50 percent
of fish viscera into fats which
willbechangedintobiodiesel.
The equipment will be used
to dispose of waste made by
Nile tilapia grown in tanks in
the reservoirs of the State of
Cear.
T
he offshore aquaculture
industr y has requested
that United Nations FAO
conduct an assessment of the
access and operational frame-
works for open ocean maricul-
ture in the High Seas, and make
recommendations as to how to
better encourage work towards
maricultureinwatersbeyondany
one nations EEZs. A statement
to this effect was drafted atThe
OffshoreMaricultureConference,
held in Izmir,Turkey, over three
days from October 17-19, 2012
and the Turki sh government
offered to formally convey the
requesttoFAO.
The statement adopted at the
conclusion of the conference drew
fromanumberofprecedingdecla-
rationsincludingthe2010Global
Conference on Aquaculture, the
PhuketConsensusof2010,andthe
ColomboDeclarationof2011,allof
which have emphasised the critical
role for aquaculture in feeding the
world, stimulating economic devel-
opment, providing employment
and reducing existing negative
impactsonthemarineenvironment.
Most recently, the Bremerhaven
Declaration of 2012 spoke spe-
cifically of the need for increased
research, development, investment
and policy frameworks for open
oceanaquaculture.
Deeper, and further offshore
Thereisgrowinginterestfrom
theprivatesectorinexploringthe
potentialforaquacultureinwaters
that are increasingly deeper, and
further offshore says conference
chairman, Neil Anthony Sims, of
KampachiFarms,LLC.Giventhat
many nations such as those in
the Mediterranean still only
exert national authority as far as
12 miles offshore, then there is
a looming question about what
happens in the Areas Beyond
National Jurisdiction (ABNJ).We
need to start to address this in
anticipation of, and in order
to encourage these develop-
ments.
The conference heard keynote
presentations from Alessandro
Lovatelli, FAOAquaculture Officer;
Paul Holthus of World Ocean
Council;andHaraldRosenthalwho
had Chaired the Bremerhaven
Conference. Each spoke of the
opportunityandtheimperativefor
aquacultures rights and responsibil-
ities to be better defined inABNJ.
Mr Holthus described how many
internationalconventionsandagree-
ments regardingABNJ are either
alreadyestablished,orareunderdis-
cussion, without any real consider-
ation of the potential for aquacul-
ture, and with minimal consultation
withindustry.
The conference was officially
opened by Dr Durali Kocak, the
Director-General of Fisheries
andAquacultureattheTurkish
Ministry of Food,Agriculture
and Livestock, who described
how theTurkish government
had prioritised aquaculture
development.The industry in
Turkey is expanding at a phe-
nomenalrate,asitindeedmust,
to meet the growing demand,
but care is being taken to
ensure that such growth is
withintheseasecologicallimits,
hesaid.
Ot her pr es ent at i ons
explored a range of planning
andmanagementtoolsthatare
beingsetuparoundtheworld
to better integrate aquacul-
ture into coastal planning initi-
atives. New species develop-
ment, provision of seed (fish
fingerlings or bivalve spat)
and feed developments for
offshoremariculturewerealso
reviewed.
Michael Ebeling, of the
Wegner Institute in Germany,
and Dr Amir Neori of the
Israeli Oceanographic Institute
(together with GamzeTuran of
Ege University) spoke on the
potential to co-locate aquac-
ulture and offshore energy projects
suchaswindfarms,andtheprospects
and need for macroalgae culture in
offshorelocations.
On the second day of the con-
ference, a number of presen-
tations highlighted engineering
improvementstooffshorenetpen
systems, including dramatic video
footageofsharkstryinginvainto
breakthroughDyneemasPred-X,
and AKVAs Econet / Kikkonet,
along with data demonstrating
theantifoulingpropertiesofbrass
alloymeshes
The day also included reviews of
new developments in single-point
mooringsystemsforself-submerging
surfacepensandforshrimpculture
inAquapods, tension leg cages and
testingofmorerobustsurfacepens
andunanchoreddriftercages.New
advances in net pens and service
vessels for exposed Norwegian
salmon farm sites were presented
by FinnWillumsen ofAquaCulture
EngineeringAS, and Mats Heide of
SINTEF Fisheries andAquaculture,
respectively.
On the final day, conference
attendeesweregiveafirst-handlook
at the boomingTurkish aquaculture
industry, as they were hosted on a
touroffishprocessingfacilities;aboat
trip out to exposed farm sites for
seabass, seabream and tuna; and a
walk-throughofmarinefishhatchery
facilitiesintheIzmirarea.
Thedatesandvenueforthe2014
Offshore Mariculture Conference
willbereleasedshortly.
More InforMatIon:
www.offshoremariculture.com
Offshore mariculture industry
looks to high seas opportunities
Aqua News
Newvideo
highlights
sustainable
aquaculturehatch-
to-harvest
A
new video produced by
the US Soybean Export
Council (USSEC) takes
an i n-depth l ook at Paci fi co
Aquacultures operation at Isla
Todos Santos, Baj a, Mexi co,
which raises native white bass
and hybrid striped bass, among
other species.The video can be
viewed at: www. soyaqua. org/
video
The mini-documentary follows
the partnership involved in the
entire hatch-to-harvest process,
includingafingerlingtransferfrom
thehatcheryatHubbsSeaWorld
Research Institute, stocking at
the Pacifico site for grow-out,
harvesting, processing at Santa
Monica Seafoods, and end con-
sumption at the Sushi School of
LosAngeles.
USSEC has f unded f eed
research at Hubbs and Pacifico
Aquaculture to reduce reliance
on fishmeal and fish oil. Soy-
based feeds have proven suc-
cessful at increasing the sustain-
ability and affordability of aqua-
feeds.
Webelievethisvideowillgive
people a close-up look at the
fish farmers, hatchery biologists,
and other supply stream partic-
ipants who are committed to
making aquaculture a sustainable
resource, said Michael Cremer,
International Program Director
ofUSSEC.
With global aquaculture pro-
jected to supply 60 percent of
all seafood consumed by 2020,
Cremer says, we need to
educatethepublicbyshowcasing
more operations like Pacifico
that are producing high quality
seafood in an environmentally
soundmanner.
ShrimpfarmsthreatenmangrovesaccordingtoaUNreport.
Mangroveforestsoffernaturalprotectiontocoastlines,provide
habitatsofsealifeandhelpslowclimatechange.However,since
the 1980s, a fifth of mangroves have been destroyed due, in
part,tothespreadofshrimpandfishfarms
A$16millionorganicshrimpfarmpromisestobring'green'
jobstoFellsmere,Florida.It'shopedthatthejumboshrimpcan
help rejuvenate and diversify a citrus-based economy often
plagued by canker, citrus 'greening' and weather extremes.
If grants come through and the methods Florida Organic
Aquaculture tests prove effective, shrimp could be on the
marketbythemiddleofnextyear.Companyexecutivessay
thefarmwillcreateanestimated60jobsonthefarmandan
additional512jobsfromassociatedeconomicactivity.
AnaquaculturezoneinVietnamistobeturnedintoaport.
ThePeople'sCommitteeofcentralsouthernPhuYenProvince
planstoturna1,460-hazoneintheVungRoareaofDongHoa
Districtintoaseaport.About460householdsandbusinessmen
currentlyraiselobstersandotherfishinthearea.
AQUACULTUREUPDATES
1969TheyearbrothersOveand
SivertGrntvedtopenedtheworlds
firstsalmonfarminHitra
1.200Fishfarmswerelicensed
tofarmsalmonandtroutinNorway
in1995
22,700Numberofjobs
supportedbyNorwegian
aquaculturein2009
343,000tonnes
Norwaysalmonexportsin2000
41StrainsofNorwegiansalmon
producedtoday40Ofthese
strainsareNorwegian.Oneis
Swedish.
NOK30millionThetotalof
theNorwegianSeafoodFederations
environmentalfunddedicated
toremovingescapedfishfrom
watercourses
90,000squarekilometres
SeawithinNorwaysseabaseline;
thesamesizeasthetotalagricultural
areaofItaly
250%Theincreasein
Norwegianseafoodexports
between1986and1991
40%Decreaseinaquaculture
sitesbetween2000and2010
Source: Norwegian Seafood Federation,
Norwegian Seafood Council
NumberCrunching
Norway
AquaPortugal
F
ollowing the adoption
of the UNs Law-of-
the-Seawithitsexclusive
economic fishing zones, today
Por tugal catches less half it
did prior to the adoption of
thelawdownfrom500,000
tonnes per year to 200,000-
250,000 tonnes/year - in its
ownwaters.
Fish, and codfish in particular,
aretraditionalinthePortuguese
diet,saysManuelPintodeAbreu,
Secretary of State of the Sea,
Portugal, who was in London
recently for the BioMarine
BusinessConvention2012.
With more than 60 kg of fish
being consumed per head of
population per year, Portugal is
thethirdlargestconsumeroffish
globally and yet is struggling to
supplyitsownneedsfrom
itsfishingactivities.
What can we do about
this? Is not a rhetor-
ical question but one Mr
PintodeAbreuiskeento
answer.
My Ministry is planning
a new legal framework to
encourage investment in
fish farming developments
in Portugal; to set up a
newresearchinstitutewith
otherstomoveonresearch
andinnovationforwardand
to develop fish farming
techniques for species
naturaltoourwaters,such
astheCovena.
He is also reducing the
timeperiodprojectstaketo
receiveapprovalandissim-
plifyingthelicensingprocess:
instead of multiple licences farmers
willneedjustoneinfuture.
Weneedtoworktoattractinves-
tors to Portugal and Im confident
theywillcomeifwedothesethings
correctly.Butweneedtomoveasfast
as possible and in keeping with EU
regulations.Ihopewewillhaveeve-
rythinginplaceforthissummer.
Portugal may no longer be the
ocean fishing and maritime nation
of Europe it use to be, however it
iskeentoclaimthetitleofaquacul-
turecountryofEurope,MrPintode
Abreuadds.
Aqua News Watch the interview on
your smart phone
Simply download the
Aurasma light app, and then
subscribe to our channel at
http://auras.ma/s/1shRr
Point your phone at the
image below and
watch it come to
life with the full
interview
U
p
c
o
m
i
n
g
E
v
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s

f
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2
0
1
3
Making Sense of Science
February 21 - 25, 2013
Nashville, Tennessee
USA
For all info contact us on
www.was.com
worldaqua@aol.com
The international triennial
conference & exposition of
World Aquaculture Society
August 9 - 12, 2013
Trondheim, Norway
Organised by European Aquaculture
Society
www.easonline.org
Asia Pacifc Aquaculture
December 10-13th,
2013
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Aquaculture Europe
World Aquaculture
www.was.com
worldaqua@aol.com
F
ish as a source of animal protein
has played an important role in
the nutritional budgeting of many
nations.Fishproductionisbecoming
averyimportantsourceofvaluableprotein
food.Fishmealisthemajorproteinsourcein
aquaculturefeeds.
However, the supply of fishmeal is not
growingworldwideandthepriceisoftenhigh,
so the replacement of fishmeal with cheaper
protein sources is needed. Chicken viscera
areamongsuchproteinsourcesreplacingfish-
meal. Viscera are the large organs inside the
body: such as the heart, lungs and stomach.
Research findings has revealed that certain
chicken visceral organs such as heart contain
over 80 percent protein of excellent quality
whiletraditionalfishmealnormallycontain60
80percenthighqualityprotein.
Fishmeal
Fishmealisthemostimportantcomponent
in fish feed formulation. It is a commercial
product made from fish and the bones and
offal from processed fish. It is a brown pow-
der or cake obtained by drying the fish or
fish trimmings, often after cooking, and then
grindingit.Ifitisafattyfishitisalsopressed
toextractmostofthefishoil.
Fishmeal is a nutrient-rich and high
protein supplement feed ingredient that
stores well, and is used primarily in diets
for domestic animals and sometimes as a
high-quality organic fertilizer. Fishmeal and
fish oil replacement has been the focus of
very significant research efforts and hun-
dreds of scientific papers in recent years.
Despite years of research, fishmeal and
fishoilremainveryimportant,quasiessen-
tial, components of successful commercial
feedsformostfishandcrustaceanspecies.
This generally has an impact on the feed
andproductioncostsformanyaquaculture
products.
Over the past five decades, dozens of
differentproteinandlipidsourceshavebeen
evaluated in hundreds of practical feeding
trials.Manyofthesetrialsfocusedonreplac-
ing fishmeal, fish oil or other high quality
protein and lipid sources by putatively more
cost-effectiveproteinandlipidsources.What
is often overlooked in many trials is that
fishmeal and fish oil are complex ingredients
that are known to vary greatly in chemical
composition.
The raw material sources and types, sea-
sons, and processing equipment and condi-
tions used in the manufacturing of these
ingredients all have great impacts on the
chemical composition and nutritive value of
these ingredients. Incorporating 20 percent
fishmealinthedietorreplacing50percent
of the fish meal or fish oil of the diet may
mean very different things depending on the
type and chemical composition of the fish
meal and fish oil used in the study and the
fishmealandfishoillevelsinthecontroldiet
for such a reason, the composition of the
ingredientstobeusedforreplacingfishmeal
mustbedetermined.
Protein and amino
acids utilisation
Protein is the principal constituent of the
tissuesandorgansoffishbodyandtherefore
anessentialnutrientforbothmaintenanceand
growth in fish. The requirement for proteins
infishisthereforeveryobvioussinceprotein
constitutes more than 45 -47 percent of the
tissuesdrymatter.Acontinualsupplyofpro-
teinisneededthroughoutlifeformaintenance
andgrowth.Catfish,likeotheranimals,actually
donothaveaproteinrequirement,butthey
requireasourceofnon-specificnitrogenand
indispensableaminoacids.
Usually, the most economical source of
these elements is a mixture of proteins in
feedstuffs.Ingestedproteinsarehydrolyzedto
releaseaminoacidsthatmaybeusedforsyn-
thesisoftissueproteinorifinexcess,usedfor
energy.Useofproteinforenergyisexpensive,
thuscatfishfeedshouldbebalancedtoassure
that adequate levels of non-specific nitrogen,
aminoacidsandnon-proteinenergyaresup-
pliedinproperproportion.
It is more precise to formulate fish
feed based on amino acid requirements.
Nutritionally, amino acids may be classified
as either indispensable (essential) or dis-
pensable (non-essentials). An indispensable
amino acid is one that the animal cannot
synthesize in quantities. Sufficient for body
needs, thus they must be supplied in the
Chicken viscera for fish
feed formulation
by M.G Imam, Bau Chi State University, Nigeria
Table 1: Amino Acids Requirements of Catfsh
amino acids
requirement
(% of dietary
protien)
arginine 4.3
Histidine 1.5
Isoleucine 2.6
lysine 5.1
leucine 3.5
Methionine+cystine 2.3
Phenylalanine+tyrosine 5.0
threonine 2.0
tryptophan 0.5
Valine 3.0
FEATURE
diet. A dispensable amino acid is one that
canbesynthesizedbytheanimalinquanti-
ties sufficient for maximal growth. Most
simple - stomach animals, including catfish
require the same 10 indispensable amino
acids.
Justification for chicken viscera
as a replacement for fishmeal
Fishmeal is the most important compo-
nent in fish feed making. Fishmeal contains
60-80 percent protein of excellent quality,
which is highly palatable to fish. Since fish-
meal is a good source of essential amino
acids, it is often used to supplement feeds
containing plant proteins. Fishmeal is also
rich in energy, minerals and essential fatty
acids.Itisusedatlevelsupto50percentin
catfishfryfeeds,upto12percentincatfish
fingerling feeds and from 0-8 percent in
grow-outfishfeeds.
Fishmeal remains the major dietary pro-
tein source in fish feed but escalating
cost, uncertainty unavailability and lesser
quantity has necessitated the use of other
proteinsourcestoreducefeedcostwithout
compromising growth. Therefore, efforts
have long been directed to find alternate
protein sources of good quality which are
less expensive and readily available as sub-
stitutesforfishmealcomponentinpractical
diets.
A chief and readily available source
of high quality animal protein is chicken
viscera which are considered as a waste
in the poultry industry. In the poultry
processing industry, viscera accounts for
nearly 30 percent of the byproducts.
Fishmealisamajorproteinsourceinaqua-
feed especially for carnivorous species.
Increasing demand, unstable supplies and
high prices of fishmeal with the expansion
of aquaculture have made it necessary
to search for alternative protein sources.
Moreover, price of fishmeal is often high.
It is necessary to replace fishmeal with
cheaperproteinsources.
Plant protein sources such as defatted
10 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | January-February 2013 January-February 2013 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 11
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Hatchery Feeds
soybean meal and corn gluten meal are
good candidates as fishmeal substitutes.
However, those ingredients contain anti-
nutritive substances such as phytic acid
and also lack essential nutrients such as
taurine. For such reasons, that is why the
useofanimalproteinsourcesisnecessary
andthecheapestandmostreliableanimal
protein source that is readily available in
most countries of the world is chicken
viscera.
Conclusion
One of the greatest challenges in con-
temporary aquaculture especially in rela-
tion to fish nutrition is finding a desirable
replacementforfishmeal.Researchersfrom
all over the world have been conducting
researches in order to find replacement
for fish meal from both animal and plant
sources.
However, there are certain disadvan-
tages that are associated with the replace-
mentsfromplantsourcesrangingfromlow
nutritious value to lack of essential amino
acids.Ontheotherhand,ananimalsource
gives better results. Research on chicken
viscera has revealed fascinating results and
scientistsfromallovertheworldaredoing
morework.Mycurrentresearchfocuseson
proximate analysis of chicken viscera as a
potential replacement for fishmeal in pan-
gasius culture. It is hoped that the ending
resultswillrevealmorecluesthatwilljustify
chicken viscera as a potential replacement
forfishmeal.
References
ThanhHungLe.SubagjaJ,SlembrouckJ.&
LegendreM.(1998)Studyonmassmortalityof
Pangasiushypophthalmusduringlarvalrearingand
itscontrolandprevention.Abstract27,National
WorkshoponAquaculture,September2930,
1998,BacNinh,Vietnam.
S.N.Jamdar,M.H.KishoreAndP.Harikumar
(2005)InfluenceOfIonizingRadiationOnProtein
DegradationByEndogenousProteasesInPoultry
Viscera.NAARRIAnnualConference(NAC2005),
HeldAtMumbai,IssueNo.273October2006.
SubagjaJ.,SlembrouckJ.,HungL.T.&Legendre
M.(1999)LarvalrearingofanAsianPangasius
hypophthalmus(SiluroideiPangasiidae):analysis
ofprecociousmortalityandpropositionof
appropriatetreatments.AquaticLivingResources
12,3744.
FergusonH.W.(1989)SystemicPathologyofFish.
ATextandAtlasofComparativeTissueResponses
inDiseasesofTeleosts.IowaStateUniversityPress,
Ames,Iowa,USA.
BabatopeA.F.(2009).Appliednutritiontechnology
infishandlivestockseries(2)PublishedbyB.A.
Falayi(Ph.D).NationalInstituteforFreshwater
FisheriesResearch(N.I.F.F.R)P.M.B.6006,New
Bussa,NigerStateNigeria63-108pp.
BabatopeA.F.(2009).FeedFormulation
ManufactureandQualityAppraisalforFish
andLivestockSeries(4).NationalInstitutefor
FreshwaterFisheriesResearch(N.I.F.F.R).PMB
6006NewBussa,NigerStateNigeria.1-6Ipp.
BabatopeA.F.(2009).Tropicalfeedstuff
compositiontablesandsomebiologicalcatalogues
infishandlivestockproductionseries(3).
Publishedby-B.A.Falayi(Ph.D).NationalInstitute
forFreshwaterFisheriesResearch(N.I.F.F.R).PMB
6006NewBussa,NigerState,Nigeria.5-16pp.
ShibaShankarGiri,SangramKetanSahooand
SatyendraNathMohanty(2010)Replacementof
By-CatchFishmealwithDriedChickenVisceraMeal
inExtrudedFeeds:EffectOnGrowth,Nutrient
UtilisationandCarcassCompositionofCatfish
ClariasBatrachus(Linn.)fingerlings.Aquaculture
InternationalVolume18,Number4(2010),539-544,
DOI:10.1007/S10499-009-9265-3.
PreedaPhumee,RoshadaHashim,Mohammed
AliyuPaiko&AlexanderChongShu-Chien
(2009)Effectsofdietaryproteinandlipidcontent
ongrowthperformanceandbiologicalindices
ofiridescentShark(Pangasiushypophthalmus,
Sauvage1878)fry.Aquacultureresearch2009.40,
456-463.
Balogun,A.M.,Adebayo,O.T.,Madu,C.T.,andEyo,
A.A.,Falayi,B.A.,(2003).Leachingoffeednutrients,
economiclossestofishfarming.JournalofAquatic
Science,18(2):119-123.
Li,M.H.andE.H.Robinson,(1996).Phosphorus
availability(digestibility)ofcommonfeedstuffs
tochannelcatfishasmeasuredbyweightgain
andbonemineralization,JournaloftheWorld
AquacultureSociety,27:297-302.
Crumlish,M.&Dung,T.T.2006.Strategiesto
reduceriskandlivelihoodimpactassociatedwith
outbreaksofBacillaryNecrosisofPangasiusspp.
(BNP)farmedintheMekongDelta,VietNam.
DFIDAquacultureandFishGeneticsResearch
Programme,FinalTechnicalReport(R8093).DFID,
London,England.186pages.
Abbas,I.I.andUkoje,1.A.(2009).Ruralwater
utilizationfactorsaffectingaquacultureinOwolocal
governmentareaofOndoState,Nigeria,Journalof
GeographyandRegionalPlanning2(8)190-197.
Pauly,DanielandWatson,Reg(2009)"Spatial
DynamicsofMarineFisheries"In:SimonA.Levin
(ed.)ThePrincetonGuidetoEcology.Pages
501509.
GoodwinA.E.,RoyJ.S.,GrizzteJ.M.&GoldsbyM.T.
(1994)BacillusMycoides-abacterialpathogenof
channelcatfish.DiseasesofAquaticOrganisms18,
173179.
DominiqueP.Bureau(2012)Deconstructingthe
FishMealandFishOilReplacementStoryin
Aquaculture:FocusingonNutrientRequirements,
CharacterizationofFeedIngredientsandPragmatic
Approaches,theAlltech28thInternational
SymposiumMay20-23,2012,Lexington,Kentucky.
ShuichiSatoh(2012)ReplacingfishmealAn
imperativethataquaculturemustsuccessfully
address,theAlltech28thInternationalSymposium
May20-23,2012,Lexington,Kentucky.
M.GImamandB.SAudu(2012)Proximateanalysis
ofchickenviscerawasteasapotentialreplacement
forfishmealinfishfeedformulation.(Unpublished).
