Concrete Centre - Scheme Manual To EC2

O 8rookor blng Clng MlCl MlStructl
Concrete bu||d|ngs
Scheme Les|gn Menue|
A cement end concrete |ndustry pu|||cet|on
A handbook for tho |Struct chartorod momborship oxamination, basod on urocodo 2
|oroword to tho urocodo 2 odition
Since its publication in 2006, the Concrete building scheme design manual has proved a popular
publication and this update is intended to assist the transition to Eurocode 2 for the design of
concrete structures by showing how to carry out initial design to the Code. As before it will greatly
assist candidates for the Institution of Structural Engineers chartered membership examination
by drawing together in one place useful information including design aids that are specically
prepared for Eurocodes.
Acknow|odgomonts to tho hrst odition
Andrew Minson was the originator of the concept for this book, but the nal format and content
have evolved over time with input gratefully received by the author, Owen Brooker, from a
number of people. The book contains some new material but many of the ideas and much of the
data have been developed from many sources over several years. It is not possible to credit every
source; indeed many are unknown, but wherever possible, references have been made to relevant
documents.
Particular thanks are due to Jenny Burridge and Bob Wilson who have spent considerable time
reviewing and commenting on drafts and providing useful guidance on what the examiners are
expecting. Thanks are also due John Brazier, Andrew Cotter, Bryan Magee and Matt Obst, who
have commented or made useful contributions in more specialised areas.
Gillian Bond, Issy Harvey, Sally Huish and Michael Burbridge Ltd have also made essential
contributions to the production of this handbook.
ub|ishod by 1ho Concroto Contro , part of tho Minora| roducts Association
k|vers|de louse, 4 Meedows bus|ness ler|, Stet|on Approech, b|ec|weter, Cem|er|ey, Surrey C0!/ 9Ab
1o|: 44 (0)!?/6 606S00 |ax: 44 (0)!?/6 606S0! www.concrotocontro.com
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l|rst pu|||shed es CCll-0!S, Lecem|er ?006
h|s ed|t|on pu|||shed Novem|er ?009
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lr|ce Croup l
MlA he Concrete Centre
CCll pu|||cet|ons ere produced on |ehe| o the Cement end Concrete lndustry lu|||cet|ons lorum
en |ndustry |n|t|et|ve to pu|||sh techn|ce| gu|dence |n support o concrete des|gn end construct|on
CCll pu|||cet|ons ere eve||e||e rom the Concrete boo|shop et www.concrotobookshop.com
1o|: 44 (0)/004-60////
All advice or information from MPA The Concrete Centre is intended only for use in the UK by those who will evaluate
the signicance and limitations of its contents and take responsibility for its use and application. No liability (including
that for negligence) for any loss resulting from such advice or information is accepted by MPA The Concrete Centre or its
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from time to time and should therefore ensure that they are in possession of the latest version.
Printed by Michael Burbridge Ltd, Maidenhead, UK.
i
!! low to use th|s hend|oo| !
!? Assumpt|ons !
!3 he exem|net|on ?
!4 |m|ng ?
!S lurther |normet|on ?
1 |ntroduction 1
?! V|e||e structure| so|ut|ons 3
?? lunct|one| rem|ng 3
?3 loed trenser 3
?4 Ste||||ty /
?S Concrete reme opt|ons S
?6 loundet|ons end rete|n|ng structures S
?/ Les|gn eppre|se| !/
?S yp|ce| |oeds ?S
?9 yp|ce| spet|e| requ|rements 30
?!0 lre||m|nery s|.|ng 30
?!! he |etter 3/
2 Dovo|opmont of so|utions {soction 1} 3
3! lxpectet|ons o the exem|ners 39
3? Lure||||ty end ure res|stence 40
33 Assess|ng the des|gn moments 43
34 l|exure 43
3S Sheer 44
36 Leect|on 46
3/ lst|met|ng re|norcement quent|t|es 4S
3S Lete|||ng 4S
39 Les|gn o |eems 49
3!0 One-wey spenn|ng s|e|s S?
3!! wo-wey spenn|ng s|e|s S3
3!? l|et s|e|s S6
3!3 k|||ed s|e|s 6!
3!4 vee s|e|s 66
3!S lrecest oor|ng systems 6/
3!6 lost-tens|on|ng 6S
3!/ Co|umns /3
3!S Sheer we||s /6
3!9 Cround-|eer|ng s|e|s S0
3?0 She||ow oundet|ons S0
3?! l||ed oundet|ons S?
3 Dosign ca|cu|ations {soction 2c} 39
4! l|ens, sect|ons end e|evet|ons 9! 4? Cr|t|ce| dete||s 9!
4 |ans, soctions, o|ovations and critica| dotai|s {soction 2d} 91
S! Method stetement !04 S? lrogremme !0S
5 Mothod statomont and programmo {soction 2o} 104
Append|x A
ko|ustness requ|rements or precest concrete remes !0S
Append|x b
Les|gn e|ds !!?
keerences !?S
lndex !30
e||es or erees o re|norcement lns|de |ec| cover
Concrete |u||d|ngs
scheme des|gn menue|
Contents
lurther reed|ng !?9
ii
Symbols used in this handbook
Symbol Denition
/
|
Aree o the p||e |ese
/
c
Aree o concrete
/
s
Aree o tens|on re|norcement
/
s
Surece eree o the p||e
/
s,prov
lrov|ded eree o re|norcement
/
s,req
kequ|red eree o re|norcement
/
sc
Aree o vert|ce| re|norcement |n e co|umn
/
sw
Cross-sect|one| eree o sheer re|norcement
a Ax|s d|stence (rom centre o the |er to the concrete surece)
a Lrepe o tendon meesured et centre o prou|e |etween po|nts o |nect|on
a
sd
Ax|s d|stence (rom centre o the |er, |etere||y to the concrete surece)
/ v|dth or eect|ve w|dth o the sect|on or enge |n the compress|on .one
/
e
breedth o the eect|ve w|dth o et s|e|
/
breedth o enge
/
m|n
M|n|mum w|dth o we| on -, l- or l-|eems
/
w
v|dth o we| on -, l- or l-|eems
c Cover
c Averege undre|ned sheer strength over the |ength o the p||e
c
nom
Nom|ne| cover (m|n|mum cover p|us e||owence or dev|et|ons)
Dc
dev
A||owence |n des|gn or dev|et|ons
c
u
0nd|stur|ed sheer strength et the |ese o the p||e
/ l||e d|emeter
J lect|ve depth o the tens|on re|norcement
J
e
lect|ve depth o the s|e| te|en es the everege o the eect|ve depths |n two orthogone|
d|rect|ons
J
y
J
.
lect|ve depths |n orthogone| d|rect|ons
J
?
lect|ve depth to compress|on stee|
/
Croup euc|ency ret|o

e lccentr|c|ty o prestress|ng orce
e lccentr|c|ty o |etere| |oed end sheer centre
/ ote| des|gn u|t|mete |oed (!3S O
|
!S
|
)
/
c
0|t|mete |oed cepec|ty o we||
|
cd
Les|gn ve|ue o concrete compress|ve strength
|
c|
Cherecter|st|c compress|ve cy||nder strength o concrete et ?S deys
|
ctm
Meen ve|ue o ex|e| tens||e strength o concrete
|
yd
Les|gn y|e|d strength o |ong|tud|ne| re|norcement, /
s|
|
y|
Cherecter|st|c y|e|d strength o re|norcement
|
ywd
Les|gn y|e|d strength o the sheer re|norcement
|
ywd,e
lect|ve des|gn strength o punch|ng sheer re|norcement
O
d
Les|gn ve|ue o permenent ect|on
O
|
Cherecter|st|c deed |oed
/ Overe|| s|e| depth
/ Lepth o co|umn sect|on
iii
/
s
S|e| th|c|ness
/ Second moment o eree o sheer we||s
/ A meesure o the re|et|ve compress|ve stress |n e mem|er |n exure
/ Ve|ue o / e|ove wh|ch compress|on re|norcement |s requ|red
/
s
lor|.onte| coeuc|ent o eerth pressure
/ length o we||
/
t
length o we|| |n tens|on
/ lect|ve spen
/
e
lect|ve spen
/
0
lect|ve |ength (o co|umn)
/
x
length o shorter s|de o two-wey spenn|ng s|e|
/
y
length o |onger s|de o two-wey spenn|ng s|e|
/ Les|gn u|t|mete moment et the sect|on cons|dered
/
ld
Les|gn ve|ue o the epp||ed |nterne| |end|ng moment
/
0ld,u
l|rst order des|gn moment under ure cond|t|ons
/
t
Les|gn moment trenserred |etween s|e| end co|umn
/
t,mex
Mex|mum des|gn moment
m, Num|er o p||es |n orthogone| d|rect|ons
m
sx
Mex|mum des|gn u|t|mete moments o un|t w|dth end spen /
x
m
sy
Mex|mum des|gn u|t|mete moments o un|t w|dth end spen /
y
/ Les|gn u|t|mete ex|e| |oed on e co|umn or we||
/
c
Meyerho's |eer|ng cepec|ty ector
/
ld
Les|gn ve|ue o the epp||ed ex|e| orce (tens|on or compress|on) et 0lS
/
0ld,u
Ax|e| orce under ure cond|t|ons
/
q
l||e |eer|ng cepec|ty ector
Num|er o p||es |n group
/ lrestress|ng orce
/
ev
Averege prestress|ng orce |n tendon
e
Cepec|ty o e s|ng|e p||e
e,|
A||owe||e cepec|ty o the p||e |ese
e,s
A||owe||e cepec|ty o p||e shet s||n r|ct|on
d
Les|gn ve|ue o ver|e||e ect|on
|
Cherecter|st|c |mposed |oed
|,w
Cherecter|st|c ve|ue o w|nd |oed
s
loed cerr|ed on the shet (o e p||e)
|
loed cerr|ed on the |ese (o e p||e)
o
lect|ve over|urden pressure
o,meen
Meen over|urden pressure
L|stence |etween po|nts o |nect|on
l||e spec|ng
|,mex
Mex|mum spec|ng o vert|ce| sheer re|norcement
r
ked|e| spec|ng o per|meters o sheer re|norcement
| h|c|ness o we||
a
out
length o per|meter et wh|ch sheer re|norcement |s no |onger requ|red
a
!
bes|c contro| per|meter et ?J rom |oeded eree
\
ld
Les|gn ve|ue o the epp||ed sheer orce
.
ld
Sheer stress or sect|ons without sheer re|norcement
iv
.
kd,c
Les|gn sheer res|stence o concrete w|thout sheer re|norcement
.
kd,mex
Sheer res|stence o e mem|er ||m|ted |y the crush|ng o compress|on struts
.
sx
, .
sy
Sheer orce per un|t w|dth |n \ end , d|rect|ons
w ote| des|gn u|t|mete |oed
u
mex
l|m|t|ng ce|cu|eted crec| w|dth
, L|stence o sheer rom or|g|n O
,
s
L|stence to the sheer centre rom or|g|n O
|

t
Sect|on modu|us |ottom, top
lever erm
a Adhes|on ector
a
sx
, a
sy
Moment coeuc|ents or s|mp|y supported two-wey spenn|ng s|e|s
b lector dee||ng w|th eccentr|c|ty (o epp||ed ect|on or punch|ng sheer)
b lect|ve he|ght ector or co|umns
b
sx
, b
sy
Moment coeuc|ents or restre|ned two-wey spenn|ng s|e|s
b
vx
, b
vy
Sheer orce coeuc|ents or restre|ned two-wey spenn|ng s|e|s
g
|
lector o seety on the |ese o the p||e
g
lector o seety on p||e cepec|ty

g
C
lert|e| ector or permenent ect|ons, O
g
s
lector o seety on the p||e shet
g
s
lert|e| ector or re|norc|ng stee|
d Ang|e o r|ct|on |etween the so|| end the p||e ece
d ked|str||ut|on ret|o
y Ang|e
l S|enderness ret|o
l
||m
l|m|t|ng ve|ue o s|enderness ret|o
m
u
ket|o o the des|gn ex|e| |oed under |re cond|t|ons to the des|gn res|stence o the co|umn et
norme| tempereture |ut w|th en eccentr|c|ty epp||ce||e to |re cond|t|ons
r kequ|red tens|on re|norcement ret|o
r
0
keerence re|norcement ret|o
r ke|norcement ret|o or requ|red compress|on re|norcement
r
|
ke|norcement ret|o or |ong|tud|ne| re|norcement
r
y
,r
y
kequ|red tens|on re|norcement ret|o e|ong ,- end - ex|s respect|ve|y
s
s
Stress |n re|norcement (SlS)
s
su
0nmod||ed stee| stress (pr|or to ed|ust|ng or /
s,prov
)
s
t
ens||e stress |n sheer we||
f Ang|e o |nterne| r|ct|on
f
|er
ber d|emeter
f
||n|
l|n| d|emeter
c
?
lector to determ|ne the ques|-permenent ve|ue o e ver|e||e ect|on
1
1 Introduction
he lnst|tut|on o Structure| lng|neer's Chertered Mem|ersh|p lxem|net|on |s h|gh|y regerded
|oth net|one||y end |nternet|one||y end requ|res the cend|dete to rep|d|y |ust|y the|r |n|t|e|
des|gn concepts h|s hend|oo| |s wr|tten spec|uce||y or those who ere preper|ng to s|t the
exem|net|on, |ut |t shou|d e|so prove useu| to e|| those |nvo|ved |n preper|ng out||ne end
scheme stege des|gns on e dey-to-dey |es|s
1.1 How to use this handbook
h|s hend|oo| |s |e|d out to reect the exem|net|on quest|ons, to dete these heve o||owed the
seme ormet Sect|on ! o the exem|net|on |s the des|gn eppre|se| end th|s |s covered |n Sect|on ?,
wh|ch prov|des essent|e| |normet|on requ|red to ess|st |n enswer|ng th|s pert o the exem|net|on
Sect|on ? o the exem|net|on |s d|v|ded |nto three perts, urst|y (sect|on ?c) there |s the
requ|rement to prepere suuc|ent ce|cu|et|ons to este|||sh the s|.e end orm o e|| the
pr|nc|pe| structure| e|ements Cu|dence |s g|ven |n Sect|on 3 o th|s hend|oo|
Sect|on ?d requ|res the cend|dete to prepere p|ens, sect|ons end e|evet|ons, |nc|ud|ng cr|t|ce|
dete||s, or est|met|ng purposes, exemp|es ere g|ven |n Sect|on 4 l|ne||y sect|on ?e requ|res
dete||ed method stetements end oten en out||ne progremme to |e prepered end th|s |s
covered |n Sect|on S
keeders shou|d epprec|ete thet th|s pu|||cet|on |s wr|tten or the structure| eng|neer prect|s|ng
|n the 0l vh||st meny o the pr|nc|p|es cen |e epp||ed to structures eround the wor|d, |t
must |e c|eer|y understood thet env|ronmente| end geotechn|ce| ectors encountered mey
|e s|gn|ucent|y d|erent lt |s e|so wr|tten w|th the des|gn o |u||d|ng structures |n m|nd rether
then |r|dges or oshore structures he requ|rements or quest|on S, structure| dynem|cs, ere
not spec|uce||y covered
Text on a pale blue background provides information to help candidates prepare for
the examination and is not intended for use in the examination itself.
1.2 Assumptions
lt |s essumed thet the reeders end users o th|s pu|||cet|on ere prect|s|ng eng|neers end ere
e|reedy em|||er w|th the pr|nc|p|es o des|gn to lurocode ?, lerts !!
|!|
end !?
|?|
keeders who
ere more em|||er w|th bS S!!0
|3|
cen reer to wwwconcretecentrecom/c|sdm to down|oed
the eppropr|ete sect|ons o Chepter 3 end Append|x b o the prev|ous ed|t|on o th|s Scheme
des|gn menue|
|4|
he wor|ed exemp|es g|ven ere |ntended to ect es en e|de memo|r, rether then es e too| or
|eern|ng to des|gn |n concrete hey prov|de suuc|ent |ust|ucet|on to demonstrete thet the
e|ements ere su|te||e or the proposed s|tuet|on Other pu|||cet|ons end des|gn e|ds shou|d |e
reerred to or exemp|es o u||y des|gned re|norced concrete e|ements he exemp|es g|ven
mey |e more dete||ed then the exem|ners wou|d expect to see |n e scr|pt, |ut ere |nc|uded
to e|d |eern|ng end es preperet|on or the exem|net|on he essent|e| ce|cu|et|ons thet m|ght
|e prov|ded |n the exem|net|on ere h|gh||ghted |y ||ue text Cend|detes w||| need to use the|r
|udgement |n epp|y|ng the wor|ed exemp|es to the|r so|ut|ons |n the exem|net|on, espec|e||y es
the pr|nc|pe| e|ements w||| oten |e more comp|ex then the exemp|es g|ven |n th|s hend|oo|
lt |s strong|y recommended thet e copy o /coom/c coce|e |ame e/eme|
|S|
|s o|te|ned to
ess|st |n the |n|t|e| s|.|ng o e|ements es requ|red to enswer sect|on ! o eech quest|on lowever,
or comp|eteness, some gu|dence on |n|t|e| s|.|ng hes |een prov|ded |n th|s hend|oo|
Leve|opment o so|ut|ons
2
1.3 The examination
he exem|net|on |s |ntended to |e e test o the cend|dete's e||||ty to deve|op dete||ed
so|ut|ons or che||eng|ng structure| pro||ems Cend|detes w||| need to demonstrete the|r
understend|ng o structure| eng|neer|ng end |e e||e to produce two e|ternet|ve so|ut|ons
thet ere ro|ust, ste||e end |u||de||e hey w||| e|so heve to demonstrete the|r |now|edge end
exper|ence through s|etches, d|egrems, ce|cu|et|ons end descr|pt|ons o the|r so|ut|ons
he exem|net|on |s h|gh|y regerded throughout the wor|d end prov|des e che||eng|ng test or the
cend|dete lowever, those who heve e good e||-round exper|ence |n structure| eng|neer|ng end
who heve thorough|y prepered shou|d |e e||e to pess the exem|net|on et the urst ettempt
At the t|me o wr|t|ng (?009) the cend|dete |s expected to enswer one quest|on out o e|ght
he type o meter|e| expected to |e used |n the so|ut|on or the type o structure |n the e|ght
quest|ons o||ows e regu|er pettern
! Stee| |u||d|ng S Concrete |u||d|ng
? Stee| |u||d|ng 6 Cenere| structure
3 br|dge / Oshore structure
4 Concrete |u||d|ng S Structure| dynem|cs
lnow|ng thet e so|ut|on to e pert|cu|er quest|on |s expected to use e certe|n meter|e| mey |eed
the cend|dete to cons|der so|ut|ons |n thet meter|e| on|y lowever, e so|ut|on |n enother meter|e|
mey |e eque||y epp||ce||e end |ndeed there heve |een occes|ons |n the pest where en e|ternet|ve
meter|e| hes |een more eppropr|ete he cend|dete shou|d thereore heve en open m|nd, there |s
no s|ng|e so|ut|on to eny o the quest|ons
1.4 Timing
he exem|net|on |ests or seven hours, p|us he| en hour or |unch here ere !00 mer|s eve||e||e
end the cend|detes shou|d p|en the|r t|me so thet e|| sect|ons ere comp|eted here |s no su|st|tute
or exper|ence, end s|tt|ng e moc| exem|net|on w||| ene||e the cend|dete to epprec|ete whet cen
|e ech|eved |n the seven hours eve||e||e l the t|me eve||e||e or eech sect|on |s e||oceted |n
proport|on to the mer|s eve||e||e, the o||ow|ng t|mete||e cen |e o||owed
0930 sect|on !e (40 mer|s)
!??0 sect|on !| (!0 mer|s)
!300 lunch
!330 sect|on ?c (?0 mer|s)
!4SS sect|on ?d (?0 mer|s)
!6?0 sect|on ?e (!0 mer|s)
!/00 l|n|sh
he |ergest proport|on o the mer|s |s or sect|on !e end the cend|dete mey went to produce en
|nd|v|due| t|mete||e or th|s sect|on
1.5 Further information
here |s p|enty o useu| |normet|on e|out the exem|net|on thet |s ree|y eve||e||e rom
the lnst|tut|on o Structure| lng|neer's we|s|te
|6|
Cend|detes ere edv|sed to down|oed th|s
|normet|on end study |t
3
2 Development of solutions (section 1)
2.1 Viable structural solutions
Cend|detes ere requ|red to prepere e des|gn eppre|se| o two d|st|nct end v|e||e so|ut|ons or
the |r|e lt |s |mportent thet two so|ut|ons ere presented, oer|ng on|y one so|ut|on |s |||e|y
to resu|t |n e e||ure both so|ut|ons shou|d |e prepered to the seme |eve| o dete|| Cend|detes
shou|d demonstrete to the exem|ner the e||||ty to conce|ve end present d|st|nct opt|ons or
the proposed structures
hey shou|d |nd|cete the unct|one| rem|ng, |oed trenser end ste||||ty o the schemes he
quest|on es|s or the unct|one| rem|ng |eore the |oed trenser d|egrem |eceuse th|s |s the
necessery end |og|ce| sequence he |oed peth must o||ow through the rem|ng S|m||er|y,
the meens o ste||||s|ng the reme cen |e eddressed on|y eter the |oed peths heve |een
|dent|ued
ln deve|op|ng so|ut|ons the cend|dete shou|d cons|der the o||ow|ng |ssues, more dete|| |s g|ven
throughout th|s sect|on
lunct|one| rem|ng Speed o construct|on
loed trenser Aesthet|cs
Ste||||ty Acoust|cs
Seety loote||-|nduced v||ret|on
lconomy herme| mess
bu||de||||ty Suste|ne||||ty
ko|ustness bu||d|ng movements
Lure||||ty l|re res|stence
S|te constre|nts
2.2 Functional framing
he structure shou|d |e |dee||sed to show how |t unct|ons, th|s shou|d |e presented es e s|etch
thet shows the type o connect|ons, the st|ness o the e|ements end/or structure end the
neture o the oundet|ons end eny rete|n|ng structures lxemp|es o eppropr|ete unct|one|
rem|ng d|egrems ere shown |n l|gure ?!
2.3 Load transfer
he cend|dete shou|d show how the ect|ons on e structure ere trenserred rom the po|nt o
epp||cet|on to the support|ng ground, ege|n th|s |s most c|eer|y conveyed through e s|etch
lxemp|es ere g|ven |n l|gure ?? he |oed trenser d|egrem |||ustretes the wey the des|gner
expects the structure to |eheve
Cenere||y there ere three types o |oed to cons|der
Vert|ce||y ect|ng or grev|ty |oeds such es se|-we|ght end |mposed oor |oed|ng
letere| |oeds such es w|nd end the hor|.onte| |oeds due to geometr|c |mperect|ons
So|| |oeds, wh|ch cen heve e|ther vert|ce| or hor|.onte| components
he cend|dete shou|d |e e||e to qu|c||y determ|ne the cr|t|ce| com||net|on o these |oeds, |esed
on the pert|e| ectors g|ven |n Annex A! o bS lN !990
|/|
4
Pilecap
Pile
Tie/strut
Long-span roof
Stiff floor
Load-bearing
concrete
block wall
Upstand
beam
Column
Column
Raft
Shear
wall
Transfer beam
b) Gable shear wall
c) Reservoir
Retaining
wall
Flat slab (min. 3 bays)
Slender
columns
Floor slab on grade
d) Precast concrete terracing
GL GL
a) Building section
|iguro 2.1
xamp|o functiona| framing diagrams
L|egrems bo| v||son
5
|iguro 2.2 {continuod ovor|oaf}
xamp|o |oad transfor diagrams
L|egrems bo| v||son
Partition load
Uniform load
Wall reaction
Load from beam
= load on wall
Foundation reaction
Foundation load
column
Deflection, bending
and shear in beam
leads to reactions
at the end of the
beam
Foundation reaction
Pile cap
Pile reaction
Pile load
Friction reaction
End reaction
Pile
Stress =
Load
Area
Load on pilecap
Ground reaction
Load onto ground
B
1.5B
s
Bulb of pressure
for /5
Load on rock
Brickwork wall
s = bearing
pressure
a) Vertical loads
Reinforced
concrete
6
Bearing pressures
W
2
W
1
Soil at rest
GWL
Water load
Surcharge
Passive
resistance
GL
GL
Hogging
Tension Extra compression
with bending
Support
removed
Walls
displaced
T
i
e
a
c
t
i
o
n
Floor sag
c) Effect of accidental impact
d) Retaining wall
Wind
b) Plan view of diaphragm action
Tension
|iguro 2.2 continuod
xamp|o |oad transfor diagrams
L|egrems bo| v||son
7
2.4 Stability
lt |s essent|e| thet the |u||d|ng end |ts ver|ous component e|ements ere ste||e end the cend|dete
|s |||e|y to e|| | the ste||||ty o the structure |s not edequete|y demonstreted here ere two
ste||||ty cr|ter|e to cons|der, |etere| ste||||ty end up||t due to weter pressure
2.4.1 Lateral stability
he o||ow|ng ere exemp|es o |oeds thet mey |mpose |etere| orces on the structure
v|nd |oeds
lerthque|es
letere| |oeds due to geometr|c |mperect|ons
lor|.onte| component o so|| |oeds (Out-o-|e|ence so|| |oeds shou|d |e cons|dered on
s|op|ng s|tes)
Acc|dente| |oeds
he structure shou|d |e des|gned to res|st these |oeds |n two orthogone| d|rect|ons lor e mu|t|-
storey |u||d|ng th|s cen |e ech|eved |y us|ng
Sheer we||s (|e e |reced |u||d|ng) or,
Moment-res|st|ng remes (|e swey reme)
Sheer we||s shou|d |e errenged |n p|en so thet the|r sheer centre co|nc|des w|th the resu|tent o
the overturn|ng orces (see l|gure ?3) l th|s |s not poss|||e, tw|st|ng moments w||| e|so occur end
the edd|t|one| orces thet resu|t shou|d |e edded to the other orces |n eech sheer we|| lurther
gu|dence on ce|cu|et|ng the sheer centre end tw|st|ng moments |s g|ven |n Sect|on 3!S
|iguro 2.3
1ypica| shoar wa|| |ayouts
L|egrem C|r|e keport !0?
|S|
Movement
joint
a) Walls resist bending in one plane,
frame action in other plane.
Good tortional stiffness.
b) Walls resist bending in both planes.
c) Core resists bending in both
planes. Poor tortional behaviour
due to eccentricity.
d) Cores resist bending in both planes.
e) Cores resist bending on each section of the
building independently. Relative shear
displacement at movement joint.
8
he use o sheer we||s essumes thet the oor w||| ect es e hor|.onte| d|ephregm to trenser |oeds
to the sheer we||s lor |n-s|tu concrete |u||d|ngs th|s cen norme||y |e essumed end no other
chec|s ere necessery lowever, urther cons|deret|on o how the |etere| |oeds ere trenserred to
the sheer we||s mey |e requ|red es shown |n the o||ow|ng exemp|es
vhere precest concrete oor un|ts ere used, espec|e||y where there |s no structure| topp|ng,
eg cer per| dec| or under e re|sed oor
vhere the |oeds ere trenserred ecross e re|et|ve|y nerrow str|p, eg we||wey ||n||ng two
perts o the |u||d|ng
vhere the |ength o oor p|ete connected d|rect|y to the sheer we||s |s short h|s cen occur
| there ere |erge serv|ces r|sers ed|ecent to the sheer we||s
2.4.2 Uplift
vhere the structure requ|res excevet|on |n ground thet hes e h|gh weter te||e, the weter pressure
mey ceuse up||t (|uoyency) o the structure he cend|dete shou|d ensure there |s su|te||e
res|stence to the up||t orces |n the une| cond|t|on, end e|so determ|ne whet meesures ere
requ|red dur|ng construct|on to evo|d up||t
2.5 Concrete frame options
ke|norced concrete |s e verset||e meter|e| thet cen |e ormed |n meny d|erent shepes end
orms l|gure ?4 g|ves s|.|ng |normet|on or the more common so|ut|ons or oors e||e ?!
g|ves e summery o the common orms o concrete construct|on thet ere used, end presents
the|r edventeges end d|sedventeges
2.6 Foundations and retaining structures
2.6.1 Ground-bearing slabs
Cround-|eer|ng s|e|s ere e popu|er end econom|c wey to support the |oeds et the |owest |eve|
|n the |u||d|ng lowever, |n the o||ow|ng s|tuet|ons, suspended s|e|s or ground |mprovement
techn|ques mey |e requ|red to reduce sett|ement
S|e|s support|ng h|gh |oeds, eg |ndustr|e| oors
ln erees where the ground cond|t|ons |nc|ude u||
ln erees w|th sot c|ey
On s|op|ng s|tes, espec|e||y where the s|e| wou|d |e supported on very|ng ground
cond|t|ons
vhere trees cou|d cen ceuse sett|ement or heeve
2.6.2 Foundation solutions
Se|ect|ng the correct oundet|on so|ut|on |s en |mportent pert o the exem|net|on, e||e ??
g|ves eppropr|ete oundet|ons or e ver|ety o so|| cond|t|ons hese ere genere||set|ons or typ|ce|
|u||d|ngs end ere not |ntended to |e e su|st|tute or exper|ence ley cons|deret|ons et concept
stege ere
Croundweter e h|gh groundweter |eve| w||| requ|re spec|e| meesures dur|ng construct|on
end mey ceuse |uoyency o the un|shed structure
She||ow oundet|ons shou|d |e |ust thet she||ow lxcevet|ng deeper then 3 m |s usue||y not
econom|c
9
One-way slab
P/T flat slab Hybrid hollowcore and topping
Key
a) Imposed load Q
k
= 2.5 kN/m
2
b) Imposed load Q
k
= 5.0 kN/m
2
c) Imposed load Q
k
= 7.5 kN/m
2
100
300
400
500
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Span in m
D
e
p
t
h

i
n

m
m
200
Troughed slab Flat slab
600
100
300
400
500
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Span in m
D
e
p
t
h

i
n

m
m
200
600
100
300
400
500
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Span in m
D
e
p
t
h

i
n

m
m
200
600
|iguro 2.4
Span-to-dopth charts for imposod |oads of 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 kNIm
2
10
1ab|o 2.1
Concroto so|utions for oors
koy

lxce||ent

Cood
O

Cen |e used, |ut mey requ|re urther cons|deret|on

Not epp||ce||e or not eppropr|ete
a kequ|res !00 'tunne|s' or mex|mum economy Spec|e| cur|ng methods requ|red to o|te|n eer|y ege concrete strengths
b emporery props requ|red
Concroto option Span rango
S
p
o
o
d

o
f

c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
c
o
n
o
m
y
a
s
o

o
f

s
o
r
v
i
c
o

d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
M
i
n
i
m
i
s
o
s

s
t
o
r
o
y

h
o
i
g
h
t
|
|
o
x
i
b
i
|
i
t
y

f
o
r

p
a
r
t
i
t
i
o
n
s
S
u
i
t
a
b
i
|
i
t
y

f
o
r

h
o
|
o
s
u
n
c
h
i
n
g

s
h
o
a
r

c
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
D
o
o
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
n
t
r
o
|
M
i
n
i
m
i
s
o
s

s
o
|
f
-
w
o
i
g
h
t
S
o
f
h
t

c
a
n

b
o

o
x
p
o
s
o
d
S
u
i
t
a
b
|
o

f
o
r

o
p
o
n

p
|
a
n

s
p
a
c
o
D
i
a
p
h
r
a
g
m

a
c
t
i
o
n

o
f

o
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r
|
n
h
o
r
o
n
t

r
o
b
u
s
t
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o
s
s

o
f

f
r
a
m
o
O
f
f
-
s
i
t
o

c
o
n
s
t
r
u
c
t
i
o
n
k
o
i
n
f
o
r
c
o
d

o
r

p
r
o
s
t
r
o
s
s
o
d

c
o
n
c
.
o
s
t
-
t
o
n
s
i
o
n
o
d

c
o
n
c
r
o
t
o
M
i
n
M
a
x
M
i
n
M
a
x
||at s|abs
Solid at slab (Continuity improves economy) 4 !0 / !3

O O O O

Solid at slab with drops 4 !? / !4

O

O

Solid at slab with column heads (Forming column head
disrupts cycle times and interferes with holes adjacent to
columns)
4 !0 / !3

O

O O

Wafe slab 9 !? 9 !4 O O

O

Biaxial voided slab (Can be used with in-situ or with
precast soft slab, which would act as permanent
formwork)
4 !4 / !6

O O O

Ono-way s|abs
Solid one-way slab with beams 4 !? 6 !4

O O O O

O

Solid slab with band beams / !? / !3

O

Ribbed slab with beams / !! S !? O O

O

Ribbed slab with integral band beams 6 !! S !? O

O

Tunnel form (One-way slab on walls)
a
4 !0

Composite lattice girder soft slab
b
4 S

O O

O

Precast hollowcore slab 4 !4

O O

O

O O

Composite precast slab 4 !S

O O

O

O

Precast double T units 6 !9

O O O

O O

Precast crosswall and solid prestressed slab 4 /S

1wo-way s|abs
Solid two-way slab with beams S !? O O O O

O

Two-way wafe slab with beams 9 !4 O O O O O

O

Wafe slab with integral beams 6 !! O O

O

Hybrid concroto construction {combination of in-situ and procast concroto}
Precast twin wall and lattic girder soft slab with
in-situ inll and topping
4 /S

Precast columns and edge beams with in-situ oor
slab
4 !0 6 !?

