Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy Lecture 7

Functions
Locomotion Determines body posture and shape Digestion Opens and closes body openings *achieved through the ability to contract (shorten)

Muscular System
John Donnie A. Ramos
Dept. of Biological Sciences College of Science University of Santo Tomas

Structure of Muscle Fibers

Epimysium (around muscle bundle) Perimysium (around 1 muscle fascicle)

Muscle Contraction
Sliding Filament Theory

Endomysium
(around a muscle fiber)

Types of Muscle Tissues

Skeletal Striation Nervous Control Striated Voluntary Straightunbranched Several/cell Peripheral Skeletons Cardiac Striated Involuntary Straightbranching (intercalated disks) Several/cell Central Heart Smooth Non-striated Involuntary

Muscle Fibers

Shape

Fusiform

No. of Nuclei Location of Nuclei Location

One/cell Central Internal organs Smooth Muscle Cardiac Muscle

Skeletal Muscle

Kinds of Muscle Fibers

Twitch (Red) muscle fibers Rich blood supply Large amount of myoglobin (dark) Slow-fast contraction Innervation single axon Action potential all-or-none Variably fatigues (resistant) Examples: mammalian postural muscles, locomotor muscles Tonic (White) muscle fibers Limited blood supply Lack myoglobin Slow contraction Graded contraction Fatigue quickly Examples: postural muscles of amphibians and reptiles, extraocular and ear muscles of mammals

Parts of Muscle Bundle

Origin

Insertion

Immovable part where the rest of the muscle fiber is directed during muscle contraction Movable part that is displaced during muscle contraction Connective tissue covering Tough, thin, sheetlike tendons that covers some muscles Long tendons between muscles Transverse tendons on muscle segments

Fascia

Aponeuroses Raphes

Tendonous Inscriptions

Muscle Origin Insertion Action

Muscles
Extensor Flexor Adductor Abductor Protractor Retractor Levator Depressor Rotator Supinator Pronator Tensor Constrictor Sphincter Dilator -

according to their actions

straightens a part bends a part brings a part toward the middle brings a part away from the middle brings a part forward or outward brings a part backward (pulls back a part) raises a part lowers a part rotates a part rotator of palm / turns palm upwards turns the palm downward expands a part compresses a part closes a part opens a part

Opposing Muscle Actions

Criteria used in naming muscles

Examples:

Action Insertion Origin Direction of fibers Location Number of divisions Shape Size

pectoral abductor intermandibularis common coracoarcuals external oblique intermandibularis digastric serratus ventralis teres major

Types of Muscles

according to function

Somatic Muscles
Axial muscles

Somatic Muscles (Myotomal/Somitic)

Muscles in contact with environment Segmented From myotomes (somatic mesoderm) Voluntary

Visceral Muscles
Muscles found in internal organs Unsegmented From splanchnic mesoderm Involuntary

Trunk and tail muscles Epaxial Hypaxial Hypobranchial muscles Extrinsic eyeball muscles

Branchiomeric Muscles
Muscles found in pharyngeal arches Striated skeletal muscles From myotomes Voluntary

Appendicular muscles
Extrinsic Intrinsic

appendicular muscles appendicular muscles

Axial Muscles
exhibits metamerism from segmented mesodermal somites presence of myoseptum advantage for undulation (swimming) Origin:
Trunk

Origin of Axial Muscles

and tail muscles from trunk somites eyeball muscles from preotic somites Hypobranchial muscles from postbranchial somites
Extrinsic

Trunk and Tail Muscles

Fishes:

Epaxial Muscles of Tetrapods

Intervertebrals

Epaxial muscles dorsal longitudinal bundles Hypaxial muscles lateral and ventral longitudinal bundles

Intertransversarii between 2 transverse processes Interspinales between 2 neural spines Interarcuales between 2 neural arches Interarticulares between 2 zygopophyses

Longissimus
Longissimus capitis inserted on the skull Longissimus cervices inserted on the neck Longissimus dorsi inserted on the trunk Extensor caudae lateralis tail Spinalis dorsi Spinalis cervicis Spinalis capitis

Head region:
Epibranchial muscles dorsal to the gills Hypobranchial muscles ventral to the gills

Spinalis

called multifidus spinae (along lumbar region)

Iliocostalis region of ilium *Complexus epaxial muscle on the neck of birds which helps in breaking the shell during
hatching.