HenkenAM.,LucasH,TijseenPATandMichiels
MAM1986Acomparisonbetweenmethods
usedtodeterminetheenergycontentoffeed,fish
andfaecalsamples.Aquaculture58:195-201
AKumar,ABhatnagarandSKGarg(2009)Growth
performance,carcasscompositionanddigestive
enzymeactivityofpearlspot,Etroplussuratensis
(Bloch)rearedininlandsalinegroundwaterponds
providingsubstrateorfeed.LivestockResearchfor
RuralDevelopment21(10)2009.
Thisarticlewasoriginallypublishedon
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107-006_adv. aquafeed.indd 1 28/06/12 10:11
Making Sense
of Science
Knowledge management
to support technological
development and innovation
Organised by the European
Aquaculture Society in cooperation
with the Nor Fishing Foundation
Trondheim, Norway August 9-12, 2013 just before Aqua Nor 2013
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A
quafeed producers are losing
about $4 to $10 per ton of
product produced in terms of
lost production, higher energy
consumption and lowered product quality.
Theselossescanberecoveredbysubstitut-
ing a more effective moisture (MC) sensing
and control technology for currently used
traditionalMCsensingandcontrol.
The control problem
Two main problems prevent traditional
MC sensing and control technology from
being effective. Firstly, the lack of timely
and accurate MC data upon which to base
control action (poor MC sensing). Secondly,
theinabilitytocorrectlyadjustforevaporative
loadchangesenteringwiththefeed.
Figure1showsatypicalnormalMCdis-
tributioncurveproducedbytraditionalMC
sensing and control technology. The curve
isrelativelywideasaresultoftheeffectof
high MC standard deviation. It is obvious
that the wider the MC variation the lower
the target mean MC must be to prevent
production of wet product. Consequently,
use of currently available control technol-
ogy forces manufacturers to over dry their
products which causes significant costs in
terms of lower production, higher energy
usage,andpoorerquality.Figure1illustrates
the effect of poor MC sensing and control
onMCvariation.
The control solution
Losses caused by poor MC sensing
and control may be recovered if the MC
variation (standard deviation) is reduced
such that the mean MC can be maximized
without exceeding the upper specification
limit(USL).Fortunately,asolutionforpoor
MC sensing and control was supplied by
thederivationofaMCsensingandcontrol
model from first principles. The Delta T
model:
MC=K
1
(T)
p
K
2
/S
q
relates the product MC exiting a dryer
to the temperature drop (T) of hot air
after contact with the wet product and the
production rate or evaporative load (S). The
model solved the two main problems with
MCsensingandcontrolbyproducing.Firstly,
a rugged, reliable inside-the-dryer moisture
sensor; and secondly, a new and powerful
controlalgorithmthatpreciselyadjuststheset
pointforevaporativeloadchanges.
A new type of MC sensor
Figure 2 describes how the Delta T MC
sensor continuously measures the MC of
aquafeed inside the harsh environment of a
dryerwhileitisbeingdriedwithabeltdryer.
AsillustratedbyFigure2,patentedDeltaT
technologyinventedanewtypeMCsensorthat
canbeinstalledinside-the-dryerwhichreduces
the dead time (time to detect a disturbance
entering with the feed) by at least 30 percent.
Since dead time is directly proportional to the
product standard deviation, use of this inside-
the-dryersensorreducesthestandarddeviation
atleast30percentbelowthatachievedbyuse
ofcurrentlyusedMCsensingmethods.Itshould
benotedthatuseofrawDeltaTdatawillnot
workit must be processed by the model
beforeuse.Figure3illustratestheadvantageof
reducingdeadtimeforaquafeeddrying.
Threepossiblelocationsareshownforinstall-
ingtheMCsensor.Deadtimeforeachinstallation
point is the time it takes for the individual MC
method to detect a change in evaporative load
entering with the feed. The lowest dead time
is 14 minutes for the Delta T sensor inside the
dryer;thenextlowestdeadtimeis20minutesfor
aMCmeterlocatedatthedryerexit;thelongest
Profitable aquafeed
moisture control
by John Robinson, President, Drying Technology Inc, USA
Figure 1: Typical MC
distribution curve
produced by poor MC
sensing and control
Figure 2: Delta T inside-the-dryer MC sensor
Figure 3: Delta T reduces dead time on belt dryer
FEATURE
FEATURE
Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed
Extruder OEE for the Production of Fish Feed
AMANDUS KAHL GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg,
Phone: +49 40 727 71 0, Fax: +49 40 727 71 100, info@amandus-kahl-group.de www.akahl.de
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V
.I.V
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S
tand H
104 D
032
dead time is 30 min-
utes for MC samples
taken downstream of
the dryer and ana-
lyzed by a laboratory
instrument.
For the above
conditions,theDelta
Taccomplishesdead
time reductions of
30 percent and 53
percent below that
for the moisture
meter method and
the laboratory MC
sample method
respectively. The
standard deviation
reductions would
also be reduced 30
percentand53per-
centrespectively.
A new MC
control
algorithm
As a result of
its theoretical basis,
theDeltaTtechnol-
ogy provides a new
control algorithm
that enables precise
calculationoftheset
point necessary to
maintain the target
MC in spite of frequent changes in evapora-
tive load entering the dryer with the feed.
Proprietarymethodsareusedinadaptingthe
modeltothedryerandproduct.
Application of Delta T to
aquafeed manufacture
The above-mentioned reduction in standard
deviationenablesthetargetMCtobeincreased
by0.5percenttoasmuchas1.25percentwith-
out fear of producing wet product which might
moldintransitorstorage.Figure4showssche-
matically how reducing the standard deviation
enablesthemeanMCtobeincreasedbyshifting
theDeltaTcurverightwarduntiltheupper+3
standard deviation points (USL) of both curves
coincide.ThedifferenceinmeanMCsrepresents
theeconomicgainfromusingDeltaTtechnology.
Results and conclusions
From10to25lbsofadditionalwatercanbe
safelysoldwiththeproductpertonofproduct
producedwithoutexceedingtheupperspecifica-
tionlimitusingthisnewtechnology.Thereturnto
theaquafeedmanufactureris$4to$10perton
ofproductforawholesaleproductpriceof$800
per ton. In addition, energy savings of approxi-
matelyfourtosevenpercentpossible.TheDelta
ThasbeensuccessfullyappliedintheUSforMC
sensing and control of many products, including
aquafeedusingaBeltomaticconveyordryer.
More InforMatIon:
Website: www.moisturecontrols.com
Figure 4: Delta T MC control allows mean MC
to be maximized without exceeding USL
Figure 5:
Outside
view of
Delta T MC
system
Current
Delta T
MC
FEATURE
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Phone: 785-284-2153
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S
ince the late 1970s, Atlantic salmon
aquaculture has grown into a global
industry that annually produces over
1.4 million tonnes of salmon with an
estimatedvalueofUS$7,812millionaccording
to2012FAOstatistics.Thegrowthofsalmon
aquaculture has been accompanied by a con-
tinuous improvement in feed formulation and
technologytomaximizegrowthandsurvivalof
salmonatdifferentstagesofdevelopment.The
searchfornewandalternativefeedingredients
andformulationscontinuesinordertoensure
sustainabilityofthisindustry.
A major challenge for the aquaculture
feed production industry is to identify and
validate stable, predictable and high qual-
ity sources of alternative proteins for the
manufacture of aqua feeds. In this context,
any satisfactory alternative feed ingredient
must be able to supply comparable nutri-
tional value at a competitive cost. Global
recognitionthatterrestrialanimalby-product
meals, especially non-ruminant blood meals
and blood products, represent the largest
and largely untapped safe source of animal
protein available within the international
aquafeedindustry.
Despite the fact that blood meal and
bloodproductshavebeenshowntobecost-
effectivenutrientsourcesforfarmedfishand
shrimp,itwasestimatedthatlessthanfiveper-
cent of total global manufactured aqua feeds
(21 million tonnes in 2005) contained blood
meal (25% average dietary inclusion level).
Blood meal is mainly used as a cost-effective
sourceofhighlydigestibleanimalprotein,asa
fishmeal replacer, and as a
pelletcolouringagent.
On a nutritional basis,
blood meals with the high-
est digestibility are gener-
allythosewhichhavebeen
spray dried. Spray-dried
proteins are subjected to
lessheatdamageanddena-
turingoftheproteinduring
the drying process com-
pared to traditional ren-
deredorring-driedproteins.
Aquaculture feed manu-
facturers that use blood
meal and blood products
in their feeds are mainly
concentrated in Asia and
North and South America,
whereas European feed
producers are using non-
ruminant blood products
mainly in marine fish feed
because it is now legally
accepted by EU regulation
(Tacon,2005).
Spray dried-plasma
as a feed ingredient
Spray-dried blood, red
blood cells (haemoglobin)
and plasma proteins have
longbeenrecognizedashigh
quality feed ingredients for
swine, cattle and poultry.
Spray-dried plasma (SDP) is
a feed ingredient composed
Spray-dried plasma
from porcine blood in diets for
Atlantic salmon parrs
Figure 1: Final size distribution in body weight
(BW) of Atlantic salmon fed diets containing
graded levels of spray dried plasma (SDD)
by Enric Gisbert PhD, Research Scientist, IRTA-San Carlos de la Rpita,
Spain and Javier Polo PhD, APC Europe SA, Granollers, Spain
FEATURE
of a diverse mixture of functional proteins and
other biologically important components. SDP
has an excellent amino acid profile with high
(99%)digestibilityofaminoacids(Bureauetal.,
1999)andithasbeennotedinmultiplepublica-
tionsthatitimprovesanimalgrowth,feedintake
and feed efficiency. In addition, SDP has been
recommendedforinclusioninanimaldietsasa
source of immunological support due to their
high levels of globulin proteins (Campbell et
al.,2010).Althoughbloodproductshavemany
good qualities, there is scarce literature on the
effects of dietary SDP inclusion in fish feeds
(JohnsonandSummerfelt,2000).
Effects of SDP on Atlantic
salmon smolts
In a recent study, we evaluated the inclu-
sion of SDP derived from porcine blood
(AP820P;APCEurope,SA)asafeedingredi-
ent in commercial feeds for Atlantic salmon
(Salmo salar) parr and its effect on growth
performance,feedutilization,organisationand
functionality of the digestive system and
haematological parameters. SDP was incor-
poratedintodietsatincreasinglevels(0,3,6
and9%)andwaspreparedbydispersingitin
olive oil and then spraying it on commercial
salmon feed (Skretting T2 Select, Skretting).
Diets were named SDP0, SDP3, SDP6 or
SDP9consideringtheinclusionlevelsofSDP
inexperimentalfeeds.
Thequantityofoilneededtodissolvethe
highest level (9%) of SDP was also used for
incorporating lower levels of SDP in all the
experimental feeds. This strategy assured
that diets were isolipidic (31%), although
they did not have similar levels of dietary
proteins(rangedfrom43.3%inSDP0dietto
50.1%inSDP9diet).Thisvariationinprotein
content of diets did not invalidate the pos-
sible results of this study, since the dietary
protein levels tested were higher than those
generallyrecommendedforthisspeciesatthis
developmentalstage(Bendiksenetal.,2003).
Different studies have reported that dietary
protein levels higher than 39-40 percent do
notaffectgrowthperformanceinthisspecies
atthetesteddietarylipidlevel.
Evaluating SDP effect
Diets were tested in triplicate in Atlantic
salmon parr (45.4 5.76 g) for a period of
86days(0gsalinity/l,12.5C,12hL:12hD),
then fish were smoltified and kept in marine
water(35gsalinity/l,16C,18hL:6hD)for
twoweeksinaIRTAMARrecirculationunit.
Fishwerefedfourtimesperday(0830,1200,
1600and2000h)withautomaticfeedersset
atthefeedratioof0.9%ofstockedbiomass.
The feed ratio was periodically adjusted by
means of intermediate samplings for weight
andgrowthperformance.
The effect of SDP in salmon was evalu-
atedbybiological,histologicalandbiochemical
parameters, such as growth, survival, feed
conversionratio(FCR),proteinefficiencyratio
(PER), organisation of the intestinal mucosa,
proximate body composition, haematocrit,
serumproteinprofileandbloodcellcount.In
addition, smoltification success was assessed
byevaluatingfishsurvival,aswellas,thehisto-
logicalorganisationofgillfilamentsandplasma
osmolalityandelectrolytecomposition.
Weight and size
At the end of the trial, the mean weight
of salmon fed different diets was similar
(92.8-98.5 g) regardless of the SDP level
incorporated on the feed. However, the size
distribution of individual body weight was
significantly affected by the diet. Size het-
erogeneity is a common feature in salmonid
farming that affects the overall performance
oftherearingprocess.
The results of the hierarchical size effect
aretheestablishmentofagroupofdominant
fish that do not allow smaller (subordinate)
ones to feed normally. Therefore, under
conditions promoting hierarchy formation,
thelargestfishatthebeginningareexpected
togetthelargestshareofthefeed,growthe
fastestandhavethehighestweightattheend
oftheproductionprocess.
Under the present experimental condi-
tions,salmonfedSDP6hadthemosthomo-
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geneous distribution in body weight among
the tested diets. Thus, fish fed SDP6 had a
higher proportion of fish within the mode
of the population (81-120 g), and a lower
proportionoffishbelongingtosmaller(40-80
g) or larger (121-170 g) size classes in com-
parisontothecontrolgroup.Thesametrend
was observed when data were expressed in
standardlengthorusingtheFultonscondition
factor. These findings are of practical impor-
tance since the improved size distribution
might reduce the tasks of size selection dur-
ing processing, and also diminish hierarchical
dominancesituationsthatultimatelymaximize
the harvested biomass and reduce the cost
associatedwithgrowingfishtoharvestsize.
Survival and FCR
Allfishfromdifferentexperimentalgroups
were able to successfully osmoregulate and
keep their hydromineral equilibrium of their
body fluids after smoltification, as data on
plasma osmolality and electrolyte content
indicated.Althoughtherewerenodifferences
in survival among salmon fed different diets,
parrfeddietscontainingSDPshowedaslight,
but not significant, higher survival after smol-
tification in comparison to the control group
(SDP0),whichmaybeduetothehigherpro-
portionofsmall-sizedparrintheSDP0group.
TheenhancednutritionsuppliedbySDPin
dietsalsoimprovedFCRandPER;salmonoids
fedSDP3andSDP6dietshadthelowestFCR
and highest PER values, respectively. These
results indicated that the nitrogen content
from these diets was much more efficiently
usedbyfish.Growthperformanceandproxi-
mate biochemical composition of fish were
similar among dietary groups, although fish
fed SDP3 and SDP6 consumed less feed in
comparisontothecontroldiet.Thereduction
in feed consumption and high PER coupled
with the high digestibility of SDP may also
resultinlessnitrogenwasteintheeffluentsof
aquaculturefacilities,whichisconsideredakey
elementforthelong-termsustainabilityofthe
aquacultureindustry.
Digestion and intestinal mucosa
Functionality of the digestive system was
notaffectedbydiets,asfishhadsimilaractiv-
ity levels of pancreatic and intestinal diges-
tive enzymes. However, fish fed SDP9 had
increasednumberofgobletcellsintheintes-
tinal mucosa, but height of intestinal villi was
not modified in this group. The major func-
tion of intestinal goblet cells and their main
secretory products, mucins, is the formation
ofmucuslayerswhichserveasthefrontline
fortheinnatehostdefensemechanism.These
mucus layers play key roles in the establish-
ment of the commensal intestinal microbiota
andprotectionfromcolonisationandinvasion
by the pathogenic microbiota. Thus, the
reported higher abundance of goblet cells in
theintestinalmucosaoffishfedtheSDP9
diet may be linked to the ability of SDP
to support the immune-competence of
the fish. This hypothesis needs further
researchinordertobevalidated,although
previous studies on other fish species
seemtosupportthisidea.
The nutrition provides by SDP has
beenreportedtoimproveimmunecom-
petenceinshrimp(RussellandCampbell,
2008),eel(JensenandNielsen,2003)and
introutchallengedbyYersiniaruckeri,that
inadditionoftheconsistentresultsinter-
restrialanimals,indicatetheimproveper-
formanceoftheseanimalsunderstressed
farmingconditions.
Conclusions
SDP is an excellent ingredient for
Atlanticsalmonparrandsmoltdietssince
itisahighlydigestibleproteinsourcethat
improved feed and protein efficiency
ratiosandpromotedamorehomogene-
ous distribution of body weight in the
testedpopulation.TheSDP9dietresult-
ed in an increase in goblet cell number
in the intestinal mucosa, which supports
the idea that SDP may provide support
to the innate host defense mechanism
of the gut. Based upon the FCR and
PER results of this study, the optimal
dietaryinclusionlevelofSDPindietsfor
Atlanticsalmonparrwascalculatedtobe
4.1 percent. Research is being currently
conducted on the use of SDP in diets
for marine fish species, in particular for
gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), and
thepreliminaryresultsarereallyencour-
aging and within the same line to those
obtainedinAtlanticsalmon.
References
APCInc(2003).EvaluationofBIOFEND
(spray-driedplasma)ongrowthand
sur vivalofrainbowtrout(Oncorhynchus
mykiss)challengedwithYersiniaruckeri.
DiscoveriesTechBriefs,Volume6,2
pages.Februar y2003,APCInc.,Iowa,IA
50010,USA(www.americanprotein.com/
products/biofend/images/Discoveries621803.
pdf).
Bendiksen,E.A.,O.K.Berg,M.Jobling,A.M
ArnesenandK.Masoval.2003.Digestibility,
growthandnutrientutilisationofAtlanticsalmon
parr(Salmo salarL.)inrelationtotemperature,
feedfatcontentandoilsource.Aquaculture224:
283-299.
Bureau,D.P.,A.M.Harris,andC.Y.Cho.1999.
Apparentdigestibilityofrenderedanimalprotein
ingredientsforrainbowtrout(Oncorhynchus
mykiss).Aquaculture180:345-358.
Campbell,J.M.,J.Polo,L.E.RussellandJ.D.Crenshaw.
2010.Reviewofspray-driedplasma'simpacton
intestinalbarrierfunction.LivestockScience133:
239-241.
Jensen,S.andM.Nielsen.(2003).EffectofAPC
plasmaadditivesoneelsbeingintroducedto
redheaddisease.Posterpaperpresentedat
AquacultureEurope2003,8-12August2003,
Trondheim.
Johnson,J.A.andR.C.Summerfelt.2000.Spray-
driedbloodcellsasapar tialreplacementfor
fishmealindietsforrainbowtroutOncorhynchus
mykiss.J.WorldAquac.Soc.31:96-104.
Russell,L.andJ.M.Campbell.(2000).Trialsshow
promiseforspray-driedplasmaproteininshrimp
feeds.TheGlobalAquacultureAdvocate,3(6):42-
43.
Tacon,A.G.J.2005.TheCurrentandPotentialuse
ofBloodproductsandBloodmealinAquafeeds.
ReportPreparedForEuropeanAnimalProtein
Association,53.
Figure 2: Broken analysis of food
conversion (FCR) and protein efficiency
rates (PER) from Atlantic salmon fed
different diets containing graded levels
of spray-dried plasma (SDP). The value
within the inner rectangle indicates
the estimated level of SDP inclusion in
diets considering the results of the used
methodology.
FEATURE
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For more information about using AP 820P spray dried animal plasma or
AP 301P spray dried hemoglobin in your aquaculture diets, contact APC.
Av. Sah 1ulih, 246-248 08400 - Crahollers Spaih
Phohe humber: +34.938615060 Fax. humber: +34.938615182
feed@ampc-europe.com
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AF Anunci A-5 H HR.pdf 1 18/12/12 10:44
W
ith more than 50 years of
culture history in China,
shrimp is important seafood
the country. Nowadays, the
Chineseshrimpindustryhascaughttheworlds
eyes,foritslargestproductionandexport,as
wellasthepotentialChinesedomesticmarket
withapopulationofmorethan1.34billion.
The main species cultured in China are
Penaeus vannamei, P. chinensis, P. monodon,
P. japonicus, P. merguinsis and P. penicillatus, of
which more than 70 percent comprised the
whitelegshrimp,P. vannamei.
The modern shrimp farming industry in
Chinahasahistoryofonlyaboutthreedecades
butithasgonethroughanextraordinaryexperi-
ence which can be roughly divided into four
stages: beginning (1978-1984), rapid increase
(1985-1992),recession(1993-1997)andrecov-
eryanddevelopment(1998-present)
Therewereonly1,300haofshrimpponds
in China in 1978, however the area of ponds
reached 300,000 ha in 2011. Total shrimp
output increased by more than 6,900 times,
from450MTin1978to3,110,000MTin2011,
and the average yield increased from 350 kg/
hato7,000kg/ha.Thedevelopmentofshrimp
farming also promotes related businesses, such
as broodstock, breeding, feed nutrition, animal
health,processing,transportationandmarketing.
The shrimp feed industry has been devel-
oping with the shrimp farming and boosts
the development of the total Chinese shrimp
industryconversely.
Ingredients and shrimp feed
Theprimaryfeednutritioncompaniesmade
Chineseshrimpfeedwithahighnutritionlevel.
In order to produce feed with more than 40
percentprotein,alotofgoodanimalingredients
have to be used. There are many raw ingredi-
entscanbeusedinfishfeed,suchascarpand
tilapia, but usually only fishmeal, soybean meal,
peanutmeal,wheatflour,shrimpshellpowder,
squidpaste,someotherrawmaterialsandaddi-
tives are popular in the shrimp feed. Although
the ratio of fishmeal is decreasing yearly as its
increasingprice,itstillholdsmorethan30per-
cent.Chinaistheworld'slargestuserofsoybean
mealandfishmealandreliesheavilyimports;the
highpricesofthesetwoingredientsin2012eat
intoChinesefeedmanufacturersprofit.
Almost every feed producer has its quality
controllab,nomatterhowbigorsmall,tocheck
andcontroltheingredientsandfeedquality,as
theingredientsareexpensivetheproducerneed
to buy them with reasonable price according
to the quality level. Besides the government
qualitystandards,somebigfeedproducershave
stricterstandardstoensureeverybatchofraw
materialscanbecheckedbeforeentrancinginto
thefactorywarehouse.Fishmealtakesupnearly
50percentofthetotalcostoffeedformulation
and nobody wants to buy bad quality fishmeal
which is supplied by illegal businessman. Feed
producers control the fishmeal quality with
morethan15items.Withthemicroscopeand
aminoacidanalysis,thequalitycanbeestimated
moredirectly.
The steep demand of the end-users also
needsaqualitycontrollabinthefeedfactoryto
testthefeedproductregularly.Besidesthenutri-
tion items, crude protein, crude fat, fiber, ash,
moisture,Ca,Pandsalinity,physicalappearance
itemsaremoreimportanttothefarmers.Asthe
shrimpfeedhasbeenover-suppliedtheseyears,
whenthefamerschoosetheshrimpfeedthey
canputdifferentkindsofshrimpfeedtogether,
feel the smell and dust with their noses and
hands, compare the length and size together,
test the water stability and water colour with
differentcups.Thefeedfactoriesneedtocheck
thefeedphysicalcarefullyduringtheproduction
course.