O

O

O

Precast columns and oor units with in-situ beams
b
4 !4

O

In-situ columns and beams with precast oor units
b
4 !4

O O

In-situ columns and oor topping with precast
beams and oor units
4 /S

O O

O O

11
||at s|abs
So||d et s|e| So||d et s|e| w|th drops So||d et s|e| w|th co|umn
heeds
vee s|e| b|ex|e| vo|ded s|e|
Ono-way s|abs
So||d one-wey s|e| w|th
|eems
So||d et s|e| w|th |end
|eems
k|||ed s|e| w|th |eems k|||ed s|e| w|th |ntegre|
|end |eems
unne| orm (One-wey
s|e| on we||s)
Compos|te |ett|ce g|rder
sout s|e|
lrecest ho||owcore s|e| Compos|te precest s|e| lrecest dou||e '' un|ts lrecest crosswe|| end so||d
prestressed s|e|
1wo-way s|abs
So||d two-wey s|e|
w|th |eems
wo-wey wee s|e| w|th
|eems
vee s|e| w|th |ntegre|
|eems
Hybrid concroto construction {Combination of in-situ and procast concroto}
lrecest tw|n we|| end |ett|ce
g|rder sout s|e| w|th |n-s|tu
|nu|| end topp|ng
lrecest co|umns end
edge |eems w|th |n-s|tu
oor s|e|
lrecest co|umns end oor
un|ts w|th |n-s|tu |eems
ln-s|tu co|umns end |eems
w|th precest oor un|ts
ln-s|tu co|umns end oor
topp|ng w|th precest
|eems end oor un|ts
|iguro 2.5
Schomatic diagrams for tho concroto options in 1ab|o 2.1
12
1ab|o 2.2
|oundation so|utions
Soi| conditions Suitab|o foundations Commonts
kock, hard sound cha|k, sand
or gravo| to groat dopth
She||ow oundet|ons str|ps, peds, rets Avo|d the |ese o the oundet|on |e|ng |e|ow groundweter |eve|
M|n|mum depth to unders|de o oundet|on to evo|d rost heeve
4S0 mm
Leep oundet|on mey |e requ|red where there ere up||t
cond|t|ons
Uniform hrm and stiff c|ays
to groat dopth, without
signihcant troos in tho
vicinity
She||ow oundet|ons str|ps, peds, rets M|n|mum depth to protect ege|nst shr|n|ege/heeve 900
mm
rench u|| cen |e econom|c
Uniform hrm and stiff
c|ays to groat dopth, whoro
vogotation cou|d impact on
tho shrinkagoIoxpansion of
tho c|ay
Opt|ons
! l||es
? Leep trench u|| (str|ps)
3 kets
4 l|ers
keer to e||e ?3 or str|p oundet|on depths |n prox|m|ty o trees
0se suspended oors w|th vo|d ormers
|irm c|ay to sha||ow dopth
ovor soft c|ay to groat dopth
lor ||ghtwe|ght structures, str|ps, peds or
rets mey |e eppropr|ete
lor heevy structures deep oundet|ons
w||| |e requ|red
lor she||ow oundet|ons ensure the |oed |s d|str||uted over e
|erge enough eree or the sot c|ey to support |t
Looso sand to groat dopth Opt|ons
! ket
? Cround |mprovement w|th she||ow
oundet|ons
3 l||es
V||ret|on end groundweter chenges cen |nduce sett|ement
eter construct|on
Lr|ven p||es w||| |ncreese the dens|ty o the send
Soft c|ay Opt|ons
! l||es
? v|de str|p oundet|on
3 kets
4 Cround |mprovement w|th she||ow
oundet|ons
Str|p oundet|ons mey need re|norcement
Serv|ce entr|es |nto |u||d|ng shou|d |e ex|||e
kets mey not |e su|te||e or h|gh|y shr|n|e||e so||s
oat Opt|ons
! l||es
? Cround |mprovement
Su|te||e p||es |ored |n-s|tu w|th ces|ng, dr|ven |n-s|tu, dr|ven precest
A||ow or dreg on p||es ceused |y peet conso||det|on
So||s mey |e ec|d|c
|i|| Opt|ons
! l||es
? v|de str|p oundet|on
3 kets
4 Cround |mprovement w|th she||ow
oundet|ons
S l|ers
Spec|e||y se|ected end we|| compected u|| w||| heve greeter
|oed |eer|ng cepec|ty
Serv|ce entr|es |nto |u||d|ng shou|d |e ex|||e
Cons|der eects o contem|nents |n the u||
C|ay, incroasing in strongth
as dopth incroasos {from
soft to stiff c|ay}
l||es preerred, |ut e ret mey |e su|te||e
or e |esement
Sett|ement |s |||e|y to govern the p||e des|gn
Soft c|ay ovor rock at dopth 0se deep oundet|ons Neget|ve s||n r|ct|on mey edd to the |oeds on p||es
Donso sand or stiff c|ay ovor
|ayor of soft c|ay, ovor stiff
c|ay to groat dopth
Leep oundet|ons genere||y requ|red
except or ||ght |oeds Cround
|mprovement techn|que cou|d |e used
w|th she||ow oundet|ons
Mining and subsidonco aroas S||p-p|ene ret l||es not su|te||e
S|oping sito loundet|ons to su|t so|| cond|t|ons
|ut the eects o the s|ope shou|d |e
cons|dered
Cons|der overe|| ste||||ty es we|| es |oce| ste||||ty
Croundweter w||| |ncreese |nste||||ty o s|te
Sito with high groundwator
|ovo|
A|| oundet|on types mey |e eppropr|ete
Leweter|ng mey |e used, |ut cons|der
eects on surround|ng structures
ln send end greve| |eep oundet|ons e|ove groundweter |eve|
Cons|der up||t orces
Ste||||ty o excevet|ons shou|d |e cons|dered
bored p||es requ|re ces|ng or support u|d
Cont|nuous |ght euger p||es su|te||e
Cround cond|t|ons mey |e eggress|ve
13
1ab|o 2.3
How to dotormino foundation dopth {m} adjacont to troos in shrinkab|o soi|s
Spocios Maximum maturo
hoight {m}
xc|usion zono
1 {m}
xc|usion zono
2 {m}
High wator domand troos
|m, wi||ow ?4 ?40 300
uca|yptus !S !S0 ??S
Hawthorn !0 !00 !?S
Oak, Cypross ?0 ?00 ?S0
op|ar ?S ?S0 3S0
Modorato wator domand troos
Acacia, A|dor, Monkoy puzz|o, Spruco !S 90 !3S
App|o, 8ay |auro|, |um !0 S0 /S
Ash ?3 !!S !/3
8ooch, Codar, Doug|as hr, Larch, ino ?0 !00 !S0
8|ackthorn S 40 60
Chorry, oar, Yow !? 60 90
Chostnut ?4 !?0 !S0
Limo, Sycamoro ?? !!0 !6S
Mountain ash !! SS S3
|ano ?6 !30 !9S
wo||ingtonia 30 !S0 ??S
Low wator domand troos
8irch !4 ?S /0
|dor !0 ?0 S0
|ig, Hazo| S !6 40
Ho||y, Laburnum !? ?4 60
Hornboam !/ 34 SS
Magno|ia, Mu|borry 9 !S 4S
|oundation dopths
Modihod |asticity |ndox Vo|ume chenge
potent|e|
Outs|de exc|us|on
.one !
Outs|de exc|us|on
.one ?
40% and groator l|gh !S0 !00
20% to |oss than 40% Med|um !?S 090
10% to |oss than 20% low !00 0/S
Notos
1 Leterm|ne whether e pert|cu|er spec|es o tree |s outs|de exc|us|on .one ! or ?
2 Leterm|ne the oundet|on depth rom the |ower pert o the te||e or the pert|cu|er so|| cond|t|ons end the
eppropr|ete exc|us|on .one
3 vhere the tree(s) ere |ns|de exc|us|on .one ! reer to NlbC gu|de||nes
|9|
on wh|ch th|s te||e |s |esed
2.6.3 Piling options
here |s e w|de cho|ce o p||es the type o p||e chosen shou|d |e eppropr|ete or the ground end
s|te cond|t|ons e||e ?4 g|ves some gu|dence on |eneuts o e ver|ety o p||e types
l the p||es ere |oceted |n e |esement then e||owence shou|d |e mede or wor||ng spece when
p|ec|ng p||es c|ose to the |esement we||s h|s w||| very eccord|ng the s|.e o the p|||ng r|g, |ut en
e||owence o !0 to !? m |s usue||y eppropr|ete (e||ow more spece |n corner |ocet|ons)
2.6.4 Retaining walls
Opt|ons or rete|n|ng we||s ere g|ven |n e||e ?S
14
1ab|o 2.4
Comparison of pi|o typos
i|o typo Advantagos Disadvantagos
Drivon procast
concroto pi|o
Que||ty o p||e cen |e |nspected |eore |t |s p|eced |n
the ground
Construct|on not eected |y groundweter
Cen |e dr|ven |n |ong |engths
Most eppropr|ete |n sot end uno|structed so||s
No removed so|| to d|spose o
Cen |e demeged dur|ng dr|v|ng
l||e cen |e d|sp|eced | |t h|ts o|struct|on
Actue| |ength o p||e |s |nown on|y when proved on
s|te
ke|et|ve|y |erge r|g requ|red
No|se end v||ret|on, |ut p|||ng r|gs ere constent|y
|e|ng |mproved
Lr|v|ng orce mey determ|ne p||e propert|es
L|sp|ecement o so|| mey demege surround|ng
structures
Drivon cast in-situ
{A tubo is drivon
into ground and
h||od with in-situ
concroto}
length cen |e reed||y ver|ed to su|t ectue| ground
cond|t|ons encountered
Cen |e dr|ven |n very |ong |engths
Lr|ven w|th e c|osed end end thereore groundweter |s
exc|uded rom ho|e
Cen |e demeged dur|ng dr|v|ng
ke|et|ve|y |erge r|g requ|red
No|se end v||ret|on, |ut p|||ng r|gs ere constent|y
|e|ng |mproved
Lr|v|ng orce mey determ|ne p||e propert|es
L|sp|ecement o so|| mey demege surround|ng
structures
Concrete cennot |e |nspected eter cest|ng
lerge d|emeters cennot |e used
8orod pi|os Cen |e dr|ven |n |ong |engths
So|| removed cen |e |nspected
Cen |e |nste||ed |n |erge d|emeters
lnd en|ergements ere poss|||e |n c|ey
Cen |e |nste||ed w|th|n e ||m|ted heedroom
Sme|| r|gs cen |e used
ke|et|ve|y qu|et
low v||ret|on
k|s| o 'nec||ng' |n 'squee.|ng' ground cond|t|ons
Concrete |s not p|eced under |dee| cond|t|ons end
cennot |e |nspected
Ces|ng mey |e requ|red |n so||s |ec||ng cohes|on
kemoved so|| requ|res d|spose|
Mey requ|re underweter concret|ng
l|||ng r|gs mey |e |erge
Augorod
{o.g. continuous
ight augor {C|A}}
So|| removed cen |e |nspected
he ground |s cont|nuous|y supported |y the euger
ke|et|ve|y qu|et
low v||ret|on
Su|te||e or most so|| types (exc|ud|ng |ou|ders)
Cen |e |nste||ed w|th e ||m|ted heedroom
he cont|nuous he||ce| d|sp|ecement techn|que (ClL)
reduces vo|ume o removed so|| end |ncreeses so||
strength ed|ecent to p||e shet
Mex|mum !?00 mm p||e d|emeter
Concrete cennot |e |nspected eter pour|ng
Mex|mum p||e |ength eround 30 m
l|m|ted |ength o re|norcement cege
kemoved so|| requ|res d|spose|
luc|ency |s dependent on regu|er supp|y o concrete
Auger mey |e |mpeded |y re|et|ve|y st| so||s
1ab|o 2.5
Options for rotaining wa||s
|doa|isod sito conditions |doa|isod soi| typos
Dry sand and gravo| Saturatod sand and gravo| C|ay and si|t
working spaco avai|ab|o
to a||ow ground to bo
battorod back during wa||
construction
Crev|ty or cent||ever rete|n|ng we||
lrecest concrete cr|| we||
Leweter|ng dur|ng construct|on o
grev|ty or cent||ever rete|n|ng we||
Crev|ty or cent||ever rete|n|ng
we||
Limitod working spaco l|ng post we|| es temporery
support
Cont|guous p||ed we||
L|ephregm we||
Secent |ored p||e we||
L|ephregm we||
l|ng post we|| es temporery
support
L|ephregm we||
Limitod working spaco and
spocia| contro|s on ground
movomonts
L|ephregm we||
Secent |ored p||e we||
L|ephregm we||
L|ephregm we||
15
2.6.5 Ground improvement
here ere two me|or reesons why the use o ground |mprovement techn|ques mey |e cons|dered
l|rst|y, where the ground hes poor |oed-cerry|ng cepec|ty, ground |mprovement |s en e|ternet|ve
to deep oundet|ons Second|y, |t mey |e used to treet contem|neted s|tes pr|or to redeve|opment
On some s|tes |t cou|d |e used to overcome |oth pro||ems Cement|t|ous products cen |e
used or |oth s|tuet|ons es d|scussed |n the sect|ons |e|ow here ere other treetments eve||e||e
thet mey |e more su|te||e |n certe|n s|tuet|ons, dete||s o these techn|ques cen |e ound |n
pu|||cet|ons rom the bkl
|!0|
, end ClklA
|!!|
or rom the lnv|ronment Agency
Soi| mixing
Ste||||s|ng |end w|th the use o ||me, cement or other ||nders |s e cost-eect|ve method o
convert|ng erees o wee| so|| |nto e su|te||e |oed-|eer|ng meter|e|
l|me cen |e edded to cohes|ve so||s end w||| ceuse the o||ow|ng |mprovements
lncreesed strength
keduced suscept|||||ty to swe|||ng end shr|n|ege
lmproved dure||||ty to weether end treuc
Cood hend||ng end compect|on cherecter|st|cs
A reduct|on |n p|est|c|ty
lncreesed su|te||||ty or stoc|p|||ng end su|sequent reuse
Ater treetment w|th ||me, p|est|c so||s |ree| down |nto une pert|c|es h|s me|es them su|te||e
or the edd|t|on o cement, y esh (pe) end ground grenu|eted ||esturnece s|eg (gg|s) thet w|||
|mpert s|gn|ucent strength
Ater the ||nders heve |een edded end the correct mo|sture content |s ech|eved, the treeted so||
|s compected to promote urther strength ge|n end |ong-term dure||||ty he spec|ucet|on o the
treetment shou|d |e cerr|ed out |y spec|e||sts
So|| ste||||set|on |s essent|e||y e m|x|ng process thet cen |e cerr|ed out |n e num|er o weys
Norme||y |t |s en |n-s|tu process where the ||nders ere m|xed |nto the ground |n e |eyer |y
poweru| rotovetors end then compected w|th e ro||er he |eyer |s nom|ne||y 300 mm deep, |ut
eny num|er o |eyers cen |e used
lor sme||er s|tes trector-mounted rotovetors ere eve||e||e |ut these st||| heve e very poweru|
m|x|ng ect|on b|nders cen |e epp||ed |y spreed|ng them on the ground |eore m|x|ng or they
cen |e epp||ed dur|ng the rotovet|on process he |etter method e||m|netes eny potent|e| dust
pro||ems
lor |ess cohes|ve meter|e|s |t |s poss|||e to m|x the so|| end ||nders et e centre| m|x|ng p|ent h|s
w||| |nvo|ve heu||ng the so|| to the p|ent or treetment end return|ng |t to the po|nt o depos|t|on
h|s |s usue||y s|ower then the |n-s|tu method
vhere the tote| potent|e| su|ete content |s |e|ow 0?S% SO
4
there |s m|n|me| r|s| o expens|on
o the so|| due to the reect|on |etween ce|c|um (rom ||me or cement), e|um|ne (rom c|ey) end
su|ete vhere the tote| potent|e| su|ete content |s s|gn|ucent then so|| m|x|ng mey st||| |e used,
|ut the ||nders need cereu| se|ect|on to evo|d heeve due to su|etes
Crouting
Cement|t|ous grout cen e|so |e used to |mprove |oed-|eer|ng propert|es o the so|| here ere
severe| d|erent techn|ques eve||e||e end success requ|res spec|e||st |now|edge One common
use |s to ste||||se |ec|u||ed o|d m|ne shets l the |ec|u|| to the shet hes not |een proper|y
compected then |t cen |e |n|ected w|th cement grout to u|| me|or vo|ds end prevent co||epse
16
2.6.6 Remediation using soil stabilisation/solidication
So|| ste||||set|on/so||d|ucet|on |s e ground remed|et|on techn|que thet |nvo|ves the contro||ed
edd|t|on end m|x|ng o hydreu||c ||nders w|th contem|neted so|| to generete e grenu|er or
mono||th|c meter|e| |n wh|ch contem|nents ere rendered |mmo|||e end v|rtue||y non-|eeche||e
A|though they ere not tote||y removed or destroyed, ste||||set|on/so||d|ucet|on removes
pethweys |etween contem|nents end potent|e| receptors he edd|t|on o cement end/or ||me
hes two |eneuts
Stabilisation the product|on o more chem|ce||y ste||e const|tuents
Solidication the |mpert|ng o phys|ce|/d|mens|one| ste||||ty to conte|n contem|nents |n e
so||d product end reduced eccess |y externe| egents, such es e|r or re|ne||
he two processes wor| together end the chem|ce| end phys|ce| chenges cen |e opt|m|sed
through cereu| se|ect|on o ||nder meter|e|s end m|nor edd|t|ves to ech|eve the des|red remed|e|
o||ect|ves At the seme t|me es ech|ev|ng the remed|e| o||ect|ves the eng|neer|ng propert|es o
the so|| ere |mproved, there|y ec|||tet|ng the deve|opment o the s|te
1ab|o 2.6
Contaminants that can bo troatod with soi| stabi|isationIso|idihcation
|!?|
Contaminant ko|ativo
offoctivonoss of
troatmont
Commonts
Mota|s {arsonic, cadmium, |oad, coppor,
otc.}
l
Some mey requ|re the use o edd|t|ves to
|mprove the eucecy o treetment
Cyanidos and thiocyanatos
l
Chem|ce| treetment to mod|y ox|det|on
stete cen enhence success
Su|fur and su|fatos
l
reetment enhenced |y edd|ng gg|s or pe
Cere requ|red w|th respect to expens|ve
m|nere| ormet|on
Sa|ts - ch|oridos {and othor ha|idos},
nitratos
l
Success depends on concentret|on end type
o se|t
Ammonium sa|ts
l
l|m|ted dete eve||e||e to essess genere|
eucecy
81X {bonzono, to|uono, othy| bonzono,
xy|ono} and othor VOC and somi VOCs
{vo|ati|o organic compounds}
l
Success depends on the type, neture end
concentret|on o pert|cu|er compounds
AHs {po|yaromatic hydrocarbons}
l
reetment |s enhenced w|th the use o
sor|ents
hono|s
l
reetment |s enhenced w|th the use o
sor|ents
1H {tota| potro|oum hydrocarbons}
inc|uding potro| rango and dioso| rango
a|iphatics {kO and DkO}
l
Cere requ|red |n des|gn o ||nder to opt|m|se
success
Asbostos l
C8s {po|ych|orinatod bi-phony|s},
posticidos, dioxins, furans
l
Success w|th pest|c|des depends on the
pert|cu|er compounds present
Acids and a|ka|is l
kadionuc|idos
l
Comp|ete encepsu|et|on or em|edment |s
oten used w|th red|oect|ve westes
koy
l reetment |s eect|ve w|th demonstre||e epp||ce||||ty
l reetment |s eect|ve end success |s demonstre||e lowever, eucecy |s su||ect to cherecter|st|cs o
contem|nent end eppropr|ete des|gn o S/S treetment system lre-treetment mey |e requ|red |eore me|n S/S
process |s epp||ed
17
h|s |o|nt epproech cen |e used or e w|de renge o d|erent contem|nents end cen |e te||ored
to meet the requ|rements o the s|te-spec|uc r|s|s (see e||e ?6) here |s no need to remove the
contem|nents end th|s m|n|m|ses the need to trensport spo|| to e t|p, sev|ng costs end reduc|ng
the env|ronmente| |mpect Certe|n contem|nents cennot |e treeted |n th|s wey eg geses
he so|| cen |e treeted us|ng one o the techn|ques g|ven |n e||e ?/
1ab|o 2.7
Stabi|isationIso|idihcation troatmonts using comontitious bindors
|n-situ troatmont
Sha||ow troatmont
< 0.5 m
he ||nder |s spreed over the surece o the ground to |e treeted et e
predeterm|ned dose rete end then m|xed |n us|ng rotovet|ng equ|pment he
||ended meter|e| |s then compected end the reect|on |etween the ||nder end
the mo|sture |n the so|| |s e||owed to te|e p|ece
|ntormodiato
troatmont 0.5 - 5 m
he ||nder |s m|xed |nto the so|| us|ng p|ent mod|ued to su|t the spec|uc s|te
cond|t|ons end epp||cet|on
Doop troatmont
> 5 m
he ||nder |s |ntroduced |nto the contem|neted so|| es e dry powder or s|urry
us|ng vert|ce| ho||ow stem eugers he ||nder |s then m|xed |nto the so|| es the
eugers ere edvenced end/or w|thdrewn Oten the process uses e gr|d o eugers
thet over|ep to ensure greeter eucecy o m|x|ng end treetment
x-situ troatmont
kotovator or othor
drivon mobi|o p|ant
he exceveted so|| |s trensported to e une| depos|t|on eree, where |t |s spreed
|n |eyers e|ong w|th the ||nder end m|xed us|ng rotovet|ng equ|pment he
||ended meter|e| |s then compected end the reect|on |etween the ||nder end
the mo|sture |n the so|| |s e||owed to te|e p|ece
|n-drum mixing he exceveted so|| |s p|eced |n e drum, |nto wh|ch the ||nder |s edded end m|xed
he reect|on |etween the ||nder end the mo|sture |n so|| |s e||owed to te|e p|ece
|n the drum, eter wh|ch the ||ended meter|e| |s p|eced
ugmi|| I
batchmixor
he exceveted so|| |s m|xed w|th the ||nder |n e purpose-|u||t p|ent (mo|||e or
uxed) pr|or to trensportet|on to e depos|t|on eree he ||ended meter|e| |s then
compected end the reect|on |etween the ||nder end the mo|sture |n the so|| |s
e||owed to te|e p|ece
Othor romodiation troatmonts
As we|| es so|| ste||||set|on/so||d|ucet|on, other methods o treet|ng contem|neted ground us|ng
cement|t|ous products ere eve||e||e Crout|ng cen |e used to treet contem|neted so||s |y reduc|ng
the|r permee||||ty A conte|nment |err|er cou|d e|so |e ormed to ||oc| the groundweter ow
us|ng grout|ng or so|| m|x|ng techn|ques A|ternet|ve|y, other epproeches such es the construct|on
o e secent p||e we|| or d|ephregm we|| to ect es e |err|er mey e|so |e cons|dered
2.7 Design appraisal
Cend|detes ere es|ed to se|ect the most eppropr|ete opt|on rom the two they heve presented
he reesons or these cho|ces shou|d |e c|eer|y set out end the o||ow|ng |normet|on mey |e
used to he|p d|st|ngu|sh |etween the two opt|ons end prepere the des|gn eppre|se|
2.7.1 Safety
he structure| eng|neer shou|d cons|der how the|r des|gn |mpects on seety dur|ng the o||ow|ng
steges |n the structure's ||e
Construct|on
0se
Me|ntenence
keur||shment/e|teret|on
Lemo||t|on
18
ln |roed terms the des|gner shou|d use the o||ow|ng procedure to m|n|m|se hee|th end seety
r|s|s
|dontify the he.erds
|iminato eech he.erd or reduce |ts |mpect
vhere th|s |s not poss|||e roduco the r|s|
rovido information to the contrector
lnev|te||y dec|s|ons w||| heve to |e mede thet str||e e |e|ence |etween protect|ng ege|nst e
renge o he.erds end other des|gn o||ect|ves such es
C||ent's unct|one| requ|rements
Cost (|n|t|e| end who|e-||e)
lrogremme
Aesthet|cs
lunct|one||ty
Lure||||ty
lnv|ronmente| needs
Lec|s|ons mede et the eer|y steges o the pro|ect heve the greetest |mpect, end so hee|th end
seety shou|d |e g|ven es much cons|deret|on es other ectors when choos|ng |etween opt|ons
lurther |normet|on thet mey useu| when cons|der|ng hee|th end seety |s g|ven |n Sect|on S!?
2.7.2 Economy
lor en econom|ce||y des|gned structure there w||| genere||y |e very ||tt|e d|erence |n the overe||
|u||d|ng cost |etween e stee| end concrete remed |u||d|ng h|s hes |een conurmed |y recent
stud|es o |u||d|ng costs
|!3!6|
vhen me||ng e cese or one opt|on or enother |t |s |mportent to cons|der the who|e p|cture
As we|| es comper|ng the cost o the reme, the cho|ce o reme mey heve en |mpect on the
o||ow|ng erees
Foundations e heev|er reme w||| |ncreese oundet|on s|.e end thereore cost lowever,
the |ncreese |n tote| reme cost |s un|||e|y to |e greeter then 0S% (or 004% o tote|
|u||d|ng cost) end w||| oten |e |ess
Cladding the cost o c|edd|ng |s re|eted to the eree o the eede Shorter |u||d|ngs heve e
sme||er c|edd|ng eree, wh|ch |n turn costs |ess A structure| so|ut|on w|th e |ower oor-to-
oor he|ght w||| reduce the overe|| |u||d|ng cost As c|edd|ng cen emount to ?S% o the
|u||d|ng cost, m|n|m|s|ng the oor th|c|ness cou|d seve over !% o the tote| |u||d|ng cost
Partitions see||ng end ure stopp|ng et pert|t|on heeds |s s|mp|est w|th et souts
S|gn|ucent sev|ngs o up to !0% o the pert|t|ons pec|ege cen |e mede compered w|th the
equ|ve|ent dry ||n|ng pec|ege e|utt|ng e prou|ed sout w|th downstends h|s cen represent
up to 4% o the reme cost, end e s|gn|ucent reduct|on |n the progremme |ength
Airtightness Approved Locument l
|!/|
requ|res pre-comp|et|on pressure test|ng le|||ng
these tests meens underte||ng the t|me-consum|ng process o |nspect|ng |o|nts end
|ntereces end then resee||ng them where necessery Concrete edge dete||s ere oten s|mp|er
to see| end thereore heve |ess r|s| o e||ure
Services the sout o e concrete et s|e| prov|des e .one or serv|ces d|str||ut|on ree o
eny downstend |eems h|s reduces coord|net|on eort or the des|gn teem end thereore
the r|s| o errors Serv|ces |nste||et|on |s s|mp|est |e|ow e et sout end th|s perm|ts
mex|mum o-s|te e|r|cet|on o serv|ces hese edventeges ere reected |n |ower costs or
serv|ces |eneeth e et sout
he re|et|ve econom|cs o one type o structure or enother mey e|so depend on the preve|||ng
p|ent h|re, |e|our end meter|e| costs lor |nstence e et s|e| |s oten chosen |n |ocet|ons where
meter|e| costs ere |ow |n re|et|on to |e|our costs h|s reduces the |e|our requ|red et the expense
o edd|t|one| meter|e|s
19
2.7.3 Buildability
Oten |u||de||||ty |s eected |y how the structure |s conce|ved end dete||ed |y the des|gner
rether then |e|ng |nuenced |y the meter|e| chosen he |u||de||||ty o e concrete reme mey
|e |mproved |y the o||ow|ng
Using at softs s|mp||ues the ormwor|, e|sewor|, sett|ng out end serv|ces end ce|||ng
|nste||et|on
Repetition of design elements ec|||tetes the re-use o ormwor|, ene||es rout|nes to
|e este|||shed more qu|c||y, reduces the |eern|ng curve end tre|n|ng requ|rements, |mproves
seety
Simplication reduces comp|ex|ty o ormwor| end num|er o su|-contrectors A s|mp|e
et sout me|es |t ees|er to |nste|| serv|ces
Standardisation ene||es ectory product|on, h|gh que||ty un|shes, speeds up construct|on,
ene||es demeged perts to |e qu|c||y rep|eced end e|ements cen |e se|ected/epproved
|eore une| ux|ng
Rationalisation of reinforcement speeds construct|on, ec|||tetes pree|r|cet|on, reduces
dete|||ng t|me
Les|gn e|ements so they cen |e precast or prefabricated
Using in-situ concrete eccommodetes |ete des|gn chenges, prov|des ro|ustness or
precest systems, end |s eppropr|ete or oundet|ons
2.7.4 Robustness
An |n-s|tu concrete reme |s genere||y very ro|ust |eceuse o |ts mono||th|c neture 0sue||y the
ty|ng requ|rements to evo|d d|sproport|one| co||epse ere met w|th norme| dete|||ng o concrete
lert|cu|er ettent|on shou|d |e g|ven to trenser structures, where certe|n e|ements mey |ecome
'|ey e|ements' end cons|deret|on shou|d |e g|ven to ensur|ng there ere e|ternet|ve |oed peths
lrecest concrete remes requ|re spec|e| cons|deret|on w|th regerds to ro|ustness he precest
e|ements shou|d |e t|ed together to evo|d d|sproport|onete co||epse, urther edv|ce |s g|ven |n
Append|x A
2.7.5 Durability
A we||-dete||ed concrete reme |s expected to heve e |ong ||e end requ|re very ||tt|e me|ntenence
lt shou|d ees||y |e e||e to ech|eve e 60-yeer des|gn ||e end, w|th cereu| ettent|on to the
spec|ucet|on o the cover end concrete propert|es, shou|d |e e||e to ech|eve !?0 yeers even
|n eggress|ve env|ronments bS SS00
|!S|
|s the stete-o-the-ert stenderd on dure||||ty end g|ves
edv|ce or ver|ous env|ronments (see Sect|on 33 or more |normet|on)
2.7.6 Site constraints
he |ocet|on o the s|te mey |mpose constre|nts thet evour one so|ut|on over enother hese
restre|nts cou|d |nc|ude
lrox|m|ty o ed|ecent |u||d|ngs, wh|ch m|ght eect the des|gn o the structure end the
temporery wor|s
S|.e o the s|te end wor||ng spece, wh|ch mey ||m|t the spece or s|te ouces end storege
erees
Access to the s|te, eg c|ty centre s|te, wh|ch cou|d ||m|t the s|.e o veh|c|es thet cen eccess
the s|te
kemoteness o the s|te, wh|ch mey p|ece ||m|tet|ons on the eve||e||e meter|e|s, |e|our, p|ent
end the s|.e o veh|c|e thet cen reech the s|te
kestr|ct|ons on wor||ng hours
lect o s|te processes on ne|gh|ours end genere| pu|||c eg the eects o no|se end
po||ut|on Se|-compect|ng concrete mey ess|st |y e||m|net|ng the need or v||ret|on
Ave||e||||ty o meter|e|s Concrete |s the most w|de|y used construct|on meter|e| |n the wor|d
end the essent|e| |ngred|ents ere e|so ound throughout the wor|d
20
2.7.7 Speed of construction
lt |s oten essumed thet e stee| reme w||| oer e ester orm o construct|on then e concrete
reme h|s w||| not necesser||y |e the cese ln-s|tu concrete hes e much reduced |eed-|n t|me,
oten on|y uve wee|s, so wor| cen oten stert on s|te more qu|c||y, wherees e stee| reme mey
heve e |eed-|n t|me o !? wee|s vhere there |s t|me or pre-p|enn|ng, des|gn end precest|ng, e
precest concrete reme cen |e erected qu|c||y Sa//J/q
|!9|
mege.|ne regu|er|y updetes |normet|on
on |eed-|n t|mes
A |ey dete on eny progremme or e |u||d|ng |s the dete thet |t |s weetherproo A|though e
pree|r|ceted reme (e|ther stee| or precest concrete) cen |e erected qu|c||y, |t does not
necesser||y o||ow thet the dete the |u||d|ng |s see|ed w||| |e eer||er h|s re||es on o||ow-on tredes,
pert|cu|er|y the c|edd|ng, wh|ch mey |e e||e to progress |n pere||e| w|th en |n-s|tu concrete reme,
|ut wh|ch mey |e de|eyed unt|| the oors ere comp|eted or other types o reme
v|th en |n-s|tu reme, |nste||et|on o serv|ces mey |e commenced eer||er |n the progremme es
the oors ere usue||y cest w|th the reme, g|v|ng en |mmed|ete su|strete to wh|ch the serv|ces
cen |e uxed l et souts ere used, the progremme cen |e reduced |eceuse the |nste||et|on |s
s|mp|er
Cend|detes w||| need to me|e the|r own essessment o the re|et|ve speed o construct|on or the|r
so|ut|ons, end whether |t |s en |mportent cr|ter|on or the c||ent lurther gu|dence on construct|on
per|ods |s g|ven |n Sect|on S
2.7.8 Aesthetics
Concrete cen oer e p|ees|ng eesthet|c so|ut|on, end th|s cen |e ech|eved w|th e|ther precest or |n-
s|tu concrete Concrete prov|des the opportun|ty to creete unusue| shepes et e sme|| cost prem|um
h|s cen |e pert|cu|er|y |eneuc|e| | c|rcu|er co|umns ere requ|red or eesthet|c reesons or where
co|umns need to |e conte|ned |n we||s, eg or epertments Concrete cen e|so |e used or curved
|eems, unusue| p|en shepes end she|| structures he |eyout o the vert|ce| structure cen |e errenged
to su|t the use o the |u||d|ng rether then hev|ng to r|g|d|y o||ow e structure| gr|d
2.7.9 Acoustics
Concrete |s e very good sound |nsu|etor, even when the source o no|se |s en |mpect on the
ece o the concrete lor th|s reeson concrete oors end we||s ere oten used |n res|dent|e|
eccommodet|on, |nc|ud|ng ets, hote|s end student res|dences, to prevent the pessege o sound
|etween un|ts
Concrete cen e|so |e used to prevent the pessege o sound |nto or out o e |u||d|ng A good
exemp|e wou|d |e the use o concrete oors |eneeth p|ent on the roo o e |u||d|ng to prevent
the no|se penetret|ng the he||te||e erees
2.7.10 Footfall-induced vibration
lor some types o |u||d|ngs the contro| o v||ret|ons |nduced |y peop|e we|||ng ecross the oor
p|ete ere |mportent h|s |s pert|cu|er|y the cese or hosp|te|s end |e|oretor|es conte|n|ng sens|t|ve
equ|pment, |ut even |n ouces |ong s|ender spens cen ceuse excess|ve v||ret|on
he |nherent mess o concrete meens thet concrete oors genere||y meet v||ret|on cr|ter|e et
no extre cost es they do not requ|re edd|t|one| st|en|ng lor more str|ngent cr|ter|e, such es or
|e|oretor|es or hosp|te| operet|ng theetres, the edd|t|one| cost to meet v||ret|on cr|ter|e |s sme||
compered w|th other structure| meter|e|s
An |ndependent study
|?0|
|nto the v||ret|on perormence o d|erent structure| orms |n hosp|te|s
hes conurmed thet concrete cen norme||y |e ees||y des|gned or the most comp|ete contro|
o v||ret|on over who|e erees, w|thout the need or s|gn|ucent|y th|c|er oor s|e|s then those
21
used or e |es|c 'ouce' structure h|s g|ves greet ex|||||ty or chenge |n use end evo|ds the
cost pene|t|es o prov|d|ng th|s extre mess end st|ness he und|ngs ere summer|sed |n
e||e ?S, wh|ch cou|d |e used es en |n|t|e| gu|de es to how much the depth o e oor wou|d
heve to |e |ncreesed to contro| v||ret|on |n e hosp|te| le|oretor|es ere |||e|y to heve more
str|ngent cr|ter|e
1ab|o 2.8
|ndication of typica| structura| dopths to contro| vibration
|?0|
Concroto Stoo|
||at s|ab ost-tonsionod
s|ab
Composito S|imdok
Ovora|| dopth mm % change mm % change mm % change mm % change
Ofhco aroas 300 0 ??0 0 S36 0 3!6 0
Night ward 330 !0 ?S0 !4 /33 3/ 4?4 34
Oporating
thoatro
3S0 !/ ?90 3? /S3 46 4/0 49
Mass kg/m
2
% change kg/m
2
% change kg/m
2
% change kg/m
2
% change
Ofhco aroas /S3 0 S36 0 ??/ 0 449 0
Night ward S?0 9 60S !3 S?S !3! /!S S9
Oporating
thoatro
S6S !S /0? 3! 644 !S3 S!S S?
Noto
kesu|ts |esed on en ene|ys|s o |eys /S m x /S m |n !S x ? |ey |eyout
2.7.11 Thermal mass
Concrete hes e h|gh therme| mess, wh|ch me|es |t |dee| to use es pert o e e|r|c energy storege
(llS) system llS ut|||ses the therme| mess o concrete to e|sor| |nterne| heet ge|ns dur|ng e
summer's dey to he|p prevent overheet|ng end prov|d|ng e more ste||e |nterne| tempereture
N|ght coo||ng purges the eccumu|eted heet rom the s|e|, preper|ng |t or the next dey llS
cen |e used on |ts own or es pert o e m|xed mode system to reduce the energy requ|rements
he |mportent requ|rement |s to expose the sout o the s|e|, or et |eest e||ow the e|r rom the
room to ow |n contect w|th the concrete h|s |mpects on the structure| so|ut|on end shou|d |e
cons|dered et the eer|y steges o e pro|ect herme| mess cen e|so |e used to me|nte|n wermth
|n e |u||d|ng dur|ng the w|nter
Les|gn so|ut|ons thet e||ow the sout to |e exposed |n en eesthet|ce||y p|ees|ng wey end prov|de
or coo||ng ere shown |n l|gure ?6
2.7.12 Sustainability
Suste|ne||||ty |s not |ust e|out reduc|ng env|ronmente| |mpect, |t |s und|ng e |e|ence |etween
soc|e|, econom|c end env|ronmente| costs end |eneuts, |oth now end |n the |ong term
A correct|y dete||ed end constructed concrete remed |u||d|ng w||| |est et |eest !00 yeers, end
shou|d |est cons|dere||y |onger lowever, the structure| reme w||| heve to prov|de e ex|||e
|eyout or the |u||d|ng | |t |s to |e put to e ver|ety o uses over |ts ||et|me A sme|| |ncreese |n
expend|ture to prov|de c|eer spens now mey heve e s|gn|ucent |eneut |n env|ronmente| end cost
terms |n the uture v|th |ts re|et|ve|y h|gh se|-we|ght, e concrete reme cen ees||y |e edepted
to other uses thet mey requ|re e heev|er |mposed |oed lo|es cen |e cut through s|e|s end we||s
re|et|ve|y s|mp|y, end there ere methods to strengthen the reme | requ|red
v|th regerd to the em|od|ed cer|on d|ox|de content (|e the cer|on d|ox|de produced |n the
menuecture end construct|on o the structure), th|s |s genere||y very sme|| compered w|th the
cer|on d|ox|de produced |n heet|ng end ||ght|ng the |u||d|ng dur|ng |ts ||et|me he |onger the
|u||d|ng |ests the |ess s|gn|ucent the em|od|ed cer|on d|ox|de |ecomes
22
Natura| vonti|ation with oxposod sofhts Undor-oor vonti|ation with oxposod sofhts
xposod ho||owcoro s|abs with mochanica| vonti|ation ormoab|o coi|ings
Chi||od boams with oxposod or partia||y oxposod sofhts wator-coo|od s|abs
|iguro 2.6
1ypica| concroto oors suitab|o for uso with fabric onorgy storago
23
he energy used |n heet|ng end coo||ng the |u||d|ng cen |e su|stent|e||y reduced |y us|ng
e|r|c energy storege (see Sect|on ?/!!) he mess o the structure o e pr|vete house cen
heve e cons|dere||e |mpect on the energy requ|rements o |eep|ng the house et e comorte||e
tempereture |eve| (see l|gure ?/)
2100 2090 2080 2070 2060 2050 2040 2030 2020 2010 2000
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Cumulative CO emissions
2
C
p
r
o
d
u
c
e
d
(
t
o
n
n
e
s
)
O
2
Embodied CO
2
C
O
i
n
u
s
e
2
Year
Note
This graph assumes solar shading used and air-conditioning will be installed in homes when
temperatures become uncomfortable, but will be used with natural ventilation whenever possible.
Heavy (cavity walls, precast concrete floors, dense block partitions)
Medium-heavy (cavity walls, precast concrete floors, block partitions)
Medium (cavity walls, timber floors,
Light (timber frame & floors,
Key
lightweight partitions)
lightweight partitions)
|iguro 2.7
rodictod cumu|ativo CO
2
omissions for difforont housing typos
|?!|
he em|od|ed energy o |n-s|tu concrete |s m|n|m|sed |eceuse the everege de||very d|stence |s
/ m||es end S0% o reedy-m|xed concrete p|ents ere |oceted et the eggregeted extrect|on s|te
he cement |n th|s concrete w||| e|so heve |een produced rom |oce||y sourced meter|e|s lrecest
concrete w||| necesser||y treve| greeter d|stence end the everege d|stence |s |ust over !00 m||es
Much o the concrete supp||ed |n the 0l w||| cons|st o e|ther ground grenu|eted ||esturnece
s|eg or y esh es e rep|ecement or ClM l (lort|end Cement) hese ere |y-products rom other
|ndustr|es end heve the |eneut o reduc|ng the em|od|ed CO
?
o the concrete end usue||y
|mprov|ng the dure||||ty he quent|t|es o these products cen |e |ncreesed through the concrete
spec|ucet|on, e|though the s|de eect |s thet the cur|ng t|mes mey |e |ncreesed
ln re|norcement product|on, !00% o 0l-produced re|norcement or concrete |s produced
rom 0l screp stee|, th|s eccounts or two-th|rds o e|| the re|norcement used |n the 0l
At the end o e |u||d|ng's ||e e|| the meter|e|s used |n e concrete reme cen |e recyc|ed
he su||ect o suste|ne||||ty |s e comp|ex one end the de|ete |s deve|op|ng over t|me he |etest
|normet|on end dete cen |e ound v|e he Concrete Centre we|s|te
2.7.13 Building movements
Movements |n concrete |u||d|ngs cen |e ceused |y
Autogenous shr|n|ege
long-term dry|ng shr|n|ege
ler|y therme| contrect|on
empereture ver|et|ons de||y or seesone| expens|on end contrect|on
Creep t|me-dependent |ncreese |n compress|ve stre|n or e constent compress|ve stress
s|gn|ucent|y |ncreeses deect|ons |n the |ong term
24
Sett|ement
Leect|on
So|er red|et|on
lre-stress|ng (|mmed|ete end |ong-term)
lor e typ|ce| |nterne| re|norced concrete structure |n the 0l, ?S mm w|de movement |o|nts |oceted
et S0 m centres w||| norme||y |e edequete to dee| w|th the eects o shr|n|ege end tempereture
ver|et|ons lowever, the eects o post-tens|on|ng end/or the exposure o the top dec| o e cer
per| cen s|gn|ucent|y |ncreese movements end or these structures the movement |o|nt spec|ng
shou|d |e reduced or the structure des|gned to eccommodete the movements e||e ?9 g|ves en
|nd|cet|on o the type o movement thet cou|d |e expected end /o.eme| e|a/| aJ cac//q /
coce|e |ac|ae
|??|
g|ves more dete||ed gu|dence on des|gn|ng or movement
1ab|o 2.9
|ndicativo strains and movomonts for typica| dosign situations
honomonon Minimum Maximum
1ypica| strains for an intorna| roinforcod concroto structuro
ler|y therme| shr|n|ege stre|n !00 me 300 me
Lry|ng shr|n|ege 300 me 400 me
1ota| strain 400 me 700 me
ln terms o movement 04 mm/m 0/ mm/m
Shr|n|ege over S0 m ?0 mm 3S mm
Additiona| strain duo to post-tonsioning {1}
l|est|c stre|n due to prestress /S me !00 me
Creep stre|n due to prestress !S0 me ?S0 me
1ota| strain for a 1 structuro 625 me 1050 me
ln terms o movement 06 mm/m !! mm/m
Shr|n|ege over S0 m 30 mm SS mm
Additiona| strain duo to oxposuro of top dock of a car park
Stre|n due to therme| eects ?00 400
ln terms o movement 0? mm/m 04 mm/m
ln terms o movement or top
s|e| o e l cer per|
0S mm/m !S mm/m
Shr|n|ege over S0 m 40 mm/m /S mm/m
Noto
me m|crostre|n (stre|n x !0
6
)
he restre|nt |mposed on the s|e| w||| depend on the |eyout o the ste||||ty we||s (see l|gure ?S)
Movement |o|nts mey e|so |e requ|red et chenges |n shepe o the |u||d|ng |n p|en or e|evet|on
kemem|er thet | e movement |o|nt |s |ntroduced |t shou|d |e p|eced so thet |t |s vert|ce|
throughout the he|ght o the structure end eech pert o the |u||d|ng shou|d |e ste||e
Movements due to d|erent|e| sett|ement ere oten more cr|t|ce| then overe|| sett|ement vhere
|u||d|ngs ere ounded on very|ng ground cond|t|ons the eect o sett|ement shou|d |e cons|dered
end movement |o|nts prov|ded where necessery
he eect o creep cen |e |mportent |n the des|gn o post-tens|oned structures end |n te||
structures where the shorten|ng o concrete co|umns shou|d |e cons|dered |n the des|gn o the
c|edd|ng system
2.7.14 Fire resistance
Concrete |s |nherent|y ure res|stent lt |s non-com|ust|||e end hes e s|ow rete o heet trenser,
wh|ch me|es |t e h|gh|y eect|ve |err|er to the spreed o ure he recommendet|ons or cover
to re|norcement |n bS lN !99?!?
|?|
shou|d |e o||owed to ensure ure protect|on or the
spec|ued per|ods (l|gure 3! on pege 4/), see Sect|ons 39 to 3!4
25
2.8 Typical loads
here |s oten some gu|dence prov|ded |n the quest|on on |mposed |oeds lowever, cend|detes
mey we|| heve to me|e the|r own essessment o se|-we|ght end other deed |oeds Some
|normet|on on we|ghts o meter|e|s end typ|ce| |oed |u||d-ups |s g|ven |n e||es ?!0 to ?!?
1ab|o 2.10a
8u|k |oads for soi|s
Matoria| 8u|k donsity
{kNIm
3
}
{kNIm
3
}
Che|| ?? Crenu|er med|um dense !S !9
C|ey !6 ?? Crenu|er dense !9 ?!
C|ey st| !9 ?? Crenu|er very dense ?!
C|ey urm !/ ?0 leet !!
C|ey sot !6 !9 S||ty c|ey !6 ?0
Crenu|er very |oose <!6 Sendy c|ey !6 ?0
Crenu|er |oose !6 !S
a) Favourable layout of restraining walls (low restraint)
b) Unfavourable layout of restraining walls (high restraint)
|iguro 2.8
1ypica| oor |ayouts
L|egrem Concrete Soc|ety echn|ce| keport 43
|?3|
26
1ab|o 2.10b
8u|k |oads for matoria|s
{kNIm
3
}
{kNIm
3
}
A|um|n|um ?/? C|ess ?S6
Asphe|t ??S Co|d !940
b|oc|s eereted concrete (m|n) S0 Cren|te ?/3
b|oc|s eereted concrete (mex) 90 lerdcore !90
b|oc|s dense eggregete ?00 lron //0
b|oc|s ||ghtwe|ght !40 leed !!!!
boo|s |u|| storege S !! l|mestone (bethstone ||ghtwe|ght) ?04
boo|s on she|ves /0 l|mestone (lort|end stone med we|ght) ??0
bress cest SS0 l|mestone (mer||e heevywe|ght) ?6/
br|c|wor| ||ue ?40 Mecedem pev|ng ?!0
br|c|wor| eng|neer|ng ??0 MLl S0
br|c|wor| etton !S0 l|ester !4!
br|c|wor| london stoc| !90 l|ywood 63
br|c|wor| send ||me ?!0 Sendstone ?3S
bron.e cest S30 Screed send/cement ??0
Ch|p|oerd 69 Stee| //0
Coe| 90 errecotte ?0/
Concrete eereted !00 |m|er Loug|es ur S?
Concrete ||ghtwe|ght !S0 |m|er luropeen |eech/oe| /!
Concrete norme|-we|ght, unre|norced ?40 |m|er Crede C!6 36
Concrete norme|-we|ght, re|norced ?S0 |m|er Crede C?4 4!
Copper S/0 |m|er lro|o/tee| 64
1ab|o 2.10c
1ypica| so|f-woights of concroto oors
Matoria| Aroa |oad
{kNIm
2
}
Matoria| Aroa |oad
{kNIm
2
}
lrecest concrete so||d un|ts (!00 mm) ?40 k|||ed s|e| (3?S mm) 440
lrecest concrete ho||owcore un|ts (!S0 mm) ?40 k|||ed s|e| (3S0 mm) 4/0
lrecest concrete ho||owcore un|ts (?00 mm) ?S/ k|||ed s|e| (400 mm) S00
lrecest concrete ho||owcore un|ts (?S0 mm) 366 k|||ed s|e| (4S0 mm) S30
lrecest concrete ho||owcore un|ts (300 mm) 40/ k|||ed s|e| (S00 mm) S/0
lrecest concrete ho||owcore un|ts (3S0 mm) 44S vee s|e| stenderd mou|ds (3?S mm) 600
lrecest concrete ho||owcore un|ts (400 mm) 4S4 vee s|e| stenderd mou|ds (3S0 mm) 640
lrecest concrete ho||owcore un|ts (4S0 mm) SS0 vee s|e| stenderd mou|ds (4?S mm) /30
k|||ed s|e| (?S0 mm) 400 vee s|e| stenderd mou|ds (4S0 mm) //0
k|||ed s|e| (?/S mm) 4?0 vee s|e| stenderd mou|ds (S?S mm) S60
k|||ed s|e| (300 mm) 430
27
1ab|o 2.10d
Aroa |oads and |oads of shoot matoria|s
Matoria| Aroa |oad
{kNIm
2
}
Matoria| Aroa |oad
{kNIm
2
}
A|um|n|um (corrugeted) 004 l|ester s||m coet 00S
Asphe|t (?0 mm) 046 l|ester|oerd (9S mm) 00/
Cerpet 003 l|ester|oerd (!?S mm) 009
Cerpet end under|ey 00S l|ester|oerd (!S mm) 0!!
Ch|p|oerd (!S mm) 0!? l|ester|oerd (!9 mm) 0!S
Ch|p|oerd (?? mm) 0!S l|estered |r|c| !0? ? x !3 mm ?60
Lry ||n|ng on stud (?0 mm) 0!S l|estered med|um dens|ty ||oc| ?00
le|se ce|||ng stee| rem|ng 0!0 l|est|c (corrugeted) 004
le|t (3-|eyer) end ch|pp|ngs 03S l|ywood (!?S mm) 00S
C|ess dou||e g|e.|ng 0S? l|ywood (!SS mm) 0!0
C|ess s|ng|e g|e.|ng 030 l|ywood (!9 mm) 0!?
C|ess u|re (S0 mm) 00! Querry t||es |nc|ud|ng morter |edd|ng 03?
C|ess woo| (!00 mm) 00! ke|sed oor heevy duty 0S0
C|e.|ng petent (|nc| |ers) 030 ke|sed oor med|um we|ght 040
lerdwood perquet (!0 mm) 00S ke|sed oor ||ghtwe|ght 030
lnsu|et|on g|ess u|re (!00 mm) 00? kender (!3 mm) 030
lnsu|et|on g|ess u|re (!S0 mm) 003 koc| woo| (?S mm) 00!
lnsu|et|on po|ystyrene 004 Screed S0 mm !!S
leed sheet code 3 (!3? mm) 0!S Screed ||ghtwe|ght (?S mm) 04S
leed sheet code 4 (!S0 mm) 0?0 Sheet v|ny| 003
leed sheet code S (??4 mm) 0?S Ste|n|ess stee| rooung (04 mm) 00S
leed sheet code 6 (?6S mm) 0?9 Stee| (corrugeted) 0!S
leed sheet code / (3!S mm) 03S Suspended ce|||ng e|um|n|um 00S
leed sheet code S (3SS mm) 039 Suspended ce|||ng stee| 0!0
l|no|eum (3? mm) 00S Suspended u|re|oerd t||es 00S
lev|ng stones (S0 mm) !?0 8C |oerds (!SS mm) 009
lerspex corrugeted sheets 00S 8C |oerds (?? mm) 0!?
l|ester - two coet gypsum (!? mm) 0?! ||es cerem|c oor on |ed !00
l|ester |oerd on t|m|er stud 03S
1ab|o 2.10o 1ab|o 2.10f
koof |oads Aroa |oads of partitions
Matoria| Aroa |oad
{kNIm
2
}
artitions as aroa |oads Aroa |oad
{kNIm
2
}
bettens or s|et|ng end t|||ng 003 l|ghtwe|ght !00
Mete| roo c|edd|ng 00/ leevywe|ght 300
hetch (300 mm) 04S
||es c|ey roo (mex) 06/
||es c|ey roo (m|n) 043
||es neture| s|ete (th|c|) 06S
||es neture| s|ete (th|n) 03S
||es |nter|oc||ng concrete 0SS
||es p|e|n concrete 0/S
?|nc rooung (0S mm) 006
28
Cavity wa|| rocast concroto c|adding
102.5 mm brickwork 2.40 lec|ng !00
50 mm insu|ation 0.02 lrecest pene| (!00 mm) ?S0
100 mm b|ockwork 1.40 lnsu|et|on 00S
|astor 0.21 Lry ||n|ng on stud 0!S
Total 4.0 Total 3.6
Lightwoight c|adding 8rickwork
|nsu|atod pano| 0.20 !0?S mm |r|c|wor| ?40
ur|ins 0.05 l|ester x ? 04?
Dry |ining on stud 0.15 Total 2.8
Total 0.4 8|ockwork - donso
Curtain wa||ing !00 mm dense ||oc|wor| ?00
A||ow 1.00 l|ester x ? 04?
|nsu|ating concroto formwork Total 2.4
kondor 0.60 8|ockwork - |ightwoight
|nsu|ating formwork 0.10 !00 mm ||ghtwe|ght ||oc|wor| !40
Concroto {200 mm} 4.80 l|ester x ? 04?
|astor 0.21 Total 1.8
1ota| 5.7 8|ockwork - aoratod
1imbor c|adding !00 mm eereted ||oc|wor| 0S0
8oarding {25 mm} 0.20 l|ester x ? 04?
8attons 0.05 Total 0.9
|y {12.5 mm} 0.08 Dry |ining
Studs {150 x 50 mm} 0.23 Mete| studs 00S
|nsu|ation 0.05 l|ester|oerd end s||m x ? 040
|y {12.5 mm} 0.08 Total 0.5
Dry |ining on stud 0.15 1imbor stud wa||
Total 2.40 |m|er studs 0!0
l|ester|oerd end s||m x ? 040
Total 0.5
1ab|o 2.11
1ypica| aroa |oads for c|adding and wa||s {kNIm
2
}
Cavity wa||
!0?S mm |r|c|wor| ?40
S0 mm |nsu|et|on 00?
!00 mm ||oc|wor| !40
l|ester 0?!
Total 4.0
Lightwoight c|adding
lnsu|eted pene| 0?0
lur||ns 00S
Lry ||n|ng on stud 0!S
Total 0.4
Curtain wa||ing
A||ow !00
|nsu|ating concroto formwork
kender 060
lnsu|et|ng ormwor| 0!0
Mess concrete (?00 mm) 4S0
l|ester 0?!
1ota| 5.7
1imbor c|adding
boerd|ng (?S mm) 0?0
bettens 00S
l|y (!?S mm) 00S
Studs (!S0 x S0 mm) 0?3
lnsu|et|on 00S
l|y (!?S mm) 00S
Lry ||n|ng on stud 0!S
Total 0.8
1ab|o 2.12
1ypica| aroa |oads {kNIm
2
}
Ofhco oor
|n-situ at s|ab thicknoss {mm} - 225 250 275 300 325
Carpot 003 003 003 003 003 003
kaisod oor 030 030 030 030 030 030
So|f-woight of s|ab S63 6?S 6SS /S S!3
Suspondod coi|ing 0!S 0!S 0!S 0!S 0!S 0!S
Sorvicos 030 030 030 030 030 030
1ota| 0.8 6.4 7.0 7.7 8.3 8.9
Ofhco coro aroa
1i|os & bodding {a||ow} !00 !00 !00 !00 !00 !00
Scrood ??0 ??0 ??0 ??0 ??0 ??0
Sorvicos 030 030 030 030 030 030
1ota| 3.7 9.3 9.9 10.5 11.2 11.8
29
kosidontia| oor
|n-situ at s|ab thicknoss {mm} - 200 225 250 275
Carpot 00S 00S 00S 00S 00S
||oating oor 0!S 0!S 0!S 0!S 0!S
So|f-woight of s|ab S00 S63 6?S 6SS
Suspondod coi|ing 0?0 0?0 0?0 0?0 0?0
Sorvicos 0!0 0!0 0!0 0!0 0!0
1ota| 0.5 5.5 6.1 6.8 7.4
Schoo| oor
CarpotIooring 00S 00S 00S 00S 00S
So|f-woight of s|ab S63 6?S 6S /S
Suspondod coi|ing 0!S 0!S 0!S 0!S 0!S
Sorvicos 0?0 0?0 0?0 0?0 0?0
1ota| 0.4 6.0 6.6 7.2 7.9
Hospita| oor
||ooring 00S 00S 00S 00S 00S
So|f-woight of s|ab S63 6?S 6SS /S0
Scrood ??0 ??0 ??0 ??0 ??0
Suspondod coi|ing 0!S 0!S 0!S 0!S 0!S
Sorvicos {but can bo groator} 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0
1ota| 2.9 8.5 9.2 9.8 10.4
||at roofIoxtorna| torraco
aving or gravo| {a||ow} ??0 ??0 ??0 ??0 ??0 ??0
watorproohng 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0
|nsu|ation 0!0 0!0 0!0 0!0 0!0 0!0
Sorvicos 030 030 030 030 030 030
1ota| 3.3 8.3 9.5 10.1 10.8 11.4
1imbor pitchod roof
itch {} 30 35 40 45
1i|os {rango: 0.5 to 0.75 kNIm
2
} 0/S 0/S 0/S 0/S
8attons 00S 00S 00S 00S
|o|t 00S 00S 00S 00S
kaftors 0!S 0!S 0!S 0!S
|nsu|ation 00S 00S 00S 00S
|astorboard and skim 0!S 0!S 0!S 0!S
Sorvicos 0!0 0!0 0!0 0!0
Coi|ing joists 0!S 0!S 0!S 0!S
1ota| |oad on p|an 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
Mota| docking roof
|nsu|atod pano| 0?0
ur|ins 0!0
Stoo|work 030
Sorvicos 0!0
1ota| 0.7
1ab|o 2.12 cont|nued
30
2.9 Typical spatial requirements
2.9.1 Car parks
he stenderd conuguret|on or cer per|s |s shown |n l|gure ?9 ldee||y the '||n w|dth' |e the
|ength o two cer per| speces end the e|s|e shou|d |e e c|eer spen o !S6 m h|s |s en onerous
requ|rement end so the co|umns cen |e p|eced |etween speces es shown |n l|gure ?9 he s|.es
o the per||ng speces ere shown |n e||e ?!3
6.0 m 4.8 m
Bin width
4.8 m
3 x 2.4 m
bays 3
b
i
n
s
r
e
c
o
m
m
e
n
d
e
d
m
i
n
i
m
u
m
B
A
A: 0.46 m minimum
0.8 m to 1.0 m
preferred range
B: 3.3 m minimum
3.6 m desirable
Acceptable
support positions
Typical bay
dimensions
*
*
Interbin support zone
|iguro 2.9
1ypica| car park |ayout
L|egrem lStructl
|?4|
1ab|o 2.13
Car park spaco roquiromonts
1ypo of parking Longth {m} width {m} Commont
M|xed use 4S ?4 M|xed occupency
Short stey 4S ?S < ? hours
long stey 4S ?3 One movement per dey
L|se||ed user 4S 36
lerent/ch||d 4S 3?
2.9.2 Services
yp|ce| errengements or |ntegret|on o structure end serv|ces ere g|ven |n l|gure ?!0
2.10 Preliminary sizing
lt |s strong|y recommended thet /coom/c coce|e |ame e/eme|
|S|
|s reerred to or pre||m|nery
s|.|ng o concrete remed structures lowever, es e pre||m|nery gu|de, the spen-to-eect|ve-
depth ret|os |e|ow cen |e used
Cend|detes ere expected to show some ce|cu|et|ons |n Sect|on !e o the exem|net|on, espec|e||y
or |tems such es trenser |eems end oundet|ons lndeed cend|detes w||| heve to do some
ce|cu|et|on et th|s stege to evo|d us|ng |neppropr|ete s|.es
31
Duct leaving riser / core
consider universal
columns as beams
H
Below deep beams
final terminal device only
Main duct run-outs
below normal
maximum beam size
FFL
FFL
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
VAV terminal box
400
500
A Structural zone
B 50 mm deflection and tolerance
C Approx. 500 mm HVAC duct or terminal device
D 50 mm support and tolerance
E 5 150 mm sprinkler zone (if required)
F 150 mm lighting and ceiling zone
G Floor to ceiling height
H Raised floor
a) Flat soffit
Raised
floor
Floor to
ceiling
height
Services
zone
Structural
zone
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
b) Downstand beams
Key
|iguro 2.10
1ypica| sorvico zonos
32
2.10.1 Beams
he spen-to-depth ret|os |n e||e ?!4 cen |e used
1ab|o 2.14
Span-to-dopth ratios for boams
Condition Span-to-dopth ratio
Simply supported !S
End-bay !/
Cantilever 6
2.10.2 Transfer beams
he exper|enced eng|neer w||| understend thet |t |s not edv|se||e to determ|ne the sect|on s|.e
mere|y |y us|ng spen-to-depth te||es cereu| cons|deret|on |s needed Sheer strength |s oten the
govern|ng cr|ter|e or e re|norced concrete trenser |eem lrom lurocode ?, .
ld
\
ld
/(09 /
w
J) end
shou|d |e |ess then .
kd,mex
(see e||e ?!4) l the sect|on |s not to |ecome congested w|th sheer
re|norcement |t |s edv|se||e to ||m|t .
ld
to ? N/mm
?
lowever, |t mey |e necessery to |ncreese
th|s to 4 N/mm
?
A we|| proport|oned |eem hes e w|dth, /, es he| |ts depth
he heedroom under the |eem shou|d |e chec|ed end cons|deret|on g|ven to the connect|on
|nto the co|umn Leect|on end exure| strength shou|d e|so |e cons|dered |eceuse they mey
govern the des|gn
1ab|o 2.15
Maximum shoar stross, o
kd,max
_
ck
{Ma} 20 25 28 30 32 35 40 45 50
o
kd,max
{Ma} 36S 4S0 49/ S?S SSS 60? 6/? /3S S00
2.10.3 One-way spanning slabs
he spen-to-depth ret|os |n e||e ?!6 mey |e used or spens |n the renge 4 to !0 m
1ab|o 2.16
Span-to-dopth ratios for ono-way spanning s|abs
|mposod |oad, J
k