Epaxial Muscles of Tetrapods

Hypaxial Muscles of Tetrapods

Subvertebrals

Ventral to the vertebral column Longus colli neck region Quadratus lumborum lumbar region Psoas minor tenderloin

Oblique muscles

Intercostals (internal and external) between ribs Internal and external oblique muscles Cremaster muscle around spermatic cord Supracostal surface of ribcage (scalenes, serratus dorsalis) Diaphragm

Transverse muscles

Transverse abdominis

Rectus muscles Crocodile Cat

Rectus abdominis

Mammalian Axial Muscles

on the abdominal region (cross section)

Muscles of the Diaphragm

Tail Muscles of Tetrapods

Epaxial Muscles
Intervertebral Lingissimus Spinales

Hypobranchial Muscles
Fishes (below the gill arches)

extensor caudae lateralis (multifidus spinae)

Intermandibularis Interhyoideus Coracomandibularis Coracohyoideus Coracoarcuales *Rectus cervices found in urodeles

Hypaxial Muscles
Caudofemoralis Sphincter

muscles of anus and cloaca

Tetrapods (associated with hyoid

Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid Omohyoid Geniohyoid

apparatus and larynx)

Tongue Muscles
from anterior hypobranchial muscle blastemas innervated by cervical spinal nerves Hyoglossus Styloglossus Genioglossus Lingualis intrinsic tongue muscle in mammals and some reptiles

Extrinsic Eyeball Muscles

Appendicular Muscles
Fishes Originate from muscle buds (fin fold)

Dorsal blastemas (extensor and levator muscles) Ventral blastemas (deppressor and flexor muscles)

Tetrapods Extrinsic appendicular

Originate on axial skeleton and insert on girdle or limb Originate on girdle or limb and insert on distal part of limb

Intrinsic appendicular

Extrinsic Muscles
of the pectoral Girdle and Forelimbs
Dorsal Group
Latissimus dorsi inserted on humerus

Intrinsic Muscles
of the Pectoral Girdle and Forelimbs
Dorsal Group
Deltoideus (Cleido, Acromio, Spino) Teres major and minor Subscapularis Triceps brachii Supinators of hand Extensors of hand & digits

Levator scapulae ventralis Levator scapulae dorsalis Rhomboideus Serratus ventralis Trapezius (Cleido, Acromio, Spino)

Ventral Group

Ventral Group

Pectoralis muscles (chest muscles) Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Xiphihumeralis Pectoantibrachialis

Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Coracobrachialis Biceps brachii Brachialis Anconeus Cleidobrachialis Flexors of digits Pronators

Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Hindlimbs

Extrinsic muscles

originate from axial skeleton and insert on pelvic girdle

Branchiomeric Muscles

Caudofemoralis

Intrinsic muscles

locomotor muscles

Hip muscles Shank muscles Gluteus (iliofemoralis) Extensor and flexor muscles of foot and Pyriformis (caudofemoralis brevis) digits Gemelli Gastrocnemius Thigh muscles Quadratus femoris (3 vasti and rectus femoris) Semimembranosus Adductor femoris Adductor longus Pectineus Sartorius Gracilis Obturator muscles Biceps femoris Semitendinosus

Branchiomeric Muscles

Facial Muscles
from the hyoid arch

SC sphincter colli P plastysma 1 frontalis 2 orbicularis oculi 3 quadratus labii superioris 4 risorius 5 traingularis 6 posterior auricular 7 occipital 8 superior auricular 9 anterior auricular

Visceral Muscles
Cardiac muscles Muscles of the GI tract and blood vessels Intrinsic eyeball muscles Integumentary muscles

Costocutaneous muscles hypaxial integumentary muscles of snakes Panniculus carnosus mammals Cutaneous pectoris chest wall of anurans Patagial muscles patagium of bats Facial muscles Arrectores plumarum - muscle on feather follicle Arrectores pilorum muscle on hair follicle

Special muscles Electric organs (pile of electric discs called electroplax)