Production technology
The Chinese feed production technology
has developed speedily over the past years.
The primary feed production machines were
mostly imported from Germany and America
andthenfromTaiwan.TodayChinesemachine
producers make practical and economic feed
production lines. The local machine suppliers
adjust their products continually according to
the market demand, make the machines with
highefficiency,highcostperformanceandlower
energyconsumption.
Chinese feed production lines have been
exported to more than 100 countries since
1990s.Somelargerfeedmakersoptimisetheir
machinery and equipment yearly with good
production performance and feed physical
appearance.
Withtheincreasedpricesandthehighratio
of fishmeal, fewer and fewer raw ingredients
withstarchcanbeusedintheshrimpfeed.15
yearsagoinfeedproductionformulation,more
than 30 percent wheat flour with 32 percent
wetflourglutenwasusedtogivefeedsatleast
twohourswaterstability(someproducershad
touseabout0.2%binder.)Nowadays,itiseasy
to produce shrimp feed with the same water
stability,butwithabout20percentwheatflour
with about 30 percent wet flour gluten, and
no binder. This is due to the improvements in
productiontechnology.
Feed management and food safety
Before 2007, most of the Chinese farmed
shrimpwereexportedandtheChineseshrimp
industryhadtobeinlinewiththeinternational
remands and standards. So far most shrimp
feedmakersarecertifiedwithISOmanagement
system, some ones are with HACCP, Global
GAPandsomeothercertifications.TheChinese
government legal regulations are continuous
improving to keep path with the development
oftheshrimpindustry.ThenewAdministrative
Regulations on Feed and Feed Additive was
carriedoutinMay2012withmorespecificand
stricter restrictions. Some feed producers who
cant meet the standards in this new law will
beclosed.
Toensurethefoodsafetyofshrimpindustry,
besidesthelawsforthedomesticfeedproduc-
ers, there are also specific regulations for the
import feed raw ingredients. From January 1,
2011, without the import registered license, all
the listed animal source ingredients could not
longerbeimportedasbefore.
An overview
of shrimp feed
industry in China
by Dong Qiufen, Peng Zhidong, Zhang Song
and Yang Yong, China
FEATURE
March 13 - 15, 2013 BITEC Bangkok, Thailand
Register now for
FREE entrance
www.aquatic-asia.net
Eager to meet up with dedicated Aquaculture exhibitors?
Want to boost your Aquaculture business?
Check out this new event, in co-location with VIV Asia 2013
Aquatic Asia 2013: Find your suppliers of innovative
products and services in the Fish, Molluscs,
Crustaceans and Algae business.
VNU12-0031 Aquatic Asia 11-2012 Adv 210x297mm.indd 1 05-11-2012 14:44:16
Correlative industry
Some related industries are developing with
the shrimp feed industry. In order to keep the
shrimpfeedmarketshare,somefeedproducers
arealsoinvolvedinbroodstock,breeding,animal
health,shrimpfarmingandprocessingbusinesses.
Ifaproducercansupplygoodqualitypostlarval
(PL),animalhealthproductsandcultureservice,
his feed with good quality just can be sold suc-
cessfully.
AmongthefiveChineselargestPLsuppliers,
fourarefeedmakers.NowtheSPF/SPRbrood-
stock in China are almost imported from USA,
butdomesticbroodstockandbreedingresearch
isunderdoing.About90percentofthe500bil-
lionPLinChinaaredomesticPL,thefeedandPL
suppliersneedtoimprovethePLqualitythento
getbettershrimpfeedperformance.
AttheearlystageofChineseshrimpdevelop-
ment, some medicines were over-used during
the shrimp culture course. But after the cases
of Taura Syndrome Virus (TSV), White Spot
Syndrome Virus (WSSV) and other diseases,
farmershavefoundthatmedicinescanttreatall
thediseasesnomatterhowmuchtheycost.Only
improving the culture technology and manage-
mentcanhelpthemtopreventthediseases.
Withthestrictgovernmentsupervision,more
andmoremedicinesarelistedinprohibiteddrugs
list. Aquatic medicines and chemical producers
develop new medicines with new technology.
Microecologicsandmedicinalherbarepopularin
Chinanow.Probiotics,prebioticsandbioflocare
hotkeywordsinChineseaquaculture.Somefeed
makers are also conducted related research to
promotethesalesoftheirshrimpfeed.
Fierce competition
Chinese shrimp farms are distributed along
almost 18,000 km of coastline from Hainan
Province in the tropics to Liaoning Province in
the temperate zone. The shrimp feed factories
arealsolocatedalongthecoastline,morethan70
percentfactoriesareinSouthChinaasthelarge
shrimpfarmingareaisthere.
In China, the shrimp feed market is about
1,250,000 MT, but there are more than 100
shrimpfeedmillswithatotalproductioncapacity
at2,500,000MTandfourshrimpfeedmagnates
holdnearly70percentofthemarketshare.The
Chineseshrimpfeedmarketcompetitionisvery
fierceanditmakesthisindustrymovefaster.
With the strong competition, the price is
much lower than before with a net profit no
more than 100 USD/MT for P. vannamei feed
now. To get the marketing tickets, the feed
makersneedtoproducegoodfeedwithanice
appearanceandensurethefarmerscomparethe
physical and culture performance with the feed
from some other competitors. Homogeneous
competition makes some small feed companies
supply the shrimp feed on credit; the farmers
can pay for the feed in a certain times, such as
amonthorthreemonths.Butitisadangerous
marketoperationandalmosteveryshrimpfeed
maker knows it. Some feed suppliers try to
increase their market share by offering a higher
discounttothedistributorsandfarmers,butthat
kindofmarketsharecantlastlongasahealthy
enterpriseneedsprofit.
But increasing feed sales with cash is a hard
job;theChinesefeedsalesmenarealwaysunder
highpressure.Since2006,somebigfeedproduc-
ers have promoted service marketing, that is
sellingthefeedtothefarmerswithgoodservice
andhelpthemtocreatevalues.GuangdongHaid
Group is a good service-marketing example
with a strong technical service team with more
than 2,000 members who are highly educated.
Haidhasastrongtrainingsystemtomakeevery
service-marketing member hold the necessary
knowledge, an efficient management system,
available good quality PL and animal health
productscankeeptheservice-marketingprogram
goeswell.
The service members are distributed into
different areas, but most of their work is going
to the farming ponds to communicate with the
farmer,dothetechnicaltraining,deliverthenew
culture information, help them to prepare the
ponds and treat the diseases and some other
serviceswork.Therearemorethaneightdiffer-
entshrimpfarmingmodesinChina,Haidhasits
members to study and promote the successful
modesindifferentfarmedareas.Withthispow-
erfulservice-marketingsystem,Haidhasheldthe
biggestshrimpfeedmarketsharewithmorethan
300,000MTlastyear.
Forthemarket,morefeedcompaniesarefol-
lowing Haid
although
every boss
knows it is
so difficult
to build an
effective
serviceteam.
Anyway, it
is not easy
to produce
feed in China now; feedmills also need to be
involved in hatchery, water quality treatment
product and farming technology service. With
theservicetothefarmers,mostofthemcanget
greater profits from shrimp culture than before
andfeedmillscansellfeedwithmorecashthan
debt.
The future of the Chinese
shrimp feed industry
With the upswing of Chinese feed industry,
some issues have been concerned publicly. The
Chinesevannameishrimpfeedproteinisgeneral-
lybetween39-41percent,themonodonshrimp
feedevenwithhigherproteinandsomefarmers
arefeedingtheirvannameiwithmonodonfeed.
The shrimp feed protein in other countries
is mostly between 30-35 percent, and some
research papers have reported that decreasing
theproteinlevelbyincreasingreasonableenergy
and balanced nutrients can maintain the similar
growthperformance.
Furthermore,lotsofresearchaboutthesub-
stitutionoffishmealiscarriedouteveryyearand
manyavailablemethodscanrelievethepressure
which is caused by fishmeal. However, fishmeal
stillaccountsforgreaterthan30percentoffeed
and the Chinese feed makers are now finding
fishmeal expensive. With the ever-increasing
price,theratiooffishmealinChineseshrimpfeed
willbedecreasedoneday.Weforecastthatthe
environmentallyfriendlyandhealthyshrimpfeed
willbepopularinChina.
Another issue is that although the Chinese
shrimp feed industry is already over-supplied,
totalproductioncapacityisincreasingmorethan
100,000 MT yearly. The cut-throat competition
will manage this industry, but it still needs the
governmentguidance.Withstrongcapital,tech-
nology,humanresourcesandmarketshareofthe
largefeedgroups,thesuitableacquisitionisgood
to the industrial restructuring and can make the
shrimpfeedindustrymovehealthily.
The development in China and a domestic
market of more than 1.34 billion spells great
potential for shrimp consumption. About 70
percentofthetotalChinesefarmedshrimpare
sold locally at present and this number will go
on increasing. However, with limited land and
increasingfarmingcost,itseemsChineseshrimp
production wont increase as quickly as in the
past and the shrimp feed industry will develop
moreregularly.
References available on request
Authors
From left to right: Yang Yong, Zhang Song, Peng Zhidong, Dong Qiufen
FEATURE
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IDL13-GFMT CETAK.ai 1 11/22/2012 2:27:08 PM
Hearingaboutbrightnewideas,emerging
technologiesandproductsofthefutureis
alwaysgreat,however,whatIammostlooking
forwardtoistrustworthyinformationand
practicalsolutionsthatmayhelpdealwiththe
numerousday-to-daychallengesatthefeed
plantoronthefarm.
Dominique P Bureau, Professor of Animal Nutrition
and Aquaculture and International Aquafeed
editorial panel member
Wevegotahugerangeofarticlescomingupthis
yearbutIhaveenjoyedresearchingtwofeaturesin
particular.ThereintroductionofPAPsinEuropean
aquafeedsin2013isbignewsfortheEuropeanfeed
industryanditwillbeinterestingtolearnwhateffect
thenewregulationwillhaveonthefishmealdebate.
Theexperttopiconcrustaceansisfascinating-
shrimpisaspecieswhichprovidesmuchdiscussion
andIamalsolookingforwardtofeaturinglobstersin
themagazine.
Alice Neal, associate editor
Iamexcitedaboutthemorediverserangeofeditorial
topicswellbecoveringin2013wellbelookingat
somemoreexoticspecies,aswellastechnologiesand
systemsthataidthenaturalenvironment.Thefeature
Immostlookingforwardtoisapieceonintegrated
multitrophicaquaculturesystemsintheSeptember-
Octoberedition.Imgreatlyintriguedbysuchsystems
astheyrepresentnotonlygreateroutputandlower
cost,butalsoeconomicstability,andmoreacceptable
managementpractices.
Lee Bastin, international marketing manager
I'mlookingforwardtotheChineselanguageeditions,bringingthis
magazinetotheadvancingmarketofChinaandspeakersofChinese
in2013.Thishopefullywillalsobringadevelopmentintheaccessibility
ofimportantmedia.WeareawarethatourChinese-basedadvertisers
suchasMuyangareamajorplayerinequipmentmanufacturingin
thiscountrysothisnewforaywillhopefullybringcohesiontothe
aquacultureindustryinChina.Editorially,Iamlookingforwardtothe
issuefocusonlobsterandshrimpastheyhavetobemyfavourite
seafoodmeals.
Tom Blacker, marketing and sales executive
Iaminterestedin
algaeanditsgrowing
importancein
aquaculturesoIwillbe
readingtheseriesof
algaefeatureswehave
comingupin2013.
Tuti Tan, company
co-ordinator
InternationalAquafeedin2013
PHotoSHoot
Iamlookingforwardto
thecrocodilefeature.I'm
reallyexcitedaboutdealing
withsomenewspeciesand
coveringareasoftheindustry
wemaynothavefocusedon
before.
James Taylor, design manager
Iloveeatingfish,particularlysashimi.
ButIveheardthathugetrawlersare
catchingsomanyremainingfishand
therewon'tbeanyleftin20years.
Japanisevenstartingtofarmbluefin
tunainmassivepenswithenoughroom
forthefishtoswimat50milesanhour.
Iwanttolearnhowaquafeedcanhelp
toproducemorefishforus,andhow
topromotetheethicalsideoffishnets.
Sophia Pang, accounts manager
Iminterestedintheroleofaminoacidsinfeed
formulationsoIllbereadingtheNovember-
Decemberissuewithinterest.
Iain Gaynor, special projects manager
Lookingforwardto2013Iseethemostinterestingaspectsfor
IAFreadersarethemagazine'sexpansionintoitsthirdlanguage
-Chineseandtheexpansionofit'seditorialcontenttoinclude
'fish-farmingtechnology'.Growingfishismorethanjustgetting
thefeedright.Maximisingthereturnfromfeedmeanslooking
closelyatallaspectsoffishfarming.Throughlanguageweengage
peopleandthroughcontentweinform.TheChineselanguage
andfish-farmingtechnologyareexcitingdevelopmentinstorefor
readersofIAFin2013!
Roger Gilbert, publisher
Toviewourfulleditorial
line-upfor2013-pleasevisit:
www.aquafeed.co.uk
B
ioMarineisaninternationalplatformdedicatedto
thesafe,environmentally-friendlydevelopmentof
products from marine bioresources including all
thosetodowithaquaculture.
Becauseofitsimportanceinthedevelopmentofamore
professionally-run and consumer-aware aquaculture indus-
try, International Aquafeed co-hosted the 2012 BioMarine
Business Convention, held in London from October 24-25
lastyear.Itattractedsome150delegatesandparticipantsand
was supported by the following companies: Novus, Olmix,
Pronova Biopharma, Sofiproteol and Marine Genomics 4
Users.
IAFisproudtocarryafullreportfromtheeventsunique
ThinkTanksthatdealtwithissuesconfrontingthevarioussec-
torsundertheBioMarineumbrellainthisissue.Theycovered
sixintotalincluding:AlgaeinAquafeeds;MarineBiotechfor
Health; Nutraceuticals; Aquaculture; Marine Biotech for the
Environment and Marine Micro-algae and Nutrition. Each
forumgaveparticipants,mostlyseniorpersonnelandindustry
leaders, the opportunity to express their opinions and sug-
gestions on how the biomarine sector might identify and
overcomeobstaclesthatthatconfronteditsdevelopmentin
asustainableandenvironmentally-friendlymanner.
Morefromthiseventwillbepublishedaswegothrough
theyearintheformofinterviews,newsreportsandfollow-
upaction.Manyoftheissuesraisedwillbepickedupbythe
4th BioMarine Business Convention which is expected
to attract over 800 participants when it is held in North
America from September 9-12, 2013 (at the Halifax World
Trade and Convention Centre in Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Canada).
The Venue
Professor Simon Davies, Editor of the International
Aquafeed magazine, secured the venue for the BioMarine
2012eventatFishmongersHallintheheartofLondona
historicalsiteintermsofwhatwasdiscussedandhighlighted
fromwhichmanyoftheindustriesattendinghadfirstevolved.
TheHall,sittingalongsidetheRiverThames,datesbackto
NeolithictimeswiththeBritishMuseumhavingadecorated
bowl(33002700BC),foundintheriver.
The river has supported human activity from its source
to its mouth for thousands of years providing habitation,
waterpower, food and drink and acted as a major highway
for international trade. The river has been recorded with
more than 100 fish species in the estuary over the past 30
years,manyofthesearewithinthestretchofwaterthrough
London.
FishmongersHallsitsat1LondonBridge,wheretheriver
stretches to a width of 265 meters, it is the home of The
WorshipfulCompanyofFishmongers,oneofthe108Livery
CompaniesoftheCityofLondon.Beingaguildofthesellers
of fish and seafood in the city, the company ranks fourth in
theorderofprecedenceofLiveryCompanies,makingitone
oftheGreat12CityLiveryCompanies.
Originallybuiltin1310,theHallhashadacheckeredpast.
A new hall, on the present site, was bequeathed to the
companyin1434.Togetherwith43othercompanyhalls,this
onewasdestroyedintheGreatFireofLondonin1666and
areplacementhalldesignedbythearchitectEdwardJerman
opened in 1671. Jerman's Hall was taken down when the
newLondonBridgewasconstructedin1827.
The next hall, opened in 1834, was designed by Henry
Roberts although his assistant Gilbert Scott made the
drawings for the new building and built by William Cubitt
& Company. After severe bomb damage during the Blitz,
Fishmongers'HallwasrestoredbyAustenHallandreopened
in1951.
The Hall contains many treasures, including: the dagger
withwhichLordMayorWalworthkilledWatTylerin1381;
PietroAnnigoni'sfirstportraitofHerMajestyTheQueen;a
collection of 17th- and 18th-century silver; an embroidered
15th-century funeral pall; two portraits by George Romney
andriverscenesbySamuelScott.
Amemorableandappropriatevenuefromwhichtohost
such a forward thinking meeting, representing a number of
keyindustriesfromawidevarietyofsectors,allwhichhavean
interestinsafeguardingthefutureofourbiomarineresources.
www.biomarine.org
Conference
Report
including reviews of
Think Tanks from the event
24 -25 October 2012
Fishmongers' Hall, London
United Kingdom

9 9
9 9
9 9
9 9
FEATURE
T
he incorporation of algae into
aquafeed has come in and out of
fashion over the past few decades
so the aim of the session was
to discuss all aspects of this growing and
not well-understood industry and to agree
on four critical areas which will enhance
improvementintothefuture.
It became clear during the discussions of
the vast differences on this subject between
EU/West where majority is wild harvest and
used as hydrocolloids whereas in Asia the
majorityisfarmedandusedforfood/feed.
The need to concentrate in this Think-
Tank on macro as against micro was also
established however there was a complete
understanding that both were immensely
important and commonalities can be found
between the two. Compared to other types
of aquaculture, the production of seaweed
(macroalgae)isonlysurpassedbyfreshwater
fishesandrepresentsover30percentofthe
worldwideindustry.
Unicellularalgaeisaheterogeneousprod-
uct;amixofproteins,carbohydratesandlip-
ids.Inunicellularalgaethereismuchvariation
in composition between species/strains and
theproportionofthesecanevenbeaffected
bythegrowingconditions.
Algae (both macro and micro) are excel-
lent sources of Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Folic
Acid,AntioxidantsandCarotenoids.
Extracts from seaweed, in a similar
fashion to terrestrial plant extracts, have
been shown to have a wide range of
biological activities. The two major classes
of molecules in seaweeds that have the
most potential as functional food ingredi-
ents are polysaccharides and polypheno-
lics.Polyphenolicshaveprovenantioxidant
activity,andhavebeensuccessfullyincorpo-
ratedintodrinksandotherfoodconsuma-
bles. Seaweed polysaccharides are unique,
abundant, and cost effectively isolated but
need to be partially hydrolyzed for inclu-
sion in various foods due to their gelling
properties. Seaweed
polysaccharides have
been shown to have
heparin-like anticoagu-
lationactivity,antiviral,
immune-enhancing
and anti-cancer activi-
ties,cholesterollower-
ingactivity,lipidlower-
ing effects, and blood
pressure-lowering
benefitsamongstmany
otherthings.
Objectives and
discussion points
The big question
asked was Can macro algae replace
fishmeal and fish oil in aqua-feeds?
Other issues were centered on global
issuesofregulations,spaceavailability,indus-
try activities, sharing of knowledge, wastage,
etc.
Where do we position algae in the
feed industry? Is it a fishmeal replace-
ment? Is it a fish oil replacement? Is it a
functional feed additive? The solutions to
thisdependson:
Large-scaleproduction;requiredifused
forbothlipidandprotein
Nutritionalspaceinthediet;lowprotein/
lipid content may result in insufficient
spaceinthefeedformulation
Cost; if its more expensive that other
feed additives it needs to differentiate
itselffromotherproducts
Comments made by participants in the
variousbreakoutgroupsincluded:
IntheEUthebiggestmarketformacro
algae is hydrocolloids. Whilst that
industry produces many co-products
that have the potential for aquafeed
inclusionitdoesnotdothat.Whereas
in Asia algae is not a new product,
they are ahead of the West in utilising
algae. Algae is used, and advertised
widely, in everything from foods and
beverages to body lotions and face
packs
Currentlyproductionseemsuntargeted.
More information on digestible protein
levels and lipid/Omega-3 data needs to
bepromoted
Itwassuggestedtoselectoptimalstrains
andthenrefineprocessesforthem
Questions of functionality were raised:
Addingflavour;alotofworkneedsdoingto
makesuretheendproductistherightflavour
Functionality will be different for each
fish species; therefore, which are the
mainspeciestotarget?
Manyproductscouldprovidefunctional-
ity in the diet of salmonids. There is
still space in the market for functional
ingredientsintropicalspecies
We need industry to lead and tell
academics what they need from the
products and this should include the
priceoftheproductandhowitrelates
tothepriceofothercommodities"
Think Tank 1 on: Algae and aquafeed
macro algae valorization
from the sea to aquaculture markets
Moderators
Roy Palmer, Seafood Experience Australia Ltd (SEA),
Australia
Professor Simon Davies, IAF and Plymouth University,
UK
Sponsor
Olmix, France
Note Taking
Dan Leeming, PhD student, Plymouth University, UK
ThinkTank1onalgaeandaquafeedsetaboutestablishingfourcriticalactionpointsthatwillassistintheongoingexploitation
ofalgaeproductsforuseinaquaculturediets.Thereportcoversallthekeypointsraisedinthediscussion.
FEATURE
Other comments
How will the development and possible
futureacceptanceofGMOterrestrialprod-
uctsaffectneedformacroalgalproducts?
It was agreed that a big issue was to
work out how to process the base
producttobeleftwithsomethingusable
We need to use low molecular weight
molecules.Iftoohighmolecularweightmol-
eculesareusedtheproductisunpalatable
Nutrition is the best market for
antioxidants
The issue with production was raised:
with the exception of Ascophyllum
spp. (which can be harvested) only
thegatheringofwashupsisallowed.
The possibility of land-based tank
productionwasraised,butonlyviable
for certain species. Offshore produc-
tion requires overcoming engineering
challenges. In Norway there has been
workcarriedoutforthepast60years
in collaboration with the authorities
thatallowsharvestingofotherspecies
A goal of the EU dossier technology
innovation platform, was to investigate
multi-trophic aquaculture, i.e. planting
algal beds around seafarm sites. Issues
raisedwiththiswerethatthedispersion
of nutrients in the water column was
very rapid (within a few metres) and
that it is also very site specific, not all
siteswouldbesuitable
Outcomes and recommendations
1. Functional feed properties
Construct a benefit:cost analysis (and pos-
sibly environmental analysis) that highlights
the benefits of macro algae and compare
with competitive ingredients to promote the
importanceoftheindustry.Buildatemplateon
theusesandbenefitsofmacroalgaetoensure
it is seen and understood. Bring the industry
closertogethertoensuretheyshareandbuild
cooperation.Areasofconcernincluded:
Reviseddefinition
Bioactivecharacteristics/supra-nutritional
Proteinhydrolyzates
Essentialfattyacids
Highvaluemolecules
Antioxidants
Pigments
Prebiotics
Traceelements
Endproductquality
2. Capacity
Create case studies that highlight benefits of
holistic approach to build capacity and minimise
wastage in industry, which will show the way
forwardintermsofbestpractice.Promotenew
technologiesinprocessingandconnectharvesters
withenduserstoensuremaximisationofchain.