{kNIm
2
}
Sing|o span Mu|tip|o span Canti|ovor
2.5 ?/ 3? !0
5.0 ?S 30 9
7.5 ?4 ?S S
10.0 ?3 ?/ /
2.10.4 Two-way spanning slabs
he spen-to-depth ret|os |n e||e ?!/ mey |e used where the |ongest spen |s |n the renge 4 to !? m
1ab|o 2.17
Span-to-dopth ratios for two-way spanning s|abs
|mposod |oad,
J
k
{kNIm
2
}
1:1 pano| 2:1 pano| {basod on shortor span}
Sing|o span Mu|tip|o span Sing|o span Mu|tip|o span
2.5 34 39 30 34
5.0 3? 3/ ?S 3?
7.5 30 3S ?6 30
10.0 ?S 34 ?S ?9
33
2.10.5 Flat slabs
he spen-to-depth ret|os |n e||e ?!S mey |e used where the spens ere |n the renge 4 to !0 m
1ab|o 2.18
Span-to-dopth ratios for at s|abs
|mposod |oad, J
k
{kNIm
2
} Mu|tip|o span
2.5 ?S
5.0 ?6
7.5 ?S
10.0 ?3
Noto
h|s te||e essumes e 3 x 3 |ey |eyout vhere there ere on|y ? |eys |n one d|rect|on the ret|o w||| need to
|e decreesed
lunch|ng sheer |s oten e govern|ng cr|ter|on or et s|e|s end shou|d |e chec|ed et the |n|t|e|
steges o des|gn e||e ?!9 on pege 34 g|ves the mex|mum oor eree or e se|ect|on o |mposed
|oeds end co|umn s|.es lt essumes e super|mposed deed |oed o !S |N/m
?
, |nterne| cond|t|ons,
end e ve|ue or .
kd,c
o 0/S Mle
2.10.6 Ribbed slabs
he spen-to-depth ret|os |n e||e ??0 mey |e used where the spens ere |n the renge 6 to !? m
k|||ed s|e|s shou|d |e or|enteted w|th the r||s runn|ng pere||e| to the |ongest edge he most
econom|c ret|o o the spens |s 43
1ab|o 2.20
Span-to-dopth ratios for ribbod s|abs
|mposod |oad,
J
k
{kNIm
2
}
Supportod by boams
a kibs intogra|
with band boam
<11 m
Sing|o span
<12 m
Mu|tip|o span
<10 m 10 - 12 m
2.5 ?4 ?9 ?/ ?S
5.0 ?! ?/ ?4 ?3
7.5 !9 ?S ?! ?!
10.0 !/ ?3 !/ !S
koy
a keer to Sect|on ?!0! to determ|ne depth o |eems
2.10.7 Wafe slabs
he spen-to-depth ret|os |n e||e ??! mey |e used where the spens ere |n the renge 6 to !? m
1ab|o 2.21
Span-to-dopth ratios for wafo s|abs
|mposod |oad, J
k
{kNIm
2
} 1:1 pano| 1.5:1 pano|
{dopth basod on shortor span}
Mu|tip|o span Mu|tip|o span
2.5 ?3 !/
5.0 ?! !6
7.5 !9 !S
10.0 !S !4
34
1ab|o 2.19
unching shoar: rocommondod maximum pano| aroas for at s|abs {m
2
}
Ovora|| s|ab
dopth, a {mm}
Variab|o action {kNIm
2
} Ovora|| s|ab
dopth, a {mm}
Variab|o action {kNIm
2
}
2.5 5.0 7.5 10 2.5 5.0 7.5 10
300 x 300 co|umn 450 x 450 co|umn
200 3!4 ?/0 ?S0 ?!? ?00 3!4 ?/0 ?S0 ?!?
225 39/ 34? 3!6 ?6S ??S 39/ 34? 3!6 ?6S
250 490 4?3 39! 33! ?S0 490 4?3 39! 33!
275 S93 S!! 4/3 400 ?/S S93 S!! 4/3 400
300 /06 603 S0S 439 300 /06 60S S63 4/6
325 /4? 609 S!/ 449 3?S S?S 6SS SS3 S06
350 x 350 co|umn 500 x 500 co|umn
200 3!4 ?/0 ?S0 ?!? ?00 3!4 ?/0 ?S0 ?!?
225 39/ 34? 3!6 ?6S ??S 39/ 34? 3!6 ?6S
250 490 4?3 39! 33! ?S0 490 4?3 39! 33!
275 S93 S!! 4/3 400 ?/S S93 S!! 4/3 400
300 /06 60S S3! 4S9 300 /06 60S S63 4/6
325 //4 63S S39 46S 3?S S?S /!4 60S S?6
400 x 400 co|umn Notos
1 Super|mposed |oed o !S |N/m
?
|nc|uded
2 Nom|ne| cover o 30 mm hes |een essumed
3 .
kd,c
or me|n re|norcement |s 0/S Mle
4 A spen-to-depth ||m|t hes |een |nc|uded, wh|ch
governs pert|cu|er|y or ||ght|y |oeded end/or
th|nner s|e|s
200 3!4 ?/0 ?S0 ?!?
225 39/ 34? 3!6 ?6S
250 490 4?3 39! 33!
275 S93 S!! 4/3 400
300 /06 60S SSS 4/6
325 S06 66? S6! 4S/
Squarecolumn
Imposed load
h
Superimposed dead
load =1.5 kN/m
2
How to uso this tab|o
|or oxamp|o:
300 x 300 co|umn
?S0 th|c| s|e|
S |N/m
?
ver|e||e ect|on
lrom te||e mex|mum eree thet
cen |e supported 4?3 m
?