Build education platforms based on increased
knowledgeandpromotethesea,whichisthe
greatestfieldontheplanet.(Olmix)
1.Currently an un-holistic approach in
westernprocessing
2.Driverforthefuture
3.Asian approach 100 percent food with
productionalmostallfarmed
4.Outside Asia 90 percent for hydrocol-
loids with production centered on wild
harvestcreating35-50percentwaste
5.Planforintegratedprocessingcycle
3. Marketing strategy
Assembling market knowledge and infor-
mation on a global website to promote and
assisttheindustryinternationallytofosterbest
practices and build capabilities in this area.
Training and education actions needed to
improveinternalandexternalknowledgeand
understandinganddevelopment.
Understand the product and define,
documentandvalidateallclaimsbethey
in science, private research, regulations,
certification (standards - food safety,
environmental,sustainable,welfare,etc)
Understand the market and define cli-
ents,marketandcompetition
Survey,explainWIFMandotherbenefits
andgetfeedback
Marketing plan should include brand,
logo, product statements, communica-
tion/PRstrategyandteamorganisation
Define and
educateyourmar-
keting team and
beyond
Continuous
improvement
process of review
essential
4. Legislation/
Regulation
Structure the
industry around an
international organi-
sationthatcouldfos-
ter the emergence
of best practices,
improve internation-
al regulatory aspect,
help IP protection
and work globally
on environmental
conflicts to assist
devel opment and
possiblecertification.
Thisorganisationwill
also foster innova-
tive approaches and
help the funding,
prioritising research,
communication and
nurturing of new
techniques.
Lackofglobalalgaefederationorregu-
latingbody
Protecttechnologypatents/IP
Newproductsneedtobeproposedas
seavegetableextractsorthelegislation
involved in developing a new food
sourcewouldbeamajorhindrance.
Environmental legislation issues with
openwaterculturingandharvesting.
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Special themes
Companies attending the
Think Tank included:
ADM-Alltech-AlgaeLink-Algopack-
A-SparkGoodVentures-BioMar-Cargill
-CyberColloids-EuropeanAquaculture
Society-EWOSInnovation-Fermentalg
-Financonsult-FMCBioPolymer-INVE
aquaculture-Invivo-NSA-Marelife-
NovozymesA/S-NovusInternational-
OlmixGroup-PlymouthMarineLaboratory
-PlymouthUniversity-PolytechnicInstitute
ofLeiria-PrinceEdwardIslandBioAlliance
-ScrippsInstitutionofOceanography
UCSD-Setubio-SeventurePartners-
ShannonAppliedBiotechnologyCentre
-SkrettingARC-Sofiproteol-SPF-Diana
Aquativ-TanergyLtd.-Technopole
MaritimeduQubec-Thalocea-Varicon
AquaSolutionsandXanthella
B
io-discoveryfrommarinemicrobes,
invertebrates, microalgae and
macroalgaeisnotasimplematter.
The BioMarine Think Tank for
healthemphasisedtheimportanceofjoining
up the value chain, by creating clusters
and public-private partnerships, improving
and streamlining knowledge and technology
transferandintegratingsmallerplayersmuch
better into the commercial and investment
communitiestheyaretargeting.
The global market for products from
marine biotechnology is forecast to reach
over US$4 billion by 2015. But a successful
pharmaceuticalproductcancostUS$5billion
fordiscovery,developmentandmarket(taking
intoaccountthecostofallthefailedleads.
Marinebio-resourceshavealottoofferto
healthandwellbeing,buttheyfeedintomany
other sectors, making marine bio-business
quitecomplex.
In addition to heavy investment in USA
on algal biofuels, the OECD has a new
initiative in marine biotechnology and the
EUsnewHorizon2020strategyandsupport
programmespecificallymentionsbluebiotech
and marine biomass as contributors to the
economyofthefuture.
Investorsalsoneedmoreinformationand
education about marine bio-resources and
howtheyfeedintocommercialopportunities.
Thisisnotnew,butthechallengesofmarine
biotechnology come from the origins of the
opportunities and the costs and resources
needed to exploit them. This immediately
indicatestheimportanceofpublicfunding,for
example, through public-private partnerships,
to make biotech for health a reality in the
future.
In the discussion, key topics emerged
included:
Lack of thinking at the research stage
aboutdownstreamissuesforexploitation
How to validate the many molecules
for the downstream intended uses and
therapeuticopportunities
Howtobuildpipelinessocompaniesare
notsingle-product
How to link basic and applied research
moreeffectively
Howtotakecareoftheproductregula-
toryneedsfromtheearliestpointinthe
valuechain
Howtojoinupthesupplychainefficiently
Businessmodelsandhowtomanagethe
costexplosioninpharmadevelopment
If a company begins with one type of
product eg cosmetic ingredients, how
to manage business conversion to eg
pharmaceuticals
Communication of messages about
marine biotechnology prospects to
investors and the public, specifically
sustainability,naturalness
Workgroups therefore addressed three
topics:
Clusters, networks, public-private part-
nerships('joiningupthechain')
Science,technologyandinfrastructures
The commercial context and invest-
ment,regulation&IP
Outcomesandrecommendations
Joiningupthevaluechain:
There is a need for better analysis
of each sectors value-chains and the
prospectswithinthesectors,toidentify
thereallow-hangingopportunities
Casestudiesshowthatclusterswork
For more complex topics with longer
value chains, Public-Private Partnerships
FEATURE
Think Tank 2 Marine biotechnology and health
Moderator
Meredith Lloyd-Evans, Managing Director Biobridge Ltd, UK
Sponsor
Marine Genomics 4 Users
Note taker:
Mark Rawling, PhD student at Plymouth University, UK
ThinkTank2focusedonMarinebiotechnologyandhealth.ItwasledbyMeredithLloyd-Evans,anindependentbioscienceinnova-
tionconsultantwhoiscurrentlymanageroftheCSAMarineBiotech,anEU-fundedprojectpreparingthewayforanERA-NETin
MarineBiotechnologyandapartnerforcommunicationandIPmattersinPharmaSea,anEUFP7projectfocusedonstreamlining
deliveryofnewmarinenaturalproductstoend-usercompanies.Theco-moderatorwasDrJohannaWesnigkofEMPA.
Three attendees offered their experiences and views on what were bottlenecks and
challengesforthefutureonbiotechnologyforhealth:
Russell Kerr
RussellKerr,NautilusBiosciencesCanada,focusesoncosmeceuticalandnutraceutical
usesofmarinebioproductsbecausetheseareeasiertogettomarket.Whenthecompany
hassufficientresources,attentionmayturntopharmaceuticals.
Hepointedoutthateventhoughmaybe20,000newMNPshadbeendiscoveredover
thepast40years,onlyfourhadmadeitintoclinicaluseaspharmaceuticals.Hechallenged
attendeestoexplainwhysuccessratesweresolowandwhat,ifanything,couldbedone.
Onefactorimpedingprogressisthateachcompanyinthisareahaditsownculturecol-
lectionanditsownscreens.Theimplicationisthatcollaborationmighthelpmovethewhole
sectorforward,thoughIPissuescanposeproblems.However,onebenefithasbeenthatthe
highcostofinitialscreeninghasstimulateddevelopmentofbetter-targetedreceptorscreens.
Patricia Calado
PatriciaCalado,BioAlvoPortugalworksonproductsfrommarinemicroorganismsfrom
Portugalscontinentalshelf,includingextremophiles.
Keyissuesforthecompanyincludethelegalaspectsofaccessandbenefit-sharing,IP
issues,howtoensuresustainablesupply,scale-upandbetterintegrationofinfrastructures
for collection, screening and validation and increasing the basic knowledge of microbial
physiologyandtaxonomy.IntegratedGovernmentpoliciesarealsoneeded.
Tage Skotvold
Tage Skotvold , ScandiDerma Norway represents a newer company, established in
2010. The challenges are access to soft funding - not just risk capital, using marine by-
productsaswellasmarinelife,buildingin-houseresearchcapability,establishingappropri-
ateprocessingtechniquesthatarescaleable,managingregulationsanddetermininghowto
getproductiveinteractionswithestablishedindustryforexample,throughclusters,which
areveryuseful.
Acceptancebytheconsumerisveryimportantforby-productuseaswell.
couldbeeffectivewaysofprovidingthe
research arm for partnering with large
pharma
Technology Centers for marine
biotechnology, with specialised infra-
structure might provide one-stop
shopsforchainconnection
Science,technologyandinfrastructures:
Marine biotech is not being well-
servedbylackofknowledgeamongst
technology-transferoffices
More fora for meeting of scientists
andindustrialplayerswouldgenerate
better understanding and sharing of
needsandpossibilities
A global source of soft funding
would promote the transition from
proof of concept to demonstration
andcommercial-scaleforinnovations
Specific incubator programmes could
berecommended
Discouragetheuseofnon-sustainable
sourcesofMBtlibraries
Commercial context investment, regu-
lation,IP
Theneedforlong-termstabilitymeans
that VC and short-term investment
strategies are not appropriate either
at set-up or for longer survival of
newbusinesses;encouragingbusiness
angel groups and raising awareness
and knowledge-levels amongst these
wouldbefruitful
Smaller players in innovation should
considermorecollaborationsbetween
them,andsellingskillsandknowledge,
rather than pushing molecules at
big pharma or trying to go too far
downthevalue-chain;itisusuallytoo
difficultforsmallcompaniestohandle
the cost and stresses of regulatory
processes
Nevertheless, the existence of small
companies willing to take part in
biodiscovery de-risks this activity
for big companies and justifies the
perceived need for entrepreneurial
companies to supply into bigger
pharma (and equivalent big compa-
nies food/nutraceutical, cosmetics/
cosmeceutical)
Better and more efficient recogni-
tion, development and transfer of
academicIPinthisareaisneeded
The attributes and benefits of MBt
could be better communicated. In
termsofgivingMBtadifferentimage,
thehigherhitratecouldbeastarting
point
Some of the points raised above were
discussed further in Think Tank 5 in the
context of Marine Biotechnology and the
Environment.
FEATURE
Companies attending this Think Tank:
AquaBioTechnologyASA-A-SparkGoodVentures-AlgalBioenergySpecialInterestGroup-Bioalvo-BioNova-BioTechNorth-
BretagneDeveloppementInnovation-CCMar-EMPA-EuropeanMarineBiologicalResourceCentre(EMBRC)-GovernmentofPortugal
-GretteLaw-innoVactiv-InnovationNorway-JPIOceans-TheResearchCouncilofNorway-KielCenterformarinenaturalproducts
-Marealis-MarineBiotechnologyProgrammeofIreland-MaxPlanckInstitute-NationalResearchCouncilofCanada-NautilusBiosciences
Canada-NovagraafTechnologies-NovusInternational-Soliance-MarineBio-TechnologiesCenterofInnovation-NationalUniversityof
Ireland,Galway-OceanGate,Inc.-Oceanomicsproject,Roscoff-Polaris-PolytechnicInstituteofLeiria-PwC-RoscoffMarineBiological
Station-SaintMaloAgglomeration-ScandiDermaAS-UniveristyCollegeCork-UniversityofAveiro
AquaStar
Fast growth in
improved environment!
Probiotic strains support gut health.
Biodegrading strains and enzymes
stabilize water quality and pond bottom.
aquastar.biomin.net
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T
o address key challenges facing
international marine ingredients
companies, this session aimed at
examining bioactive, functional and
nutritional ingredients for use in food, sup-
plementsandasnutraceuticalingredients.
Marketingofingredientswasalsodiscussed
alongwithstepsrequiredtoensurethepurity
andefficacyoftheproduct.
The Think Tank agreed that there are
concernsandunansweredquestionsregarding
adverse effects associated with consumption
ofn-3LCPUFAintermsofsafeintakelevels,
which,mayberelatedtoregulationregarding
thepresenceofpollutants.
Furthermore, there is a need to inform
and educate consumers about differences in
the quality of marine oils that are produced
andsafetechnologiesthatsuccessfullyremove
pollutantsfromtheseproducts.
Positive growth
Details regarding the numerous
good studies that exist proving the
efficacyofOmega-3swerediscussed.
ThereisapositivegrowthforOmega
3 products globally due mainly to
consumer willingness to purchase
Omega-3products.
Furthermore, there is an expand-
ing public awareness of Omega-3s
andtheirhealthbenefits.
A limiting factor in the continued success
ofOmega-3productsisthemediaperception
whichissometimesorientedtosensationalise
neutral studies regarding the efficacy and
purityofOmega-3products.
These meta analysis are often done on
poor scientific grounds, comparing incompa-
rable groups, and that the neutral outcome
is due to this and not lack of efficacy of the
Omega-3.
Despitethisthemediaattentioncanoften
be perceived by consumers and can impact
onmarketsalessignificantly.
In Norway there was a case involving a
two-part documentary that looked at the
production of Omega-3s in South America.
The negative media attention for this activity
resultedina30percentdecreaseinOmega-3
productsalesinNorway.
IntermsofOmega-3productpuritythere
is a perception that natural (non- proc-
essed)productsarebetterfortheconsumer
thanchemicallyprocessedOmega-3products.
Thisisoftennotthecase.Infact,processingis
oftenrequiredtoensurethesafetyandpurity
of Omega-3 products. The group concluded
thatthereisaneedtoeducatetheconsumer
regardingprocessingtechnologiesusedforthe
purificationofOmega-3products.
With respect to this, several members
of the group mentioned GOED (Global
Association of EPA and DHA) effort around
informationandeducationonOmega3.They
aim to educate consumers about the health
benefits of EPA and DHA by working with
government groups, the healthcare com-
munity and the industry, while setting high
standardsfortheOmega-3businesssector.
The latter is done by having a volun-
tary monograph with very strict limits for
pollutants far surpassing the requirements
in European and US official monographas.
GOED is committed to personal integrity,
ethical corporate behavior, sustainability of
the raw materials, public safety and quality
assurance.GOEDsupportapetitiontoestab-
lish clear intake recommendations in North
Americaandadvancerecognitionoftherole
theseimportantnutrientsplayinnutrition.
The group also concluded that there is
a need to educate the medical community,
specifically medical doctors and pharmacists
with information concerning the positive
health effects and preventative healthcare
role that Omega-3s can play in the diet of
theconsumer.Thegrouprecommendedthat
Governmentsshouldbeenticedtofinancially
support drives to educate consumers and
the medical profession in particular. This, it
wasfeltbythegroup,couldplayamajorrole
concerning consumer uptake of Omega-3
supplementproducts,inparticular.
Efficacy
In terms of the efficacy of Omega-3s and
scientific studies, the group felt that there is
a need to define the user group in scientific
studies concerning the impact of Omega-3
products on consumers. Mainly it is depend-
ent on professionally designed trials with
relevantpatientorusergroups.EFSAsefforts
tocontroltheclaimsthataremadeandtheir
scientific foundation is therefore a very good
initiative.Atthemomentitishassomestart
up difficulties and undesired effects, but for
the future stringent control of and high sci-
entificstandardstoclaimsbeingmadeonany
supplementsbothprotectstheconsumeras
wellasdisciplinestheindustry.
Genetics can play a role in the effect of
Omega-3onindividuals.
However, the group felt going down the
routeofpersonalisednutritionforOmega-3s
waswayoutofscope,whiletheuseofgenet-
ics is more relevant in clinical applications,
where personalised medicine is a growing
segment.
FEATURE
Think Tank 3 Nutraceuticals
Omega-3s efficacy and purity
Moderator
Dr Maria Hayes, Natural Products Chemist, Teagasc Food
Research Centre,Ashton, Ireland
Sponsor
Pronova Pharma
Note taker:
Benedict Standen, PhD student at Plymouth University, UK
TheobjectiveofThinkTank3wasaimedtoprovideanswersandguidelinesforthedeterminationofgoodqualityoilsfrom
pooreroilsandwaystoensuretheefficacyandpurityofOmega-3productsglobally.
Members of the group felt that a good
waytoensurethatconsumersgottheirdaily
recommended dose of Omega-3s was to
educate medical doctors regarding the pre-
ventativehealthcarefunctionOmega-3scould
play(asmentionedearlier)andtoimplement
anOmega-3indexasadiagnostictoolcould
be very useful, this tool is now available, see
footnote.
Thiswouldprovideapatientandapoten-
tial consumer of Omega-3s would be aware
if they were high/low in Omega-3s and they
would hear this from somebody they trust
i.e.,amedicaldoctor.Consumersanddoctors
shouldalsobeeducatedregardingtheefficacy
ofOmega-3s(whatlevelsareactiveandwhat
dose is required) and this would ensure the
consumerobtainedthecorrectinformationto
ensureapositivehealtheffect.
TheProposition65caseinCaliforniahigh-
lighted the need for standardised, effective
labelling regarding the level of contaminants,
in particular, heavy metals, Doxines, and
PCBs present in Omega-3 products. The
entiregroupconcludedthatasimilarstandard
should be implemented in Europe and RoW
to be sure that the purity and quality of
Omega3productsisensured.Thiswouldalso
goalongwaytowardnegativemediapublic-
ity.TheaudiencemembersstatedthatGOED
Omega3wasmovingtowardsimplementing
a purity standardised label globally. GOED
was viewed by the attendants at the think
tankasatransparencytoolthatwouldenable
consumerstodetermineifanOmega-3prod-
uctwasgoodorbad.Purityisabigissuefor
GOED but the attendants at this think tank
feltthatGOEDshouldincludelabelclaims.
The participants felt also that the
whole area of stability regarding Omega
3 products and in particular EPA/DHA in
supplement products was a future area
of research that needs financial input.
Stability effects taste and sensory aspects
of the final product so improved, con-
sumer friendly formulations are required.
It is also necessary to educate the con-
sumer regarding oxidized products or at
least,tohaveinformationavailabletothe
consumer.
Fairtradewasdiscussedbrieflyandagain
MSC labelling for sustainable resource man-
agement should be in place and will go
towardsensuringfairtrade.
Outcomesandrecommendations
Education of consumers, medical doc-
tors and pharmacists regarding the
preventative healthcare potential of
Omega-3products
Standard similar to Proposition 65
worldwide, declaration of pollutants if
overrecommendedlevel
Implementation of GOED certification
onOmega-3products
Financial input by companies and gov-
ernments regarding research that deals
with the stabilisation and generation
of consumer friendly Omega-3 (EPA/
DHA)formulas/products
Documentation of scientific claims so
that consumers trust in products are
strengthened(EFSA)
FEATURE
AscentaHealth-BiosciencesKTN-B.BraunMelsungen-ChitinMarineProductsLtd-ConcordiaCapitalLLC-DelhiNutraceuticals
-DSMNutritionalProducts-Eurofins-GretteLaw-InnovationPEI-MaastrichtUniversity-MatahariTechnologyConsulting-National
ResearchCouncilofCanada-NorwegianSeafoodResearchFund-PolytechnicInstituteofLeiria-PronovaBioPharma-RoquetteGroup
-SPF-DianaAquativ-UniversityofAveiro-VariconAquaSolutions
A
lthoughaquaculturegrowthisslowing
in some areas of the world, the
activityisgoingtoplayapivotalrolein
facilitating global consumer require-
mentsofbiosecurityandsustainableseafood.
Byfarthegreatestworldgrowthofaquaculture
iscurrentlydependentonfreshwaterspecies,such
as carp and tilapia. Marine aquaculture is more
recent and still in its early development. Both
activitiesshouldnotbeopposedundersimplistic
debates, such as the opposition of herbivorous
and carnivorous species, but appreciated globally
aspositiveactivities.
Spacetogrowandutilisationofwaterresourc-
esarecrucialissueswhichneedtobeplannedwith
somecertainty.
Maximising potential
This Think Tank was designed to come up
with practical recommendations that could be
implementedwithinathree-yearplan.
Francisco Gomes, Executive Manager, Novus
Aquaculture Business Unit, USA, introduced the
debate by talking of aquaculture as a dynamic
industry and outlining the main issues which the
discussions should be based around: addressing
and improving public acceptance: financial capital:
human resources and regulations and legislation.
Franciscosintroductionendedwithasimpleques-
tion,Howdoweachievethis?
Theattendeesthenbrokeoutintofourgroups
todiscusstheseissues.
After each group had their discussions they
were specifically asked to address one of these
issuesandpresentitbacktothefloor
Public acceptance
Itwasacceptedearlyonthatcurrentthepublic
perceptions of aquaculture activities are generally
negativeyetasconsumableproductsgenerallywell
accepted.Thiscouldbeduetothemediaseizing
uponnegativestorieswhilstdisregardingthemainly
positivestoriesaquaculturehastooffer.Thismay
beparticularlytrueforsomeactivistsandNGOs
whomisinformthepublicwithincorrectfactsand
figures preventing growth of the industry. The
groups noted that the NGO businesses, whilst
at times can be helpful, have their own agendas
and funding to support. This is the case in USA,
AustraliaandEuropewhereaquacultureisstillseen
asnotnormalandthattheoceansshouldbekept
natural and not tamed. Yet in countries where
seafoodconsumptionishigh,itwasfeltthatsuch
activitieswereacceptedasnormal.
This could be solved through effective and
efficientcommunicationbetweenalllevelsofsoci-
ety:frompolicymakerstothegeneralpublic.This
communicationshouldbeproactiveasopposedto
reactive,educationalandinformativeprovidingthe
publicwithreliableandaccuratefacts/datawhich
focusonthepositiveattributesoftheaquaculture
industry. These messages should be targeted at
all generations, but particularly younger children
whoarearguablymoremouldableandwhomay
growupwithabetterunderstandingoftheactivity.
Thereshouldbeapro-activeagendatopromote
positive aspects and tell the 'good stories' on a
regularbasis.
Currently the consumer is receiving mixed
informationfromarangeofsourcessotheindustry
should be better organized to provide a clear
simplemessagewithoutconflictingmessageswhich
resultinconfusionandnegativethinking.Toimple-
mentthisthereisaclearneedforaninternational
grouptoprovidetheseclearmessagesandgivethe
industryabrand.Butwhoisthatgroup?
A popular choice amongst the majority of
attendees was the Global Aquaculture Alliance
(GAA). However, it was noted that currently
thisbodyispredominantlycentredonitsgoalsof
aquaculturecertificationsomaynotbethevehicle
requiredascouldbeaperceivedconflictofinterest.
PerhapsthisisBioMarine?