(eg 6S x 6S m gr|d)
2.10.8 Post-tensioned slabs and beams
e||e ??? cen |e used or |n|t|e| s|.|ng o post-tens|oned s|e|s, where the spens ere |n the renge
6 to !3 m
1ab|o 2.22
Span-to-dopth ratios for post-tonsionod s|abs and boams
|mposod
|oad, J
k

{kNIm
2
}
||at s|ab ||at s|ab with band
boams
kibbod
s|ab
wafo s|ab
{with so|id
s|ab at
co|umn hoad}
Ono-way s|ab on
doop boam
S|ab 8oam S|ab 8oam
2.5 40 4S ?S 30 ?S 4? !S
5.0 36 40 ?? ?/ ?6 3S !6
10.0 30 3S !S ?4 ?3 34 !3
35
2.10.9 Precast concrete oor units
l|gures ?!! to ?!4 mey |e used or |n|t|e| s|.|ng, these ere |esed on menuecturers' dete
300
200
100
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
Span (m)
S
l
a
b
d
e
p
t
h
(
m
m
)
Key
Characteristic imposed load (IL)
2.5 kN/m
2
5.0 kN/m
2
7.5 kN/m
2
10.0 kN/m
2
Notos
1 Lepth |nc|udes topp|ng
2 lrops requ|red et m|d-po|nt
|iguro 2.11
Composito |attico girdor s|abs
Key
CharacterIstIc Imposed load (L)
2.5 kN/m
2
5.0 kN/m
2
7.5 kN/m
2
10.0 kN/m
2
500
400
J00
200
100
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Span (m)
S
l
a
b
d
e
p
t
h
(
m
m
)
Notos
1 Lepth exc|udes topp|ng
|iguro 2.12
rocast ho||owcoro s|abs
Key
2.5 kN/m
2
5.0 kN/m
2
7.5 kN/m
2
10.0 kN/m
2
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
100
200
J00
400
500
Span (m)
S
l
a
b
d
e
p
t
h
(
m
m
)
|iguro 2.13
Composito ho||owcoro s|abs
36
600
500
400
J00
200
4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Span (m)
S
l
a
b
d
e
p
t
h
(
m
m
)
2.5k N/m
2
5.0k N/m
2
7.5k N/m
2
Key
Notos
1 Lepth |nc|udes topp|ng
2 lrops requ|red
|iguro 2.14
Voidod s|abs {Noto: with somo systoms tho void formors can bo usod with in-situ concroto}
2.10.10 Columns
e||e ??3 mey |e used or |n|t|e| s|.|ng h|s |s e summery o the dete conte|ned |n /coom/c
coce|e |ame e/eme|
|S|
end shou|d |e used w|th the o||ow|ng ceut|ons
loeds ere u|t|mete |oeds |n |N
lnterne| co|umns ere essumed to support s|e|s or |eems o s|m||er spens |n eech
orthogone| d|rect|on
lmposed moments on edge end corner co|umns heve |een essumed, or |mposed |oeds
greeter then S0 |N/m
?
e|ternet|ve |ust|ucet|on |s requ|red
Co|umns ere not s|ender end ere |reced
vhere the geometry e||s outs|de the ||m|ts e|ove, the o||ow|ng ectors cen |e epp||ed to the
|oed on the co|umn end used w|th e||e ??3 to epprox|mete|y chec| the co|umn cepec|ty
lnterne| co|umn !?S
ldge co|umn !S
Corner co|umn ?0
Concrete co|umns cen |e concee|ed w|th|n pert|t|ons |y us|ng '||ede' co|umns Oten e
?00 x S00 mm sect|on |s used |eceuse ?00 mm |s e prect|ce| m|n|mum th|c|ness end S00 mm
|s our t|mes the th|c|ness, wh|ch c|ess|ues |t es e we|| lor ure res|stence th|s reduces the cover
requ|rements compered w|th e co|umn
1ab|o 2.23
|nitia| sizing for intorna| squaro co|umns {mm}
orcontago of
roinforcomont
U|timato axia| |oad, kN {C|ass C30I37 concroto}
1000 1500 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000
!0% ?S0 ?99 339 40S 46/ S!S S6S 6S? /?9
?0% ?3! ?/S 3!3 3/6 43? 4/9 S?? S9S 66S
30% ??S ?S9 ?94 3S4 403 44S 4S/ SS9 6?!
40% ??S ?49 ?S! 33S 3S4 4?S 46? S?S SS6
2.10.11 Shear walls
Sheer we||s ere essent|e||y vert|ce| cent||evers, end mey |e s|.ed es such, thereore e spen-to-depth
ret|o o / |s reesone||e or e sheer we|| lowever, et th|s espect ret|o |t |s h|gh|y |||e|y thet tens|on
w||| |e deve|oped et the |ese end th|s requ|res |ust|ucet|on |n the des|gn (see l|gure ?!S) led
oundet|ons shou|d |e des|gned to res|st overturn|ng end p||es mey |e requ|red to res|st tens|on
he we|| shou|d |e chec|ed to ensure thet |t |s 'short' (see e||e ??4), the m|n|mum prect|ce|
th|c|ness |s ?00 mm he we|| shou|d |e '|reced', |e there shou|d |e enother sheer we|| |n the
orthogone| d|rect|on
37
D
e
p
t
h
Tension
Compression
S
p
a
n
1ab|o 2.24
kocommondod minimum thicknossos for shoar wa||s
1hicknoss {mm} Maximum c|oar hoight {m}
200 3S
215 3S
250 44
300 S3
|iguro 2.15
Latora| forcos on shoar wa||
2.11 The letter
Sect|on !| es|s cend|detes to wr|te e |etter to the|r c||ent |n response to e chenge to the
scheme h|s |s e good test o the e||||ty to commun|cete eect|ve|y to e non-techn|ce|
reeder he exem|ners w||| e|so |e essess|ng the cend|dete's epprec|et|on o the structure|
|mp||cet|ons o the chenges he exem|ner's reports regu|er|y h|gh||ght thet the purpose o
the |etter |s not to see| edd|t|one| des|gn ees, |e the purpose o the |etter |s to dee| w|th the
structure| espects o the request not the |us|ness espect
lt shou|d |e |e|d out es e |etter end |nc|ude s|etches | necessery, end e recommended course
o ect|on Cend|detes shou|d NO s|gn |t, es the scr|pts shou|d reme|n enonymous lnc|ude eny
ce|cu|et|ons cerr|ed out |n preper|ng the |etter |n the scr|pt (see l|gure ?!6)
Cend|detes shou|d thereore g|ve en exp|enet|on o the structure| pro||em, together w|th e
so|ut|on to thet pro||em lt shou|d out||ne c|eer|y end u||y how the c||ent's request m|ght |e
ech|eved, |n terms o
Cost
lrogremme
lunct|on
Seety
Aesthet|cs
he e||||ty to wr|te eppropr|ete |etters cen on|y come through prect|ce| exper|ence hose
cend|detes who heve exper|ence o wr|t|ng s|m||er |etters w||| |e e||e to underte|e th|s tes|
w|th conudence hose who |ec| exper|ence w||| und |t e che||enge end shou|d ensure they
prepere edequete|y or th|s sect|on o the exem|net|on lt |s oten e good |dee to reed end
understend whet |s requ|red or the |etter |eore tec|||ng Sect|on !e o the exem|net|on l
the so|ut|on requ|red |n the |etter eppeers tr|v|e| then |t mey we|| |e thet the cend|dete hes
over|oo|ed en |mportent pert o the quest|on
38
|iguro 2.16
xamp|o |ottor
Engineering Consultants
99 High Street
Newtown
NW9 9AA
Your ref:
Our ref: 1099/OB/1.01/21-11-06 21 November 2006
FAO Mr J Client
Dear Mr Client
Call Centre Implications of Recent Minor Seismic Activity
As we are sure you are aware there has recently been a minor earthquake in the region of the recently completed Call Centre.
We would like to address the concerns you may have regarding the strength of your building if faced with a similar event.
Initially we would like to conrm that the structure has been designed to the latest Building Regulations and Codes of
Practice. There is no requirement to explicitly consider the effects of seismic activity because historically the most signicant
horizontal forces on structures in this region are wind forces, rather than forces arising from seismic activity.
We would suggest that, before making any decisions about strengthening the structure, we wait for a consensus amongst the
experts as to whether this type of event is likely to occur more frequently in the area and what they recommend as the design
requirements. We would expect that, if changes are necessary, the Building Regulations will be revised and that clear guidance
will emerge on whether existing buildings should be strengthened. The Call Centre is just one of many buildings that could be
affected by a similar earthquake in this region.
In the meantime, we would like to reassure you that the building as it stands will have reasonable strength to resist to a
minor seismic event. It has been designed with ties to ensure that progressive collapse does not occur and these will act to
strengthen the building in the event of an earthquake. There are, however, a number of specic areas where localised damage
could occur as a result of a small earthquake; these are detailed below.
- ^c coc:|uo|c-cc-|-:oc: |u||c|cj -|cu|c |c o||c :c coccy :|c |o:cco| |coc- |cc-cc :c o -:o||||:y cccc. |c :||- co-c :|c
precast units and topping screed are designed to act as a stiff diaphragm. However, depending on the intensity of the
earthquake, this system may have insufcient strength to carry the forces. A design check can be carried out when
there is agreement on the design forces that should be used for an earthquake in this region.
- 1|c cucccc: |u||c|cj |- c|.|ccc |c:c :.c c|-ccc:c -:cuc:ucc-, .|:| o -co|| cc.cccc: jc|c: |c:.ccc :|cc. |uc|cj oc
earthquake the structures will move laterally and the width of the joint is unlikely to be sufcient to prevent the two
structures from making contact. We think there are two options for overcoming this; either the joint could be made
wider by making alterations to the existing structure, or the lateral stiffness of the building could be increased by
incorporating more stability walls. The latter would reduce the sideways sway during a seismic event. It may also be
the preferred solution if the oor diaphragm requires strengthening. We will need to have a discussion so we can nd an
acceptable solution that provides minimal disruption to your business and the minimum effect on the architecture.
- 1|c |u||c|cj |- cucccc cc .co:|cccc ccc|, .||c| -|cu|c |c -uuc|cc:|y cc|u-: |c :|c c.cc: c oc coc:|uo|c. c.c.cc,
we will need to review the strength of the foundations to resist lateral forces, for which they were not designed. The
building has a suspended ground oor, which means that there are beams tying the foundations together. This is
benecial in the event of an earthquake, because it prevents the foundations moving apart possibly causing major
damage to the frame.
- 1|c |coc-:c-cc|ucc cccccc:|cc- occ o cou-c cc ccccccc. 1|ccc occ cocy .oy- :c ccc o cccccc:|cc occ :||- |-
generally left to the precast manufacturer to design. This is usually benecial because he can carry out the work more
efciently and to suit his working methods. On this project the manufacturer has used a billet type connection, which
is perfectly adequate for the job it was designed to do. However, it offers less spare capacity to resist the forces from
an earthquake and strengthening may be required.
- 1|c :.c--:cccy j|ozcc cc:coccc occo .||| ccu|cc -ccc -:cccj:|cc|cj cco-ucc-. 1|c |o:cco| cc.cccc: :|o: .||| cccuc
during an earthquake is almost certain to damage the glazing. The current glazing is laminated glass, which means
that it will not break into small pieces. However, there is a risk that whole panes will come away from their xings with
the potential to cause loss of life. To overcome this, strengthening of the columnto-roof beam connections will be
necessary to reduce lateral sway.
We cannot be certain about how design guidance will change as a result of the earthquake, but the above comments should
give you an appreciation of the preventive measures that are likely to be necessary. If you would like to discuss the situation
further then please contact us.
Yours sincerely
39
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
3 Design calculations (section 2c)
3.1 Expectations of the examiners
Cend|detes ere es|ed to 'lrepere suuc|ent des|gn ce|cu|et|ons to este|||sh the orm end s|.e
o e|| the pr|nc|pe| e|ements |nc|ud|ng the oundet|ons' here ere some |ey po|nts to note
rom the quest|on l|rst|y |t es|s or sufcient ce|cu|et|ons, |e enough to prove the des|gn
|s ees|||e, |ut not so meny thet the cend|dete e||s to comp|ete the exem|net|on Second|y,
the principal e|ements must |e des|gned |e not e|| o the e|ements he |n|t|e| s|.|ng o
the e|ements shou|d heve |een cerr|ed out |n sect|on !e o the exem|net|on h|s sect|on
|s es||ng or more dete|| or the e|ements thet ere out o the ord|nery (eg trenser |eems)
or cruc|e| to the des|gn o the |u||d|ng l|ne||y, pr|nc|pe| e|ements thet ere oten spec|uce||y
c|ted ere the oundet|ons, so cend|detes shou|d ensure they ere |nc|uded
he cend|dete hes eround SS m|nutes to enswer th|s pert o the exem|net|on lt |s expected
thet ce|cu|et|ons w||| |e underte|en or |etween uve end seven e|ements, g|v|ng !? to !/
m|nutes or eech e|ement here |s e tote| o ?0 mer|s, so eech e|ement w||| ge|n |etween
three end our mer|s, no metter how dete||ed the ce|cu|et|ons or thet e|ement
he ce|cu|et|ons ere |ntended to |e pre||m|nery ce|cu|et|ons, wh|ch ocus on the |ey |ssues,
suuc|ent to |ust|y the structure| s|.es Cend|detes shou|d use the|r exper|ence to determ|ne
cr|t|ce| espects o the des|gn o the e|ement
Cend|detes shou|d |e ewere thet there ere very|ng op|n|ons emong exem|ners es to whet
wor||ng shou|d |e shown |n the ce|cu|et|ons Some |||e to see des|gn equet|ons |nc|uded
end u|| wor||ngs (they w||| g|ve mer|s even where the une| enswer |s wrong), others ere
content to see resu|ts rom progremme||e ce|cu|etors or |oo|-up te||es, |eceuse th|s |s more
representet|ve o current everydey prect|ce h|s |s your opportun|ty to demonstrete your
|now|edge o structure| eng|neer|ng end perheps |t |s |est to wor| |n the wey thet su|ts you,
me||ng sure you te|e opportun|t|es to demonstrete your e||||t|es
3.1.1 Principal elements
he o||ow|ng |s e ||st o structure| mem|ers thet cou|d |e cons|dered to |e pr|nc|pe| e|ements
lt mey not |e e u|| ||st end or some |u||d|ngs these e|ements m|ght not epp|y
Ste||||ty system (|nc|ud|ng essessment o the |oeds)
loundet|ons (|nc|ud|ng essessment o the com||ned eects o grev|tet|one| end |etere| |oeds,
ground-|eer|ng cepec|ty end spec|ucet|on o meter|e|s |n eggress|ve ground)
Les|gn to res|st up||t o structure due to h|gh ground weter |eve|
l||es
besement we||s
kete|n|ng we||s
besement s|e|s pert|cu|er|y |n the eree res|st|ng up||t or heeve
renser |eems
Co|umns
S|e|s
Me..en|ne oors
C|edd|ng supports
Curved |eems
Leep |eems
koo structures, pert|cu|er|y where they support heevy |oeds or sens|t|ve equ|pment
(eg sw|mm|ng poo|s or spec|e||st p|ent)
lt |s e good |dee or cend|detes to ||st the |ey e|ements they |ntend to des|gn |eore they
underte|e eny o the ce|cu|et|ons he pre||m|nery des|gn o meny o these e|ements |s covered
|n th|s sect|on vhere they ere not d|scussed su|te||e reerences ere g|ven |n /a|/e eaJ/q
40
3.2 Durability and re resistance
he cover to concrete shou|d meet the o||ow|ng requ|rements
he requ|rements or ure res|stence ere set out |n bS lN !99?-!-?
|?|
, dete||s or the ver|ous
e|ement types ere g|ven |n Sect|ons 39 to 3!4
he requ|rements or dure||||ty g|ven |n bS SS00
|!S|
(see e||e 3!)
Cover to me|n |er to |e greeter then |er d|emeter
1ab|o 3.1
So|octod
a
rocommondations for norma|-woight roinforcod concroto qua|ity for combinod oxposuro c|assos and covor to
xposuro conditions ComontI
combination
dosignations
b
1ypica| oxamp|o rimary Socondary
lnterne| mess concrete X0
___
A||
lnterne| e|ements (except hum|d |ocet|ons) XC1
___
A||
bur|ed concrete |n AC-! ground cond|t|ons
o
XC2 AC-1 A||
Vert|ce| surece protected rom d|rect re|ne|| XC3 8 XC4
___
A|| except lVb
lxposed vert|ce| sureces XF1 A|| except lVb
lxposed hor|.onte| sureces XF3 A|| except lVb
XF3
(e|r entre|ned)
A|| except lVb
l|ements su||ect to e|r|orne ch|or|des on|y XD1
f
___
A||
Cer per| dec|s end erees su||ect to de-|c|ng sprey XD3
f
___
llb-V, lllA
ClM l, llA, llb-S, SklC
lllb, lVb-V
Vert|ce| e|ements su||ect to de-|c|ng sprey
end ree.|ng
XF2 llb-V, lllA
ClM l, llA, llb-S, SklC
lllb, lVb-V
Cer per| dec|s, remps end externe| erees su||ect to
ree.|ng end de-|c|ng se|ts
XF4 ClM l, llA, llb-S, SklC
XF4
(e|r entre|ned)
llb-V, lllA, lllb
lxposed vert|ce| sureces neer coest XS1
f
XF1 ClM l, llA, llb-S, SklC
llb-V, lllA
___
lllb
lxposed hor|.onte| sureces neer coest XF3 or XF4 ClM l, llA, llb-S, SklC
koy
a h|s te||e compr|ses e se|ect|on o common exposure c|ess com||net|ons kequ|rements or other sets o exposure c|esses,
eg `L?, `S? end `S3 shou|d |e der|ved rom bS SS00-! ?006
|!S|
, Annex A
b See bS SS00-?, te||e ! (ClM l |s lort|end cement, llA to lVb ere cement com||net|ons)
c lor prestressed concrete the m|n|mum strength c|ess shou|d |e C?S/3S
d Dc
dev
|s en e||owence or dev|et|ons he recommended ve|ue |s !0 mm
e lor sect|ons |ess then !40 mm th|c| reer to bS SS00
41
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
vhere concrete |s used or oundet|ons |n eggress|ve ground cond|t|ons e||e 3? shou|d |e
reerenced to determ|ne the AClC-c|ess (eggress|ve chem|ce| env|ronmente| or concrete c|ess)
end hence the LC-c|ess (des|gn chem|ce| c|ess) rom the une| two co|umns o the te||e vhere
des|gneted concrete |s to |e spec|ued th|s cen |e se|ected us|ng e||e 33 lor des|gned concrete
the LC-c|ess |s norme||y g|ven |n the concrete spec|ucet|on
roinforcomont for at |oast a 50-yoar intondod working |ifo and 20 mm maximum aggrogato sizo
Strongth c|ass
c
, maximum wIc ratio, minimum comont or combination
contont {kgIm
3
}, and oquiva|ont dosignatod concroto {whoro app|icab|o}
Nomina| covor to roinforcomont
d

15 + Dc
dov
20 + Dc
dov
25 + Dc
dov
30 + Dc
dov
35 + Dc
dov
40 + Dc
dov
45 + Dc
dov
50 + Dc
dov
kecommended thet th|s exposure |s not epp||ed to re|norced concrete
C?0/?S, 0/0, ?40
or kC?0/?S
<<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<<
___ ___
C?S/30, 06S, ?60
or kC?S/30
<<< <<< <<< <<< <<<
___
C40/S0, 04S, 340
or kC40/S0
C30/3/, 0SS, 300
or kC30/3/
C?S/3S, 060, ?S0
or kC?S/3S
C?S/30, 06S, ?60
or kC?S/30
<<< <<< <<<
___
C40/S0, 04S, 340
or kC40/S0
C30/3/, 0SS, 300
or kC30/3/
C?S/3S, 060, ?S0
or kC?S/3S
<<< <<< <<< <<<
___
C40/S0, 04S, 340
g

or kC40/S0`l
g

<<< <<< <<< <<< <<< <<<
___ ___
C30/3/, 0SS,
300 p|us e|r
g, h
C?S/3S, 060,
?S0 p|us e|r
g, h

or lAV?
C?S/30, 060,
?S0 p|us e|r
g, h, j
or lAV!
<<< <<< <<<
___ ___ C40/S0, 04S,
360
C3?/40, 0SS,
3?0
C?S/3S, 060,
300
<<< <<< <<<
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
C3S/4S, 040, 3S0 C3?/40, 04S, 360 C?S/3S, 0S0, 340
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
See bS SS00 C40/S0, 040, 3S0 C3S/4S, 04S, 360
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
C3?/40, 040, 3S0 C?S/3S, 04S, 360 C?S/30, 0S0, 340
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
C3S/4S, 040, 3S0 C3?/40, 04S, 360 C3?/40, 0S0, 340
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
See bS SS00 C40/S0, 040, 3S0 C3S/4S, 04S, 360
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
C3?/40, 040, 3S0 C3?/40, 04S, 360 C3?/40, 0S0, 340
___ ___ ___ ___ ___
See bS SS00 C40/S0, 040, 3S0
g
<<<
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ C?S/3S, 040,
3S0
g, h
C?S/3S, 04S,
360
g, h
C?S/3S, 0S0,
340
g, h
___ ___ ___
See bS SS00 C3S/4S, 04S, 360 C3?/40, 0S0, 340 <<< <<<
___ ___ ___
See bS SS00 C3?/40, 04S, 360 C?S/3S, 0S0, 340 C?S/30, 0SS,3?0 <<<
___ ___ ___
C3?/40, 040, 3S0 C?S/30, 0S0, 340 C?S/30, 0S0, 340 C?S/30, 0SS, 3?0 <<<
___ ___ ___ See bS SS00 C40/S0, 04S,
360
g
<<< <<< <<<
f A|so edequete or exposure c|ess `C3/4
g lree.e/thew res|st|ng eggregetes shou|d |e spec|ued
h A|r entre|ned concrete |s requ|red
j h|s opt|on mey not |e su|te||e or erees su||ect to severe e|res|on
___
Not recommended
<<< lnd|cetes thet concrete que||ty |n ce|| to the |et shou|d not |e reduced
42
Su|fato and magnosium contont Dosign
su|fato
c|ass
Natura| soi| 8rownho|d sito
b
ACC-
c|ass
DC-c|ass
for 50
yoar
intondod
working
|ifo
2:1 watorIsoi|
oxtract
Cround-wator 1ota|
potontia|
su|fato
c
Static
wator
pH
Mobi|o
wator
pH
Static
wator
pH
o
Mobi|o
wator
pH
o
SO
4
{gI|}
Mg
d
{gI|}
SO
4
{gI|}
Mg
d
{gI|}
SO
4
{% }
<0S <04 <0?4 LS! ~?S ~?S AC!s LC!
>SS >6S AC! LC!
?S SS S6 6S AC?. LC?.
4S SS AC3. LC3.
?S 4S AC4. LC4.
0S !S 04 !4 0?4 06 LS? >3S >SS AC!s LC!
>SS >6S AC? LC?
?S 3S ?S SS AC?s LC?
?S SS S6 6S AC3. LC3.
4S SS AC4. LC4.
?S 4S ACS. LC4.
f
!6 30 !S 30 0/ !? LS3 >3S >SS AC?s LC?
>SS >6S AC3 LC3
?S 3S ?S SS AC3s LC3
?S SS S6 6S AC4 LC4
?S SS ACS LC4
f
3! 60 <!? 3! 60 <!0 !3 ?4 LS4 >3S >SS AC3s LC3
>SS >6S AC4 LC4
?S 3S ?S SS AC4s LC4
?S SS ?S 6S ACS LC4
f
3! 60 <!?
c
3! 60 <!0
d
!3 ?4 LS4m >3S >SS AC3s LC3
>SS >6S AC4m LC4m
?S 3S ?S SS AC4ms LC4m
?S SS ?S 6S ACSm LC4m
f
>60 <!? >60 !0 >?4 LSS >3S >SS AC4s LC4
?S 3S ~?S ?S SS ~?S ACS LC4
f
>60 <!?
d
>60 !0
c
>?4 LSSm Not ound |n 0l
neture| ground
>SS AC4ms LC4m
?S SS ~?S ACSm LC4m
f
koy
a vhere the hydrostet|c heed o groundweter |s greeter then uve t|mes the sect|on w|dth, reer to bS SS00
|!S|
b brownue|d s|tes ere those thet m|ght conte|n chem|ce| res|dues reme|n|ng rom prev|ous |ndustr|e| use or rom |mported westes
c App||es on|y to s|tes where concrete w||| |e exposed to su|ete |ons (SO
4
), wh|ch cen resu|t rom the ox|det|on o su|udes such es pyr|te,
o||ow|ng ground d|stur|ence
d he ||m|t on weter-so|u||e megnes|um does not epp|y to |rec||sh groundweter (ch|or|de content |etween !? g/| end !S g/|) h|s e||ows
these s|tes to |e c|ess|ued |n the row e|ove
e An edd|t|one| eccount |s te|en o hydroch|or|c end n|tr|c ec|ds |y ed|ustment to su|ete content (see bkl Spec|e| L|gest !
|?S|
, lert !)
f vhere prect|ce||e, th|s shou|d |nc|ude AlM3 (surece protect|on) es one o the AlMs, reer to bS SS00
1ab|o 3.3
Cuidanco on so|octod
dosignatod concroto
for roinforcod concroto
foundations
DC-c|ass Appropriato dosignatod
concroto
LC-? lNL?
LC-?. lNL??
LC-3 lNL3
LC-3. lNL3?
LC-4 lNL4
LC-4. lNL4?
Noto
Strength c|ess or e|| lNL concrete |s C?S/30
1ab|o 3.2
C|assihcation of ground conditions and so|oction of DC-c|ass
a
{8asod on tab|os A.2 and A.9 of 8S 8500: 2006}
|!S|
43
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
3.3 Assessing the design moments
At dete||ed des|gn stege most eng|neers ere used to ene|ys|ng the who|e |u||d|ng structure
or |ree||ng concrete structures |nto su|-remes hese epproeches ere not su|te||e or the
exem|net|on, even though the use o |eptop computers |s now perm|tted So, how cen e
cont|nuous concrete |eem or s|e| |e ene|ysed` he o||ow|ng techn|ques mey |e edopted
1 l|rst|y, wherever poss|||e use coeuc|ents or des|gn moments end/or sheer orces, these
ere g|ven |n the eppropr|ete sect|ons |e|ow
2 On|y the cr|t|ce| sect|ons o the e|ement shou|d |e chec|ed, |e or e cont|nuous |eem |t
shou|d |e o|v|ous thet the cr|t|ce| |ocet|on or |end|ng |s the hogg|ng moment et the urst
|nter|or support So, or |end|ng, th|s |s the on|y |ocet|on where the moment hes to |e
essessed hereore the cend|dete does not need to cerry out e su|-reme ene|ys|s, the des|gn
moment or en e|ement cen |e essessed rom e s|mp|e ormu|e, or exemp|e, / 0!!//
3 vhere the structure e||s outs|de the scope o the s|mp|e te||es the cend|dete w||| need
to me|e e qu|c| epprox|mete essessment o the orces An e|ement cen |e essumed to |e
cont|nuous w|th no contr||ut|on rom the co|umns he cherts |n Append|x b mey e|so |e
useu| yp|ce||y the mex|mum moments |n e cont|nuous |eem ere the hogg|ng moments
et the supports under u|| u|t|mete |oed kemem|er, |n the t|me eve||e||e, the cend|detes
ere expected to ce|cu|ete reesone||e des|gn orces on|y
4 l you ere very short o t|me, en epprox|mete moment o w//!0 or un|orm|y d|str||uted
|oeds end w//S or po|nt |oeds mey |e used or cont|nuous |eems
Some eng|neers wou|d edvocete thet essess|ng moments us|ng method 4 e|ove |s e|| thet |s
necessery et e pre||m|nery stege he |ey po|nt |s thet cend|detes must demonstrete to the
exem|ner thet they understend whet orces ere ect|ng on the e|ement end cen me|e e reesone||e
essessment o the|r megn|tude
here ere some quest|ons thet requ|re e swey-reme or ste||||ty, |n these s|tuet|ons l|gure b!?
|n Append|x b mey |e used to ess|st |n determ|n|ng the des|gn moments
3.4 Flexure
he quent|ty o |end|ng re|norcement requ|red cen |e determ|ned rom cherts or ormu|ee thet
heve |een der|ved rom the stress ||oc|s g|ven |n lurocode ? he ormu|ee ere g|ven |e|ow
/ ///J
?
|
c|
/ 060d 0!Sd
?
0?! (see e||e 34)
where
d red|str||ut|on ret|o
1ab|o 3.4
Va|uos for D
% rodistribution d {rodistribution ratio} D
0 !00 0?0S
a
10 090 0!S?
a
15 0SS 0!6S
20 0S0 0!S3
25 0/S 0!3/
30 0/0 0!?0
koy
a lt |s oten recommended |n the 0l thet l' shou|d |e ||m|ted to 0!6S to ensure duct||e e||ure
l / < /, compress|on re|norcement |s not requ|red end the |ever erm, ., cen |e ce|cu|eted rom

J
|! (! 3S3/)| < 09SJ
?
he eree o re|norcement cen then |e ce|cu|eted us|ng the o||ow|ng express|on
/
s
//( |
yd
)
44
lor pre||m|nery des|gn purposes compress|on re|norcement shou|d |e evo|ded
lt mey |e useu| to wr|te progrems or e su|te||e ce|cu|etor to cerry out these ce|cu|et|ons he
progrem cen |e wr|tten to return e ve|ue or /, wh|ch |s useu| or qu|c||y me||ng en essessment
o the euc|ency o the des|gn 0seu| ve|ues or / ere g|ven |n e||e 3S
1ab|o 3.5
Usofu| va|uos for D
_
ck
25 28 30 32 35 40
Minimum % of
roinforcomont {%[]}
0!3% 0!4% 0!S% 0!6% 0!/% 0!S%
D for minimum % of
roinforcomont
00?3 00?? 00?? 00?? 00?! 00?0
D for |ovor arm, s = 0.95] 00S4 00S4 00S4 00S4 00S4 00S4
kocommondod |imit of D
for s|abs
00S/ 00S? 00/9 00// 00/4 0069
D whoro no rodistribution usod 0?0S
a
0?0S
a
0?0S
a
0?0S
a
0?0S
a
0?0S
a