The average time a consumer looks at a
productislessthanfourseconds.Consumersare
likelythentogreatlybenefitfromahallmarkwhich
isinstantlyidentifiableasareliableandsustainable
source. The Aquaculture Stewardship Council
programme through its strong WWF connec-
tionsanddialoguesaimstotransformtheworld's
seafood markets and promote farming practices
that minimise their impact on the environment
andcommunities.Otherscertificationgroupssuch
as GAA and Global GAP, etc. do similar. The
standardstheyallhave(whichvaryfromgroupto
group)seektoincreasetheavailabilityofcertified
responsible seafood by providing a credible con-
sumerlogowhichassurescomplianceandindustry
responsibility. In some groups this label comes at
a cost. Does the cost and proliferation of labels
enhanceorconfusetheconsumer?
Atwo-a-weekcampaignwhichcouldmonop-
olise on the success of the five-a-day fruit and
vegetableschemewassuggestedasanidea.This
could be endorsed and supported by celebrity
chefs,etc.increasingawarenessandpromotingthe
industryandincorporatedinaworldwidevideo.
A positive conclusion was reached that is
possible to turn public opinion through pressure,
education, lobbying and the correct marketing if
theindustryworkedgloballyandinunison.There
was general agreement that public acceptance is
thedriverofallthemes.
Financial Capital
Oneofthegroupsopenedupthisdiscussion
bylookingattheUK.Thereisafutureaquaculture
plan for England but currently there is a lack of
investmentwithfewinitiativesavailable.Itappears
that England is not alone, for example North
American investment companies see aquaculture
as a hot topic, however when it comes to the
crunchlittleisdone.
Investment is becoming more widely avail-
able but banks/investors must go through
alearningphase.Somearguedthattherisk
was different for a potential investor due
to money, disease, survival, etc.; however
othersdisputedthisstatingthattoinvestors
thismadenodifferencesincethereisriskin
most investments. The important action is
transparencywhichcreatesconfidence
There are three types of capital; invest-
ment, financial and insurance. The question
proposedishowdoweincreaseallthree?
Generally banks do not like fluctuations,
especially in profits. This identifies a clear
need for the industry to manage variables
whichcausethisvariationmakingconsistency
akeyfactorforfutureinvestment
Yet aquaculture faces a Catch 22 scenario;
toattractinvestmentandgrowtheindustry
needstobehealthybuttobehealthycapital
FEATURE
Moderator
Roy Palmer, CEO, Sea Food Experience (SEA), Australia
Yves Harache, 2010-2012 Past -President European
Aquaculture Society
Sponsor
Pronova Pharma
Note taker:
Benedict Standen, PhD student at Plymouth University, UK
ThinkTank4saysaquacultureisanimportantsourceofincomeandlivelihoodformillionsofpeopleworldwideaswellasa
crucialproductionsectorforhigh-proteinfood.Indeed,aquaculturecontinuestobethefastestgrowingfoodproductionsector
withanaverageannualgrowthrateof6.6percentbetween1970and2008.
Think Tank 4 Aquaculture 2030 The
Aquaculture platform - facilitating
significant growth in global aquaculture
is urgently required. Perhaps the industry
needs to observe the economic aspects
educating the financial sector with reliable
informationwhichinvestorscanthenuseas
atool
The industry needs to be self-sustaining.
This could be done through consolidation
achieving a larger scale and also limit the
risk by investing in different markets across
geographical regions and different species.
An interesting idea was the formation of
an Aquaculture Bank which could then
provide micro-financing for global projects
andinitiatives
Human resources
The first priority when discussing this topic
wastoidentifythehumanresourcesneededas
the industry requires a diverse range of specific
skillssets.Thisgivesrisetojobareabottlenecks.
Forexampletherearenumerousresearchersin
fishnutrition,howeverinareassuchasfishhealth
andgeneticsthisisnotthecase.Thiskindofjob
logjamemphasisestheneedforstrongcommuni-
cationandpossiblybottleneckfundingandinvest-
mentinordertomaximisethesecapabilities.
We need to ensure the development of
high quality aquaculture at all levels, and this can
only be achieved through education. This could
be accomplished through vocational courses and
industry sponsored internships, scholarships or
projects which should be adequately advertised
throughdirectories.
The industry should also work with govern-
ments on the replacement opportunity from
people employed in fisheries to engagement in
aquacultureasthereareseveralwinsinthis.People
are used to the products and the value chain
system;theyhaveaseafoodcultureandencourage
bothindustriestoworkclosertogetheraswellas
solvinglabourissues.
Regulation and legislation
While some see regulations and legislation as
the main limit of innovation, others see it as an
opportunity to get out of the cyclic nature that
aquaculture presents by evening out production
making the industry a lot more attractive for
investment.
Perhapsoneofthemainlimitationsisaccess
tositesandissueswithspace,especiallyonthe
marinecoastlinewhereaquaculturemustshare
space which is also used for coastal fisheries,
maritime transport, tourism, renewable energy,
etc.
Another important issue is bringing products
tomarketwhilstmaintainingfoodsafetyandtrace-
abilityatthegloballevel.
TheEUandCanadahaveextremelystrictrules
andregulationsfornewproductsmakingitdifficult
tomarketinnovativeproducts.Asiatakesamore
relaxed approach so who is right, Europe and
CanadaorAsia?
One of the benefits of a strict approach is it
encourages responsible sourcing and processing,
reduction in environmental impact and enables a
generalbaselineamongstmemberstates.
But those in Europe, for example, reclaim a
level playing field, where imported product from
third countries should match the high safety and
environmental standards that European produc-
ersareconstrainedtocomplywith?Infactitwas
queried that EU Standards are not reached by
many countries in EU creating unfair situation in
theirownjurisdiction.
Future plans could include the development
of aquaculture parks associated with renewable
energyprojectsandoffshore,orzoningforaqua-
culture purposes either within the EEZ or on
the high seas. This kind of regulation must have
enforcementthough.Donesuccessfullythiswould
enable certification schemes that aim to achieve
maximum environmental responsibility to aid the
consumerinapractical,positivemanner.
Aquestionwasraisedrelatingtoaquaculturev
soccer!Socceristheworldsgameandiscontrol-
ledbyFIFAandnomatterintheworldwherethe
gameisplayeditisplayedconsistentlybythesame
rules and regulations. Why cannot that system
be the goal for aquaculture? The world needs
aquacultureasmuch,ifnotmore,thansocceryet
weplayonunevenplayingfields,todifferentrules
andregulationsandthensufferfurtherwithtrade
barrierissues.Surelywecandobetterthanthis?
Recommendations
1. Public acceptance
Structure the industry around an international
thatcouldfosterthepromotionofbestpractices
and build a global education platform covering
internal and external activities ensuring consistent
messages are locked in right through from farm
tofork.
Formulationofglobalgroupwiththeability
topromoteandspeakonindustryissues
Be proactive, positive and promote all
aspectsofaquacultureinconsistentfashion
Invest in early education for children, both
internal and external training/education and
industryworkforcedevelopment
Supportaccreditationandbestpractice
2. Financial capital
Build the industry by encouraging consoli-
dation and cooperation through all sectors to
increase scale and minimise risk. Encourage and
assist BioMarine to be a catalyst for engagement
betweeninvestmentandindustrywiththeaimto
fosterinnovativeapproachesandhelpthefunding
andnurturingofnewconceptsandtechnology.
Consolidate industry to achieve scale and
limitrisk
Bring industry and investment together in
order to educate and engage the financial
sectorsandinvestors
Promotespecificinnovationinfunding
Buildonthecurrentlimitationoffinancingat
alllevels
3. Human resources
Create the industry around a professional
approach that encourages the best people
available to be determined to enter and
engage.Workgloballyonskillsshortagesensur-
ingthatgapsareidentifiedandcommunicated.
Build a framework of human resources that
enables the industry to have solid foundation
forthefuture.
Identify and promote the shortages in skill
sets;e.g.vets,geneticsreproduction,process-
ing,production,etc
Create a directory of education resources
andindustryinternships
Considerpromotionofpeoplemovingfrom
fishingtoaquaculture.
Developmentofeducationatalllevels
4. Regulation and legislation
ThroughBioMarinecontinuetoinvitepeo-
pleandorganisationstostretchtheenvelope
on regulation and legislation building on suc-
cessesandhighlightingfailuresinordertobuild
a truly global industry that delivers excellence
fortheglobalpopulation.Continuetoimprove
internationalregulatoryaspects,adoptinginno-
vativeapproachesandensuringsufficientspace
is made available for sustainable aquaculture
growth.
Buildonstrongimagethroughfoodsafety
aconsistentsafeproduct
Space is important engage in marine
planning and maximise innovation in usage
ofspace
Use environmental modelling to support
decisions
Promoteexamplesofgoodlegislation
Be aware of access and benefit sharing
relatestoNagoyaProtocol
FEATURE
ADM-Alltech-AquaBioTechnologyASA-A-SparkGoodVentures-BioMar-Cargill-CCMar-CyberColloids-DSMNutritional
Products - Eurofins - European Commission - Government of Portugal - Grette Law - Imperial College, London - INVE aquaculture -
InnovationPEI-Invivo-NSA-JPIOceans-TheResearchCouncilofNorway-Marelife-Mitsui&Co.-NovusInternational-OlmixGroup
-PlymouthUniversity-PolytechnicInstituteofLeiria-PrinceEdwardIslandBioAlliance-PwC-RoquetteGroup-RoscoffMarineStation
France-ScrippsInstitutionofOceanographyUCSD-SeventurePartners-SkrettingARC-SPF-DianaAquativ-UKParliament-Univeristy
CollegeCork-UniversityofAveiro
TiagodePittaeCunha:Whatarethestrategic
guidelines for aquaculture and how do they
relatetofunding?
BernardFriess:Generallythereisagrowthin
jobopportunities.
However, this may be stagnating and the EU
is highly segregated and regional differences
arelarge.TheEUhasgoodanimalhealthand
foodstandardsgenerallyandhasmanypromis-
ing assets for industries to become successful.
ThisisshownthroughthelargeEUfundingfor
research.
Theadministrationandregulationsarepropor-
tionatetobusinesses.Adminpoliciesoperating
today are fair and we strive to work closely
with businesses to finely balance the growth
andsuccessofbusinessesononehand,whilst
making sure the health and safety/regulations/
environmentally friendly products etc on the
otherhandareinplacetokeeptheEUshigh
standards.
Furthermore,innovationisanimportantpartof
growthandsuccessthusactingasacatalystfor
businessestoprosper.
Tiago:Aquacultureisgrowingandispredicted
tosupply65percentofproteinby2030,what
needs to be done to ensure sustainability,
overcomingbarriers,regulationsetc?
Francisco Gomes: First, governments must
reach out to businesses and really discuss the
possibility of removing some of the red tape
hinderingprogress.
Thereisnoclearregulatoryframeworkinthe
US in my experience. To set up projects it
takesanaverageofperhapsthreeyears.Icould
setoneupinjustafewmonthsinVietnam,for
example.Thereareobviousproblemsrelating
topoliciesandregulationsforstart-upprojects
atthemoment.
The industry - consolidation is a key aspect.
Weneedmoreflexibilityinfundingfromfund-
ingbodies.Asiacouldprovidealotofanswers
and potential ways forward regarding policies,
fundingetc.Innovation,asanindustrywemust
innovatefasterandmoreefficiently.
Global barriers - important market protec-
tion. Trade of products must progress faster.
Accelerate and differentiate between indus-
tries. There are many different species used
and they are all different, shrimp are different
from salmon, etc. What can we learn from
other established industries such as salmon to
pushthroughfasternewspecies?
Tosummarise,thethreemainareasforaction
areregulation,consolidation,innovation.
Tiago de Pitta e Cunha: Aquaculture often
faces criticism about sustainability. Is this the
case?
Torben Svejgaard: People are always talking
aboutfishinfishoutratio.Itisimportantto
continually show research regarding aquacul-
tures sustainability promise and create close
dialog between researchers, industries and
stakeholdersalike.Makesurewecommunicate
to the wider public what actually aquaculture
andaquacultureresearchdoes.
The aquaculture industry must not hide from
theissuessuchasproblemswithsustainability.
For example, we use soya as a major com-
ponent of many aqua feeds, but is using soya
sustainable?Ifresearchsuggestsotherwise,then
lets look at the other options. We need to
continuously evolve as an industry and try to
alwaysimprovethewayinwhichwecarryout
processing,researchandmarketingetc.
Tiago de Pitta e Cunha: More investment is
needforaquaculture,howcanthisoccur?
Mike Velings: There are only a few private
vinvestorsglobally.Publicandinvestorsdonot
know enough about the aquaculture industry.
Forinvestorsthiscanmeanrisksandtherefore
theyarereluctanttoputmoneyintoaquacul-
tureinnovations.
Communication is getting better but needs
to progress quicker in order to make future
investors and the general public more knowl-
edgeable about aquaculture. Long-term goals
for sustainability are a must for future private
investors and the aqua industry must make
it easier for both investors and the public to
accessthesegoals.
TorbenSvejgaard:Goingbacktothecriticism
that aquaculture is unsustainable, we here are
all talking about long-term goals. If this is not
sustainability,thenwhatis?
TiagodePittaeCunha:Howcanaquaculture
grow through governmental policy? How do
wesortoutthebottlenecks?
Bernard Friess: It is well known that wild
fisherieshavebeenexploitedandtheneedfor
aquaculturetoalleviatethesestocksisessential.
More aquaculture equals less pressure on the
oceansandofcoursethisisagoodthing.
Wemustgobackandlookintotheobstacles
which hinder the growth of aquaculture and
reviewthemmoreclosely.
Also we need to identify the levers for inno-
vation and find out how they work in order
to support them which will in turn help the
Moderator - Dr Tiago de Pitta e
Cunha, Advisor to the Portuguese
President on Maritime Affairs
Francisco Gomes, Executive Manager of
Novus Aquaculture Business Unit, USA
Bernhard Friess, Director Atlantic,
Outermost Regions and Arctic in DG
Mare, European Commission
Torben Svejgaard, CEO, BioMar Group,
Denmark
Mike Velings, Founder A-Spark Good
Ventures, The Netherlands
FEATURE
The Big
Aquaculture
Debate
by David Peggs, Research Masters
Student, Plymouth University, UK
growth of the aquaculture industry. It is also
veryimportanttosetupregionaladvisories.
Tiago de Pitta e Cunha: How do we support
innovation in aquaculture. What is the future
forintegratedmulti-trophicaquaculture(IMTA),
renewableenergyandoff-shoreaquaculture?
Francisco Gomes: There is definitely a lack of
fundingforinnovation.Wemustlookatfunda-
mental research through universities and then
applythisresearchappropriately.
Andwemustlookmorecloselyatthemecha-
nisms of how a product works not just sitting
back on the knowledge that it works. But we
must ask how does it work and how can we
thereforeimproveitinthefuture.
Off-shoreandrecirculationinlandsystemshave
potentialbutitsallaboutefficiency.Thisneeds
togrowinordertomaketheseareasprofitable.
Wemustlookatotherspeciesoffishespecially
herbivorousspecies.Innutritionandalternative
proteins,weneedtoaskthequestionaboutthe
sources we use now, are these the right/only
alternativesandwhataretheotheroptions.
In terms of disease, we have only large vac-
cine companies for the aquaculture industry.
Weneedmorespecialisedveterinarypeople
for aquaculture. We need more herbivo-
rous species. What can we learn from Asia
of alternative species. In terms of IMTA
more research is needed into the dynamics
involved and whether or not the profits can
behighenough.
TiagodePittaeCunha:Fishfeeds,whereare
wenow?
Torben Svejgaard: The last 10-15 years weve
seenalargedecreaseintheuseoffishmealin
feedsbyreplacingthemwithplantbasedalter-
nativessuchassoybeanmeal.Thefishmealcon-
tentcouldperhapsgodowntozeropercentin
thenearfuture,forsomespeciesatleast.
However,fishoilismoreofanissueandneeds
tobeaddressed.Approvalofnewproductsin
the EU takes much more time than it should
and this is hindering the process of creating
new alternative feed ingredients. We need
more innovation with regards to functionality
ofproducts.
TiagodePittaeCunha:Redtape,whatcomes
next? Do regulations need to change before
investorsinvestordoinvestorsneedtoinvest
inchange?
MikeVelings:Asinvestorswelookattheglobal
perspective, we are not going to invest where
there are too many regulations, in the EU for
example,whenwecangetmuchmoreforour
money and faster returns in places with less
stringentregulations.
The EU needs to change their regulations in
ordertogrowandkeepupwithothermarkets
inaquaculture.
From audience Manuel Pinto de Abreu,
Secretary of State of the Sea, Portugal
stated: Investment, innovation and regula-
tions need to be looked at in more detail.
A new legal framework is needed so that
applicants need only apply once speeding
up the process. Regions need to focus on
relevant species and explore new opportu-
nitiesininnovation.
In Portugal we import 600,000 tonnes of fish
and a lot of which we could farm ourselves.
Within one year the regulations and red tape
willbereformedtomakethispossible.
Torben Svejgaard: We as an industry cannot
sit back and hope that the regulations change,
weneedtobeinnovativeinresearchandkeep
movingforwardasanindustry.
Bernard Friess: We must make investments
andcreateinnovationandworktochangethe
publicperceptionthatfarmedfisharebadand
wildfishgood.
Commentfromaudience:
We need to consider the possibility of
taking advantage of species from lower
trophiclevelsastheeffectsofsuchwould
benegligible.
The industry needs novel innovation in
ordertocreatefastermovingresearch.
Inresponse:
FranciscoGomes:Farmersarethebasisfor
theaquacultureindustry.Mostareconserva-
tiveandareofthemind-setthatifmethods
work then why change them. Think bigger
and perhaps focus on the next generation
aswellasthecurrentgeneration.Thereisa
generallackoftrustduetopastmismanage-
ment of fisheries, so we need to look after
the resources and it is paramount that we
prove that the business of aquaculture is
sustainable.
Tiago de Pitta e Cunha: Closing thoughts
- It seems the aquaculture industry has a
long way to go in terms of changing poli-
cies and changing public perceptions. But
what is clear is that we need to have long
term plans for sustainability and at least
three of the main areas are as Francisco
mentionedearlierconsolidation,innovation
andregulationandtheaspectstowhichare
encompassed.
FEATURE
W
ith the worlds population
continuing to grow by
about60millionpeopleper
year, demand for sustain-
able, efficient food production continues
to grow. Ever increasing strain is being
placed on agricultural systems capacity
to deliver affordable food and nutritional
products.Notsurprisingly,theWorldHealth
Organisation has identified diminishing food
security as a major threat to mankind over
comingdecades.
The oceans may provide a solution. That
wasthepremisethatthistaskforcesetoutits
discussion on micro algae and its nutritional
opportunities.
Seaweedfarmsalonehavethecapacityto
grow massive amounts of nutrient-rich food.
And while seaweeds are not a major source
offoodatpresent,theyareoneofthefastest
growing plants in the world. Seaweed can
grow 9-12 feet in three months. This Think
Tankdiscussedanumberoftopicsincluding:
Environmental and economic
opportunities
Algal biomass suited to production of
animalfeedandhighvaluehumanfoods
andadditives
Both micro algae and macro algae are
wellestablishedsourcesofsuchnutrition
Increasing algae food and feed pro-
duction, by expanding upon existing
marketsandbycreatingnewones,tobe
significant
Useofproteinsfrommicroandmacro-
algae and associated drawbacks regard-
ing their use which include harvesting.
The group decided that aquaculture
couldprovideasolution
Transfer of seaweed proteins/oils to
human consumers through dietary inter-
vention in animal products. For example,
feeding a pig/chicken/cow/hen seaweed/
seaweedingredientstoincreasethelevel
of fatty acids (EPA/DHA) or bioactive
protein in meat/milk/egg products that
are more acceptable to the consumer,
particularly in countries such as France
wherenutraceuticalsarenotfullyaccepted
Discussion
The group discussed the importance of
discovering novel and unique uses for micro
and macroalgal products and resources to
justify the economic costs associated with
harvesting and processing marine derived
ingredients.
This will be necessary if industry players
wanttocompetewithothersources/compa-
nies producing nutraceuticals and functional
foods from non marine resources such as
dairycompanies.
Think Tank participants agreed that a
future area of growth for macro-algal and
micro-algal producers is the area of animal
nutrition. Protein resources are in demand
globallyandmarinealgaemayprovideanew,
novel and alternative protein source to the
currently available dairy and terrestrial plant
proteinresources.
However,thegroupconcludedthatfuture
research into the use of marine macro-algal/
micro-algal protein sources is required as
macro-algae in particular, can contain antin-
utritionalfactorsandplantlectins.
Anadvantageformicro-algalderivedpro-
teinisthattheymaynothaveanti-nutritional
factorssuchasphlorotanninsandplantlectins
associated with them and, therefore, would
besuitableforuseinanimalfeedandanimal
nutrition.
The group decided however that in
some instances macro-algal protein is suit-
able for animal nutrition. For example,
sheepintheOrkneyIslandsofScotlandare
known to graze on seaweed and in fact,
seaweed is the primary source of nutrition
for these animals. Furthermore, there are
FEATURE
Think Tank 5 Marine Ingredients
Marine micro algae and nutrition
Moderator
Dr Maria Hayes, Natural Products Chemist, Teagasc Food
Research Centre, Ashton, Ireland
Sponsor
Sofiproteol
Note taker:
Mark Rawling, PhD student at Plymouth University, UK
TheobjectiveofthisThinkTankwastodiscusstheuseofmicroalgaeandmacroalgaeinnutritionandasnutraceuticals.
reports in Tasmania where farmers have
reduced their farm veterinary bills through
feeding seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) to
cattle and farmers have not observed any
negativesideeffects.
Health benefits for livestock
The group also discussed how feeding
microalgae/macroalgae to farm animals in
ordertoprovidethehealthbenefitofmicro-
algae in human food is a good approach as
using the animal as a nutraceutical/functional
food vehicle is more acceptable to the con-
sumer.
However, if this approach is used, fur-
ther scientific evidence must be provided to
ensure that the health benefit and correct
doseofthenutraceuticalisbeingdeliveredto
thehumanconsumer.
The group also discussed the importance
of ensuring that the sensory and functional
quality of the animal product, be it an egg,
steak, milk product is not negatively affected
bytheanimalconsumingtheseaweed/micro-
algalbioactivesortheseaweed/microalgalraw
material.
The group also discussed how Omega-3s
in eggs in the USA was a good example of
howthisapproachwasverysuccessful.
Thegroupalsodiscussedhowproduction
costsareabottlenecktowardsdevelopingthe
useofmicroalgae/seaweedsasfunctionalfood
ingredients.Thegroupdiscussedhowproduc-
tioncostscouldbedrivendownbyintegrating
technology with good resource management
andtotalresourceutilisation.
Further research is required to ensure
that amino acids/bioactive peptides/lipids
from macro/microalgae are bioavailable and
contain an amino acid content that is favo-
rable to the consumer. This is necessary to
justify a price premium if marine nutraceuti-
calsfromalgalsourcesaretocompetewith
othernutraceuticalsofterrestrialorigin.The
digestibility of marine derived proteins/lipids
isalsoofgreatimportanceandcouldprovide
theresourcewithanadvantageoveritsdairy
competitors.