D for 20% rodistribution 0!S3 0!S3 0!S3 0!S3 0!S3 0!S3
D for 30% rodistribution 0!?0 0!?0 0!?0 0!?0 0!?0 0!?0
koy
a Or use 0!6S to ||m|t neutre| ex|s depth
3.5 Shear
3.5.1 Slabs
Assum|ng thet no sheer re|norcement |s requ|red, the epp||ed sheer stress (.
ld
\
ld
/(/J)) shou|d
|e |ess then the concrete sheer cepec|ty w|thout sheer re|norcement (.
kd,c
see e||e 36) loo|-
up te||es or .
kd,c
ere prov|ded |n Append|x b
1ab|o 3.6
o
kd,c
rosistanco of mombors without shoar roinforcomont, Ma
r
|
=
:
s
I{[]}
ffoctivo dopth, ] {mm}
< 200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
0.25% 0S4 0S? 0S0 04S 04/ 04S 043 04! 040 03S 036
0.50% 0S9 0S/ 0S6 0SS 0S4 0S? 0S! 049 04S 04/ 04S
0.75% 06S 066 064 063 06? 0S9 0SS 0S6 0SS 0S3 0S!
1.00% 0/S 0/? 0/! 069 06S 06S 064 06? 06! 0S9 0S/
1.25% 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/4 0/3 0/! 069 06/ 066 063 06!
1.50% 0SS 0S3 0S! 0/9 0/S 0/S 0/3 0/! 0/0 06/ 06S
1.75% 090 0S/ 0SS 0S3 0S? 0/9 0// 0/S 0/3 0/! 06S
~ 2.00% 094 09! 0S9 0S/ 0SS 0S? 0S0 0/S 0// 0/4 0/!
d ?000 !943 !S94 !SS3 !S!6 !/S6 !/0/ !66/ !63? !S// !S!6
e||e der|ved rom .
kd,c
0!?/ (!00 r
|
|
c|
)
!/3
~ 003S /
!S
|
c|
0S
where / ! (?00/J) < ? end r
|
/
s
/(/J) < 00?
Noto
1 h|s te||e hes |een prepered or |
c|
30
2 vhere r
|
exceeds 040% the o||ow|ng ectors mey |e used
_
ck
25 28 32 35 40 45 50
|actor 094 09S !0? !0S !!0 !!4 !!9
45
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
3.5.2 Beams
beems shou|d |e prov|ded w|th sheer re|norcement end the ver|e||e strut |nc||net|on method o
lurocode ? shou|d |e used to determ|ne the sheer re|norcement requ|rements A s|mp|e procedure
or epp|y|ng th|s method |s g|ven |n l|gure 3!
START
No
Yes (cot y = 2.5)
Determine y from:
y = 0.5 sin
-1
v
Ed
0.20 f
ck
(1 f
ck
/250)
Yes
No
Determine v
Ed
where:
v
Ed
= design shear stress [v
Ed
= V
Ed
/(b
w
z) = V
Ed
/(0.9 b
w
d)]
Is
v
Ed
< v
Rd,max cot y = 2.5
?
Redesign
section
Is
v
Ed
< v
Rd,max cot y = 1.0
?
(see Table 3.7)
Determine the concrete strut capacity v
Rd,max cot y = 2.5
from Table 3. 7
Calculate area of shear reinforcement:
Check maximum spacing for vertical shear reinforcement: s
l,max
= 0.75 d
A
sw
s
=
v
Ed
b
w
f
ywd
cot y
|iguro 3.1
Procedure for determining vertical shear reinforcement
1ab|o 3.7
Minimum and maximum concroto strut capacity in torms of stross {Ma}
_
ck
o
kd,max cot y = 2.5
o
kd,max cot y = 1.0
20 ?S4 36S
25 3!0 4S0
28 343 49/
30 364 S?S
32 3S4 SSS
35 4!S 60?
40 463 6/?
45 S0S /3S
50 SS! S00
46
3.6 Deection
0s|ng the deemed-to-set|sy method o lurocode ?, the |es|c spen-to-eect|ve depth ret|o,
wh|ch ver|es depend|ng on the eree o re|norcement end the concrete strength h|s cen |e
o|te|ned rom l|gure 3?
Notes
1 For two-way spanning slabs, the check
should be carried out on the basis of the
shorter span.
2 This graph assumes simply supported span
condition (K = 1.0).
K = 1.5 for interior span condition
K = 1.3 for end span condition
K = 1.2 for flat slabs
K = 0.4 for cantilevers
3 Compression reinforcement, r',
has been taken as 0.
4 Curves based on the following expressions:
where r r
0
and
where r > r
0

11 + + 3.2 1 = K
r
f
ck
r
0
1.5
d
l
f
ck
r
r
0
[ ( ) ]
11 + + = K
(
r r
')
f
ck
r
0
1.5
d
l
12
f
ck
r
0
r
'
[ ]
1.5
Percentage of tension reinforcement (A
s,req
/bd)
12
0.40% 0.60% 0.80% 1.00% 1.20% 1.40% 1.60% 1.30% 2.00%
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
S
p
a
n

t
o

d
e
p
t
h

r
a
t
i
o

(
l
/
d
)
f
ck
= 50
f
ck
= 45
f
ck
= 40
f
ck
= 35
f
ck
= 32
f
ck
= 30
f
ck
= 28
f
ck
= 25
f
ck
= 20
|iguro 3.2
Basic span-to-effective-depth ratios
h|s |es|c ret|o shou|d |e mod|ued es o||ows
! lor enged sect|ons, mu|t|p|y |y ! 0!((/
//
w
) !) ~ 0S (see e||e 3S or, conservet|ve|y,
use 0S)
? lor e|ements support|ng pert|t|ons ||e||e to |e demeged |y excess|ve deect|ons mu|t|p|y |y
(see e||e 39)
// /
e
or |eems end s|e|s exceed|ng / m
SS/ /
e
or et s|e|s exceed|ng SS m
3 3!0/s
s
, where s
s
tens||e stee| stress et m|d-spen (or support or cent||evers) under the des|gn
|oed et SlS
he stress |n the stee| et SlS cen |e est|meted rom l|gure 33 h|s essumes thet the eree o stee|
hes not |een enhenced to contro| deect|on end the stress cen |e urther reduced |y /
s,req
//
s,prov

when th|s |s the cese (/
s,req
< !S /
s,prov
)
47
1ab|o 3.8
Dof|oction factor to tako account of f|angod soctions
||ango
broadth,
[
f
{mm}
kib broadth, [
w
{mm}
200 225 250 300 350 400 500 600
600 0S0 0S3 0S6 090 093 09S 09S !00
750 0S0 0S0 0S0 0SS 0S9 09! 09S 09S
900 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S4 0SS 09? 09S
1200 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S6 090
1500 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0 0SS
2000 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0 0S0
1ab|o 3.9
Dof|oction factor to tako account of britt|o partitions
ffoctivo |ongth, e
off
{m}
7.0 7.5 8 8.5 9 10 11 12 15
Beams and slabs !0 093 0SS 0S? 0/S 0/0 064 0SS 04/
Flat slabs !00 094 0SS 0// 0/! 0S/
4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0
Ratio G
k
/Q
k
c
2
= 0.8, g
G
= 1.35
c
2
= 0.6, g
G
= 1.35
c
2
= 0.3, g
G
= 1.35
c
2
= 0.6, g
G
= 1.25
c
2
= 0.3, g
G
= 1.25
c
2
= 0.2, g
G
= 1.25
c
2
= 0.2, g
G
= 1.35
A
p
p
r
o
x
i
m
a
t
e

s
t
e
e
l

s
t
r
e
s
s

a
t

S
L
S

f
o
r

A
s
,
r
e
q
,

s
s
u
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
To determine stress in the provided reinforcement (s
s
), calculate the ratio G
k
/Q
k
,
read up the graph to the appropriate curve and read across to determine s
su
.
s
s
can be calculated from the expression: s
s
= s
su

f

A
s,req
pf
1
p
A
s,prov
d
|iguro 3.3
Determination of steel stress
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
48
3.7 Estimating reinforcement quantities
he o||ow|ng methods ere eve||e||e to est|mete the quent|ty o re|norcement
0se the ve|ues g|ven |n /coom/c coce|e |ame e/eme|
|S|
0se Method ? g|ven |n the /aaa/ |o Je/q o| e/|oceJ coce|e |ac|ae

|?6|
, where
ormu|ee ere prov|ded to essess the quent|ty o re|norcement h|s method |s pro|e||y too
t|me-consum|ng to use |n the exem|net|on
0se Method 3 g|ven |n the /aaa/ |o Je/q o| e/|oceJ coce|e |ac|ae, where e|| the
re|norcement |n the e|ement |s determ|ned end then the tote| we|ght |s ce|cu|eted h|s
method |s deun|te|y too t|me-consum|ng |n the exem|net|on
0se exper|ence to est|mete the we|ght o the re|norcement per cu||c metre o concrete
Consu|tents usue||y |eep records or th|s purpose end e typ|ce| renge o re|norcement retes
or ver|ous e|ements |s g|ven |n e||e 3!0 he requ|rements or pr|nc|pe| e|ements shou|d |e
g|ven seperete|y es they ere not |||e|y to |e 'typ|ce|'
kemem|er thet, or the cost o the pro|ect to |e este|||shed, en |nd|cet|on o the |er s|.es |s
requ|red |n edd|t|on to the|r tote| we|ght
1ab|o 3.10
1ypica| roinforcomont ratos {kgIm
3
}
|omont Low High
S|abs, ono-way /S !!0
S|abs, two-way 6S !!0
||at s|abs /S ??0
kibbod s|abs /0 !40
kC pad footings /0 90
i|o caps !!0 !S0
kafts 60 !!S
Co|umns !00 4S0
Cround boams ??S 330
8oams 90 330
kotaining wa||s 90 !30
Stairs !00 !S0
wa||s 40 !00
Noto
he ectue| re|norcement quent|ty |n the e|ement w||| very eccord|ng to dete|||ng prect|ce end euc|ency
o the concrete e|ement
3.8 Detailing
3.8.1 Maximum and minimum areas of reinforcement
he mex|mum eree o e|ther the tens|on or compress|on re|norcement |n en e|ement |s 4% o
the gross cross-sect|one| eree o the concrete, th|s cen |e |ncreesed to S% et |eps he m|n|mum
percenteges ere g|ven |n e||e b4 (see Append|x b )
3.8.2 Minimum spacing of bars
he m|n|mum spec|ng o the |ers |s the mex|mum s|.e o the coerse eggregete p|us S mm or the
|er s|.e, wh|chever |s the greeter lor ?0 mm eggregete end |ers o ?S mm |n d|emeter end over,
the mex|mum num|er o |ers |n e |eyer |s
No o |ers &
/
w

?c ?f
||n|
?f
|er

49
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
where
c cover
f
||n|
||n| d|emeter
f
|er
|er d|emeter
h|s express|on e||ows or the red|us o the ||n| d|sp|ec|ng the outermost |ong|tud|ne| |ers
towerds the centre o the |eem
e||e 3!! g|ves the mex|mum num|er o |ers or e ver|ety o |eem s|.es end covers
1ab|o 3.11
Maximum numbor of bars por |ayor in a boam
8oam width,
[
w
{mm}
8ar diamotor, f
b
{mm}
25 mm covor 30 mm covor 35 mm covor
25 32 40 25 32 40 25 32 40
300 4 3 ? 4 3 ? 3 3 ?
350 S 4 3 S 4 3 4 3 3
400 6 4 3 6 S 4 S 4 3
450 / S 4 / S 4 6 S 4
500 S 6 S S 6 S / 6 4
550 9 / S 9 / S S 6 S
600 !0 S 6 !0 S 6 9 / 6
650 !! S / !! S / !0 S 6
700 !? 9 / !? 9 / !! 9 /
750 !3 !0 S !3 !0 S !? !0 S
800 !4 !! S !4 !! 9 !3 !0 S
900 !6 !? !0 !6 !? !0 !S !? 9
1000 !S !4 !! !S !4 !! !/ !3 !!
1100 ?0 !S !? ?0 !6 !? !9 !S !?
1200 ?? !/ !3 ?? !/ !4 ?! !/ !3
1300 ?4 !9 !S ?4 !9 !S ?3 !S !4
1400 ?6 ?0 !6 ?6 ?0 !6 ?S ?0 !6
1500 ?S ?? !/ ?S ?? !/ ?/ ?! !/
Noto
hese ve|ues ere su|te||e or e ||n| d|emeter o up to !6 mm
3.8.3 Maximum spacing of bars
he mex|mum spec|ng |s g|ven |n te||e /3 o lurocode ? (see e||e b3 |n Append|x b)
Sheer ||n|s shou|d |e et e spec|ng o no more then 0/SJ, end no |ong|tud|ne| |er shou|d |e more
then !S0 mm or J rom e vert|ce| |eg
3.9 Design of beams
3.9.1 Governing criteria
0sue||y the govern|ng cr|ter|on |s the |end|ng strength Leect|on mey |ecome cr|t|ce| or |ong
spens or cent||evers, end sheer |s |||e|y to |e cr|t|ce| or trenser |eems, espec|e||y or heev||y
|oeded short spens
50
3.9.2 Analysis
vherever poss|||e, use the coeuc|ents presented |n e||e 3!?
1ab|o 3.12
8onding momont and shoar coofficionts for boams
Momont Shoar
Outor support ?S% o spen moment 04S (O
d

d
)
Noar midd|o of ond span 0090 O
d
/ 0!00
d
/
At first intorior support 0094 (O
d

d
)/ 063 (O
d

d
)
a
At midd|o of intorior spans 0066 O
d
/ 00S6
d
/
At intorior supports 00/S (O
d

d
)/ 0S0 (O
d

d
)
koy
a 0SS (O
d

d
) mey |e used ed|ecent to the |nter|or spen
Notos
1 ked|str||ut|on o support moments |y !S% hes |een |nc|uded
2 App||ce||e to 3 or more spens on|y end where
|
< O
|
3 M|n|mum spen ~ 0SS |ongest spen

4 / |s the spen, O
d
|s the des|gn ve|ue o permenent ect|ons (et 0lS) end
d
|s the des|gn ve|ue o ver|e||e
ect|ons (et 0lS)
lurther gu|dence on determ|n|ng |end|ng moments cen |e ound |n Sect|on 33
3.9.3 Flanged beams
A enged |eem mey |e treeted es e rectengu|er |eem, o u|| w|dth, /, when the neutre| ex|s |s w|th|n
the enge
vhen the neutre| ex|s ||es |n the we|, end the |eem cennot |e des|gned es e rectengu|er |eem, reerence
shou|d |e mede to /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ?
|?/|
, chepter 4, beems
he m|n|mum w|dth o |eem end ex|s d|stence shou|d |e compered w|th the requ|rements |n
e||e 3!3, wh|ch |s |esed on lurocode ?, lert !? he ex|s d|stence, a, |s the d|stence rom the ece
o the concrete to the centre o the me|n |er end the des|gner shou|d ensure thet
a c
nom
f
||n|
f
|er
/?
1ab|o 3.13
Minimum dimonsions and axis distancos for boams mado with roinforcod concroto for firo rosistanco
Standard firo
rosistanco
Minimum dimonsions {mm}
ossib|o combinations of Z and [
min
whoro Z is tho avorago axis distanco and
[
min
is tho width of tho boam
Simp|y supportod boams Continuous boams
A 8 C D | C H
k60 [
min

Z
!?0
40
!60
3S
?00
30
300
?S
!?0
?S
?00
!?
a
k90 [
min

Z
!S0
SS
?00
4S
300
40
400
3S
!S0
3S
?S0
?S
k120 [
min

Z
?00
6S
?40
60
300
SS
S00
S0
?00
4S
300
3S
4S0
3S
S00
30
k240 [
min

Z
?S0
90
3S0
S0
S00
/S
/00
/0
?S0
/S
S00
60
6S0
60
/00
S0
koy
a Norme||y the requ|rements o bS lN !99?!! w||| determ|ne the cover
Notos
1 he ex|s d|stence, a
sd
, rom the s|de o the |eem to the corner |er shou|d |e a !0 mm except where
/
m|n
|s greeter then the ve|ues |n co|umns C end l
2 he te||e |s ve||d on|y | red|str||ut|on o |end|ng moments does not exceed !S%
51
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
lro|ect dete||s Ce|cu|eted |y
OB
o| no
CCIP - 018
Chec|ed |y
MS
Sheet no
TB1
C||ent
TCC
Lete
Aug 09
G
k
= 1500 kN, Q
k
= 1000 kN
1.5 m 9.0 m
Initial sizing Shear stress not to exceed 4 N/mm
2

(to avoid reinforcement congestion).
Ultimate load = 1.35 x 1500 + 1.5 x 1000 = 3525 kN
(ignoring self-weight)
Take b = 600
=d =
V
Ed
v
Ed
b
Take overall depth as 1650 mm (d = 1550)
Bending M
max
= 3525 x 1.5 = 5288 kNm
For M
max
= 5288, b = 600, d = 1550, f
ck
= 32 N/mm
2
K = 0.115, A
s
= 8858 mm
2
(z = 1297 mm)

Use 8 H40 (10100 mm
2
) in 2 layers.
Shear v
Ed
= 3525 x 10
3
/(0.9 x 600 x 1550) = 4.21 MPa
Assuming the strut is at 45
A
sw
4.21 x 600
s 435 x cot 45
5.81 mm
Try H12 links
s = 452/5.81 = 78 mm
Say 4 H12 links @ 75 mm ctrs
Comments Remember to check headroom beneath the beam
H40 bars will be heavy; if there is no reasonable alternative, ensure
that the contractor is aware so he may take steps to safeguard
the health and safety of the steel xers.

=
3525 x 10
3

= 1469 mm
4 x 600
8H40bars
Slab
reinforcement
1
6
5
0
600
4H12 links
@75 ctrs
Section 2.10.2
Figure 3.1
Figure 3.1
Table 3.7
Worked example 1
Transfer beam
52
3.10 One-way spanning slabs
bend|ng strength end deect|on ere usue||y the govern|ng cr|ter|e he end spen cond|t|on shou|d
|e chec|ed |eceuse the moments ere |erger |n th|s spen un|ess there |s e cent||ever or the spen
|s shorter then the |nter|or spens
3.10.2 Analysis
vherever poss|||e use the coeuc|ents presented |n e||e 3!4, wh|ch heve |een der|ved or use
w|th lurocode ? end ere eppropr|ete prov|ded the o||ow|ng cond|t|ons ere met (note thet ?0%
red|str||ut|on |s |nc|uded |n the coeuc|ents)
1 he eree o the s|e| exceeds 30 m
?
(eg S m x 6 m)
2 he ret|o o cherecter|st|c |mposed |oed to cherecter|st|c deed |oed does not exceed !?S
3 he cherecter|st|c |mposed |oed does not exceed S |N/m
?
4 M|n|mum spen > 0SS |ongest spen, m|n|mum 3 spens

5 ked|str||ut|on o ?0% |s |nc|uded |n the ugures
he requ|rements o cond|t|ons ! end ? w||| usue||y |e met w|th most |u||d|ng des|gns
1ab|o 3.14
Dosign u|timato bonding momont and shoar forco coofhcionts for s|abs
nd supportIs|ab connoctions At hrst
intorior
support
At
midd|o of
intorior
spans
At
intorior
supports
Simp|y supportod Continuous
At outor
support
Noar midd|o
of ond span
At outor
support
Noar midd|o
of ond span
Momont 0 00S6// 004// 00/S// 00S6// 0063// 0063//
Shoar 040/ 046/ 060/ 0S0/
Notos
1 / |s the eect|ve spen, / |s the tote| des|gn u|t|mete |oed (!3SO
|
!S
|
)
2 No red|str||ut|on o the moments ce|cu|eted rom th|s te||e shou|d |e mede
he s|e| th|c|ness end ex|s d|stence shou|d |e compered w|th the requ|rements |n e||e 3!S,
wh|ch |s |esed on lurocode ?, lert !-? he ex|s d|stence, a, |s the d|stence rom the ece o the
concrete to the centre o the me|n |er end the des|gner shou|d ensure thet
a c
nom
f
||n|
f
|er
/?
1ab|o 3.15
Minimum dimonsions and axis distancos for ono-way spanning s|abs
Standard firo rosistanco Minimum dimonsions {mm}
REI 60 /
s
S0
a ?0
REI 90 /
s
!00
a 30
REI 120 /
s
!?0
a 40
REI 240 /
s
!/S
a 6S
Notos
1 ked|str||ut|on shou|d not exceed !S%
2 /
s
|s the s|e| th|c|ness
53
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
OB
o| no
CCIP - 018
Chec|ed |y
MS
Sheet no
OW1
C||ent
TCC
Lete
Aug 09
Worked example 2
One-way slab
6000 6000 6000 6000
Initial sizing From Economic concrete frame elements 167 Section 2.10
or 6000/32 = 187.5, say 200 mm
Loading ULS = 1.35 (0.2 x 25 + 1.5) + 1.5 x 2.5 = 12.5 kN/m
2

Bending Check rst support from end
M = 0.086Fl Table 3.14
= 0.086 x 12.5 x 6
2
= 38.7 kNm
For b = 1000, d = 200 25 10 = 165, f
ck
= 28
Then K = 0.051, A
s, req
= 567 mm
2
(z = 157 mm)
Use H12 @ 175 ctrs (A
s,prov
= 646 mm
2
)
Shear V
Ed
= 0.6F = 0.6 x 12.5 x 6 = 45.0 kN Table 3.14

v
Ed
=

V
Ed
=
45.0 x 10
3

bd 1000 x 165
= 0.27 N/mm
2
100 A
s

=
100 x 646
= 0.39
bd 1000 x 165
= v
Rd,c
= 0.57 Table 3.6
v
Ed
< v
Rd,c
= no shear links required
Deection Maximum sagging moment = 0.075 Fl Table 3.14
= 0.075 x 12.5 x 6
2
= 33.75 kNm
For f
ck
= 28, d = 165, b = 1000
Then K = 0.044, A
s,req
= 494 mm
2
(z = 157 mm)
r = A
s,req
/bd = 494 x 100/(1000 x 165) = 0.30%
Basic l/d = 35.2 x 1.3 = 45.8 (K = 1.3 for end span condition) Figure 3.2
actual l/d = 6000/165 = 36.4 =OK
=Use H16 @ 200 ctrs A
s,prov
= 566 mm
2
Imposed load = 2.5 kN/m
2
Superimposed dead load
= 1.5 kN/m
2
Concrete class C28/35
c
nom
= 25 mm
3.11 Two-way spanning slabs
bend|ng strength end deect|on ere usue||y the govern|ng cr|ter|e he corner pene| shou|d |e
chec|ed |eceuse the moments ere |erger |n th|s pene|, essum|ng e regu|er gr|d
3.11.2 Analysis
o s|mp||y the ene|ys|s, the coeuc|ents presented here cen |e used to determ|ne the |end|ng
moments end sheer or two-wey spenn|ng s|e|s
54
Dohnitions
/
x
|ength o shorter s|de
/
y
|ength o |onger s|de
m
sx
mex|mum des|gn u|t|mete moments o un|t w|dth end spen /
x
m
sy
mex|mum des|gn u|t|mete moments o un|t w|dth end spen /
y
tote| des|gn u|t|mete |oed per un|t eree (!3SO
|
!S
|
)
Simp|y supportod s|abs
S|mp|y supported s|e|s (unrestre|ned) thet do not heve edequete prov|s|on to res|st tors|on et
the corners or to prevent the corners rom ||t|ng, cen |e des|gned us|ng the coeuc|ents rom
e||e 3!6 hese coeuc|ents ere su|te||e on|y where the s|e| |s not cest mono||th|ce||y w|th the
support|ng |eems
he mex|mum moments per un|t w|dth ere g|ven |y the o||ow|ng equet|ons
m
sx
a
sx
/
x
?
m
sy
a
sy
/
x
?
1ab|o 3.16
8onding momont coofhcionts for s|abs spanning in two diroctions at right ang|os, simp|y
supportod on four sidos
e
y
Ie
x
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2
a
sx
006? 00/4 00S4 0093 0099 0!04 0!!3 0!!S
a
sy
006? 006! 00S9 00SS 00S! 0046 003/ 00?9
kostrainod s|abs
he mex|mum |end|ng moments per un|t w|dth or e s|e| restre|ned et eech corner ere g|ven
|y the o||ow|ng equet|ons
m
sx
b
sx
/
x
?
m
sy
b
sy
/
x
?
e||es 3!/ end 3!S mey |e used to determ|ne the |end|ng moments end sheer orce, prov|ded
the o||ow|ng ru|es ere edhered to
he cherecter|st|c deed end |mposed |oeds on ed|ecent pene|s ere epprox|mete|y the seme
es on the pene| |e|ng cons|dered
he spen o ed|ecent pene|s |n the d|rect|on perpend|cu|er to the ||ne o the common
support |s epprox|mete|y the seme es the spen o the pene| cons|dered |n thet d|rect|on
he ru|es to |e o|served when the equet|ons ere epp||ed to restre|ned s|e|s (cont|nuous or
d|scont|nuous) ere es o||ows,
1 No red|str||ut|on shou|d |e mede
2 ors|on re|norcement shou|d |e prov|ded et eny corner where the s|e| |s s|mp|y supported
on |oth edges meet|ng et thet corner lt shou|d cons|st o top end |ottom re|norcement,
eech w|th |eyers o |ers p|eced pere||e| to the s|des o the s|e| end extend|ng rom the edges
e m|n|mum d|stence o one-uth o the shorter spen he eree o re|norcement |n eech o
these our |eyers shou|d |e three-querters o the eree requ|red or the mex|mum m|d-spen
des|gn moment |n the s|e|
3 ors|on re|norcement eque| to he| thet descr||ed |n the preced|ng peregreph shou|d |e
prov|ded et e pene| corner conte|ned |y edges over on|y one o wh|ch the s|e| |s cont|nuous
55
1ab|o 3.17
8onding momont coofhcionts for roctangu|ar pano|s supportod on four sidos with provision for torsion at cornors
1ypo of pano| and momonts
considorod
Short span coofhcionts, b
sx
Va|uos of e
y
Ie
x
Long span coofhcionts,
b
sy
for a|| va|uos of e
y
Ie
x 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2
|ntorior pano|s
Neget|ve moment et cont|nuous edge 003! 003/ 004? 0046 00S0 00S3 00S9 0063 003?
los|t|ve moment et m|d-spen 00?4 00?S 003? 003S 003/ 0040 0044 004S 00?4
Ono short odgo discontinuous
Neget|ve moment et cont|nuous edge 0039 0044 004S 00S? 00SS 00SS 0063 006/ 003/
los|t|ve moment et m|d-spen 00?9 0033 0036 0039 004! 0043 004/ 00S0 00?S
Ono |ong odgo discontinuous
Neget|ve moment et cont|nuous edge 0039 0049 00S6 006? 006S 00/3 00S? 00S9 003/
los|t|ve moment et m|d-spen 0030 0036 004? 004/ 00S! 00SS 006? 006/ 00?S
1wo adjacont odgos discontinuous
Neget|ve moment et cont|nuous edge 004/ 00S6 0063 0069 00/4 00/S 00S/ 0093 004S
los|t|ve moment et m|d-spen 0036 004? 004/ 00S! 00SS 00S9 006S 00/0 0034
1wo short odgos discontinuous
Neget|ve moment et cont|nuous edge 0046 00S0 00S4 00S/ 0060 006? 006/ 00/0
los|t|ve moment et m|d-spen 0034 003S 0040 0043 004S 004/ 00S0 00S3 0034
1wo |ong odgos discontinuous
Neget|ve moment et cont|nuous edge 004S
los|t|ve moment et m|d-spen 0034 0046 00S6 006S 00/? 00/S 009! 0!00 0034
1hroo odgos discontinuous {ono |ong odgo continuous}
Neget|ve moment et cont|nuous edge 00S/ 006S 00/! 00/6 00S! 00S4 009? 009S
los|t|ve moment et m|d-spen 0043 004S 00S3 00S/ 0060 0063 0069 00/4 0044
1hroo odgos discontinuous {ono short odgo continuous}
Neget|ve moment et cont|nuous edge 00SS
los|t|ve moment et m|d-spen 004? 00S4 0063 00/! 00/S 00S4 0096 0!0S 0044
|our odgos discontinuous
los|t|ve moment et m|d-spen 00SS 006S 00/4 00S! 00S/ 009? 0!03 0!!! 00S6
1ab|o 3.18
Shoar forco coofhcionts for roctangu|ar pano|s supportod on four sidos with provision for torsion at cornors
1ypo of pano| and |ocation b
vx
for va|uos of /
y
I/
x
b
vy
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.75 2
|our odgos continuous
Cont|nuous edge 033 036 039 04! 043 04S 04S 0S 033
Ono short odgo discontinuous
Cont|nuous edge 036 039 04? 044 04S 04/ 0S0 0S? 036
L|scont|nuous edge 0?4
Ono |ong odgo discontinuous
Cont|nuous edge 036 040 044 04/ 049 0S! 0SS 0S9 036
L|scont|nuous edge 0?4 0?/ 0?9 03! 03? 034 036 03S
1wo adjacont odgos discontinuous
Cont|nuous edge 040 044 04/ 0S0 0S? 0S4 0S/ 060 040
L|scont|nuous edge 0?6 0?9 03! 033 034 03S 03S 040 0?6
1wo short odgos discontinuous
Cont|nuous edge 040 043 04S 04/ 04S 049 0S? 0S4
L|scont|nuous edge 0?6
1wo |ong odgos discontinuous
Cont|nuous edge 040
L|scont|nuous edge 0?6 030 033 036 03S 040 044 04/
1hroo odgos discontinuous {ono |ong odgo discontinuous}
Cont|nuous edge 04S 04S 0S! 0S3 0SS 0S/ 060 063
L|scont|nuous edge 030 03? 034 03S 036 03/ 039 04! 0?9
1hroo odgos discontinuous {ono short odgo discontinuous}
Cont|nuous edge 04S
L|scont|nuous edge 0?9 033 036 03S 040 04? 04S 04S 030
|our odgos discontinuous
L|scont|nuous edge 033 036 039 04! 043 04S 04S 0S0 033

Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
56
he mex|mum sheer orce per un|t w|dth |s g|ven |y the o||ow|ng equet|ons
.
sx
b
vx
/
x
.
sy
b
vy
/
x
he coeuc|ents b
vx
end b
vy
ere o|te|ned rom e||e 3!S
he s|e| th|c|ness end ex|s d|stence shou|d |e compered w|th the requ|rements |n e||e 3!9,
wh|ch |s |esed on lurocode ?, lert !? he ex|s d|stence, a, |s the d|stence rom the ece o the
a c
nom
f
||n|
f
|er
/?
1ab|o 3.19
Minimum dimonsions and thicknossos for two-way spanning s|abs {mm}
Standard firo rosistanco e
y
Ie
x
< 1.5 1.5 < e
y
Ie
x
< 2
REI 60 /
s
S0 S0
a !0
a
!S
a

REI 90 /
s
!00 !00
a !S
a
?0
REI 120 /
s
!?0 !?0
a ?0 ?S
REI 240 /
s
!/S !/S
a 40 S0
koy
a Norme||y the cover requ|red |y bS lN !99?!! w||| contro|
Notos
1 he term two-wey s|e|s re|etes to s|e|s supported et e|| our edges l th|s |s not the cese they shou|d
|e treeted es one-wey spenn|ng s|e|s
2 ked|str||ut|on shou|d not exceed !S%
3 /
x
end /
y
ere the spens o e two-wey s|e| (two d|rect|ons et r|ght eng|es) where /
y
|s the |onger spen
3.12 Flat slabs
bend|ng strength, punch|ng sheer end deect|on cen |e the govern|ng cr|ter|e or et s|e|s he
end spen cond|t|on shou|d |e chec|ed |eceuse the moments ere |erger |n th|s spen un|ess there
|s e cent||ever or the spen |s shorter then the |nter|or spens
3.12.2 Analysis
vherever poss|||e use the coeuc|ents presented |n e||e 3?0 hese ere eppropr|ete prov|ded
the o||ow|ng cond|t|ons ere met (note thet ?0% red|str||ut|on |s |nc|uded |n the coeuc|ents)
he eree o the s|e| exceeds 30 m
?
(|e S m x 6 m)
he ret|o o cherecter|st|c |mposed |oed to cherecter|st|c deed |oed does not exceed !?S
he cherecter|st|c |mposed |oed does not exceed S |N/m
?
exc|ud|ng pert|t|ons
he spens ere epprox|mete|y eque| (genere||y essumed to |e !S% o the |ongest spen, |ut
not spec|ued |n the Code)
ked|str||ut|on o ?0% |s |nc|uded |n the ugures (thereore / 0!49)
57
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
OB
o| no
CCIP - 018
Chec|ed |y
MS
Sheet no
TW1
C||ent
TCC
Lete
Aug 09
Worked example 3
Two-way slab
l
x
=7200 7200 7200 7200
l
y
=
9
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
Initial sizing From Economic concrete frame elements: 213 mm Section 2.10
or 9000/36 = 250 mm say 250 mm
Loads n = 1.35 (1.5 + 6.25) + 1.5 x 5 = 18.0 kN/m
2
(ULS)
Check short span d = 250 25 8 = 217 mm
l
y

=
9.0
= 1.3
l
x
7.2
b
sx
= 0.069 and b
sx
= 0.051 Table 3.17
Support moment m
sx
= b
sx
n l
x
2
= 0.069 x 18.0 x 7.2
2
= 64.4 kNm/m
critical in bending For m
sx
= 64.4, b = 1000, d = 217, f
ck
= 28
Then A
s
= 718 mm
2
/m (K = 0.049 & z = 206 mm)
Use H12s @ 150 ctrs (A
s,prov
= 754 mm
2
/m)
Shear b
vx
= 0.50 Table 3.18
V
sx
= b
vx
n l
x
= 0.5 x 18.0 x 7.2
= 64.8 kN/m width

v
Ed
=
V
Ed
=
64.8 x 10
3

= 0.30 N/mm
2
bd 1000 x 217
100 A
s

=
100 x 754
= 0.35
bd 1000 x 217
= v
Rd.c
= 0.57 N/mm
2
> 0.30 = no shear links required Table 3.6
Deection Maximum sagging moment = 0.051 x 18.0 x 7.2
2
= 47.6 kN/m
For b = 1000, d = 217, f
ck
= 28
Then K = 0.036, A
s req
= 531 mm
2
(z = 206 mm)
r = A
s,req
/bd = 531 x 100/(1000 x 217) = 0.24%
Basic l/d = 35.2 x 1.3 = 45.8 (K = 1.3 for end span condition) Figure 3.2
actual l/d = 7200/217 = 33.2 =OK
s,prov
= 566 mm
2
Superimposed dead load = 1.5 kN/m
2
Imposed load = 5 kN/m
2
c
nom
= 25 mm
58
1ab|o 3.20
Dosign u|timato bonding momont and shoar forco coofhcionts for s|abs
nd supportIs|ab connoctions At hrst
intorior
support
At midd|o
of intorior
spans
At intorior
supports
Simp|y supportod Continuous
At outor
support
Noar midd|o
of ond span
At outor
support
Noar midd|o
of ond span
Momont 0 00S6// 004// 00/S// 00S6// 0063// 0063//
Shoar 040/ 046/ 060/ 0S0/
Notos
1 / |s the eect|ve spen, / |s the tote| des|gn u|t|mete |oed (!3SO
|
!S
|
)
2 No red|str||ut|on o the moments ce|cu|eted rom th|s te||e shou|d |e mede
vhere these cr|ter|e ere not met the moments |n the s|e| w||| heve to |e essessed us|ng the
te||es end cherts rom Append|x b (keer to Sect|on 33 or urther |normet|on)
vhen the moments heve |een determ|ned, the oor p|ete shou|d to |e d|v|ded |nto not|one|
co|umn str|ps end m|dd|e str|ps (see l|gure 34) end the tote| moment ecross the pene| w|dth
shou|d |e epport|oned to the co|umn end m|dd|e str|ps |n eccordence w|th e||e 3?! At |eest
S0% o the hogg|ng re|norcement shou|d |e p|eced |n the m|dd|e querter o the pene| w|dth
he cr|t|ce| erees to chec| |n e et s|e| ere |end|ng strength (usue||y |n hogg|ng over the support),
deect|on end punch|ng sheer he des|gn shou|d demonstrete thet the et s|e| |s su|te||e or
moments end deect|on |n two orthogone| d|rect|ons
1ab|o 3.21
Distribution of dosign momonts in pano|s of at s|abs
Dosign momont oxprossod as porcontagos of tho
tota| nogativo or positivo dosign momont
Apportionmont botwoon co|umn and midd|o strip
Co|umn str|p, % M|dd|e str|p, %
Negative 60S0% 40?0%
Positive S0/0% S030%
Noto
he tote| neget|ve end pos|t|ve moments shou|d e|weys edd up to !00%
3.12.3 Punching shear reinforcement
he mex|mum des|gn sheer stress et the ece o the co|umn (\
ldmex
) cen |e ce|cu|eted es o||ows
\
ldmex

b\
ld

a
|
J
e
where
\
ld
des|gn ve|ue o epp||ed sheer orce
a
|
|ength o the per|meter o the co|umn
b ector dee||ng w|th eccentr|c|ty see l|gure 3S
J
e
(J
y
end J
.
)/? (J
y
end J
.
ere the eect|ve depths |n orthogone| d|rect|ons)
he des|gn res|stence, .
kd,mex
, cen |e determ|ned rom e||e 3??
b = 1.5
b = 1.4 b = 1.15
Internal column
Corner column
Edge column
|iguro 3.5
kocommondod
va|uos for b
59
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
l
x
(longerspan)
Column
strip
C
o
l
u
m
n
s
t
r
i
p
Middlestrip = l
x
-
M
i
d
d
l
e

s
t
r
i
p
l
y
l
y
l
y
l
y
l
y
l
y
2
2
4 4
4
4
l
y

(
s
h
o
r
t
e
r

s
p
a
n
)
Middlestrip = l
x
dropsize
Drop
D
r
o
p
Ignore drop if
dimension < l
y
/3
Ignore drop if
dimension < l
y
/3
l
y
C
o
l
u
m
n

s
t
r
i
p

=
l
x

Column strip =
dropsize
d
r
o
p
s
i
z
e
a) Slab without drops
b) Slab with drops
|iguro 3.4
Division of pano|s in at s|abs
1ab|o 3.22
Maximum dosign shoar stross at tho co|umn faco
_
ck
{Ma}
20 25 28 30 32 35 40 45 50
O
kd,max
{Ma}
36S 4S0 49S S?S SSS 60? 6/? /3S S00
he pos|t|on o the outer per|meter, where sheer re|norcement |s not requ|red, |s et the |ocet|on
where .
ld
.
kd,c
end .
kd,c
cen |e o|te|ned rom e||e bS |n Append|x b r
|
mey |e te|en es
(r
y
x r
.
)
he |ength o the contro| per|meter |s then
a
out
/ \
ld
/(.
kd,c
J)
end the d|stence rom co|umn ece |s (a
out
4/)/?p he outer per|meter o ||n|s |s then p|eced
!SJ |ns|de th|s per|meter
60
he eree o punch|ng sheer re|norcement per per|meter |s g|ven |y
/
sw
(.
ld
0/S .
kd,c
)
r
a
!
/(!S |
ywd,e
)
where
.
ld
des|gn ve|ue o the epp||ed sheer stress
/
sw
eree o one per|meter o sheer re|norcement eround the co|umn (mm
?
)

r
red|e| spec|ng o per|meters o sheer re|norcement (mm)
|
ywd,e
eect|ve des|gn strength o re|norcement (see e||e 3?3)
(?S0 0?SJ) < |
ywd
J meen eect|ve depth |n the two orthogone| d|rect|ons (mm)
a
!
|es|c contro| per|meter et ?J rom the |oeded eree (see l|gure 36)
1ab|o 3.23
Va|uos for _
ywd,of
]
off
{mm}
150 175 200 225 250 275 300 325 350
_
ywd,of
{Ma}
?SS ?94 300 306 3!3 3!9 3?S 33! 33S
3.12.4 Transfer moments
he mex|mum des|gn moment /
t mex
, wh|ch cen |e trenserred to e co|umn, |s g|ven |y
/
t mex
0!/ /
e
J
?
|
c|

where
/
e
|reedth o eect|ve w|dth o et s|e| (see l|gure 3/)
J eect|ve depth or the top re|norcement |n the co|umn str|p
a
!
|es|c contro| per|meter
?J
?J
?J
?J
a
!
a
!
a
!
/
y
/
.
|iguro 3.6
1ypica| basic contro| porimotors around |oadod aroas
a} dgo co|umn b} Cornor co|umn
Noto
, |s the d|stence rom the edge o the s|e| to the |nnermost ece o the co|umn
S|e| edge
S|e| edge
S|e| edge
, cen |e > c
y
cen |e > c
x
end , cen |e > c
y
/
e
c
x
,
/
e
,/?
c
y
c
y
c
x
c
x
,
,
|iguro 3.7
ffoctivo width, [
o
, of a f|at s|ab
61
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
3.12.5 Fire protection
he s|e| th|c|ness end ex|s d|stence shou|d |e compered w|th the requ|rements |n e||e 3?4,
a c
nom
f
||n|
f
|er
/?
1ab|o 3.24
Minimum dimonsions and thicknossos for f|at s|abs {mm}
Standard firo
rosistanco
kodistribution ratio, d ~ 0.85 kodistribution ratio, d < 0.85
a
s
Z a
s
Z
k| 60 !S0 !S
a
!S0 ?0
k| 90 ?00 ?S ?00 30
k| 120 ?00 3S ?00 40
k| 240 ?00 S0 ?00 6S
koy
a Norme||y the cover requ|rements o bS lN !99?!! w||| contro|
3.13 Ribbed slabs
3.13.2 Geometry
he w|dth o the r|| |s determ|ned |y cover, |er spec|ng end ure requ|rements yp|ce||y spec|ngs
or r||s ere 600 mm, /S0 mm, 900 mm end !?00 mm, w|th e r|| w|dth o !S0 mm Averege
se|-we|ght o the r|||ed s|e| cen |e determ|ned rom l|gure 3S, or en essumed se|-we|ght cen
|e o|te|ned rom e||e ?!0c

T
R
W
b
c
x
a
Self-weight = c
R
y
( + ) + + ( + ) kN/m W Z T H a b
2
25
x
Z
y
H
|iguro 3.8
Ca|cu|ation of ribbod s|ab so|f-woight
62
OB
o| no
CCIP - 018
Chec|ed |y
MS
Sheet no
FS1
C||ent
TCC
Lete
Aug 09
Worked example 4
Flat slab
9000 9000 9000 9000
7
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
Initial sizing Using Economic concrete frame elements: 284 mm
Or 8000/26 = 307 mm, say 300 mm Section 2.1
Loading ULS = 1.35 (1.5 + 0.3 x 25) + 1.5 x 5 = 19.65 kN/m
2
Bending Check long span end bay condition
M = 0.086Fl = 0.086 x 19.65 x 7 x 9
2
= 958 kNm Table 3.20
Centre strip Design moment = 0.75 x 958 = 718 kNm Table 3.21
critical
For b = 3500, d = 300 30 10 = 260 mm, f
ck
= 28
Then K = 0.108, A
s
= 7110 mm
2

Centre column strip = 4740 mm
2
(2708 mm
2
/m)
Use T20 @ 100 ctrs (A
s,prov
= 3140 mm
2
/m)
Outer column strip = 2370 mm
2
(1354 mm
2
/m)
Use T20 @ 200 ctrs (A
s,prov
= 1570 mm
2
/m)
Punching shear V
Ed
= 19.65 x 7.0 x 9.0 = 1238 kN
At column face, v
Ed
=
b V
Ed

=
1.15 x 1238 x 10
3

= 4.07 < 4.98
u
i
d
eff

4 x 350 x 250
Table 3.22
Shear resistance without links:
100 A
s

=
100 x 3140
= 1.26%
bd
1000 x 250
=v
Rd,c
= 0.75 MPa
Area of steel at rst control perimeter, 2d = 2 x 250 = 500 mm from column
face.
Length of perimeter = 4 x 350 + 2Q x 500 = 4542 mm
Radial spacing s
r
= 0.75 x 250 = 188 mm
A
sw
= (v
Ed
0.75 v
Rd,c
)s
r
u
1
/(1.5 f
ywd,ef
)

=
d
1.15 x 1238 x 10
3
0.75 0.75
m
x 188 x 4542 /(1.5 x 313)
4542 x 250
= 1257 mm
2
/perimeter
Using 10 mm dia. links, no of links = 1257/78.5 = 16,
spacing = 4542/16 = 284 < 1.5d
Deection Maximum sagging moment = 0.075 Fl
= 0.075 x 19.65 x 7 x 9
2
= 836 kNm
2
= 1.5 kN/m
2
c
nom
= 30 mm
Supported by 350 mm
square columns
63
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
3.13.3 Analysis
A r|||ed s|e| shou|d |e des|gned es e one-wey s|e| w|th the r|| end topp|ng ect|ng es e -|eem
vherever poss|||e use the coeuc|ents presented |n e||e 3?0, wh|ch ere eppropr|ete prov|ded
the o||ow|ng cond|t|ons ere met (note thet ?0% red|str||ut|on |s |nc|uded |n the coeuc|ents)
1 he eree o the s|e| exceeds 30 m
?
(S m x 6 m)
2 he ret|o o cherecter|st|c |mposed |oed to cherecter|st|c deed |oed does not exceed !?S
3 he cherecter|st|c |mposed |oed does not exceed S |N/m
?
exc|ud|ng pert|t|ons
4 he spens ere epprox|mete|y eque| (genere||y essumed to |e !S% o the |ongest spen, |ut
not spec|ued |n the Code)
he requ|rements o cond|t|ons ! end ? w||| usue||y |e met |y most |u||d|ng des|gns
3.13.4 Bending reinforcement
he quent|ty o |end|ng re|norcement requ|red |s ce|cu|eted |n the wey descr||ed or |eems
(see Sect|on 34)
A enged |eem mey |e treeted es e rectengu|er |eem, o u|| w|dth, /, when the neutre| ex|s |s
w|th|n the enge
vhen the neutre| ex|s ||es |n the enge, end the |eem cennot |e des|gned es e rectengu|er |eem,
reerence shou|d |e mede to /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ?
|?/|
, chepter 4, beems
he m|d-spen sect|on |s des|gned es e -|eem w|th enge w|dth eque| to the d|stence |etween
r||s he sect|on et the support mey need to |e chec|ed |n two |ocet|ons, urst|y es e so||d sect|on
et the |ocet|on o the pee| moment, second|y et the |unct|on o the r|| end the so||d sect|on es
e rectengu|er |eem o w|dth eque| to the r||
3.13.5 Reinforcement in the topping
A e|r|c mesh re|norcement shou|d |e prov|ded |n the centre o the topp|ng he mesh shou|d
|e s|.ed to prov|de the m|n|mum eree o stee| to contro| crec||ng, wh|ch ver|es eccord|ng to the
concrete strength, e||e 3?S g|ves recommended mesh s|.es l the r||s ere w|de|y speced (eg
greeter then 900 mm or e !00 mm th|c| topp|ng or greeter then /00 mm or e /S mm th|c|
topp|ng) the topp|ng shou|d |e des|gned or moment end sheer es e one-wey s|e| |etween r||s
Centre strip Design moment = 0.55 x 836 = 460 kNm
critical
For b = 3500, d = 260 and f
ck
= 28
K = 0.069, A
s
= 4351 mm
2
Or A
s
= 1243 mm
2
/m
r = A
s,req
/bd = 1243 x 100/(1000 x 260) = 0.48%
Basic l/d = 20.3 x 1.2 = 24.4 (K = 1.2 for at slab condition) Figure 3.2
actual l/d = 9000 / 260 = 34.6
Increase area of steel to reduce steel stress, assume H20 @ 225 ctrs (1400 mm
2
)
Approximate steel stress at SLS = 236 MPa Figure 3.3
Therefore approximate steel stress, s
s
, when A
s,prov
= 1400 mm
2
s
s
= 236 x 1243/1400 = 210 MPa
Increased basic l/d = 24.4 x 310/210 = 36 > 34.6 =OK
s,prov
= 1400 mm
2
Comments 1. The design in the orthogonal direction has not been included.
2. For the design of the strips across two panels only, coefcients from
Table 3.20 are not appropriate.
64
1ab|o 3.25
kocommondod mosh sizos
1opping thicknoss {mm}
_
ck
{Ma} 75 100 125 150
20 A!4? A!4? A!93 A!93
25 A!4? A!4? A!93 A?S?
28 A!4? A!93 A!93 A?S?
30 A!4? A!93 A!93 A?S?
32 A!4? A!93 A?S? A?S?
35 A!4? A!93 A?S? A?S?
40 A!4? A!93 A?S? A393
45 A!93 A?S? A?S? A393
50 A!93 A?S? A393 A393
he r|| d|mens|ons end ex|s d|stence shou|d |e compered w|th the requ|rements |n e||e 3?6,
a c
nom
f
||n|
f
|er
/?
he topp|ng shou|d |e comp|y w|th the requ|rements o e||e 3?/
1ab|o 3.26
Minimum dimonsions and axis distancos for ribs mado with roinforcod concroto for firo rosistanco
Standard firo
rosistanco
ossib|o combinations of Z and [
min
whoro Z is tho avorago axis distanco and
[
min
is tho width of tho boam
Simp|y supportod ribs Continuous ribs
A 8 C D | C H
k60 [
min
Z
!?0
40
!60
3S
?00
30
300
?S
!?0
?S
?00
!?
a
k90 [
min
Z
!S0
SS
?00
4S
300
40
400
3S
!S0
3S
?S0
?S
k120 [
min
Z
?00
6S
?40
60
300
SS
S00
S0
?00
4S
300
3S
4S0
3S
S00
30
k240 [
min
Z
?S0
90
3S0
S0
S00
/S
/00
/0
?S0
/S
S00
60
6S0
60
/00
S0
koy
Notos
1 he ex|s d|stence, a
sd
, rom the s|de o the r|| to the corner |er shou|d |e a !0 mm except where
/
m|n
|s greeter then the ve|ues |n co|umns C end l
2 he te||e |s ve||d on|y | red|str||ut|on o |end|ng moments does not exceed !S%
1ab|o 3.27
Minimum dimonsions and axis distanco for toppings {mm}
Standard firo rosistanco S|ab thicknoss, a
s
Axis distanco, Z
REI 60 S0 !S
a
REI 90 !00 ?0
REI 120 !?0 ?S
REI 240 !/S S0
koy
a Norme||y the requ|rements o bS lN !99?!! w||| contro|
65
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
OB
o| no
CCIP - 018
Chec|ed |y
MS
Sheet no
RS1
C||ent
TCC
Lete
Aug 09
Worked example 5
Ribbed slab
750
7200
1000
Initial sizing Using Economic concrete frame elements: 255 mm
or 7200/29 = 248 mm, say 250 mm
Assume self-weight = 4.0 kN/m
2
Table 2.9c
Loading ULS = 1.35 (4.0 + 1.5) + 1.5 (2.5) = 11.2 kN/m
2
Bending Check sagging moment in end bay
d = 250 26 6 8 = 210 mm
Effective length = 6.2 + 2 x 1/2 x 0.210 = 6.41 m
M = 0.075Fl = 0.075 x 11.2 x 6.41
2
x 0.75 = 25.9 kN/m per rib Table 3.20
For b = 750, d = 210, f
ck
= 28
K = 0.030, A
s,req
= 291 mm
2
(z = 200 mm)
x = 2.5 (210 200) = 25 mm
= N.A. in ange design as rectangular section
Deection r = A
s,req
/A
c
= 291 x 100/(125 x 110 + 750 x 100) = 0.33%
Reduction factor for anged section = 1 0.1 x ((750/125) 1) = 0.5 = use 0.8. Table 3.25
Basic l/d = 0.8 x 33 x 1.3 = 34.3 (K = 1.3 for end span condition)
actual l/d = 7200 / 210 = 34.3 =OK
2
Superimposed load
= 1.5 kN/m
2
Concrete class: C28/35
c
nom
= 26 mm
Topping thickness = 100 mm
A142 mesh
1
0
0
1
5
0
H16
10 125 10
H6
BS EN 1992-1-1:
Fig 5.4
66
3.14 Wafe slabs
3.14.2 Geometry
Averege se|-we|ght o the wee s|e| cen |e determ|ned rom l|gure 39, or cen |e essumed
rom e||e ?!0c Stenderd mou|ds ere ??S, 3?S end 4?S mm deep end ere used w|th topp|ngs
|etween S0 end !S0 mm th|c| he r||s ere !?S mm w|de on e 900 mm gr|d

x
y
b
a
c
H
N = number of waffles Self-weight = - + + xyH N a b a b
2 2 2 2
25
xy
c
3
kNm
2
,
|iguro 3.9
Ca|cu|ation of wafo s|ab so|f-woight
3.14.3 Analysis
A wee s|e| shou|d norme||y |e des|gned es e et s|e| w|th the r|| end topp|ng ect|ng es e
-|eem lt mey |e des|gned es e two-wey s|e|, |ut |t shou|d |e noted thet the tors|one| st|ness
o e wee s|e| |s sme||er then thet o e so||d two-wey s|e| end the |end|ng coeuc|ents rom
e||e 3?0 mey not |e eppropr|ete
3.14.4 Bending reinforcement
he quent|ty o |end|ng re|norcement requ|red |s ce|cu|eted |n the seme wey es or |eems (see
Sect|on 34)
A enged |eem mey |e treeted es e rectengu|er |eem, o u|| w|dth, /, when the neutre| ex|s |s
w|th|n the enge
vhen the neutre| ex|s ||es |n the we| end the |eem cennot |e des|gned es e rectengu|er |eem
vhere th|s does not epp|y, reerence shou|d |e mede to /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q
/aocoJe ?
|?/|
, chepter 4, beems
he m|d-spen sect|on |s des|gned es e -|eem w|th enge w|dth eque| to the d|stence |etween
r||s he sect|on et the support mey need to |e chec|ed |n two |ocet|ons, urst|y es e so||d sect|on
et the |ocet|on o the pee| moment, second|y et the |unct|on o the r|| end the so||d es e
rectengu|er |eem o w|dth eque| to the r||
67
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
3.14.5 Reinforcement in the topping
A e|r|c mesh re|norcement shou|d |e prov|ded |n the centre o the topp|ng he mesh shou|d
|e s|.ed to prov|de the m|n|mum eree o stee| to contro| crec||ng, wh|ch ver|es eccord|ng to the
concrete strength, e||e 3?S g|ves recommended mesh s|.es l the r||s ere w|de|y speced (eg
greeter then 900 mm or e !00 mm th|c| topp|ng or greeter then /00 mm or e /S mm th|c|
topp|ng) the topp|ng shou|d |e des|gned or moment end sheer es e two-wey s|e| |etween r||s
he r|| d|mens|ons end ex|s d|stence shou|d |e compered w|th the requ|rements |n e||e 3?S,
a c
nom
f
||n|
f
|er
/?
1ab|o 3.28
Minimum dimonsions and axis distanco for waff|o s|abs in roinforcod or prostrossod concroto
Standard firo
rosistanco
ossib|o combinations of width of ribs [
min

and axis distanco Z
S|ab thicknoss a
s

and axis distanco
Z in f|ango
Simp|y supportod At |oast ono odgo
rostrainod
k| 60 [
min
!00 !?0 ~ ?00 !00 !?0 ~ ?00 /
s
S0
Z 3S ?S !S
a
?S !S
a
!0
a
a !0
a
k| 90 [
min
!?0 !60 ~ ?S0 !?0 !60 ~ ?S0 /
s
!00
Z 4S 40 30 3S ?S !S
a
a !S
a
k| 120 [
min
!60 !90 ~ 300 !60 !90 ~ 300 /
s
!?0
Z 60 SS 40 4S 40 30 a ?0
k| 240 [
min
?S0 3S0 ~ S00 4S0 /00 /
s
!/S
Z 90 /S /0 /0 60 a 40
koy
a Norme||y the cover requ|red |y bS lN !99?!! w||| contro|
Notos
1 lor prestressed co|umns ex|s d|stence shou|d |e |ncreesed see text
2 a
sd
|s the ex|s d|stence to the s|de o |eem or the corner |ers (or tendon or w|re) o |eems w|th on|y
one |eyer o re|norcement a
sd
a !0 mm
3.15 Precast ooring systems
he des|gn o precest concrete oor systems |s usue||y underte|en |y the menuecturer,
end cherts ere prov|ded |y them or use |y the |u||d|ng des|gner ln the exem|net|on e|| the
cend|dete cen ree||st|ce||y use to demonstrete the su|te||||ty o one o these systems |s to reer
to menuecturer's ||tereture keer to Sect|on ?!09 or su|te||e cherts thet heve |een comp||ed
rom the menuecturers' dete
here w||| |e en |nterece |etween the precest oor|ng un|ts end support|ng structure he
o||ow|ng |ssues shou|d |e eddressed |n the des|gn |n edd|t|on to the strength o the oor|ng
un|ts
68
he m|n|mum |eer|ng shou|d |e /S mm (e|though th|s cen |e reduced w|th spec|e| dete||s)
he un|ts mey need to |e t|ed |nto the structure to meet ro|ustness requ|rements (see
Append|x A)
l the oor |s pert o the ste||||ty system then e|ther e structure| screed w||| |e requ|red or
the oor shou|d |e spec|uce||y des|gned to res|st the hor|.onte| |oeds
3.16 Post-tensioning
he des|gn o post-tens|oned e|ements |s e h|gh|y |teret|ve process thet |n prect|ce |s cerr|ed out
us|ng spec|e||st computer sotwere o ene||e e des|gn to |e cerr|ed out |n the exem|net|on (te||ng
et most !S m|nutes) s|gn|ucent s|mp||y|ng essumpt|ons w||| |e requ|red he des|gn methods
presented |e|ow ere str|ct|y or pre||m|nery des|gn on|y end essume some understend|ng o post-
tens|on|ng des|gn end construct|on lor dete||ed des|gn reerence shou|d |e mede to k43 /o|-
|e/oeJ coce|e |oo Je/q /aJ/oo/
|?3|
or s|m||er reerences lropert|es o strend genere||y
eve||e||e ere g|ven |n e||e 3?9
1ab|o 3.29
Spocihcation of common|y usod strand in tho Uk
Strand
typo
Nomina|
tonsi|o
strongth
{Ma}
Nomina|
diamotor
{mm}
Cross-
soctiona|
aroa {mm
2
}
Charactoristic
va|uo of
maximum
forco {kN}
Maximum
va|uo of
maximum
forco {kN}
Charactoristic
va|uo of 0.1%
proof forco
{kN}
12.9 Super !S60 !?9 !00 !S6 ?!3 !60
15.7 Super !//0 !S/ !S0 ?6S 30? ??S
15.7 Euro !S60 !S/ !S0 ?/9 3!9 ?40
15.2 Drawn !S?0 !S? !6S 300 34? ?SS
3.16.1 Restraint
A|| concrete e|ements shr|n| due to dry|ng end eer|y therme| eects |ut, |n edd|t|on, prestress|ng
ceuses e|est|c shorten|ng end ongo|ng shr|n|ege due to creep St| vert|ce| mem|ers such es
ste||||ty we||s restre|n the oor s|e| rom shr|n||ng, wh|ch prevents the prestress rom deve|op|ng
end thus reduc|ng the strength o the oor l necessery the |u||d|ng shou|d |e d|v|ded w|th
movement |o|nts end edd|t|one| ste||||ty we||s prov|ded A|ternet|ve|y, |nu|| str|ps or temporery
re|eeses shou|d |e e||owed or et the eer|y steges o e pro|ect
3.16.2 Load balancing
he tred|t|one| des|gn method |s '|oed |e|enc|ng' where the prestress on the concrete e|ement
|s des|gned such thet |t |mposes en upwerds |oed on the e|ement wh|ch counterects the grev|ty
|oeds on the e|ement (see l|gure 3!0) 0sue||y on|y e pert o the |mposed |oeds ere des|gned
to |e |e|enced |y the prestress, sey the deed |oeds on|y he |e|enc|ng orces on the e|ement
depend on the prou|e o the tendon, end ere thereore chosen to metch the shepe o the |end|ng
moment d|egrem by o||ow|ng the prou|e o the |end|ng moment d|egrem the tendon w||| |e
|oceted et the tens|on ece or |oth the mex|mum hogg|ng end segg|ng moments he |e|enc|ng
orces cen |e ce|cu|eted es o||ows
0Ll due to pere|o||c prou|e u Sa/
ev
/
?
where
a drepe o tendon meesured et centre o prou|e |etween po|nts o |nect|on
/
ev
everege prestress|ng orce |n tendon
d|stence |etween po|nts o |nect|on
69
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
OB
o| no
CCIP - 018
Chec|ed |y
MS
Sheet no
WS1
C||ent
TCC
Lete
Aug 09
Worked example 6
Wafe slab
9000
7
2
0
0
Initial sizing Using Economic concrete frame elements: 425 mm thick
(i.e. 325 moulds + 100 topping)
or 9000/20 = 450, say 425 thick Section 2.9
Assume self-weight = 7.3 kN/m
2
Table 2.9c
Ultimate load n = 1.35 (7.3 + 1.5) + 1.5 (2.5) = 15.6 kN/ m
2

There is a substantial beam along the column strips, which can therefore
resist torsion at the corners. Design as a two-way spanning slab.

l
y
=
9.0
= 1.25
l
x
7.2
Interpolating for a corner panel
Hogging moments b
sx
= 0.066, Sagging moments b
sx
= 0.049 Table 3.17
Bending at support M
sx
= b
sx
nl
x
2
= 0.066 x 15.6 x 7.2
2
= 53.4 kN/m width
For ribs @ 900 ctrs
M = 53.4 x 0.9 = 48.0 kNm/rib
For d = 425 26 6 8 = 385 mm, b = 900, f
ck
= 28
Then A
s,req
= 299 mm
2
(Taking z = 0.95d and therefore N.A. is in ange)
Deection r = A
s,req
/A
c
= 299 x 100/(180 x 285 + 900 x 100) = 0.21%
Deection not critical by inspection Figure 3.2
Use

2 x H16 per rib (A
s,prov
= 402)
2
Superimposed load
= 1.5 kN/m
2
c
nom
= 26 mm
3.16.3 Stresses
he stress |n the e|ement cen |e ce|cu|eted es o||ows
Stress et the top o the sect|on, s
t

/

/
/
/
c

t
Stress et the |ottom o the sect|on, s
|

/

/
/
/
c

|
where
/
c
eree o the concrete
/
|
|e|enced moment (|e |nc|ud|ng post-tens|on|ng eects)
t
sect|on modu|us - top
|
sect|on modu|us - |ottom
/ prestress orce
70
Unstressed
slab
Prestressed
slab
Proposed
loading
Final
condition
a)
b)
c)
d)

|iguro 3.10
Load ba|ancing mothod
3.16.4 Cover
Cover shou|d |e determ|ned |n the norme| wey |e or dure||||ty end ure res|stence, |ut |n
edd|t|on the cover to the duct shou|d |e et |eest he| the duct w|dth Cover |s meesured to the
outs|de o e |onded duct (kemem|er thet the centre o tendon w||| |e oset rom the centre o
the duct) At supports |t |s usue| to p|ece the uppermost tendon |n the ? |eyer, w|th the tendon
|n the other d|rect|on |e|ow th|s (3), see l|gure 3!! k43 recommends e m|n|mum cover o
3S mm
Cover
70 x 19 mm duct Longitudinal duct
a) Transverse direction
Cover
Transverse duct
b) Longitudinal direction
70 x 19 mm duct
|iguro 3.11
ositioning of tondons
and roinforcing stoo|
71
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
3.16.5 Stress limits
lurocode ? prov|des mex|mum crec| w|dths, wh|ch cen |e used to determ|ne the post-tens|on|ng
requ|rements lowever, e more prect|ce| epproech, espec|e||y |n exem|net|on cond|t|ons |s to
use the 'hypothet|ce|' stress ||m|ts wh|ch ere g|ven |n k43 /o|-|e/oeJ coce|e |oo Je/q
/aJ/oo/
|?3|
hese ||m|ts heve |een used to prov|de the stress ||m|ts presented |n e||e 330
1ab|o 3.30
A||owab|o strossos for various post-tonsionod o|omonts {Ma}
_
ck
25 30 32 35 37 40 50
_
ctm
2.56 2.90 3.02 3.21 3.33 3.51 4.07
8oams, ono- and two-way spanning f|oors
0n|onded tendons
a
end |onded
tendons w|th ||m|t|ng crec|
w|dth o 0! mm
346 39! 40S 433 4S0 4/4 SS0
bonded tendons w|th ||m|t|ng
crec| w|dth o 0? mm
4?3 4/S 499 S30 SS0 S/9 6/?
||at s|abs dosignod as pano| widths {i.o. stross avoragod ovor tho who|o pano|}
Mex|mum compress|on et
support
/S 90 96 !0S !!! !?0 !S0
Mex|mum compress|on |n spen !00 !?0 !?S !40 !4S !60 ?00
Mex|mum tens|on w|th |onded
re|norcement
b,c
?3! ?6! ?/? ?S9 300 3!6 366
Mex|mum tens|on w|thout
|onded re|norcement
0// 0S/ 09! 096 !00 !0S !??
||at s|abs dosignod using dosign strips {o.g. poak hogging momont avoragod ovor 0.4 x pano| width}
Mex|mum compress|on !00 !?0 !?S !40 !4S !60 ?00
Mex|mum tens|on w|th |onded
re|norcement
b,c
30S 34S 363 3SS 400 4?! 4S9
Mex|mum tens|on w|thout
|onded re|norcement
!03 !!6 !?! !?S !33 !40 !63
koy
a vhere | stresses ere enhenced or un|onded tendons |y |ncrees|ng the pess|ve re|norcement crec|
w|dth end de|ect|ons shou|d |e more r|gorous|y chec|ed
b bonded re|norcement mey e|ther |e |onded tendons or pess|ve re|norcement
c he spec|ng o |ers or tendons shou|d |e < S00 mm otherw|se the stress ||m|t or the 'w|thout |onded
re|norcement' shou|d |e used
Noto
lor structures su||ect to de-|c|ng se|ts, such es cer per|s, these ||m|ts ere not eppropr|ete
3.16.6 Initial design
he serv|cee||||ty cond|t|on |s usue||y the cr|t|ce| des|gn cr|ter|on At the |n|t|e| steges |t |s
reesone||e to chec| the stresses et SlS end essume thet the 0lS requ|rements cen |e met |n
dete||ed des|gn Modern des|gn sotwere w||| e||ow urther |teret|on end potent|e||y e reduct|on |n
re|norcement he o||ow|ng prestresses (|e ///) ere e good gu|de or |n|t|e| des|gn
S|e|s !4 ?S N/mm
?
beems ?S 4S N/mm
?
lor s|e|s, punch|ng sheer shou|d e|so |e chec|ed (see 3!?3), |eceuse th|s cen oten |e e cr|t|ce|
ector A short, heev||y |oeded trenser |eem mey e|so |e cr|t|ce| |n sheer end th|s mey need
chec||ng
he tendon prou|e mey |e |dee||sed to s|mp||y the ce|cu|et|ons end en e||owence shou|d |e
mede or prestress |osses
lor un|onded s|e|s the m|n|mum emount o pess|ve re|norcement shou|d e|so |e prov|ded, th|s
mey e|so |e necessery or |onded s|e|s where the prestress |s |ow
72
OB
o| no
CCIP - 018
Chec|ed |y
MS
Sheet no
PT1
C||ent
TCC
Lete
Aug 09
Worked example 7
Post-tensioned slab
9000 9000 9000 9000
7
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
Initial sizing 9000/36 = 250 mm thick (Economic concrete frame elements: 249 mm)
Geometry Area of concrete, A
c
= 7000 x 250 = 1750 x 10
3
mm
2
Second moment of area, I
c
= 7000 x 250
3
/12 = 9.11 x 10
9
mm
4
Distance to extreme bres from neutral axis, y
b
= y
t
= 125 mm
Section modulus, Z
b
= Z
t
= 9.11 x 10
9
/125 = 72.9 x 10
6
Strand diameter = 12.9 mm
Minimum cover = 20 mm
Distance to centre of strand = 60 mm
Tendon profile for end span (most critical):
Number of Characteristic value of maximum force, 186 kN
strands required Initial prestress = 0.8 x 186 = 149 kN (allow for 80% of characteristic force)
Prestress in service condition = 0.7 x 149 = 104 kN (allow for 10% loss
at transfer and 20% loss at service, check in detailed design)
Balance dead loads with prestressing
P = ws
2
/(8a) = 7 x 6 x 9
2
/(8 x 0.098) = 4339 kN
=No. of tendons required = 4339/104 = 41.7, try 9 x 5 strands per duct
Total force = 4680 kN
Moments (SLS) Applied loads w
a
= 7 x (6.25 + 1.25 + 5) = 87.5 kN/m
Balancing load w
b
= 8aP/s
2
= 8 x 0.098 x 4160 / 9
2
= 40.2 kN/m
Balanced moment M (w
a
w
b
) l
2
/10 = (87.5 40.2) x 9
2
/10 = 383.1 kNm
Mid-span stresses
s
t
=
P
+
M
=
4680 x 10
3