Thegroupalsodiscussedhowstrictregula-
tionsregardingthecontaminationofseaweed
resourceswithheavymetalsarerequiredand
should be implemented. GOED agreement
ismovingtowardsdeliveringthisinthefuture
(2013).
Recommendations
Further research into the delivery of
nutraceutical/functional food benefits
is required where seaweed extracts
or micro-algal extracts are fed to the
animal. The dose response should be
reported
Further research is required regarding
the effects on sensory attributes of
seaweed functional foods on final food
products
Further fundi ng and research i s
required regarding aquaculture to
overcome the probl ems associ -
ated with raw material supply. This
relates in particular to the seaweed
resource for use in molecular gas-
tronomy and as a food product in
itself. Individual governments must
be made aware of this issue and
howwecanproducefoodproducts
from seaweeds that can compete
withAsia
The safety and quality of the sea-
weed/micro-algal product must be
ensured and GOED regul ati ons
implemented
FEATURE
AlgaeLink-AscentaHealth-B.BraunMelsungen-Bioalvo-BiosciencesKTN-ChitinMarineProductsLtd-DelhiNutraceuticals-
EWOSInnovation-Fermentalg-innoVactiv-InnovationNorway-MaastrichtUniversity-Marealis-MatahariTechnologyConsulting
-NationalResearchCouncilofCanada-NationalUniversityofIreland,Galway-NorwegianSeafoodResearchFund-Oceanomicsproject,
Roscoff-Polaris-PolytechnicInstituteofLeiria-PronovaBioPharma-RoquetteGroup-RoscoffMarineBiologicalStation-SaintMalo
Agglomeration-ScandiDermaAS-Setubio-ShannonAppliedBiotechnologyCentre-Sofiproteol-Soliance-TanergyLtd.-University
ofAveiro-VariconAquaSolutions-Xanthella
T
his Think Tank followed in the
footsteps of Think Tank 2 which
focused on health issues. Many
participantswereidenticalenabling
morein-depthdiscussionsandtopromising
recommendations.
Dr J. Wesnigk and Prof F.O. Glckner -
representingtheMG4UandtheMicroB3EU
projects-setthescenewhatstate-of-the-art
marine research and dissemination can pro-
vide. A plethora of techniques, methodolo-
gies and knowledge outputs are available to
industry, especially in the field of genomics,
bioinformatics and proteomics, or omics
as these interrelated disciplines are increas-
ingly called. Two industry interventions were
made, to identify bottlenecks from a small
SMEandlargeend-userindustryperspective.
To promote new marine biotech products
the market push needs to be strengthened.
Larger industry should define their general
areasofinterestforacademiaandSMEs,who
thentargettheenablingresearchanddevelop
specific applications of new marine biotech
productsandservices.Itwasemphasisedthat
technologyscoutsshouldknowwhattheyare
looking for, but be prepared to find some-
thing else. This attitude will facilitate bridging
the gap between the research potential and
marinebiotechapplications,byinformingand
inspiringdecisionsbyend-userrepresentatives
onwhichapproachesareworthdeveloping.
Bringing about and facilitating dialogue
between end-users and academia as well
as SMEs is one of the core tasks of cluster
representatives, to overcome bottlenecks in
communication and kick-start collaborations.
Theinternet,socialmediaandemergingnew
infrastructures will help but facilitation of
contactsandsafeguardingIPRarestillneeded.
Clusters can help with successful up-scaling
of lab-scale production and providing market
intelligence. A public-private partnership was
recommended as a supra-national tool to
advancemarinebiotechnologywithinEurope.
Further recommendations focused on
several issues of which three will be further
illustrated.
1) How to better understand and
make use of beneficial microbes
Thereisalackofunderstandingofmicro-
bial marine diversity and their habitats, in
short:Whoisoutthere,wherearethey,how
manyandwhataretheydoing?
We need more academia-industry
knowledgeexchangeontheoptimumcon-
ditionsforsampling,processingandcultiva-
tion, based on the diverse marine habitats
of microbes including many extreme envi-
ronments.Thengenomicscanbeutilisedto
speed-uptheapplicationprocessandavoid
over harvesting. Sequencing can assess
potential,helpwithinsilicoactivitypredic-
tion and selection. Promising case studies
wererecentlypublished,(MAMBAproject,
lead University. Bangor) in which several
largeindustrypartnershaveidentifiednew
biocatalyticalactivities.Compoundscreen-
ingstillneedsahighthroughputapproach,
which is only funded if very close to
industry. A case study from Geomar, Kiel,
inwhichmarinecompoundswerefedinto
existing downstream processing pipelines,
showedhighhitrates.
2) Human resources and
infrastructures needed for SMEs
and large industry to benefit from
marine data
Large gap(s) still exist between proof-
of-principle, i.e. an enzyme is identified and
expressed, and proof of concept, i.e. an
enzymecanbeproducedcosteffectivelyand
in large quantity. The perceived gaps can be
addressed first through a review and analysis
of what is working for an improved knowl-
edge flow between industry and academia.
Examples/case studies for best practice and
knowledge transfer can be used. The need
for new expertise can then be addressed
through intelligently combined teams, with
morebiochemicalknowhow,abletohandle
sub-setsofgenomicsdatafortargetedpredic-
tionsandtotargetmarket-drivenapplications.
These teams will work best in conjunction
withprovisionofinfrastructure,likemid-scale
fermenter-, or proteomics facilities and dedi-
by Dr Johanna B. Wesnigk, Mg4U and Micro B3 project
FEATURE
Think Tank 6 Marine biotech for the environment
Moderator
Dr Johanna Wesnigk, Managing Director, EMPA, Germany
Note taker:
Dan Leeming, PhD student at Plymouth University, UK
Tocomplementresearchperspectives,twocontributionsweremadeinThinkTank6,onebyJ.RauofromMarealisASandthe
otherbyH.Bisgaard-FrantzenfromNovozymes,toidentifybottlenecksfromasmallSMEandlargeend-userindustryperspec-
tiveinhowtogetmorenewmarinebiotechproductstomarket.
cated service-oriented staff, if possible with
partialgovernmentfunding.
Scientistsarenotawareofmarketinterests
andpressures;theyneedtobeinformedand
trained.Weneedtomouldthethinkingofa
nextgenerationofscientistsinamoreentre-
preneurial way. In the medium-term training
and education should encompass business-
relevant skills. The experiences from EU
funded PhD networks with two mandatory
industrystagesarepositive.Localcontestsfor
student-writtenbusinessplansformarinebio-
techbusinesscouldhelp,forexamplefunding
implementationofthewinningbusinessplan.
Efficientup-scalingofproductionisneces-
sary, but who is responsible for different
up-scaling stages, how to get it funded?
Here expectations of academia, industry and
funders diverge strongly: if production condi-
tions are not economically viable SMEs will
not be able to offer a new product to busi-
nessend-usersorconsumers.Thenextsteps
in the value chain for new concepts, e.g. an
algal biorefinery, can still be partially funded
as demonstration/pilot projects, via EU sup-
port.Thereafterproof-of-conceptandfurther
product development has to be driven by
end-users.
3) Reaching policy makers -
Visibility is key!
Urgently an excellent analysis is need-
ed to develop a roadmap with consist-
ent, harmonised and easy to understand
message(s) on promising marine and envi-
ronmental biotech options. Groupings of
interests can help to present cases for
policy changes and for gap-based funding.
The application areas of marine-origin
productsincludemarketslikeenvironmen-
tal monitoring, diagnostics or biocatalysis,
and specialty chemicals. Consumer-facing
standardsandcertificationtocreateaposi-
tive image and motivation for increased
demand for products from the sea could
beintroduced.
Different ways of reaching and moti-
vating the decision-makers for policy and
investment need to be developed as part
of the roadmap implementation plan. This
includes using media, associations, clusters
and public opinion, inter alia through tar-
getedeventstopromotestrategicmessages
or road map elements garnished with suc-
cessstories.
At BioMarine 2013 the unique features
and benefits of using marine diversity for
environmental biotechnology applications
will be further explored. In the meantime
industry-academia workshops focusing on
single issues will be offered by the Micro
B3andMG4Uprojectstocompanyexperts
/representatives to discuss and develop
themesidentifiedfurtherandfine-tunejoint
strategies to promote marine and environ-
mentalapplications.
More InforMatIon:
http://www.microb3.eu/news/biomarine-think-tanks-
embrace-omics-input
FEATURE
A-Spark Good Ventures - Algopack - Bioalvo - BioBridge - BioNova - BioTech
North-BretagneDeveloppementInnovation-ConcordiaCapitalLLC-EuropeanMarine
BiologicalResourceCentre(EMBRC)-Financonsult-FMCBioPolymer-GretteLaw-Kiel
Centerformarinenaturalproducts-MarineBiotechnologyProgrammeofIreland-Marine
Bio-Technologies Center of Innovation - Max Planck Institute - Novagraaf Technologies
- Nautilus Biosciences Canada - Novozymes A/S - OceanGate, Inc. - Plymouth Marine
Laboratory-PolytechnicInstituteofLeiria-PronovaBioPharma-RoscoffMarineStation
France - Technopole Maritime du Qubec - Thalocea - University of Aveiro - Varicon
AquaSolutions
Reduce deformities in larvae and fry
LARVIVA ProStart is the frst early weaning diet with a unique probiotic
approved by the European Food Safety Authorities for its documented effect
in reducing the occurrence of vertebral deformities in fsh larvae and fry.
www.larviva.com
gets fsh into shape
P
enaeidshrimpproductionisunder
continuous threat from bacte-
rialandparticularlyviralinfections
which have caused disastrous col-
lapses of the industry in all major shrimp
producing countries. Disease problems
in shrimp production are complex and
often still poorly understood. Regulations,
consumerdemandsandsustainablemanage-
mentstrategiesrestrictthenumberofdrugs
available to treat pathogens. Vaccines are
likelytobeineffectiveincrustaceans,which
lackaspecificimmunesystemsimilartothat
of vertebrates. Therefore, shrimp produc-
ers must consider the seed stock quality,
husbandryproceduresandhealthynutrition
as the major tools to control disease.The
current article reports on recent progress
inthedevelopmentoffeedadditivescapable
of reducing the impact of diseases on pro-
ductivityandprofitabilityinshrimpfarming.
Diseases are number one threat
The production of crustaceans has shown
an average annual growth rate of 18 percent
over the period 1970-2008, which by far
exceedsgrowthforallotheraquaculturespe-
cies (FAO, 2010). World shrimp aquaculture
isproducingnowwelloverfourmillionmtof
shrimp(Valderrama,2011).Thisrapidincrease
in crustacean production largely
reflectsthedramaticincreaseinwhite
leg shrimp culture in China, Thailand,
VietnamandIndonesiasince2000.
Despite this apparent success
story in terms of production expan-
sion, shrimp production in many
regionscontinuestosufferimportant
economic losses due to the impact
ofawidevarietyofdiseases.Recent
eventsillustratetheimpactofdisease
outbreaks on shrimp production in
majorproducingcountries.
The white spot syndrome virus
(WSSV), one of the main causes
of stagnation in the shrimp indus-
try in the nineties, is significantly
affectingshrimpproductioninrecent
years in Mexico and Brazil. Early Mortality
Syndrome (Acute
Hepatopancreatic
Necrosis Syndrome,
AHPNS),forwhichthe
causativeagenthasnot
been identified so far
(Flegel,2012),isaffect-
ing shrimp production
in China, Vietnam,
Malaysia, and to a
lesserextent,Thailand.
Traditional
approaches to
boost shrimp
health through
the feed
A tradi ti onal
approach to reduce
the impact of shrimp
diseasesconsistsofincreasingthelevelofkey
nutrientsaffectingthehealthandimmunology
of shrimp, including vitamin C and E, phos-
pholipids, essential fatty acids, trace minerals
and carotenoids. These booster feeds are
often supplemented with immunostimulants,
mostly derived from the cell envelope of
micro-organisms, such as polysaccharides,
lipoproteins,andlipopolysaccharides.
The continuous use of immunostimu-
lants is generally discouraged due to the
risks for over-stimulation of the immune
defense system. Alternating on/off regimes
for feed additives is often impractical in farm
operations. Encouraging results to improve
diseaseresistancehavebeenobtainedbythe
continuous use of health enhancing booster
feedsbasedontheselectionoftheappropri-
ate immunostimulants in combination with a
balanced nutritional supply of key nutrients
to support the enhancement of the immune
system(Table1).
However,theefficacyofvariouscommer-
cially available immunostimulants to improve
stress and/or disease resistance of fish and
shrimp strongly depends on the type of the
product and on the supply of adjuvant nutri-
Figure 1 - Table: Efect of booster feed on production parameters in a farm in NE
Brazil during episode of increased disease incidence due to a combination of
intensive rains and increased incidence of infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV)
and necrotising hepatopancreatitis (NHP). Booster feed based on enhanced
nutritional specifcations and supplementation of an immunomodulator
(AQUASTIM S, Nutriad) versus standard feed.
Control feed Boosted feed % change
total pond area (ha) 25 25
Culture period (days) 107 111
Survival (%) 77.1 80.7 +5%
Final weight (g) 12.77 14.01 +10%
Harvest yield (kg/ha) 1771 2034 +15%
FCr 1.86 1.85 -1%
avg weekly growth (g) 0.84 0.88 +6%
relative production cost 100% 100%
relative crop value 100% 119% +19%
Figure 2: The hepatopancreas is the main
organ of the shrimps digestive system
responsible for digestion, absorption
and storage of nutrients. Esophagus (E),
gastric mill (GM), hepatopancreas (HP),
mid gut (MG), hind gut (HG), and anus
(A).
Novel additives to
reduce the economic
impact of disease on
shrimp production
by Peter Coutteau PhD, Business Unit Manager
Aquaculture, and Tim Goossens PhD, R&D Engineer Gut
Support, Nutriad International NV, Belgium
FEATURE
entsthatareessentialtosupportthebuildup
oftheimmunesystem.
Novel approaches (1): boosting
the nutritional status and lipid
reserves of the hepatopancreas
Shrimps do not tolerate high levels of
dietary fat very well. A number of studies
showreducedgrowthatlevelsabove10per-
centofdietarylipid.Nevertheless,qualityand
quantityofdietarylipidsplayaprimordialrole
in growth and health of shrimp. Shrimp have
noorverylimitedcapacitytobiosynthesizea
numberoflipidmoleculeswhichareessential
fornormalgrowth,includingcholesterol,high-
lyunsaturatedfattyacidsandphospholipids.
Fishmeal and fish oil are often the most
important sources of cholesterol and HUFA
in the diet. Increasing cost of these marine
ingredients has forced formulators to reduce
dietaryspecificationsfortheseessentiallipids.
Althoughthesenutrientlevelsmaynotshow
significantdifferencesongrowthperformance
in feeding trials under controlled conditions,
they may become critical for maintaining
health and immune defenses under disease
challenges and fluctuating ambient conditions
encounteredinproduction.
Furthermore,theenergystatusofshrimpis
largelydeterminedbyitslipidreservesdepos-
ited in the hepatopancreas which functions
both as a digestive gland
as well as a storage depot
for energy. Therefore,
farmers routinely look at
squashpreparatestoevalu-
atethenutritionalstatusof
the hepatopancreas, with
ample lipid reserves being
anindicatorofbetterresist-
ance to stress and disease
challenges.
Lipiddigestioninshrimp
occursforabigproportion
intracellular in the hepato-
pancreas epithelium from
where it is transported to
the target organs via the
haemolymphe under the
formoflipoproteins(Fig.2).
Theformationandabsorp-
tion of lipid micelles from
the lumen of the hepato-
pancreas tubuli is therefore a limiting step
in the lipid digestive process. Digestibility
enhancers based on natural emulsifying
agents, selected for their compatibility with
theshrimpsdigestivesystem,haveshownto
be capable of complementing the process of
emulsificationandabsorptionofdietaryfatsin
the hepatopancreas (Coutteau et al., 2012).
Thisinturnimprovestheefficiencyofshrimp
to use fats as essential components and as
source of energy for growth and surviving
episodes of stress or disease pressure. The
enhancement of the lipid reserves in the
hepatopancreas of white shrimp Penaeus
indicus as a result of the supplementation of
a digestibility-enhancing additive was demon-
stratedrecentlybyvandeBraaketal.(2012).
Histological analyses showed a three-fold
Figure 3. Effect of the supplementation of a
digestibility-enhancing additive (AquagestS,
Nutriad) on the degree of lipid vacuolization in
the hepatopancreas of shrimp fed the different
feeds during 30 days (van de Braak et al., 2012).
FEATURE
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increase of the percentage of shrimp with
a high degree of lipid vacuolization in the
hepatopancreasaftersupplementingthefeed
additiveduringonemonth(Figures3,4).The
resultsofaparallelpondstudyindicatedtwo
percent higher average body weight (ABW),
four percent higher survival, and six percent
higher biomass for the treatment ponds.
However,removalofoutliersforsurvivalfrom
controlandtreatmentsetshowedeightper-
centhigherABW,12percenthighersurvival,
and23percenthigherbiomass.
Novel approaches (2): Quorum
Sensing technology
QuorumSensing(QS)isaformofbacteri-
alcommunication.Overthelastdecade,many
bacterial species have been documented to
be able to produce and secrete small signal-
ing molecules, such as acyl homoserine lac-
tones or certain oligopeptides, which can be
detectedbyadjacentbacteriaofthesameor
of distinct species. When population density
rises, these molecules will accumulate in the
extracellular environment, thereby providing
ameansforbacteriatoquantitativelymonitor
the presence of other bacteria. These signal-
ing molecules will, upon reaching a certain
threshold concentration, initiate intrabacterial
signaling that culminates in the activation of
specificgenes.QScommunicationistherefore
usedbybacteriatosynchronizegeneexpres-
sion alterations and coordinate biochemical
responseswithintheentirepopulation.
In most pathogenic bacteria from which
the QS system has been studied, QS has
been associated with pathogenicity, such as
biofilm formation and the production of
proteases,invasionfactors
or other virulence factors
(Defoirdt, et al., 2011).
In recent years, research
focusing on ways to dis-
turb QS signaling (also
calledquorumquenching)
is therefore gaining par-
ticular interest (Figure 5).
This is especially true in
the field of human medi-
cine, where QS-inhibitors
are investigated as potential alternatives to
antibiotics in tackling pathogenic bacterial
infections (Sintim et al., 2010). Interestingly,
chances that bacteria build up resistance
againstQSdisruptorsarepredictedtobelow,
givingthattheselectivepressureagainstthese
in se non-lethal molecules is limited. This
standsinstarkcontrastwithwhatisseenwith
conventionalantibiotics(Defoirdtetal.,2010).
Initialstudiesofquorumsensinginaquacul-
ture organisms are very limited but point out
excitingresults.Halogenatedfuranonesisolated
fromredmarinealgae,forexample,havebeen
demonstrated to reduce QS-regulated gene
expression in Vibrio and to protect fish and
shrimpfromvibriosis(Raschetal.,2004;Defoirdt
et al., 2006). At the Nutriad Technology
Center, QS technology is being applied in
a novel generation of natural feed additives
capable of modulating gut
micro flora. Compounds are
tested for their capacity to
inhibit QS-signaling using an
array of genetically modi-
fied bacterial biosensors and
QS-dependent infection
protocols in simple model
organisms.Usingthesesensi-
tiveassays,potentQSmodu-
lators, able to shut down
QS signaling at concentra-
tionsfarbelowtheminimum
inhibitory concentration, are
being identified. Different
QS quenching activities are
selected for agriculture and
aquaculturespeciesbasedon
screening work using spe-
cific bacterial biosensors and model organ-
isms. Synergistic blends of different natural
compounds resulted to be extremely efficient
in QS quenching activity against signaling by
Vibrioharveyi,anpathogencausingvibriosisin
penaeidshrimp(Figure6).
Putting QS inhibition into
practice: effect of optimising
gut health on productivity
and economics of semi-
intensive shrimp farming
Shrimp are actively grazing on the sub-
strate present in the pond bottom and
water column, and therefore highly exposed
to exchanges of microflora between the
environment and the digestive system. This
increases the risk for the proliferation of
an unfavorable gut microflora or frequent
destabilization of the microflora, which can
affecttheoptimalfunctioningofthedigestive
system. Furthermore, the digestive system of
shrimpisthemainentryportforbacterialand
viralinfections,whichremainamajorriskfor
theprofitabilityofshrimpproduction.
Sustainable approaches to modulate the
gut microflora in farmed animals include the
use of selected bacteria to inoculate the gut
(probiotics), specific nutrients promoting the
development of selected bacterial strains
(prebiotics), and specific natural compounds
(mostlyderivedfromyeastandherbalextracts
called phytobiotics) capable of modulating
the microflora towards a favorable composi-
tion, favoring the development of beneficial
bacteria and inhibiting potentially pathogenic
micro-organisms. The latter strategies have
the advantage of being easily applicable at
the feedmill on large volumes of feed and
avoidingmajoradaptationsoftheproduction
protocolsatthefarm.
A synergistic blend of botanical extracts
(SanacoreGM,Nutriad)wasoriginallyselected
for its bacteriostatic and bactericidal properties
against pathogenic and potentially pathogenic
bacteriain vitrousingthediskdiffusionmethod.
Figure 4: Histological determination of the degree of lipid vacuolization of the
hepatopancreas in shrimp Penaeus indicus, showing a high (left picture) and low
(right picture) level of lipid vacuolization (100x magnification; van de Braak et
al., 2012)
Figure 5: Quorum Sensing (QS), an innovative
mechanism to tackle pathogenicity
Feeding manually from a boat and harvesting shrimp
at the CAMACO farm, Panama (with courtesy of Jorge
Cullar-Anjel)
FEATURE
Furthermore, this synergistic blend has proven
to be a powerful interrupter of bacterial QS
signaling at concentrations well below minimal
inhibitory concentrations, allowing it to effec-
tively modulate the gut flora towards a more
favorable composition. The supplementation
ofSanacoreGMpromotedgrowthsignificantly
inhealthyshrimpgrowingundercontrolledlab
conditions; showing a remarkable 20 percent
increaseofweeklyweightgainandfourpercent
improvementonfoodconversion(Coutteauet
al., 2010). The effect of this botanical product
showing combined activities in QS inhibition
and bactericidal action against a wide range
of pathogenic bacteria was verified in a semi-
intensive shrimp farm in Panama.The second
productionseasoninPanama,stockedbetween
August-September,ischaracterisedbyunstable
Figure 6: Dose response of a synergistic blend of botanical compounds (SANACORE GM,
Nutriad) on Quorum Sensing signaling activity of Vibrio harveyi. Graphs show signaling
activity in QS biosensor system Vibrio harveyi BB170, relative to control, exposed to for
different dilutions of the product extract (Nutriad Technology Center, in-house results).
Table 2: Production results for P. vannamei in Panama during the second production cycle for control ponds and treatment ponds receiving a phytobiotic supplement after
141 days of culture (average and standard deviation of eight replicate ponds of three ha per treatment).
treatment Survival Shrimp size
Crop Yield
(kg/ha)
Feed (kg/pond
3ha)
FCr
Weekly
Growth(g/wk)
average coefficient
of variation for
parameters listed
(CV%)
Sanacore GM 55.5 7.1 a 16.6 1.5 a 735 78 a 4,170 338 a 1.91 0.23 a 0.825 0.075 a 10%
Control 44.6 10.6 b 15.7 2.9 a 543 90 b 3,464 396 b 2.17 0.39 a 0.776 0.137 a 18%
% change Sanacore
vs Control
+24.4% +5.8% +35.2% +20.4% -12.1% +6.3% -41%
P Value 0.0304 0.4395 0.0004 0.0018 0.7130 0.3876 ---
FEATURE
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climatologicalconditions,resultinginstrongtem-
peraturefluctuationswhichinturnaffectshrimp
growthandincreasetheimpactofoutbreaksof
white spot virus (WSSV). The first production
cycle, seeded between January-April, provides
more suitable growth conditions and generally
resultsinbettersurvivalandproductivity.
Two treatments were compared which
onlydifferedwithregardtothesupplementa-
tion or not of the phytobiotic growth pro-
moter(SanacoreGM)tothestandardfeed
usedatthefarm.Thesupplementationofthe
botanical feed additive drastically improved
survival,amountingtoarelativeincreasewith
24percentand18percentcomparedtothe
control group for the second and first cycle,
respectively(Figure7).
Natural White Spot Disease outbreaks were
observedduringshrimpfarminginbothtreatments
undersimilarfrequencyandseverity;WSSVvirus
wasconfirmedbyimmu-
no-chromatography and
nested-PCR tests. The
presence of a synergis-
tic blend of phytobiot-
ics provided an array of
antimicrobial activities,
including quorum sens-
ing inhibition capabilities,
in the shrimps digestive
system. This offers addi-
tional protection against
co-infectionswithoppor-
tunistic bacteria such as
vibriosis, often the major
cause of mortality in
WSSV-infected shrimp
(Phuocetal.,2009).
The evaluation in
the second cycle on
eight replicates per
treatment allowed a good evaluation of
variability among ponds for the different
production parameters. The addition of
the phytobiotic reduced drastically the
variability of production results among
ponds fed the same feed (average coef-
ficient of variation between ponds for
the six production parameters: control
18 percent versus Sanacore group 10
percent; Table 2). This further indicated
the importance of increased control of
gut microflora on the reproducibility of
production in semi-intensive pond envi-
ronments.
References available on request
More InforMatIon:
Email: p.coutteau@nutriad.com
Website: www.nutriad.com
About the authors
Tim Goossens got
a Masters degree
in Biotechnology at
Ghent University,
and subsequently
worked as an aca-
demic researcher in
the Laboratory of
Molecular Biotechnology at the University
of Antwerp. After working for four years
on the characterisation of a gene family
involved in bone development, he moved
to the KU Leuven, where he took up a
doctoral project on neurodevelopment in
theLaboratoryofDevelopmentalGenetics.
After obtaining his PhD. in Biomedical
Sciences, he joined Nutriad to work as an
R&D Engineer, focusing on the develop-
ment and technical support of the Gut
Supportrangeoffeedadditives.
Peter Coutteau, cur-
rently Business Unit
Manager Aquaculture
for Nutriad, obtained
in 1992 a PhD. in
Biological Sciences at
the Laboratory of
Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center,
UniversityofGentonthefilterfeedingbiol-
ogy of Artemia and bivalves. He continued
academicresearchatpostdocleveltill1997
onlipidnutritionofbivalves,fishandshrimp,
publishingover40refereedpapersinscien-
tificjournals.In1997,joinedtheINVEgroup,
as head of research and product develop-
ment in the aquaculture division. During
2002-2008, he was responsible for global
productdevelopmentandcustomerservice
forfeedconcentratesandadditivesasprod-
uct manager farm nutrition for INVEs
Business Unit Aquaculture. Following
restructurationoftheINVEgroupinJanuary
2009, the support team, research activities
and product lines for aquaculture additives
were reorganised under Nutriads Business
UnitAquaculture.
Figure 7: Survival percentage at harvest for
control ponds and treatment ponds receiving the
phytobiotic supplement in two production cycles
in semi-intensive production of white shrimp L.
vannamei (average and standard deviation of
eight and five replicate ponds of three ha per
treatment, respectively; data from Vaca et al.,
2010, 2011).
FEATURE
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EXPERTTPIC
Welcome to Expert Topic. Each issue will take an in-depth look
at a particular species and how its feed is managed.
ARCTIC CHAR
EXPERT TOPIC
1
Iceland
A
rctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) is
the most common and wide-
spread salmonid fish in Iceland.
Aquacultureofthespeciesbegan
intheearly1900swithattemptstofertilise
andhatcheggs.However,thefirstendeavor
to feed Arctic char did not come until
1961 with the development of small-scale
growing facilities. In the 1980s, researchers
discovered that low optimum temperature
requirements, made Arctic char a suitable
candidateforfarminginIcelandscoldwaters.
The number of farms increased in the
1990s thanks, in part, to a government
backedbreedingprogrammeinitiatedin1992.
However, the operation was not profitable
and several of the countrys 40 farms went
outofbusiness.
The country produced 500 tonnes of
Arctic char in 1995 which had risen to
3,000 tonnes in 2009. Production decreased
between 2004-2006 due to bacterial kidney
disease and the prohibition of distribution of
eggsandjuvenilesfromsomehatcheries.
In2008,thecountryexported700tonnes
of whole fresh Arctic char, 20 tonnes of
frozenchar,approx.600tonnesoffreshfillets
and about 500 tonnes of frozen fillets. The
export value amounted to ISK 1,200 million
in 2008. The export value of the species
amountedtoISL1,100millionin2008.Most
of the Arctic char produced in Iceland is
exportedtoEuropeandNorthAmerica.
Today, Iceland is the worlds largest pro-
ducer of Arctic char with more than 50
percentofthetotalpopulation.
There are around 15 land-based Arctic
char farms in Iceland and one sea cage farm
inthelagoonLoninKelduhverfionthenorth-
eastcoast.
Production is mainly in land-based farms
usinggroundwater,withsmall-
er farms using geo-
thermal water
to reach
optimal growth temperature. Larger opera-
tionsusehigh-qualitybrackishwaterpumped
directly from onsite drill holes. This method
hastheadvantageofnaturalfilteringthewater
throughlayersoflava.
More information: http://lf.is/english.htm
EXPERTTPIC
3
1
2
3
Norway,
Sweden &
Iceland
T
he cold waters of the rural
Northern periphery are well
suited to Arctic char aquaculture.
Although annual production is
small,ataround5,000tonnes,interestinthe
speciesisincreasing.
ProfEvaBrnns,professorattheSwedish
University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden,
explainswhy,itisaverypopularspeciesfor
restaurantsandconsumerswithahighervalue
thansalmonandrainbowtrout.Ithasamore
arcticandcleantouch.
Funded by the European Regional
Development Fund within the Northern
Periphery Programme, Sustainable
Aquaculture of Arctic char (Northcharr) is a
collaboration between partners in Norway,
Sweden and Iceland. Started in 2007, the
2
Canada
A
rcticcharareraisedonacommercialscaleintheYukonTerritory,Manitoba,
Ontario,Quebec,NovaScotia,andPrinceEdwardIsland,Canada.
Research into the suitability of Arctic char as a farmed species began in
Canadainthelate1970withtheFisheriesandOceansCanada'sFreshwater
InstituteandtheHuntsmanMarineScienceLaboratory,leadingtheway.Inadditionto
theirlowoptimumtemperaturerequirements,itwasexpectedthatArcticcharcouldbe
analternatespeciestoRainbowTrout.
Farming of Arctic char in Canada has emerged beyond the development stage but
productionremainssmall.Farmershavedifficultyselectingcharthatconsistentlyperform
wellbecauseofitscomplexgeneticmakeup.
Arcticchararefednutrient-dense,drypelletswithfishmealandfishoilmakingupthe
majorityofthefeed.Carotenoidsarealsoaddedtofeedstohelpachievethedistinctive
red-pinkflesh.
Thefishareraisedinland-basedsystems.Eggsarehatchedwithinspecialisedhatchery
facilities,wherethefishremainuntiltheyreachapproximately100grams.Althoughthey
take almost a year to reach 100 grams, Arctic char grow quickly during the grow-out
phase,reachingmarketweightof1-2.5kginthenextyear.
More information: www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/aquaculture
http://aquaculture.ca
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EXPERTTPIC
project aimed to explore the development
of Arctic char aquaculture in the northern
peripheryofEurope.
ProfBrnnssays,theprogrammefocused
oncollectinggeneralinformationaboutArctic
char in all of Europe - both wild and farmed
char. Northcharr focused on possibilities and
limitationsofthegrowingArcticcharfarming.
Participants in the project were mainly
researchers and stakeholders in established
Arcticcharprojectsandhavetakenpartina
pan-EuropeannetworkonArcticchar.
Northcharr took a holistic approach to
providestakeholdersintheNorthernperiph-
ery with tools to improve the development
of Arctic char production. There was an
emphasisonusingsustainablefeedingredients
and developing welfare criteria for farming
andslaughter.
The project had three key aims: to iden-
tify production potential and bottlenecks;
develop solutions to potential problems and
toprovidethestructuretoenablegrowthand
development.
The production potential stage involved
gathering annual information on production,
production technology, fish stocks, health
status, legislation, production strategies and
staff qualifications. Bottlenecks were classified
according to country and technology. This
information will be used to coordinate R&D
effortsandformthebasisforestablishingbest
practiceprotocolsforthespecies.
Researchers highlighted five main produc-
tionissues:eggsurvivalandbroodstock,feed
composition, feed delivery, environmental
impact and water treatment. Each problem
wasaddressedindividuallyandsolutionswere
drawn from previous research into brood-
stock handling, feeding practice, optimised
temperature regimes, slaughtering and envi-
ronmental impact. For example, to tackle
feed composition, a test-feeding schedule
for typical farming conditions was performed
usingdifferentdiets.
The researchers tested a Baltic loop.
Nutrients were collected from the eutrophic
BalticSeathroughmussels,spratandyeastsor
othermicroorganisms,madeintofeedandfed
toArcticcharfarmedinthenutrientdepleted
water reservoirs in northern Sweden. This
product is an example of the Robin Hood
modelwherenutrientsaretakenfromarich
area,inthiscasetheBalticSea,andusedina
poorarea,inthiscaseSwedishlakes.Results
from these small-scale tests found that this
feeding methods works as well as control
diets.
Prof Brnns points out that the study
backs up the idea that the use and reuse
of protein sources and nutrients has a posi-
tive impact on ecological footprint, restores
balance in aquatic ecosystem and flow of
nutrients that can compete with present
commercialdietsingrowthperformanceand
price.
Intermsoffuturedevelopment,organisers
willcreateanetworkofinvestors,representa-
tives of local communities and aquaculture
experts.Itishopedthispoolofsharedknowl-
edge will contribute to the establishment of
newcompanies.
More information: www.northcharr.eu
"The cold waters of the rural Northern periphery are well suited
to Arctic char aquaculture. Although annual production is small,
at around 5,000 tonnes, interest in the species is increasing"
EXPERTTPIC
INDUSTRYEVENTS
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EventsKey:
*
=Seeourmagazineatthisshow
=Moreinformationavailable
INDUSTRYEVENTS
21st-25thFebruary13
*
Aquaculture2013,Nashville
Tennessee,USA
Contact: Mario Stael, Begijnengracht
40, 9000 Gent, Belgium
Tel: +32 92 334912
Email: mario@marevent.com
Web: www.was.org
25th-26thFebruary13
*
AlgaeWorldMENA,RadissonBLU
Hotel,DubaiDeiraCreek,UAE
Contact: Ms Fu Huiyan, Centre for
Management Technology, 80 Marine
Parade Road #13-02, Parkway
Parade, Singapore 449269
Tel: +65 6346 9113
Fax: +65 63469147
Email: huiyan@cmtsp.com.sg
Web: www.cmtevents.com/main.
aspx?ev=130210&pu=21881
13th-15thMarch13
*
AquaticAsia2013,BITEC,Bangkok
InternationalTrade&Exhibition
Centre,Bangkok,Thailand
Contact: Guus van Ham, P.O. Box 8800,
3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands
Tel: +31 302 952302
Fax: +31 302 952809
Email: aquatic.asia@vnuexhibitions.
com
Web: www.aquatic-asia.net
13th-15thMarch13
*
VIVAsia2013,BITEC,Bangkok
InternationalTrade&Exhibition
Centre,88Bangna-tradRoad,Bangna,
Prakanong,Bangkok10260,Thailand
Contact: Anneke van Rooijen, P.O.
Box 8800, 3503 RV Utrecht, The
Netherlands
Tel: +31 302 952772
Fax: +31 302 952809
Email: viv.asia@vnuexhibitions.com
Web: www.viv.net
26th-28thMarch13
*
AGRAMiddleEast,Dubai
InternationalExhibitionCentre,
Dubai,UAE
Contact: Rizwan Mustafa, PO Box
28943, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Tel: +971 44 072424
Fax: +971 44 072485
Email: agramiddleeast@informa.com
Web: www.agramiddleeast.com
22nd-24thMay13
*
VIVRussia2013,InternationalCrocus
ExhibitionCenter,Moscow,Russia
Contact: Guus van Ham, P.O.
Box 8800, 3503 RV Utrecht, The
Netherlands
Tel: +31 302 952302
Fax: +31 302 952809
Email: viv.russia@vnuexhibitions.com
Web: www.viv.net
30thMay13-2ndJune13
*
Aquarama2013,Hall401-403,
SuntecSingapore,International
Convention&ExhibitionCentre,
1RafflesBoulevard,SuntecCity,
Singapore039593
Contact: Ms. Jennifer Lee, 3
Pickering Street, #02-48 China
Square Central, Singapore 048660
Tel: +65 6592 0891
Fax: +65 6438 6090
Email: Jennifer.lee@ubm.com
Web: http://aquarama.com.sg/
5th-7thJune13
*
INDOLIVESTOCK2013EXPO&
FORUM,BaliNusaDuaConvention
Center,Bali,Indonesia
Contact: Didit Siswodwiatmoko /
Devi Ardiatne, Jl. Kelapa Sawit XIV
Blok M1 No. 10, Kompleks Billy
& Moon, Pondok Kelapa Jakarta
13450, Indonesia
Tel: +62 21 864 4756 ext: 118
Fax: +62 21 865 0963
Email: info@indolivestock.com
Web: www.indolivestock.com
9th-12thAugust13
*
AquacultureEurope2013,NTNU
Trondheim-Norway
Contact: Conference manager,
Slijkensesteenweg 4, 8400 Ostend,
Belgium
Tel: +32 59 32 38 59
Email: ae2013@aquaculture.cc
Web: www.easonline.org
22nd-27thSeptember13
*
20thAnnualPracticalShortCourse
onAquacultureFeedExtrusion,
NutritionandFeedManagement,
TexasA&MUniversity,College
Station,Texas,USA
Contact: Mian n. Riaz, Food Protein
R&D Center, Texas A&M University,
College Station, Texas, USA
Tel: +1 979 845 2774
Fax: +1 979 845 2744
Email: mnriaz@tamu.edu
Web: www.tamu.edu/extrusion
6th-10thOctober13
*
TenthInternationalSymposiumon
TilapiainAquaculture(ISTA-10),
RamadaHotelJerusalem,ISRAEL
Contact: Prof. Gideon HULATA,
Agricultural Research Organization,
The Volcani Center, PO Box 6, Bet
Dagan 50250, Israel
Tel: +972 3 9683020
Fax: +972 3 9605667
Email: vlaqua@volcani.agri.gov.il or
kevfitz@ag.arizona.edu
Web: http://ag.arizona.edu/azaqua/
ista/ISTA10/ISTA10.htm
7th-9thNovember13
*
EXPOPESCA&ACUIPERU,Centro
deExposicionesJockey,Hipodromo
deMonterrico,Lima33Peru
Contact: Guillermo Thais, Thais
Corporation S.A.C, Av. Jatosisa
Mz-A, Lt-12, Urb. San Fernando
Pachacamac, Lima 19, Peru
Tel: +511 201-7820 (202)
Fax: +511 201-7820 (209)
Email: thais@amauta.rcp.net.pe
Web: www.thaiscorp.com
7th-11thJune14
*
WorldAquaculture2014,Adelaide
ConventionCentre,SA,Australia
Contact: Australia - Sarah-Jane
Day, International John Cooksey,
Marevent, Begijnengracht 40, Ghent,
9000 Belgium
Tel: +32 9 233 49 12
Email: sarah-jane.day
@aquaculture.org.au
Web: www.aquaculture.org.au
events go mobile!
Review all of our industry's key events for 2012/13
on our new Events section on the Perendale
Publishers App.
S
ome of our aquacul ture
readers may be unfamiliar
with EuroTier, the biennial
agricultural event held in Hanover,
Germany, since 2002. EuroTier has
expandedgreatlysinceitsinception
andEuroTier2012wasaresounding
success attended by some 160,000
visitorsfromover100countriesthis
November.
EuroTierisregardedastheleading
international exhibition for animal
husbandry and farming technolo-
gies and is the only one in Europe
that integrates aquaculture and
traditional agriculture through its
Aquaculture Forum with links to
classicanimalsectorsandinnovative
areassuchasbioenergy.ForEurope,
and Germany in par ticular, this
is relevant with proactive govern-
ment incentives for technical solu-
tions for bioenergy power genera-
tionfromon-siteanimalslurrytreat-
ment plants to power aquaculture
andotheroperationstoimprovefish
production efficiency and diversify
production.
These synergies have enabled
aquaculture to be well fi rmly
anchored in EuroTier providing
an interactive and multidisciplinary
platformformeetingmarketleaders
inmodernfishfarmingsystemsand
post-harvest technology, manufac-
turers of fish feeds, water treat-
ment systems, feeding technology
and aeration. Such innovations are
centredonTheAquacultureForum,
a technical platform where practi-
cally relevant, market-driven topics
are raised and discussed by the
sectorandforthesector.
EuroTier2012sFishinFocuswas
no exception, building on earlier
success of with four days of exhi-
bition over 50 experts presenting
papersandengaginginpaneldiscus-
sions covering 12 thematic blocks
central to current developments in
Europeandelsewhere.Thisyearsaw
papers presented on innovations in
fish recirculating systems, develop-
Aquacultureat
EuroTiercomesof
age
with EuroTier 2012 being
bigger and better than ever
byProfessorKrishenRana
ments in feed and feeding tech-
nologies, challenges in fish health,
organic fish production, hatcheries
forrecreationsandfoodfish,value
addition through new species and
productdiversification.
Additionally, it was refreshing
to attend and par taking in the
producer sponsored evening dis-
cussion panels on potential inter-
facesandsynergiesbetweenpond
management and recirculating
technologyandattheinternational
RECIRCMeetingwhereproducers
met with traders to debate with
the trade and certification organ-
isations and government. This
panel discussion was opened by
a presentation by FEAP entitled
Aquaculture expands worldwide
and what about Europe obsta-
clesandperspectivesforEuropean
fishfarmers.Nosurpriseshereas
the numerous regulatory obsta-
cles stifling aquaculture in Europe
were reiterated and frustrations
expressed.
Itwasinterestingto
catch up on recent
developments from
around Europe and
elsewhere.ProfRana,
associ ate edi tor
of I nt er nat i onal
Aquafeed, presented
ainvitedpapertitled
Ti l api a a gl obal
commodity: shifting
concepts of produc-
tionsystemstomeet
wor l d demands
whichhighlightedthe
versatilityoftilapiaas
a farmed candidate
spurring diversifica-
tion and pointing
out significant shifts
in the market pref-
erence from frozen
and fresh whol e
products to frozen
fillets and implica-
tion for production
systems.
Dr Meinelt from
Berlin and her col-
leagues presented
the case for an
al ter nati ve ther-
apeuti c di si nfec-
ti on procedures
using Peracetic acid
(PES),ashighlyeffectiveactivedis-
infectant ingredient, which is easily
biologicallydegradedtoaceticacid,
oxygenandwater.
As an alternative to chemical
disinfection,DrJanSchrderfrom
Germany presented an electro-
chemi cal oxi dati on process
(EAOP).Hisinitialfindingssuggest
the suitability of this electro-
chemical procedure for aqua-
culture recirculation systems to
reduce bacterial loading as well
reducing phosphates and organic
matter.
Several papers were presented
on potential aquafeed ingre-
dients and fish diets, including
HannoSlawskiofAllerAquawho
promoted bean protein concen-
trate as a feasible substitute for
fishmealproteinshowingresultsof
successfulreplacementoffishmeal
with bean protein concentrate
while Gijs Rutjes of Coppens
Internationalpromotedtheirnew
high energy, low polluting trout
diet for use in intensive recircu-
latingaquaculturesystems.
Algalproductioninopenponds
is a well-established aquacul-
ture practice in many par ts of
the world but mass cultivation
of microalgae in closed environ-
ments or photobioreactors. Dr
Claudia Thomsen Phytolutions
presented such developments as
a spinoff from Jacobs University.
DrThomsenhowmicroalgae,rich
in oils can generate products for
biofuels as source of energy for
the automobile and aerospace
industry as well as a means of
producing a high quality protein
product as additives for animal
feed and fine chemicals for cos-
metics,nutritionalsupplementsto
pharmaceuticals while reducing
carbonfootprintisgainingground
inanindustrialcontext.
Dr Ingrid Lupatsch from Centre
for Sustai nabl e Aquacul ture
Research, Swansea University, UK,
on the other hand explored the
possibility of micro
algaeasasubstitute
for fishmeal in for-
mulatedaquaculture
diets stating that
the average protein
levelinmacroalgaeisaround8-15
percent(drymatterbasis,whereas
the average lipid is only one or
three percent This compares
with a protein content of 30 to
40 percent (dry matter basis) for
themicroalgaeandlipidcontents
as high as 40 percent, respectively.
The nutritive value of such algae,
however, will hinge on challenges
thatlieaheadtoensurethatthese
nutrientsaremadeavailabletothe
fish, since the non-digestible cel-
lulosic cell wall of algae reduces
nutrientaccessibilityandtherefore
digestibility.
The aquaculture forum also
provided a platform for number
companiestodiscusstheirinnova-
tionsinRecirculationAquaculture
Systems. Although no funda-
mentally new concepts were on
offer companies like Inter Aqua
Advance, a pioneering Danish
company promoted their simple
denitrification clearwater moving
bed technology to reduce the
nitratecontentinclosedrecircula-
tionsystems.Ofnotewereafew
German and Dutch companies
who have developed commercial
RASforcatfishspecies.