+
383.1 x 10
6

= 2.7 + 5.3 = 8.0 N/mm
2
A
ct
Z
t
1750 x 10
3
72.9 x 10
6
For class C32/40 allowable compressive stress is 12.8 N/mm
2
= OK
s
b
=
P
M
=
4680 x 10
3

383.1 x 10
6
= 2.7 5.3 = 2.6 N/mm
2
A
ct
Z
b
1750 x 10
3
72.9 x 10
6
For class C32/40 allowable tensile stress is 2.7 N/mm
2
= OK
Comments Stresses at the support and punching shear should also be checked
at this stage for a at slab (see 3.12.3)
It is assumed that deection, the ULS requirements and transfer
requirements can be met with passive reinforcement in detailed design,
as is usually the case.
2
= 1.25 kN/m
2
Idealised tendon
shape
a = 2506060 = 98
125
a
125
60
60
65
2
for initial
design only
Table 2.22
Table 3.29
Section 3.16.2
Section 3.16.3
Table 3.30
Section 3.16.3
Table 3.30
73
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
3.17 Columns
0sue||y the cr|t|ce| co|umn |ocet|on |s |n the |owest storey lowever, moments |n the edge end
corner co|umns et the h|ghest |eve| mey |e e|so |e cr|t|ce|
3.17.1 Design
ffoctivo |ongth
he method o determ|n|ng the eect|ve |ength, /
0
o e co|umn g|ven |n lurocode ? |s comp|ex
end thereore the |ength o the co|umn cen |e mu|t|p||ed |y the ector g|ven |n e||e 33! to g|ve
en epprox|mete eect|ve |ength or |n|t|e| ce|cu|et|ons
1ab|o 3.31
Va|uos of b for bracod co|umns
nd condition
at top
Va|uos of b for bracod co|umns
nd condition at bottom
1 2 3
1 0/S 0S0 090
2 0S0 0SS 09S
3 090 09S !00
nd conditions
he end cond|t|ons |n e||e 33! ere deuned es o||ows
Condition 1 he end o the co|umn |s connected mono||th|ce||y to |eems on e|ther s|de
thet ere et |eest es deep es the overe|| d|mens|on o the co|umn |n the p|ene cons|dered
vhere the co|umn |s connected to e oundet|on structure, th|s shou|d |e o e orm
spec|uce||y des|gned to cerry moment
Condition 2 he end o the co|umn |s connected mono||th|ce||y to |eems or s|e|s on e|ther
s|de thet ere she||ower then the overe|| d|mens|on o the co|umn |n the p|ene cons|dered
Condition 3 he end o the co|umn |s connected to mem|ers, wh|ch, wh||e not spec|uce||y
des|gned to prov|de restre|nt to rotet|on o the co|umn w|||, neverthe|ess, prov|de some
nom|ne| restre|nt
S|ondornoss
S|enderness, l cen |e determ|ned rom
l 346 /
0
// or rectengu|er co|umns (/ overe|| depth)
end
l 40 /
0
/J or rectengu|er co|umns (J co|umn d|emeter)
he ||m|t|ng ve|ue o s|enderness, l
||m
cen |e determ|ned rom
l
||m
!S4C/
where
C ector to te|e eccount o the wey the moments ere epp||ed to the co|umn
{ ?S or e |reced co|umn w|th moments top end |ottom
{ !S or e |reced co|umn, w|th e not|one| p|n et the |ese
0/ or en un|reced co|umn
/
ld
//
c
|
cd
see e||e 33?
vhen l > l
||m
, second order eects shou|d |e te|en |nto eccount
74
1ab|o 3.32
Va|uos for gwhon _
ck
= 30 Ma
Sizo of squaro co|umn {mm}
G
d
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
1000 !4/ 094 06S 04S 03/ 0?9 0?4 0!9 0!6
1500 ??! !4! 09S 0/? 0SS 044 03S 0?9 0?S
2000 ?94 !SS !3! 096 0/4 0SS 04/ 039 033
3000 44! ?S? !96 !44 !!0 0S/ 0/! 0SS 049
4000 SSS 3/6 ?6! !9? !4/ !!6 094 0/S 06S
5000 /3S 4/! 3?/ ?40 !S4 !4S !!S 09/ 0S?
6000 SS? S6S 39? ?SS ??! !/4 !4! !!/ 09S
7000 !0?9 6S9 4SS 336 ?S/ ?03 !6S !36 !!4
8000 !!/6 /S3 S?3 3S4 ?94 ?3? !SS !S6 !3!
9000 !3?4 S4/ SSS 43? 33! ?6! ?!? !/S !4/
10000 !4/! 94! 6S4 4S0 36S ?90 ?3S !94 !63
|or othor concroto strongths tho fo||owing factors can bo usod:
_
ck
?0 ?S ?S 30 3? 3S 40 4S S0
|actor 06/ 0S3 093 !00 !0/ !!/ !33 !S0 !6/
Co|umn charts
he co|umn cherts |n Append|x b cen |e used to determ|ne the eree o re|norcement requ|red
3.17.2 Detailing
Maximum and minimum aroas of roinforcomont
he mex|mum eree o e|ther the tens|on or compress|on re|norcement |s 4% o the gross cross-
sect|one| eree o the concrete or vert|ce||y cest co|umns, e|though th|s mey |e |ncreesed to S%
et |eps
koquiromonts for |inks
M|n|mum |er d|emeter |s 6 mm or one querter o the compress|on |er d|emeter
Mex|mum ||n| spec|ng neer the connect|on w|th the |eem or s|e| |s the |esser o !? t|mes the
|er d|emeter, ?40 mm end 06 / es shown |n e||e 333
1ab|o 3.33
kocommondod |ink spacing {mm}
Main bar diamotor Co|umn dimonsion, a
200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
12 !00 !?S !?S !?S !?S !?S !?S !?S !?S
16
!00 !S0 !/S !/S !/S !/S !/S !/S !/S
20
!00 !S0 !/S ?00 ??S ??S ??S ??S ??S
25
!00 !S0 !/S ?00 ??S ??S ??S ??S ??S
32
!00 !S0 !/S ?00 ??S ??S ??S ??S ??S
40
!00 !S0 !/S ?00 ??S ??S ??S ??S ??S
75
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
OB
o| no
CCIP - 018
Chec|ed |y
MS
Sheet no
C1
C||ent
TCC
Lete
Aug 09
Worked example 8
Column
300
Column
9000 9000
7
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
Loads Column supports 4 storeys
Ultimate load per oor = 1.35 (0.3 x 25 + 1.5) + 1.5 x 5 = 19.7 kN/m
2

Total ultimate axial load = 4 x 19.7 x 7 x 9
N = 4952 kN
Initial sizing Using Economic concrete frame elements 450 mm square
Column design N
Ed
/bhf
ck
= 4952 x 10
3
/(450
2
x 32) = 0.76
Take minimum moment as 4952 x 0.02 = 99 kNm (assume column is
not slender)
M
Ed
/bh
2
f
ck
= 99 x 10
6
/(450
3
x 32) = 0.03
d
2
= 35 + 8 +16 = 59 mm
d
2
/h = 59/450 = 0.13
Use column graph for d
2
/h = 0.15
A
s
f
yk
/bhf
ck
= 0.35
A
s
= 0.35 x 450
2
x 32/500 = 4536 mm
2
Use

6 H32 (A
s,prov
= 4830 mm
2
)
2

Superimposed load
= 1.5 kN/m
2
c
nom
= 35 mm
H25
H8 links
@ 300 ctrs
450
4
5
0
76
he co|umn d|mens|ons end ex|s d|stence shou|d |e compered w|th the requ|rements |n e||e
334, wh|ch |s |esed on lurocode ?, lert !? he ex|s d|stence, a, |s the d|stence rom the ece o
the concrete to the centre o the me|n |er end the des|gner shou|d ensure thet
a c
nom
f
||n|
f
|er
/?
1ab|o 3.34
Minimum dimonsions {mm} for roctangu|ar and circu|ar co|umns
Standard firo
rosistanco
Co|umn oxposod on moro than ono sido Co|umn oxposod on ono sido on|y
Co|umn width [
min
Axis distanco, Z Co|umn width [
min
Axis distanco, Z
k60 ?S0 46 !SS ?S
3S0 40
k90 3S0 S3 !SS ?S
4S0
a
40
k!?0 3S0
a
S/ !/S 3S
4S0
a
S!
k?40 ?9S /0
koy
a M|n|mum S |ers
Notos
1 vhere the ret|o o des|gn |re des|gn |oed to norme| tempereture des|gn |oed, a
|
, |s |ess then 0/
sme||er d|mens|ons mey |e used see bS lN !99?!?, te||e S?e
2 he eccentr|c|ty under |re |oeds, /
0ld,|
//
0ld,|
shou|d |e |ess then 0!Sh or rectengu|er sect|ons or
0!S| or c|rcu|er sect|ons /
0ld,|
|s |rst order des|gn moment under |re cond|t|ons, /
0ld,|
|s the ex|e|
orce under |re cond|t|ons
3 he eect|ve |ength o the |reced co|umn |n the |re cond|t|on shou|d |e |ess then 3 m
3.18 Shear walls
3.18.1 Design issues
he we|| shou|d |e chec|ed or the worst com||net|on o vert|ce| |oeds, |n-p|ene |end|ng end
|end|ng out o the p|ene o the we||
Ste||||ty we||s shou|d |e cont|nuous throughout the he|ght o the structure ln p|en the sheer
centre o the structure shou|d co|nc|de es much es poss|||e w|th the centre o ect|on o the
epp||ed hor|.onte| |oeds |n two orthogone| d|rect|ons Otherw|se tw|st|ng shou|d |e cons|dered
0se the o||ow|ng des|gn ormu|e to ce|cu|ete the mex|mum epp||ed tens||e stress
s
t

/
/
/| |/
?
/ 6
where
/ u|t|mete ex|e| |oed
/ u|t|mete |n-p|ene moment
/ |ength o we||
| th|c|ness o we||
lor s|mp||c|ty, the u|t|mete compress|ve |oed cepec|ty o the we|| mey |e te|en es
/
c
< 043|
c|
/
c
0//|
yd
/
sc
where
/
c
eree o concrete per un|t |ength o we||
77
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
/
sc
eree o vert|ce| re|norcement per un|t |ength o we||
he requ|red eree o tens|on re|norcement or l- or C-sheped sect|ons end |ox sect|ons cen |e
ce|cu|eted rom
/
s

s
t
/
t
|
|
yd
where
/
t
|ength o we|| |n tens|on
lor rectengu|er sect|ons e ector o 0S cen |e epp||ed
he |ength o the we|| |n tens|on |s oten te|en es ! m, |ut cen |e ce|cu|eted to g|ve e |onger
|ength o we|| |n tens|on, e|though the |eneuts mey not |e s|gn|ucent
l there |s tens|on et the |ese o the we||, th|s must |e res|sted |y the we|ght o e mess oundet|on,
or |y des|gn|ng the p||es to res|st tens|on
ln edd|t|on to eny hor|.onte| ect|ons (eg w|nd) the eect o eny geometr|c |mperect|ons shou|d
|e cons|dered es e hor|.onte| ect|on he ve|ue o the ect|on cen |e essessed |y mu|t|p|y|ng the
vert|ce| ect|on |y the percentege g|ven |n e||e 33S
1ab|o 3.35
orcontago of vortica| actions acting as a horizonta| forco on a shoar wa||
8ui|ding
hoight {m}
Numbor of vortica| mombors contributing to tho horizonta| forco on tho bracing
systom {i.o. tho numbor of co|umns on tho f|oor p|ato}
4 6 8 10 12 14 ~16
<4 040% 03S% 03S% 03/% 03/% 03/% 036%
5 03S% 034% 034% 033% 033% 033% 033%
6 03?% 03!% 03!% 030% 030% 030% 030%
7 030% 0?9% 0?S% 0?S% 0?S% 0?S% 0?S%
8 0?S% 0?/% 0?/% 0?6% 0?6% 0?6% 0?6%
~9 0?6% 0?S% 0?S% 0?S% 0?S% 0?4% 0?4%
3.18.2 Walls with unequal stiffness
vhere ste||||ty we||s res|st|ng e |etere| |oed ere not o eque| st|ness, e tors|on w||| |e |nduced
end the |u||d|ng w||| tw|st |n p|en | th|s not edequete|y res|sted lt cen |e essumed thet the
oor d|ephregm |s |nun|te|y st| end thereore the |etere| |oed on the we||s cen |e epport|oned
eccord|ng to the|r st|ness (see l|gure 3!?)
e
Lateral load
Shear
centre
y
|iguro 3.12
Shoar contro for
stabi|ity wa||s
he sheer centre (centre o st|ness) cen |e ce|cu|eted us|ng the o||ow|ng express|on
78
A moment er|ses |eceuse the sheer centre |s oset end cen |e ce|cu|eted, end we||s |n the
orthogone| d|rect|on cen |e des|gned to res|st the moment, see vor|ed exemp|e !0
3.18.3 Detailing
Maximum and minimum aroas of roinforcomont
he mex|mum eree o e|ther the tens|on or compress|on re|norcement |s 4% o the gross cross-
sect|one| eree o the concrete he m|n|mum percenteges ere 0?% or vert|ce| re|norcement
end 0!% or hor|.onte| re|norcement (or ?S% o the vert|ce| re|norcement | greeter)
he we|| d|mens|ons end ex|s d|stence shou|d |e compered w|th the requ|rements |n e||e 336,
a c
nom
f
||n|
f
|er
/?
|iguro 3.11
Shoar contro for
stabi|ity wa||s
OB
o| no
CCIP - 018
Chec|ed |y
MS
Sheet no
SW1
C||ent
TCC
Lete
Aug 09
Worked example 9
Shear walls
40kN
75 kN
75 kN
75 kN
g
k
= 35kN/m
g
k
= 35kN/m
g
k
= 35kN/m
g
k
= 35kN/m
2.5
200 mm
thick wall
3.0 m
3.0 m
3.0 m
3.0 m
m
Q
k,w
Comment This design assumes that the base is sufcient to resist overturning. When designing the base
for overturning the EQU category should be used rather than STR as used here.
Assume critical combination is 1.0 G
k
+ 1.5 Q
k,w
where Q
k,w
is
wind load.
Assuming the oor load is 4000 kN supported on
8 columns, the horizontal action due to imperfections
= 0.25% x 4000 = 10 kN
f
t
=
N
M
Lt (tL
2
/6)
N = 1.0 x 35 x 4 x 2.5 + 0.200 x 12 x 2.5 x 25 = 500 kN
M
Ed
= 1.5((40 + 10) x 12 + (75 + 10)(9 + 6 + 3)) = 3195 kNm
f
t
=
500 x 10
3

3195 x 10
6

2500 x 200 (200 x 2500
2
/6)
= 1.0 15.3
= 14.3 N/mm
2
Assume that the tension is resisted by 1 m at the end of the wall.
A
s
=
0.5 f
t
L
t
t
f
yd

=
0.5 x 14.3 x 1000 x 200
= 3287 mm
2
or 1644 mm
2
/face
435
Use

T20s @ 175 ctrs (1800 mm
2
/face)
79
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
1ab|o 3.36
Minimum roinforcod concroto wa|| dimonsions and axis distancos for |oad-boaring for firo rosistanco
Standard firo
rosistanco
Minimum dimonsions {mm} wa|| thicknossIaxis distanco, Z, of tho main bars
wa|| oxposod on ono sido {
fi
= 0.7} wa|| oxposod on two sidos {
fi
= 0.7}
k| 60 !30/!0
a
!40/!0
a
k| 90 !40/?S !/0/?S
k| 120 !60/3S ??0/3S
k| 240 ?/0/60 3S0/60
koy
Notos
1 he te||e |s te|en rom bS lN !99?!? te||e S4
2 he ret|o o des|gn |re |oed to norme| tempereture des|gn |oed, a
|
, mey conservet|ve|y |e te|en es 0/
OB
o| no
CCIP - 018
Chec|ed |y
JB
Sheet no
SW2
C||ent
TCC
Lete
Dec 06
Worked example 10
Shear walls with varying stiffness
60.0
y
5.0
8.0
25.0
Shear
centre
W
4
W
2
10.0
5.0
e
W
1
W
3
Wind force, take as 1.0 kN/m
2
The relative stiffness of the walls can be calculated as follows (note as the
walls are rectangular and the same thickness we can use the depth only)
W
1
= 10
3
= 1000 m
3
W
2
= 8
3
= 512 m
3
Total = 1512 m
3
y =
0.1 x 1000 + 59.9 x 512
= 20.3 m
1512
Eccentricity, e = 30 20.3 = 9.7 m
Twisting moment, M
t
= 9.7 x 1.0 x 60 x 3.6 = 2095 kNm per oor
In the worst case this moment can be resisted by the walls W
3
and W
4
only,
the force (F) in each wall is:
F = 2095/24.8 = 84.5 kN per oor
To check for the critical case the direct design force on the walls W
3
and W
4
from the wind parallel to these walls = 1.0 x 3.6 x 25/2 = 45 kN, and
therefore the forces imposed by the twisting action are more onerous and
should be used for design.
Comments This layout is not particularly eccentric and yet still imposes
large torsional forces.
Floor-to-oor height = 3.6 m
80
3.19 Ground-bearing slabs
lor the purpose o des|gn, ground-|eer|ng s|e|s cen |e d|v|ded |nto two cetegor|es
1 Norme||y |oeded s|e|s or genere| use or wh|ch shr|n|ege |s the govern|ng cr|ter|on
2 leev||y |oeded s|e|s or |ndustr|e| use
lndustr|e| ground oors ere not cons|dered urther |n th|s hend|oo|, end reerence shou|d |e
mede to k34, Coce|e /Ja|/a/ qoaJ |oo
|?S|

lor norme||y |oeded s|e|s w|th en |mposed |oed up to !0 |N/m
?
the o||ow|ng gu|dence cen |e
used
0se concrete C|ess C?S/30
S|e| shou|d |e p|eced on e s||p mem|rene (eg 0? mm po|ythene sheet)
0se e we||-compected su|-|ese not |ess then !S0 mm th|c|
lso|et|on |o|nts to |e prov|ded et the |unct|on w|th externe| we||s end eround |nterne|
co|umns See l|gure 4S
Lepth, re|norcement end |o|nt spec|ng requ|rements cen |e determ|ned rom e||e 33/
Note thet the th|c|er the s|e| the c|oser the movement |o|nts shou|d |e
1ab|o 3.37
Maximum spacing of movomont joints for ground boaring s|abs {m}
|abric roinforcomont S|ab thicknoss {mm}
125 150 175 200 225
A142 ?S ?! !S !6 !4
A193 34 ?S ?S ?! !9
A252 44 3/ 3! ?S ?S
A393 69 SS 49 44 3S
Unroinforcod 6 6 6 6
3.20 Shallow foundations
3.20.1 Key considerations
Sett|ement oten contro|s the des|gn
loundet|ons |n c|ey, s||t end che|| shou|d |e ounded et 4S0 mm or |e|ow to evo|d demege
due to rost ect|on
loundet|ons |n shr|n|e||e c|ey shou|d |e ounded et 900 mm or |e|ow to protect ege|nst
shr|n|ege/heeve vhere trees ere present th|s depth mey heve to |e |ncreesed, see e||e ?3
he groundweter |eve| w||| |e cruc|e| |n the des|gn, e h|gh groundweter |eve| w||| reduce the
so|| |eer|ng cepec|ty end mey me|e the structure |uoyent he |eve| ed|ecent to r|vers end
the see cen |e expected to uctuete
3.20.2 Allowable bearing pressure
An est|mete o e||owe||e |eer|ng pressures or typ|ce| so||s ound |n the 0l cen |e o|te|ned rom
e||es 33S to 34! end l|gure 3!3 or grenu|er so||s
81
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
1ab|o 3.38
rosumod a||owab|o boaring va|uos undor static |oading {8asod on tab|o 1 of 8S 8004
|?9|
}
Catogory 1ypo of soi| rosumod a||owab|o
boaring va|uo {kNIm
2
}
komarks
Non-cohosivo
soi|s
Lense greve|, or dense send end greve| > 600 v|dth o oundet|on not |ess
then ! m Croundweter |eve|
essumed to |e |e|ow the |ese
o the oundet|on
Med|um dense greve|, or med|um
dense send end greve|
< ?00 to 600
loose greve|, or |oose send end greve| < ?00
Compect send > 300
Med|um dense send !00 to 300
loose send < !00
Cohosivo
soi|s
Very st| |ou|der c|ey end herd c|ey 300 to 600 Suscept|||e to |ong-term
conso||det|on sett|ement
St| c|ey !S0 to 300
l|rm c|ey /S to !S0
Sot c|ey end s||t </S
Very sot c|ey end s||t Not epp||ce||e
Notos
1 hese ve|ues ere or pre||m|nery des|gn purposes on|y
2 A||owe||e |eer|ng pressures ere genere||y he|ved |n the presence o weter
1ab|o 3.39
rosumod a||owab|o boaring va|uos for high porosity cha|k
Crado 8riof doscription rosumod boaring va|uo kNIm
2
V| lxtreme|y sot structure|ess che|| conte|n|ng sme|| |umps o |ntect
che||
See C| ???3!S o bS S004
V Structure|ess remou|ded che|| conte|n|ng |umps o |ntect che|| Lry
che|| e|ove the weter te||e
!?S ?S0
|V ku|||y, pert weethered che|| w|th |edd|ng end |o|nt|ng
o|nts !0 mm to 60 mm epert, open to ?0 mm, end oten |nu||ed
w|th remou|ded che|| end regments
?S0 S00
||| ku|||y to ||oc|y uneerthed che|| o|nts 60 mm to ?00 mm epert,
open to 3 mm, end somet|mes |nu||ed w|th regments
S00 /S0
|| b|oc|y med|um herd (wee|) che|| o|nts more then ?00 mm epert
end c|osed
/S0 !000
1 As or grede ll, |ut herd (moderete|y wee|) end |r|tt|e !000 !S00
Noto
lor urther |normet|on see verd et e|
|30|
1ab|o 3.40
rosumod a||owab|o boaring va|uos for koupor Mar|
Dogroo of
woathoring
Zono Doscription Notos rosumod boaring
va|uo {kNIm
2
}
Fully weathered lV| Metr|x on|y Cen |e conused w|th so||uct|on
or dr|t depos|ts, |ut conte|ns no
pe|||es l|est|c s||ght|y s||ty c|ey
Mey |e ussured
See C| ???3!9 o
bS S004
Partially
weathered
lVe Metr|x w|th occes|one| c|ey-
stone pe||ets |ess then 3 mm
|n d|emeter |ut more usue||y
coerse send s|.e
l|tt|e or no trece o or|g|ne|
(.one !) structure, though c|ey
mey |e ussured lower permee||||ty
then under|y|ng |eyers
!?S ?S0
lll Metr|x w|th requent ||thore||cts
up to ?S mm As weether|ng
progresses ||thore||cts |ecome
|ess engu|er
veter content o metr|x greeter
then thet o ||thore||cts
?S0 S00
ll Angu|er ||oc|s o unweethered
mer| w|th v|rtue||y no metr|x
Sphero|de| weether|ng Metr|x
stert|ng to encroech e|ong |o|nts
urst |nd|cet|ons o chem|ce|
weether|ng
S00 /S0
Unweathered l Mudstone (oten ussured) veter content ver|es due to
depos|t|one| ver|et|ons
/S0 !000
Noto
lor urther |normet|on see Chend|er
|3!|
82
1ab|o 3.41
Undrainod shoar strongth of cohosivo matoria|s {8asod on tab|o 6 of 8S 8004}
Consistoncy Undrainod {immodiato}
shoar strongth kNIm
2

|n accordanco with
8S 5930
wido|y usod
doscriptions
|io|d indications
Vory stiff Very st| or herd br|tt|e or very tough > !S0
Stiff St| Cennot |e mou|ded |n the ungers !00 !S0
l|rm to st| /S !00
|irm l|rm Cen |e mou|ded |n the ungers |y
strong pressure
S0 /S
Sot to urm 40 S0
Soft Sot les||y mou|ded |n the ungers ?0 40
Vory soft Very sot lxudes |etween the ungers when
squee.ed |n the ust
< ?0
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Very dense
Dense
Medium dense
Loose
Foundation width (m)
A
l
l
o
w
a
b
l
e
b
e
a
r
i
n
g
p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e
(
k
N
/
m
)
2
t
o
l
i
m
i
t
s
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t
t
o
2
5
m
m
N = 10
N = 20
N = 30
N = 40
N = 50
Noto
N stenderd penetret|on test N-ve|ues
|iguro 3.13
Chart for ostimating a||owab|o boaring prossuro on granu|ar matoria| using standard ponotration tost
L|egrem er.egh| end lec|
3.21 Piled foundations
3.21.1 Pilecap design
here ere two genere||y eccepted methods or p||ecep des|gn
0s|ng |end|ng theory, |n wh|ch cese they mey |e des|gned es e |eem (see Sect|on 39)
0s|ng truss ene|ogy, wh|ch |s presented |n e||e 34? or two-, three- end our-p||e p||eceps
lor |erger p||eceps |end|ng theory shou|d |e used end the p||e reect|ons cen |e ce|cu|eted us|ng
l|gure 3!4
83
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
y
a
where
N = number of pi les i n group
P = t otal load appli ed
M = bendi ng moment a ppli ed
y = local di stance of the pi l e
fr om the neutral axis of the group
y = loc al di stance of pi l e a
from the neutral axis of the group
The force in pil e a is given by:
a
a
a
a
|iguro 3.14
i|o forcos for |argo pi|ocaps
1ab|o 3.42
1russ ana|ogy for pi|ocap dosign
i|ocap |ayout 1onsion forco in roinforcomont
2l
/
t
///(?J)
where
/ |oed |n the co|umn
/ d|stence rom co|umn to p||e (see d|egrem)
J eect|ve depth

2l
2
l
/
t(Ab)
/
t(bC)
/
t(AC)
?///(9J)
where
J eect|ve depth

A
B
C
D
2l
2l
/
t(Ab)
/
t(AC)
/
t(bL)
/
t(CL)
///(4J)
lorce |n |ong|tud|ne| end trensverse d|rect|on
/
t
///(?J)
where
J eect|ve depth
Notos
1 vhere co|umn s|.e |s te|en |nto eccount there mey |e euc|enc|es to |e ge|ned
2 lt |s usue| to spece p||es et three t|mes the|r d|emeter
3.21.2 Piles in cohesive material
he e||owe||e |eer|ng cepec|ty o e p||e |n cohes|ve meter|e| |s g|ven |y
/
s
c
|
a
g
s
g
|
g
|
g
s
e
/
|
/
c
c
u

84
where

s
|oed cerr|ed on the shet

|
|oed cerr|ed on the |ese
a edhes|on ector lor |ored p||es use 03 or heev||y ussured c|ey end 04S or urm
to st| c|ey lor dr|ven p||es use Nord|end's edhes|on ectors (see l|gure 3!S)
c everege undre|ned sheer strength over the |ength o the p||e
/
s
surece eree o the p||e (p J /, where J d|emeter o p||e end J / |ength o p||e)
g
s
gg ector o seety on the shet (use 30)
c
u
und|stur|ed sheer strength et the |ese o the p||e
/
c
Meyerho's |eer|ng cepec|ty ector (use 90)
/
|
eree o the p||e |ese (p
?
)
g
|
ector o seety on the |ese (use ?S)
e||e 343 cen |e used to |oo| up the |ese cepec|ty
Sand or
sandy
gravel
L Stiff clay
B
Soft clay
Stiff clay L
B
L < 10B
L = 20B
L > 40B
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.25
0.25
0
0
0
0
0
0
50
50
50
100
100
100
150
150
150
200
200
200
A
d
h
e
s
i
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
A
d
h
e
s
i
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
A
d
h
e
s
i
o
n
f
a
c
t
o
r
Undrained shear strength, (kN/m ) c
u
2
u
2
u
2
L > 20B
L = 10B
L > 40B
L = 10B
Stiff clay L
B
|iguro 3.15
Nord|und's adhosion factors for drivon pi|os
85
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
1ab|o 3.43
A||owab|o pi|o baso capacitios \
u
G
c
:
b
Ig
b
{kN}
Undisturbod shoar strongth,
\
u
{kNIm
2
}
i|o diamotor, mm
300 450 600 750 900
50 !3 ?9 S! S0 !!S
60 !S 34 6! 9S !3/
70 !S 40 /! !!! !60
80 ?0 46 S! !?/ !S3
90 ?3 S? 9? !43 ?06
100 ?S S/ !0? !S9 ??9
110 ?S 63 !!? !/S ?S?
120 3! 69 !?? !9! ?/S
130 33 /4 !3? ?0/ ?9S
140 36 S0 !43 ??3 3?!
150 3S S6 !S3 ?39 344
160 4! 9? !63 ?S4 366
170 43 9/ !/3 ?/0 3S9
180 46 !03 !S3 ?S6 4!?
190 4S !09 !93 30? 43S
200 S! !!S ?04 3!S 4SS
210 S3 !?0 ?!4 334 4S!
220 S6 !?6 ??4 3S0 S04
230 S9 !3? ?34 366 S?/
240 6! !3/ ?44 3S? SS0
250 64 !43 ?S4 39S S/3
260 66 !49 ?6S 4!4 S9S
270 69 !SS ?/S 4?9 6!S
280 /! !60 ?SS 44S 64!
290 /4 !66 ?9S 46! 664
300 /6 !/? 30S 4// 6S/
Noto
/
c
9 end g
|
?S
3.21.3 Group action bored piles in clay
lor e group o |ored p||es |n e cohes|ve meter|e| the o||ow|ng express|on cen |e used
e,group

e
/
where
num|er o p||es |n group
e
cepec|ty o e s|ng|e p||e
/
group euc|ency ret|o

!
_
ten
!
/
i

m( !) (m !)
90 m
where
/ p||e d|emeter
p||e spec|ng
m num|er o p||es |n one d|rect|on
num|er o p||es |n orthogone| d|rect|on
l 3/
/
!
!S43m( !) (m !)
90m
he ve|ues o /
cen |e o|te|ned rom e||e 344

86
1ab|o 3.44
Va|uos for >
_
>> for pi|os spacod at throo timos diamotor
_
Numbor of pi|os, f Numbor of pi|os, g
2 3 4 5 6
1 090 0S6 0SS 0S4 0S3
2 0S0 0/6 0/4 0/3 0/3
3 0/3 0/! 0/0 069
4 069 06S 06S
5 06/ 06/
6 066
Noto
lor other com||net|ons use 06S
3.21.4 Piles in granular soil
he e||owe||e |eer|ng cepec|ty o e p||e |n grenu|er meter|e| |s g|ven |y
e