Recent initiatives and develop-
ment on new species were also
presented. DrTomkiewicz, rep-
resenting 15 European partners,
updated the forum on its FP7
funded PRO-EEL project. The
team has commenced studies
on understanding the hormonal
mechanisms for gonadal mat-
uration in eels using molecular
biology and physiological studies
andlimitedprogresswasreported
survivalofeggsandlarvae.
The forum was also briefed on
the controlled reproduction and
large scale fingerling production
of perch and pike perch by Mr
Bossuy and Dr Mller-Belecke
now made possible through suc-
cessful photoperiod manipula-
tion of the reproductive cycle to
produceallyearroundfingerlings
in countries such as Switzerland,
IrelandandGermany.
Presentati ons f rom Pol and
and Czech Republic highlighted
the diversity of farming activity
across Europe wi th current
issues affecting carp production
inextensivepondsandlakes.The
production from these systems
are either stagnating or declining.
Welearntthateventheseexten-
sive systems are under pressure
fromregulators,restrictingbylaw,
the feeding and fer tilisation to
control eutrophication of these
water bodies which are most
likely caused by anthropogenic
activities.
It seems fish is here to stay and
I am sure that the Aquaculture
Forum at EuroTier 2014 will be
as diverse and informative, and
we look forward to perhaps see
agreaternumberofpresentations
fromoutsideEurope.
More InforMatIon:
Dr Birgit Schmidt-Puckhaber, project
manager aquaculture
Tel: +49 69 24788 307
Email: b.schmidt-puckhaber@dlg.org
Website: www.eurotier.com/aquaculture
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A
re you ready for the big
one?This Februar y the
aquacul t ure i ndust r y
wi l l descend upon Nashvi l l e,
USA for Aquaculture 2013. The
event is the triennial meeting of
theWorld Aquaculture Society,
The Nat i onal Shel l f i sher i es
Association, and the Fish Culture
SectionoftheAmericanFisheries
Association. Many other organ-
isations, societies and industr y
members join to make this the
l ar gest aquacul ture meeti ng
globally. International Aquafeed
caught up with program co-chair,
Sandy Shumway to discuss this
uniqueevent.
Sandys academic interest lies
with the impacts of harmful and
toxic algae on shellfish and aqua-
culture,butshesalsofoundtime
to help organise the triennial
meetings for over 20 years.The
bestpartisstillseeingitallcome
togetherandhaving2,500enthu-
siastic par ticipants talking about
theprogress,successesandfuture
of aquacul ture,
saysSandy.
Jay Parson, the
other co-chair, and
Ihaveworkedwith
the program com-
mittee(SteveAllen
andJimBowker)to
identify key topics
and organisers for
special sessions covering timely
and current issues of concern to
the aquaculture community. It
is also our task to organise the
1,200+ abstracts that are sub-
mi tted i nto a cohesi ve pro-
gramme.
This year, Aquaculture 2013
has multiple featured sessions,
al l l i nked to the conference
theme of sustainable aquacul-
ture.The programme provides
15 concurrent techni cal and
producer sessions spread over
four days and the largest aqua-
cul t ure t r ade show i n t he
world. Hot topics include Open
Ocean Aquacul ture, Integrate
Multitrophic Aquaculture,Tuna
culture, Sea Lice, GMO Fish and
Shellfish and Seafood Cards and
Cer tification. Shrimp, Nutrition,
Fi nfi sh, Shel l fi sh, Heal th and
Di sease, Stock Enhancement,
Engineering and Education are
among the other many topics
beingcovered.
The greatest strength of the
Triennial Conference is the inte-
gration of science and industr y
andthefreeexchangeofinforma-
tion,saysSandy.
In addition to the profes-
sional programmes, par ticipants
can meet with their colleagues,
makenewacquaintances,embark
on new collaborations, and enjoy
the atmosphere of Music City
Nashville.
Shrimp features prominently in
the programme, Sandy explains
whythisspeciesgetsspecialfocus.
Shrimp is one of the most suc-
cessful and productive aquacul-
ture ventures globally and hence
has always figured prominently in
theTriennialmeetings.
Sandy describes Aquaculture
2013 as an opportunity forone-
stop shopping.Time and funds
fortravelarelimitedandmeetings
such as theTriennial provide an
oppor tunity for par ticipants to
gain extensive information, pro-
fessional interaction, and share
their knowledge and experience
inonevenue.
Aquaculture has been identi-
fied as the fastest growing food
producti on sector gl obal l y
the major source of protein for
a growi ng wor l d popul ati on.
Sustainable aquaculture is the
future come to Aquaculture
2013 and see the advances
firsthand!
Profile: Aquaculture 2013
plenary speaker
Edward Allison might seem like
anunlikelycandidateastheplenary
speaker ofAquaculture 2013. He
is a man who, by his own admis-
sion,isyettofullyimmersehimself
in aquaculture, having spent most
of his professional career working
on the social and development
aspectsoffishing.Butthisposition
on the periphery of the industry
giveshimauniqueperspectiveand
a plenary speech that will get the
aquacultureindustrythinking.
Allison developed an interest
intheseaduringhischildhoodin
Tanzania. Seeing children fishing,
adultsworkingoffshoreandeven
dynamite fishing, gave him first
hand experience of the inter-
action people and the sea.My
interesthasalwaysbeentheuse
Sandy Shumway,
Program Co-chair, of
Aquaculture 2013
February 21-25, 2013
Nashville,USA
DOES!
Premier Sponsor
Visit us at stand No. 219 - 318
INDUSTRYEVENTS
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ofthesearatherthanlookingat
theprettythingsinit,hesays.I
wasawarefromayoungagethe
peopleusingtheseawereoften
poorandhungry.
After compl eti ng an under-
gr aduat e degree i n Mar i ne
Biology and a PhD on scallop
fishing at Liverpool University,
Al l i son wor ked i n Mal awi on
small pond aquaculture devel-
opments.
Today he sits between research
and application.My main interest
is working on how aquaculture
and fisheries can contribute to
food security.This includes getting
aquaculture work reviewed by
medical researchers for example
the benefits of omega 3 and
health systems. I work on social
justice issues too such as human
rights, access to food and rights
towater.
Allisons plenary talk will focus
on the implications of global and
environmentalchange.Myspeech
will take a broad stance to try
andinterestmostpeoplewhoare
attending the conference. In agri-
culture, climate change is a huge
topicbutincapturefisheriesithas
onlybeentalkedaboutforthelast
fiveyears.
But the speech wont just be
about climate change. I dont
knowwhattheviewoftheaqua-
culture industr y is [on climate
change].What do they believe?
asksAllison.
However, global and environ-
mental change, whatever the
cause, affects the aquaculture
industry.Allison uses the example
of ocean acidification to illustrate
hispoint.AdecreaseinoceanpH
caused by human CO2 emissions
hasweakenedtheshellsofshellfish
inPugetSound,Washington,USA.
Thechallengenowishowfarmers,
the aquaculture industry and the
staterespondstoit.
Ill look at the implications of
environmental change for the
aquaculture industr y.The tech-
niques for adapting to climate
change are useful in adapting to
change in general. Climate
proofing aquaculture will have
abenefitforall.
At Aquaculture 2013 Allison
islookingforwardtoimmersing
himself in aquaculture for the
first time. He highlights the
sessions on capture fisheries,
smal l scal e aquacul ture i n
developing countries, innova-
tive food production systems
and the links between feeds,
wildfeeddifferenceandclimate
change as areas of personal
interest.
When discussing the biggest
issues in aquaculture at the
moment, Allison is war y of
maki ng broad j udgements
before the event but pi n-
points innovation in feeds as
thebiggestissue.Thereislots
of innovation in the private
sector that does not make it
into the public sector. I would
l i ke to see more par tner-
ship between the public and
private sector. There needs
to be greater engagement
between NGOs and devel-
opment agencies that is a bit
more seri ous and system-
atic.
In the next 30 years Allison
pr edi ct s t r emendous f eed
advances i ncl udi ng desi gner
feeds that will add the desired
nutri ents for the peopl e who
need them, si mi l ar to what
i s al ready happeni ng i n the
poultr yindustr y.
I n addi t i on t o di s cus s i ng
changes in the aquaculture, the
show marks a personal change
for Al l i son who wi l l make a
permanent move to the US to
take up a professorship at the
Uni ver si ty of Washi ngton i n
September2013.
Wi t hchange,bei t per sonal ,
pr of e s s i ona l , s oc i a l , e nv i -
r onment a l , l oc a l or g l oba l
f i r ml y on t he agenda, t hi s i s
one pl enar y speaker who i s
not af r ai d t o s hake t hi ngs
up.
www.was.org
http://bit.ly/TXqY9J
The tenth of the highly successful series of
symposia that have brought together tilapia
biologists, culturists and other stakeholders
who review the latest discoveries in tilapia
nutrition, physiology, reproductive biology,
genetics, ecology, improvements in production
systems, and other elds related to tilapia and
their use in aquaculture.
October 6-10, 2013
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Lallemand
SandipAhirro,technicalsalesmanager
What are the biggest challenges in
the feed industry in India?
Intermsofbusiness,theproblemsarevolatileprices.In
particular,suddenincreasesinrawmaterials.Forexamplein
thelastsixmonths,thepriceofsoya,wheatandfishmealhas
suddenlyshotup.
Lookingaheadto2013,powerscarcityinthecoastal
provinceswillaffectallindustries,notjustaquaculture.Tthe
impactonaquaculturewillresultinreducedstockingdensities.
What are the most positive aspects of the Indian market?
Thereisgreatgrowthpotentialinthedomesticmarket.At
themoment
95percentofshrimpisexportedwhichaffectspricing,but
thedomesticmarketismuchmorestable.
Inthefuturethereisscopeforimprovingornamentalfish
culture.
Ge Pro
AshishKulshrestha,generalmanager,AsiaPacific
What are the biggest challenges
in the feed industry in India?
Buyingthelandforaquacultureisabigproblem.
What are the most positive aspects
of the Indian market?
Althoughpercapitaofpoultryandfishissmall,
themiddleclassesarelookingforbetterfoodand
thereisanincreaseddemandthesefoods.
ISRMAX India
Twomembersofthe
InternationalAquafeedteam,
AliceNeal,associateeditor,
andDarrenParris,internation-
almarketingmanager,traveled
toDelhi,India,December
13-15,2012toattendtheIAI
Aquaculture.
HeldonthesiteoftheIndian
AgriculturalResearchInstitute,
theeventisjustonepartof
theISRMAXIndiatradeshow
whichcoveredthewhole
spectrumoffoodandfeed
productionIndia.
Over350companieswereon
siteexhibitingahostofproducts.
Wecaughtupwiththeother
aquacultureexhibitorstodiscuss
thechallengesandopportunities
oftheIndianmarket.
INDUSTRYEVENTS
Lesaffre Feed Additives
SaurabhSingh,businessdevelopmentmanager
What are the biggest challenges in the feed industry in India?
Nutrition,diseaseandwaterquality.
What are the most positive aspects of the Indian market?
Itsagrowingmarketandconsumptionisincreasing.Beforethe
majorityofshrimpwasexportedbutnowfarmersaregettingbet-
terpricesinIndia.Itsnotrocketscience:anincreasingmiddleclass
wantbetterproteinsources.
Jaeckering
JuliaLamskemper,headofsalesforMhlen-undNhrmittelwerke
IndiaisanewmarketforJaeckering.Thiseventisagoodtesttofind
outthedemandforourproducts.Alotofpeopleareveryinterested.
Sultan Fish Seed Farm
SultanSingh,managingdirector
Foundedin1983bySultanSingh,SultanFishSeedFarmstarted
asaverysmallvillagefarmandhassincegrownintoa27-acre
farm,15-hectarebreedingfarmandfishprocessingunit.Singh
feedshiscarpwithamixtureoffloatingfeeds,multiplebreeding
planktonsandfishmealsourcedonsite.
Singhdescribesthemostexcitingpartofthejobasthetraining
facilitywherePhDstudentscanstudy.Atthemoment,hehas
fourpeopledoingPhDworkingonhisfarm.Inthepast,thefarm
hasprovidedtrainingforninepeoplefromAfghanistan.
ForSinghthebiggestchallengeasafarmeristogrowthemaxi-
mumnumberoffishinthesmallestamountofland.Exciting
timeslieinwaitforthefarmwhichwillbeginexportingitsfrozen
productstotheUSA,UKandCanadain2013.
INDUSTRYEVENTS
Will farming other species of fish
follow the salmon example?
Inmyview,thereisnodoubtthatfishfarmingwillbecome
moreandmoreprofessionalisedoverthecomingyears.And
itneedstoifdemandistobemetinasustainablewayaswell
asinacost-efficientway.
Youcanseethishappeningforotherspeciesnotjustfrom
afeedingpoint-of-viewbutalsoinfarming.Butitwould
befairtosaysalmoniswheretherehasbeenthegreatest
progressandwhereprofessionalfarminghasbeentakenthe
furthermost.Letmeaddthatthisdoesntmeanthatsalmonis
asuperiorfish!
Otherspecieswillfollowbutatdifferentspeedsandin
differentways.
TilapiaintheUSAforexample,hasdevelopedtwodistinctive
marketsafrozenmarket,primarilysuppliedbyChina,anda
freshmarketsuppliedmainlyfromCentralplusthenorthern
partofSouthAmerica.Asaresulttilapianowhastwo
differentmarketpricesandtwosetsofdemandsbeingplaced
onit.
Withafurtherprofessionalismoffishframingdemandstofish
feedsupplierswillalsoincrease,andwefeelinBioMarthatwe
arewellpreparedforthat.
Carp is a widely consumed fish species
in China. Is carp likely to challenge fish
species in western/developed countries?
Idontthinkso.Basedonmyexperiencesfromthefood
ingredientindustry,peopleareconservativeabouttheirfood
productschoicesandIwouldbeverysurprisedifcarp,which
isaquieterspeciesthanother,becameamorecommonly
consumedfishindevelopedcountries.
Would that decision have anything to do with
a fish species being a herbivore or a carnivore?
Herbivoresarebyfarthelargestportionoffishspeciesin
theworldwhilecarnivoresareintheminority.However,
thefuturedirectionfordemandwillnotbedependenton
whetherafishspeciesisherbivoreorcarnivorebutwhether
theconsumerlikesthefishinquestionandtowhatextent
wecandevelopacost-effectiveproductionsystemforthat
speciestomeetgrowingdemand.
Comparatively,wehavemanydifferentspeciesoffishbeing
farmedtodaywhencomparedtochickenandpigs.Thereis
aclearneedtochoosethosespeciesthatcanbegrownina
cost-efficientway.
Does that mean fish has to be cheaper
than chicken in the consumers
eyes to increase demand?
Whileinsomesupermarketsyouwillfindfishcheaperthan
chicken,thedifficultyofthecomparisonistounderstand
thecostofproteinratiobetweenthetwoproteinsources.
Arelativepricemightmeansomething,butthisisnota
mathematicalchoiceintheeyesoftheconsumer.The
consumer-atleasttheoneswithacertainincomelevel-isnot
asking,ShouldIfeedmyfamilyonchickenorfishthisevening?
andbasingthatchoiceonwhatthepricecomparisonis.
While,chickenisalsoveryefficientinconvertingfeedinto
protein,fishisgenerallymoreefficient.Withrisingcommodity
andproteinpricesinourrawmaterialstherelativecost
advantageoffishoverchickenwillincrease.
Ithinkitsimportanttounderstandthatconsumersdo
notbasedtheirbuyingdecisiononpricealonedespitethe
costefficiencyachievedintheproductionprocessgreatly
influencingthepriceoftheendproduct.Mostshoppersbuy
fishbecauseofthevirtuesoffishinitself,notbecauseits
cheaperthanchicken.
There is much discussion about achieving
a production breakthrough one kg of
fish protein from one kg of feed. Is this
a fair objective or is reducing the use of
fishmeal in diets a more critical issue?
Feedconversionisnotaboutachieving1:1,butaboutthe
retentionofenergyandproteinbyafishspeciesthatgivesit
itsefficiency.Assessmentbasedonkginandkgoutisalittle
artificial.
Onthequestionoffishmeal,thesalmonindustry,forexample,
isanetfishproteinproducerwehavereducedprotein
fishmealindietstobetween10-15percentdownfrom30
percentovertimeanextendedperiodoftime.However,thats
notthegoalinitself.Ifwetakeresponsibility-sourcedfishmeal
andfishoilthenwecanmakeanupgradefromothermaterials
thatwouldnothavebeensoldasfoodproductsotherwise
theseproductswouldhavebeenwasted.Thatsarational
objectiveforourindustryandweshouldtrytodemonstrate
thattoconsumers.
Theres much talk about the challenge of feeding
nine billion people on the planet by 2050. Will
fish play a central role in meeting this challenge?
Fishwillplayaroleinfeedingtheninebillionpeopleby
2050.Andthisshouldbeoneoftherolesofprofessionalfish
farming,butwemustalsorealisethatthisisonlypossible,if
theindustrydoesitinasustainablewaybothfromabroad
environmentalpointofviewandfromaneconomicalpoint
ofview.Iftheindustrydoesnotmakesufficientprofit,the
neededgrowthwillnothappen.Butfarmingcancontributeto
savingtheworld.Weallknowourindustrycandothat.
B
orn in 1955,Torben Svejgaard is chief executive officer of the BioMar Group, headquartered in Denmark.At 57 years he is an
economistwithcloseto30yearsexperienceinB2Bbusinesseswiththefirst25yearsinthefoodingredientarea.From1985-1991
hewasmarketingassistantandmarketingmanageratAarhusOlie-specialityvegetableoilproductsandsoyproteinconcentrates.
Then from 1991-2008 he held different upper management positions within Danisco (now Dupont), a world leader in
functionalfoodingredientsplusbiotechproductsforfeed,biofuelandtechnicalpurposes.
From2004-2008memberofExecutiveCommittee,thatisthetopmanagementteamofthecompany.Since2008,hehasbeen
GroupCEOofBioMar,onethebiggestfishfeedproducerswithaturnoverinexcessof1billionin2012.
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The aquafeed interview
Watch the interview on your
smart phone
Simply download the Aurasma
light app, and then subscribe to
our channel at
http://auras.ma/s/1shRr
Point your phone at the image
below and watch it come to life
with the full interview
NOAAappointsitsfirstseniorscientistforecosystemmanagement
N
OAAhasnamedJasonLinkasitsfirst-everseniorscientistforecosystemmanagement.Inthisnewrole,DrLinkwill
betheagencyssenior-mostauthorityonecosystemscience,conductingresearchandcoordinatingactivitiesofNOAA
Fisheries science support for effective ecosystem-based management. His priorities will be to lead approaches and
modelstosupportdevelopmentofecosystem-basedmanagementplansthroughouttheagency.AkeyelementofDrLinkswork
willbethedevelopmentofthetoolsandapproachestodealwiththeimpactsofclimatechangeonNOAAsmarinetrustspecies.
IamexcitedandhonoredtobeselectedasthefirstNOAAScienceAdvisorforEcosystemManagement,"saysDrLink.
Duringhis15-yearcareerwithNOAAFisheries,DrLinkhasbeeninvolvedinthescientificunderpinningsforecosystem-based
marine resource management. His expertise in food web dynamics and his exemplary work with the EcosystemAssessment
ProgramatNOAAsNortheastFisheriesScienceCenterinWoodsHolehasledtohisandNOAAsacknowledgementaround
theworld,resultingincomparableprogramsinothercountries.Recenteffortshavefocusedonessentialfishhabitat,multi-spe-
ciesmodels,ecosystemmodels,anddevelopingresourcemanagementtoolsandsystemswithastrongecologicalbasis.
www.noaa.gov
EuropeanProbioticAssociationprizewinnerannounced
P
eterdeSchryver,fromGhentUniversity,BelgiumhaswontheEuropeanProbioticAssociationsJulesTournutProbiotics
Prize2012.Peterreceivedtheprizeforhisinnovativeresearchprojectontheuseofmicrobialproductsandmicroorgan-
ismsinanimalnutrition,includingaquaculture.TheprizewasawardedinpresenceofmembersoftheEPA,FEFANA,repre-
sentativeoftheEPAScientificCommitteeandjournalistsatEuroTierinHannover.Theprizeworth2,000isawardedtoyoung
scientistsfromallcountriesworkingonprobioticswithaPhDorMasterThesispublishedin2010/12.
http://asso-epa.com
SustainableFisheriesPartnershipappointsfirstAquacultureDirector
S
ustainable Fisheries Partnership (SFP) has appointment of Mr.Anton Immink as the
organisations first global Aquaculture Director.The appointment represents a new
phaseintheexpansionofSFPsaquacultureworkandreflectsafocusonzonalman-
agementinitiativesinAsia.
Anton Immink was previously Senior Consultant at Stirling Aquaculture, University of
Stirling, and has worked in Bangladesh, India,Thailand, andVietnam, as well as for the UK
DepartmentforInternationalDevelopmentandtheUNFoodandAgricultureOrganization.
SFPbelievesthatwhilefarm-levelcertificationprocessesprovideafocusedsteppingstone
on the road to sustainable aquaculture there needs to be greater emphasis on the bigger
picture.SFPplanstoengageproducers,processors,buyers,suppliers,andregulatorstocome
together to develop effective plans to manage production zones so that environmental
quality,productionefficiency,andfoodsafetyaremaintainedthroughouttheproductionchain.
Commenting on his appointment, Mr. Immink says,Im excited by the potential to help
shapethefutureofsustainableseafoodproduction,butrecognisethatscalingupsolutions
fromthefarmleveltoawideraquaculturezonalmanagementapproachwillrequirecommit-
mentfromarangeofpartners.Ilookforwardtoinputfromacrossthesector.
www.sustainablefish.org
EWOSCOOstepsdown
M
rKjellBjordal,ChiefOperatingOfficer(COO)ofCermaqsfeeddivision,EWOS,retireonFebruary15,2013.Inthe
13yearsBjordalhasledthecompany,revenuehadincreasedmorethantenfold.DeputyCOO,DrEinarWathne,will
beappointedasactingCOOfromthesamedate.ArecruitmentprocessforanewCOOwillnowbeinitiated.
www.ewos.com
INDUSTRYFACES
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Innovations for a better world.
Bhler AG, Feed & Biomass, CH-9240 Uzwil, Switzerland, T +41 71 955 11 11, F +41 71 955 28 96
fu.buz@buhlergroup.com, www.buhlergroup.com
Fatten up your bottom line. Bhler high-performance animal and aqua feed production
systems are used by leading companies around the world. These producers know they
can rely not just on the technology itself, but also on the support that accompanies it. A
service combining local presence with global expertise both lowers feed mill operating
costs and increases capacity utilization. To fnd out more, visit www.buhlergroup.com
Aqua_Feed-July_2011.indd 1 28.07.2011 12:23:44

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Chicken viscera for fish

Reed Mariculture Inc

high contents of natural proteins,

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