/
q
/
|
o
/
s
o,meen
/
s
ten d
q
g
gg
where
/
q
p||e |eer|ng cepec|ty ector (see e||e 34S)
/
|
eree o the p||e |ese
q
o
eect|ve over|urden pressure
/
s
surece eree o the p||e shet |n the grenu|er so||
o,meen
meen over|urden pressure
/
s
hor|.onte| coeuc|ent o eerth pressure (see e||e 346)
,
d eng|e o r|ct|on |etween the so|| end the p||e ece (see e||e 346) d
g
gg ector o seety (?S to 30)
1ab|o 3.45
1ypica| va|uos of pi|o boaring capacity factor, G
q
*
Ang|o of intorna|
friction, ff {} ff
katio of pi|o |ongthIpi|o diamotor
5 20 70
25 !6 !! /
30 ?9 ?4 ?0
35 69 S3 4S
40 !/S !4S !30
besed on cherts |y bere.entsev or /
q
OB
o| no
CCIP - 018
Chec|ed |y
JB
Sheet no
BP1
C||ent
TCC
Lete
Dec 06
Worked example 11
Bored pile in clay
10m
0 m c = 70kN/m
u
2
c = 170 kN/m
u
2
Find safe working load of a 450 mm diameter bored pile in clay
Q
f
= ac A
s
+ c
u
N
c
A
b
g
s
g
b
Q
f
= 0.45 (70 + 170)/2 p x 0.45 x 10 + 170 x 9 x p x 0.225
2
3.0 2.5
= 254 + 97.3
= 351 kN
87
1ab|o 3.46
1ypica| va|uos for dd and dd d
s
d in granu|ar matoria|
Ang|o of
intorna|
friction,
ff {} ff
Ang|o of friction botwoon
tho soi| and tho pi|o faco,
dd {} dd
Horizonta| coofhciont of oarth prossuro, d
s
d
|n-situ
concroto
pi|os
rocast
concroto
pi|os
|n-situ concroto
pi|os
Largo drivon
pi|os
Sma|| drivon
pi|os
26 ?6 ?34 0393 0S6? 0S6? !!?3 04?! 0/0?
27 ?/ ?43 03S? 0S46 0S46 !09? 04!0 06S3
28 ?S ?S? 03/! 0S3! 0S3! !06! 039S 0663
29 ?9 ?6! 036! 0S!S 0S!S !030 03S6 0644
30 30 ?/0 03S0 0S00 0S00 !000 03/S 06?S
31 3! ?/0
e
0339 04SS 04SS 09/0 0364 0606
32 3? ?/0
e
03?9 04/0 04/0 0940 03S3 0SSS
33 33 ?/0
e
03!9 04SS 04SS 09!! 034? 0S69
34 34 ?/0
e
0309 044! 044! 0SS? 033! 0SS!
35 3S ?/0
e
0?9S 04?6 04?6 0SS3 03?0 0S33
36 36 ?/0
e
0?S9 04!? 04!? 0S?4 0309 0S!S
37 3/ ?/0
e
0?/9 039S 039S 0/96 0?99 049S
38 3S ?/0
e
0?69 03S4 03S4 0/69 0?SS 04S0
39 39 ?/0
e
0?S9 03/! 03/! 0/4! 0?/S 0463
40 40 ?/0
e
0?S0 03S/ 03S/ 0/!4 0?6S 044/
41 4! ?/0
e
0?4! 0344 0344 06SS 0?SS 0430
42 4? ?/0
e
0?3? 033! 033! 066? 0?4S 04!4
43 43 ?/0
e
0??3 03!S 03!S 0636 0?39 039S
44 44 ?/0
e
0?!4 030S 030S 06!! 0??9 03S?
45 4S ?/0
e
0?0S 0?93 0?93 0SS6 0??0 0366
46 46 ?/0
e
0!96 0?S! 0?S! 0S6! 0?!0 03S!
koy
a lt |s recommended thet d shou|d |e |esed on |oose cond|t|ons or precest p||es d
1ab|o 3.47
Soi| proportios for granu|ar soi|s
Doscription S1 'N' b|ows ffoctivo ang|o of
intorna| friction, ff {}
8u|k donsity {kNIm
3
}
Vory |ooso 0 4 ?6 ?S <!6
Looso 4 !0 ?S 30 !6 !S
Modium donso !0 30 30 36 !S !9
Donso 30 S0 36 4? !9 ?!
Vory donso >S0 4? 46 ?!
3.21.5 Piles in chalk
he e||owe||e |eer|ng cepec|ty o e p||e |n che|| |s g|ven |y
e
/
s

e,s
/
s

e,|
where
/
s
surece eree o the p||e shet |n the so||
e,s
e||owe||e cepec|ty o p||e shet s||n r|ct|on (see e||e 34S)
/
|
eree o the p||e |ese
e,|
e||owe||e cepec|ty o the p||e |ese (see e||e 34S)
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
88
1ab|o 3.48
Va|uos for a||owab|o capacity of pi|o shaft skin friction, J
a,s
and a||owab|o capacity of tho pi|o
baso, J
a,b
for pi|os in cha|k
S1 'N' b|ows i|o shaft skin friction capacity i|o baso capacity
Unfactorod,
J
u,s
|actor of
safoty,gg
s
gg
A||owab|o,
J
a,s
Unfactorod,
J
u,b
|actor of
safoty,gg
b
gg
A||owab|o,
J
a,b
10 3S ? !S ?S00 S S00
15 /0 ? 3S 3/S0 4 940
20 !0S ? S3 S000 3 !6/0
25 !/0 ? SS 6?S0 3 ?0S0
30 ?S0 ? !?S /S00 3 ?S00
35 ?S0 ? !?S //S0 3 ?SS0
~~40 ?S0 ? !?S S000 3 ?6/0
3.21.6 Piles into rock
An epprox|mete end-|eer|ng cepec|ty or p||es |eer|ng onto roc| |s g|ven |n e||e 349 he
structure| cepec|ty o the p||e mey we|| govern the overe|| p||e cepec|ty end shou|d |e cons|dered,
espec|e||y when |eer|ng onto very strong roc| he ve|ues |n e||e 349 ere on|y eppropr|ete when
there |s e sound |eer|ng onto the roc| end the roc| hes not |een weethered end |s not wee|ened
or |ro|en |n eny wey
1ab|o 3.49
Appropriato va|uos for ond boaring of pi|os in rock, kN
kock typo i|o diamotor {mm}
150 300 450 600
Strong ignoous and
gnoissic rocks in sound
condition
?S0 3S0
a
!000 !400
a
??S0 3000
a
4000 SS00
a
Strong |imostonos and
strong sandstonos
!00 !S0 400 SS0 !000 !?S0 !/S0 ??S0
Schists and s|atos /S !00 300 400 /00 9S0 !?S0 !/S0
Strong sha|os, strong
mudstonos and strong
si|tstonos
S0 /0 ?00 300 S00 600 /S0 !000
koy
a he cepec|ty o concrete p||e |s |||e|y to govern
Noto
hese ve|ues essume thet the roc| |s not weethered, wee| or |ro|en
3.21.7 Basement construction
lt |s genere||y cons|dered thet e concrete |esement we|| shou|d |e et |eest 300 mm th|c|
Concrete cen |e des|gned to prevent the |ngress o weter, e|though ettent|on to dete|| |s requ|red
et |o|nts Concrete cennot |e des|gned to prevent the pessege o weter vepour
he weterprooung o e |esement |s en |mportent cons|deret|on, end the stert|ng po|nt |s the
|ntended use Cu|dence |s g|ven |n bS S!0?
|3?|
end ClklA !39
|33|
e||e 349 |s |esed on te||e ! o
bS S!0? end te||e ?! o ClklA !39, updeted to reect the trens|t|on to lurocodes
here ere three gener|c types o construct|on g|ven |n e||e 349 ype A |s 'en||ng', ype b |s
'Structure| |ntegre| protect|on' end ype C |s 'Lre|ned cev|ty protect|on' hese ere d|scussed |n
more dete|| |e|ow end typ|ce| dete||s ere |nc|uded |n Sect|on 4
89
1anking {1ypo A}
en||ng prov|des e cont|nuous |err|er system, wh|ch exc|udes weter end/or vepour lt cen |e
e|ther e mem|rene or ||qu|d epp||ed, end cen |e |nste||ed |n the o||ow|ng p|eces
Onto en externe| source o support (reversed)
On the exter|or ece o we||s end oors (externe|)
v|th|n the construct|on (sendw|ched)
On the |nter|or o the we||s (|nterne|)
he systems re|y on good |o|nts |n the mem|rene systems, protect|on rom demege end |e|ng
edequete|y |onded to the su|strete lnterne| systems mey |e une||e to res|st the hydrostet|c
pressures
Structura| intogra| protoction {1ypo 8}
Structure| re|norced concrete we||s end oors cen |e des|gned end constructed to protect
ege|nst weter penetret|on he concrete shou|d |e h|gh que||ty |oth |n terms o des|gn end
construct|on Attent|on shou|d |e pe|d to prevent|ng crec|s rom orm|ng end to dete|||ng s|mp|e
|o|nts to evo|d pro||ems w|th wor|mensh|p he des|gn shou|d |e to bS lN !99?3
|34|
or grede
? to 4 env|ronments end mey |e to bS lN !99?!!
|!|
or grede ! env|ronments
Most consu|tents cons|der thet th|s opt|on |s e h|gh-r|s| stretegy, espec|e||y or grede 3 end 4
env|ronments here ere ver|ous concrete edd|t|ves, wh|ch the menuecturers c|e|m w||| me|e
concrete wetert|ght, end some come w|th |ong guerentees Meny consu|tents ere prepered to use
these products where the r|s|s ere trenserred to the menuecturer o the product
Drainod cavity protoction {1ypo C}
Lre|ned cev|ty systems ere des|gned to co||ect mo|sture thet does penetrete the rete|n|ng we||
he rete|n|ng we|| shou|d st||| |e des|gned to m|n|m|se weter penetret|on he cev|ty |s ormed |y
|ntroduc|ng en |nner non |oed-|eer|ng we||, wh|ch mey need to |e des|gned es ree stend|ng to
prevent mo|sture peths ecross cev|ty t|es Mo|sture |s co||ected |n e sump end pumped ewey
Les|gn ce|cu|et|ons
OB
o| no
CCIP - 018
Chec|ed |y
JB
Sheet no
BP2
C||ent
TCC
Lete
Dec 06
Worked example 12
Bored pile in sand
0 m
10 m
Medium
dense
sand
Find safe working load of a 450 mm diameter bored pile in sand
Q
a
=
N
q
* A
b
q
o
+ A
s
q
o
,mean
k
s
tand
g
f

Take h = 33, l/d = 10000/450 = 22.2
= N
q
* 41
Q
a
=
41 x p x 0.225
2
x 18 x 10 + p x 0.45 x 10 x 18 x 5 x 0.387 x tan 33
3
Q
a
=
1174 + 320
3
= 498 kN
90
Lre|ned systems ere pro|e||y the most expens|ve, end e|so reduce the use||e oor eree here |s
e|so the requ|rement to run end me|nte|n the pumps, end the d|scherge o the weter requ|res e
||cence rom the weter euthor|ty lowever, they ere cons|dered to |e the most ro|ust so|ut|on
|eceuse wor|mensh|p, e|though |mportent, |s |ess cr|t|ce| to the|r success here |s e|so the
opportun|ty to cerry out remed|e| meesures to the rete|n|ng we|| to reduce s|gn|ucent weter
penetret|on |eore the |nner we|| |s constructed
1ab|o 3.50
Cuido to |ovo| of protoction to suit basomont uso
Crado
{doscription}
8asomont usago orformanco |ovo| |orm of construction Commont
1 {basic uti|ity} Cer per||ng, p|ent rooms
(exc|ud|ng e|ectr|ce|
equ|pment), wor|shops
Some seepege end demp
petches cen |e to|ereted
1ypo 8 ke|norced concrete
des|gn |n eccordence w|th
bS lN !99?!!
lor e wor|shop to
comp|y w|th the bu||d|ngs
kegu|et|ons th|s |eve| o
protect|on |s un|||e|y to |e
su|te||e
he crec| w|dth shou|d |e
|ess then 03 mm
2 {bottor uti|ity} vor|shops end p|ent
rooms requ|r|ng dr|er
env|ronment, rete||
storege erees
No weter penetret|on
|ut mo|sture vepour cen
|e to|ereted
1ypo A en||ng
1ypo 8 ke|norced concrete
des|gn |n eccordence w|th
bS lN !99?3
A h|gh |eve| o superv|s|on
|s requ|red dur|ng
construct|on lerormence
re||es on the wor|mensh|p
3 {habitab|o} Vent||eted res|dent|e| end
wor||ng erees |nc|ud|ng
ouces, resteurents etc,
|e|sure centres
Lry env|ronment 1ypo A en||ng
1ypo 8 v|th re|norced
concrete des|gn to
bS lN !99?3
1ypo C v|th we|| end oor
cev|ty end LlM
l|gh stenderd o
wor|mensh|p requ|red
Add|t|one| protect|on
recommended w|th ype b
construct|on
4 {spocia|} Arch|ves end stores
requ|r|ng contro||ed
env|ronment
ote||y dry env|ronment 1ypo A en||ng
1ypo 8 v|th re|norced
concrete des|gn to
bS lN !99?3 p|us e vepour
proo mem|rene
1ypo C v|th vent||eted we||
cev|ty w|th vepour |err|er to
|nner s||n end oor cev|ty
w|th LlM
l|gh stenderd o
wor|mensh|p requ|red
A com||net|on o ype b
end ype C construct|on w|||
g|ve the |est protect|on
91
4 Plans, sections, elevations and critical
details (section 2d)
he quest|on es|s or p|ens, sect|ons end e|evet|ons to show the d|mens|ons, |eyout end
d|spos|t|on o the structure| e|ements end cr|t|ce| dete||s or est|met|ng purposes he
|mportent espects to note rom the quest|on ere thet |t |s usue||y necessery to |nc|ude more
then one p|en show|ng the o||ow|ng es eppropr|ete
loundet|ons
besement
Cround oor
Suspended oors
lt |s not necessery to show the u|| extent o every oor, where there |s symmetry or repet|t|on
on|y e port|on needs to |e drewn e|ong w|th e c|eer note he drew|ngs shou|d |e drewn on
the A3 greph peper prov|ded, they shou|d |oo| proess|one| end |nc|ude d|mens|ons end the
structure| gr|d A u|| he|ght cross-sect|on |s genere||y essent|e| end somet|mes e |ong|tud|ne|
sect|on |s requ|red too An e|evet|on shou|d |e |nc|uded where |t |s go|ng to convey edd|t|one|
|normet|on such es the c|edd|ng supports
here |s et most SS m|nutes to enswer th|s sect|on, so the cend|dete w||| need to wor| sw|t|y
to comp|ete the drew|ngs end there |s no su|st|tute or exper|ence On|y he| the mer|s w|||
|e ewerded or the p|ens, so evo|d the trep o spend|ng too much t|me on the p|ens et the
expense o the other requ|rements
4.1 Plans, sections and elevations
A typ|ce| exemp|e o e oor p|en end sect|on or e re|norced concrete |u||d|ng |s shown |n l|gure 4!
l|ens end cross-sect|ons or oundet|ons shou|d |e shown |n e s|m||er |eve| o dete||
lt |s essumed thet e cost est|mete w||| |e prepered us|ng the drew|ngs end so the o||ow|ng
|normet|on shou|d |e prov|ded on the p|ens
Concrete c|ess
ke|norcement est|metes or e|| e|ements, espec|e||y unusue| e|ements
ype o re|norcement
Concrete un|shes
L|mens|ons to gr|ds end structure| s|.es
C|edd|ng supports
Movement |o|nts
veterprooung dete||s, |nc|ud|ng construct|on |o|nts or wetert|ght concrete
Any other |normet|on requ|red to ene||e e cost est|mete to |e prepered
4.2 Critical details
he cr|t|ce| dete||s prov|ded here ere |y no meens the comp|ete renge o dete||s thet mey
|e encountered Moro|y roproducing thoso in tho oxamination wi|| not domonstrato
your compotoncy to tho oxaminors, tho dotai|s wi|| nood to bo adaptod to tho
particu|ar circumstancos of your dosign he quest|on usue||y notes the cr|t|ce| dete||s
ere or est|met|ng purposes, so |n the t|me eve||e||e you shou|d ensure thet you prov|de
the dete||s thet w||| heve the most eect on the cost o the pro|ect, not the dete||s thet ere
ees|est to produce
92
600
150
300
600
SFL = 112.150
600
FLOOR LAYOUT
SECTION X - X
All columns 300 x 300, centred on grid unless noted otherwise
1
5
0
150
150
600 dp x 300
6
0
0
d
p
x
3
0
0
6
0
0
d
p
x
3
0
0
6
0
0
d
p
x
3
0
0
400 dp x 300
Up Down
1
1
0
0
150
3
0
0
d
p
x
2
5
0
150
1650
3450
400 dp x 300
200
wall
150
150
600 dp x 300
1
5
0
7
0
0
0
150
3750 4250 150
B C A
3
0
0
0
X
Column
500 x 300
2
3
X
SFL = 112.150
1
2
0
0
500
2
5
0
|iguro 4.1
xamp|o of gonora| arrangomont drawing for a concroto structuro
93
Adept these d|egrems to su|t - LON' |ust reproduce them C|ve d|mens|ons where eppropr|ete
4.2.1 Foundations
1ab|o 4.1
1ypica| pi|ocap sizos {mm}
Diamotor Dopth Longth, E 2-pi|o
arrangomont
broadth, ;
3-pi|o arrangomont
8roadth, ; Q R S
300 /00 !S00 600 !400 SS0 600 S60
450 !000 ?!00 /S0 !900 /00 /S0 /60
600 !400 ?/00 900 ?4S0 SS0 900 9/0
750 !S00 3300 !0S0 3000 !000 !0S0 !!/0
900 ??00 3900 !?00 3SS0 !!S0 !?00 !3/0
1200 3000 S!00 !S00 4S90 !4S0 !S00 !/S0
1500 3S00 6300 !S00 S660 !/S0 !S00 ?!90
Noto
L|mens|ons / S \ \ end ere g|ven |n l|gure 4?
B
L
L
L
Y
X
L
Z
B
|iguro 4.2
1ypica| pi|ocap |ayouts
75 mm Blinding
L-bars to provide anchorage,
attached to pile reinforcement
with couplers
Pile cut down to
cut-off level
Pile reinforcement
75 mm
Damp-proof
membrane
b) Pile and pilecap connection for
large diameter bars
Top of
pilecap
a) Pile and pilecap connection
|iguro 4.3
i|o and pi|ocap connoctions
l|ens, sect|ons, e|evet|ons end cr|t|ce| dete||s
94
Resin-anchored starter bars
b) Perimeter strip foundation
Facade
Damp-proof
course
Blinding
Blinding
Concrete strip foundation
Precast hollowcore unit
In-situ screed
100 mm
d) Strip foundation supporting pre-cast unit
450
min 75
f) Connection of column to pad foundation
Internal wall
FFL
Well compacted
sub-base
Screed
In-situ RC
slab
Insulation
Blinding
Blinding
Damp-proof
membrane
Mesh reinforcement
a) Internal strip foundation
Insulation
Well compacted
sub-base
Blinding
Damp-proof
membrane
Damp-proof
course
Faade
Top of pilecap
In-situ RC slab on sub-base
TOC
Blinding
Well compacted
sub-base
Insulation
Damp-proof
membrane
Blinding
Damp-proof
course
c) Typical perimeter pile cap and ground bearing
slab interface
Existing
column
New RC column
Sub-base
Resin-anchored dowel
bars
New concrete
foundation
Existing
concrete
foundation
Damp-proof
membrane
Blinding
RC slab
e) Strengthening existing foundation
In-situ concrete
Reinforcement
|iguro 4.4
Sha||ow foundations 1
95
Sub-base
Compressible
material
Mass concrete
Damp-proof
membrane
Foundation
20 mm soft joint
Existing
masonry wall
Mass concrete
Assumed foundation
to existing wall
50 mm soft joint
filled with
compressible
material
Blinding
f) New structure isolated from existing building
foundations
Damp-proof
membrane
Damp-proof
membrane
RC wall
Concrete foundation
Blinding
Mass concrete
Assumed foundation
to existing wall
Existing
masonry
wall
Longitudinal joint
Outline of column
base below slab
a) Isolation joint around concrete column: plan
Reinforced
concrete column
Transverse joint
(where provided)
Isolation joint
(See Section
A A below)
d) Wall isolation joint
Proprietary joint sealant 20 mm wide
Compressible filler board 20 mm wide
Longitudinal joint
Outline of base
below slab
b) Isolation joint at steel stanchion: plan
Transverse joint
(where provided)
Compressible filler board
20 mm wide, joint sealed
with proprietary sealant
Sub-base
c) Section A A
A A
Blinding
Isolation joint
Concrete surround to
stanchion baseplate
constructed to finished
floor level
e) New structure allowed to load existing building
foundations
Reinforced concrete
DPC
|iguro 4.5
Sha||ow foundations 2
96
4.2.2 Retaining walls
c) Precast concrete crib wall
d) Mass concrete gravity wall
a) Reinforced concrete cantilever wall
Mass concrete
b) Reinforced concrete basement wall
Precast concrete
In-situ concrete
base
Large radius bend
if required
300 mm wide
granular backfill
Weep hole
Drainage pipe
Large radius bend
if required
Water-bar
y
d
x
z
y
|iguro 4.6
kotaining structuros
97
4.2.3 Basement walls

Pile
Pile
Superstructure
Ground floor slab
Reinforced
concrete
capping beam
Reinforced concrete
column
Z Z
Contiguous
pile wall
Reinforced
concrete
basement wall
Waterproofing to internal
or external surface of
basement wall as
required
Basement slab
In-situ
concrete
infill
Section Z Z
Section Y Y
b) Temporary contiguous pile wall
Superstructure
Ground floor slab
Reinforced concrete
column
King post
Y Y
Reinforced concrete
basement wall
Waterproofing to internal or
external surface of basement
wall as required
Basement slab
Precast concrete
lagging panels
c) Temporary king post wall
Section X X
In-situ concrete
Secant pile
wall
Connection between basement slab
and secant wall if required
a) Secant pile wall used as part of permanent structure
Basement slab
Secant pile
wall
In-situ concrete to give
flush surface for
waterproofing system
X
X
Superstructure
Ground floor slab
Reinforced
concrete
ground beam
|iguro 4.7
8asomont wa||s Adept these d|egrems to su|t - LON' |ust reproduce them C|ve d|mens|ons where eppropr|ete
98
4.2.4 Waterproong
150 min sealed
overlap
225 min
Drainage pipe
Concrete
base
Sub-base
Fillet
c) Externally applied bitumen sheet tanking
Graded
drainage
material
40 space flushed
up with mortar
Outer
wall
Asphalt
Fillet
50 protective screed
on insulating layer
d) Internally applied asphalt tanking:
vertical loading with masonry
50 protective
screed of selected
600 mm zone
Bitumen sheeting
Masonry wall or protective
board
In-situ
concrete
wall
Graded drainage
material
Sub-base
Drainage
pipe
Fillet
Blinding
concrete
External
concrete
wall
300 mm
zone of
selected
backfill
DPM applied to inner
face of external wall
Concrete floor
Horizontal DPM protected
with 50 screed
200
min
Graded
drainage
material
a) Internal damp proof membrane
b) Example of damp proof membrane applied externally
Drainage pipe
600 mm zone
backfilled with
selected fill
20 min render mortar
In-situ concrete wall
Masonry wall
or protective
board
DPM applied to
mortar render
In-situ concrete floor
Horizontal DPM
protected with
50 screed
Blinding concrete
Sub-base
backfill
DPM
Structural wall
and floor
Fillet
|iguro 4.8
1ankod watorproohng options
{1ypo A} Adept these d|egrems to su|t - LON' |ust reproduce them C|ve d|mens|ons where eppropr|ete
99
Protection
Fillet
Tanking
Fillet
Isolated pile groups
Stabilising beam
Pile cap
150
|iguro 4.9
1ankod concroto basomont carriod on pi|os
Slab reinforcement
Cavity drain former Column
Cavity former cut
around columns
Pile
SSL
TOC
50
Laid to falls
Drainage gulley
Foundation
Reinforced
concretewall
b)Junction of floor and wall cavitiy systems
Blockwork wall
Screed
Cavity drainage former
a)Cavity system at column position
Screed
100 mm min.
|iguro 4.10
1ypica| cavity drainago {1ypo C}
Drainage channel
Reinforced in-situ
concrete
Floor finishes
Waterproof
render
Tanked waterproofing
system
Chamfer at internal
and external corners
Blinding
Selected backfill
Graded drainage material
Drainage pipe
Blinding
|iguro 4.11
Swimming poo| watorproohng
100
4.2.5 Cladding
f) Fixing detail to allow movement
Horizontal restraint
brackets
Horizontal restraint
bracket
Steel angle supporting cladding
panel fixed to RC frame
Shims for vertical
tolerance
Cladding
panel
Fixing between bracket
and RC frame
a) Cladding panel fixed to reinforced concrete upstand b) Precast concrete cladding supported by concrete beam
Precast concrete
cladding panels
Cladding bracket allows
for vertical and horizontal
adjustment
Cast-in socket
with cross pin
(or vertical cast-in channel)
c) Horizontal fixing for precast concrete cladding
panel
RC concrete
e) Cladding bracket with three degrees of adjustment
Cladding bracket
Precast concrete
cladding panels
Range of
movement
Serrated face for vertical
adjustment
d) Load bearing and horizontal restraint fixing
for precast cladding panels
Expansion anchor or cast-in
channel and serrated cleat,
and plate washer for lateral
adjustment
RC frame
Precast
concrete
panel
Precast concrete
cladding panel
In-situ concrete frame
Soft joint
Shims
In-situ concrete frame
Cladding
panel
Cladding bracket
Adjustment
Note: any steel connected to external elements should be galvanised or, more durably, stainless steel.
|iguro 4.12
1ypica| hxing dotai|s for
procast concroto pano|s Adept these d|egrems to su|t - LON' |ust reproduce them C|ve d|mens|ons where eppropr|ete
101
Insulation
Fixing to
RC frame
Soft joint
Cavity tray
a) Brickwork supported at floor level
Continuous formed
angle brickwork
support system
b) Retained faade
Insulation
Retained
faade
Soft joint
In-situ concrete
In-situ concrete
Fixing to frame allows
vertical movement
Tie
(stainless steel)
Lateral
restraint
fixing
Tie into
brickwork
Lateral
restraint fixing
|iguro 4.13
|ixing of masonry faados
4.2.6 Waterstops
Blinding
a) Construction floor joint
with external waterstop
b) Construction wall joint
with external waterstop
c) Construction joint with
hydrophilic strip
d) Floor-to-wall joint with
external waterstop
Recess cast in
concrete
Hydrophilic
strip
Inside Outside
|iguro 4.14
1ypica| app|ications of watorstops
102
4.2.7 Movement joints
Soft joint
Sealant
Sealant
Expansion joint suitable
for traffic
Waterstop
f) Movement joint suitable for traffic c) Partial contraction joint
Waterstop
Joint sealing
compound
Steel
continuity
50%
No concrete continuity
and no initial gap
Sealant
e) Movement joint at column location
Soft joint
Reinforced
concrete
column
d) Movement joint in a suspended slab with shear transfer
Shear connector
b) Complete contraction joint
Waterstop
Joint sealing
compound
No steel
continuity
No concrete continuity
and no initial gap
Expansion type
waterstop
a) Expansion joint
Initial gap for
expansion
No steel
continuity
Non-absorbent
joint filter
Sealing compound
|iguro 4.15
Movomont joints
103
4.2.8 Superstructure
New RC slab
Existing column
15 mm soft joint
10 mm steel plate
Plan Section X X
c) Detailing to avoid new slab loading existing column
a) Reinforced beam to column connection
b) Transfer beam connection
X X
d) Precast unit supported on in-situ beam (hybrid construction)
Hollowcore unit
Reinforcement projecting from
in-situ beam bent down into
structural topping
Reinforcement to
2 cores per unit
Minimum 100 mm
bearing
In-situ beam
Structural topping
New reinforced
concrete slab
Screed
|iguro 4.16
Suporstructuro dotai|s
104
5 Method statement and programme
(section 2e)
5.1 Method statement
he method stetement shou|d |e wr|tten or the pert|cu|er c|rcumstences o the pro|ect,
the exem|ners ere |oo||ng or method stetements thet demonstrete en understend|ng o
the construct|on process end how to |u||d see|y he method stetement end progremme
together ere worth |ust !0% o the mer|s, so there |s genere||y not much t|me eve||e||e
to comp|ete th|s pert o the quest|on Cend|detes tend to run short o t|me et the end o
the exem|net|on end so th|s pert |s usue||y not we|| executed Neverthe|ess there ere mer|s
eve||e||e end every eort shou|d |e mede to prov|de e c|eer method stetement
5.1.1 General contents of the method statement
he method stetement shou|d descr||e how the cend|dete cons|ders thet the spec|uc |u||d|ng |n
the quest|on cen |e see|y constructed he o||ow|ng out||ne mey prove useu|
ro|iminarios
he s|te set-up shou|d |e out||ned, pert|cu|er |ssues to cons|der ere
lntereces w|th the pu|||c
lntereces w|th ed|ecent propert|es
S|te |og|st|cs
lend||ng o meter|e|s
l|ent end equ|pment to |e prov|ded, eg crenes
Soquonco of work
ldent|y the sequence o wor| end the dependenc|es |etween eech ect|v|ty
br|ey descr||e eech ect|v|ty
l|st the ect|v|t|es |n e |og|ce| order
l|gh||ght |ey restre|nts end how they cen |e overcome
Sect|on ?/! h|gh||ghted how hee|th end seety r|s|s shou|d |e m|n|m|sed Methods or
reduc|ng eny reme|n|ng r|s|s shou|d |e |nc|ud|ng here
5.1.2 Detailed considerations
he des|gner cen |nuence the hee|th end seety r|s|s on e pro|ect |y cons|der|ng the |ssues et en
eer|y stege, the o||ow|ng ||st |s en |nd|cet|on o erees where des|gners cen heve en |nuence
keduce the requ|rement to work at height
keduce the requ|rement to wor| |n excavations end conned spaces, eg m|n|m|se the
depths o oundet|ons
Avo|d the spec|ucet|on o meter|e|s thet ere difcult to handle eg |ong |engths o 40 mm
d|emeter re|norc|ng |er
C|eer|y convey the |etere| stability requirements or the permenent wor|s
Avo|d the spec|ucet|on o techn|ques thet generete noise
M|n|m|se the use o techn|ques thet ceuse vibration
Cons|der the depth o the groundwater |n the des|gn
keduce the r|s| o contect w|th contaminants eg spec|y thorough s|te |nvest|get|on |
there |s e r|s| o contem|net|on |dent|ued |n e des| study
ldent|y the |ocet|on o utility services
Cons|der buoyancy dur|ng construct|on
105
Construct|on c|ose to adjacent properties
Refurbishment o ex|st|ng propert|es
Weight of elements to |e ||ted
ypes o lifting equipment env|seged or the pro|ect
Temporary propping requ|rements
5.2 Programme
As w|th method stetements, the cend|dete |s usue||y under t|me pressure et th|s stege o the
exem|net|on |ut, ege|n, |t |s en opportun|ty to demonstrete your |now|edge he |normet|on
prov|ded here |s ree||y |ntended or |n|t|e| progremm|ng on|y, not es e dete||ed gu|de on
construct|on per|ods
yp|ce| construct|on retes cen |e o|te|ned rom e||e S! or l|gure S!
1ab|o 5.1
1ypica| construction ratos
Construction typo Construction rato
stab|ish sito ? wee|s
8orodIC|A pi|od {600 mm dia. x 30 m
|ong}
/ per dey
Drivon procast pi|os lrom ?00 m/dey herd ground to !000 m/dey sot ground
Noto
ketes g|ven ere gener|c end |ntended on|y or gu|dence
Start
on site
Flat slab
Ribbed slab
Waffle slab
One-way slab and band beam
Two-way beam and slab
P/T flat slab
Hybrid beam and slab
Hybrid twin wall
Column/slab construction
Wall/slab construction
Precast crosswall
Tunnel form
Lead-in time (weeks) Speed on site (weeks/1000 m
2
/crane)
1 1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
If designed by P/T contractor
|iguro 5.1
Load-in timos and spood of construction
Method stetement end progremme
106
5.2.1 Example programmes
l|gures S? to S4 show the |eyout end construct|on progremmes or the structure| opt|ons or e
commerc|e| |u||d|ng thet heve |een te|en rom Commec/a/ /a//J/q - co| moJe/ |aJ,
|!3|
he |u||d|ng |s three storeys h|gh end |oceted on e green-ue|d s|te, |t hes |een essumed thet one
crene hes |een used or th|s construct|on
6
5
4
3
2
1
A B C D
E F G H I
7500
7500 7500 7500
7
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
7
5
0
0
7500 7500 7500 7500
|iguro 5.2
|an of 3-storoy commorcia| bui|ding
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 20 19 18 17 22 21
Substructure 8 weeks
Remove topsoil and reduced level dig 2 weeks
Pad foundations 4 weeks
Underslab drainage 3 weeks
Ground floor slab 3 weeks
Site set up 2 weeks
Activity Duration
Superstructure 10 weeks
Walls/columns grd to 1st 3 weeks
1st floor slab 4 weeks
Walls/columns 1st to 2nd 3 weeks
2nd floor slab 4 weeks
Walls/columns 2nd to 3rd 3 weeks
3rd floor slab 3 weeks
Roof upstands and bases 2 weeks
|iguro 5.3
Construction programmo for a at s|ab so|ution
107
Substructure 8 weeks
Remove topsoil and reduced level dig 2 weeks
Pad foundations 4 weeks
Underslab drainage 3 weeks
Ground floor slab 3 weeks
Site set up 2 weeks
Activity Duration
Superstructure 13 weeks
Walls/columns grd to 1st 2 weeks
1st floor RC beams 2 weeks
Walls/columns 1st to 2nd 2 weeks
2nd floor RC beams 2 weeks
Walls/columns 2nd to 3rd 2 weeks
3rd floor RC beams 2 weeks
Roof upstands and bases 2 weeks
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 20 19 18 17
1st floor PC planks 1 week
2nd floor PC planks 1 week
3rd floor PC planks 1 week
22 21
|iguro 5.4
Construction programmo for a hybrid concroto so|ution
Method stetement end progremme
108
Appondix A: Robustness requirements
for precast concrete frames
he requ|rements or e ro|ust precest concrete reme cen |e met |y des|gn|ng or the m|n|mum
t|e orces g|ven |n lurocode ? end the 0l Net|one| Annex he o||ow|ng t|es shou|d |e prov|ded
(see e|so l|gure A!)
l|oor t|es connect|ng oors over en |nterne| support
ler|meter oor t|es connect|ng oors to e per|meter support
lnterne| t|es over en |ntermed|ete support perpend|cu|er to the spen o the oor
ler|phere| t|es eround the per|meter o the oor
Vert|ce| t|es connect|ng vert|ce| we||s or co|umns to prov|de cont|nu|ty
Internal ties
Perimeter floor ties
(everywhere)
Continuous
peripheral
tie(s)
Floor ties either uniformaly
distributed or collected
at columns
Continuous
peripheral
gable tie
Continuity tie
Ties anchored into
columns where
continuity cannot
be provided
|iguro A.1
||oor tios for a procast concroto framo
|3S|
he t|es cen |e e|ther re|norcement (eg l!?) or he||ce| prestress|ng strend (des|gn strength
!SS0 N/mm
?
), wh|ch |s |e|d teught |ut not prestressed he |ers or strend shou|d |e edequete|y
|epped end em|edded |n |n-s|tu concrete w|th e m|n|mum d|mens|on o et |eest h ?/
egg
!0
mm (|e usue||y et |eest S0 mm) !0 mm eggregete |s oten used to m|n|m|se the s|.e o the
concrete |nu|| he t|es mey |e re|norcement e|reedy prov|ded to serve enother purpose end the
des|gn orces ere |n ||eu o the norme| des|gn orces
A.1 Horizontal ties
yp|ce| hor|.onte| t|e dete||s ere shown |n l|gures A? to A9 he o||ow|ng shou|d |e noted
he open|ng up o ed|ecent cores |n ho||owcore un|ts shou|d |e evo|ded
he recommended mex|mum |ength o en open core |n e ho||owcore un|t |s 600 mm
A.2 Vertical ties
Vert|ce| t|es shou|d res|st the ecc|dente| des|gn s|tuet|on o the oor supported |y the co|umn
et thet |eve|
109
|iguro A.2
|ntorna| oor tios within
concroto topping
Note
Not suitable for Class 2B and Class 3 buildings in accordance
with Approved Document A
[36]
Concrete topping
Precast hollowcore
unit
Support
In-situ concrete
|iguro A.3
|ntorna| oor tios within ho||owcoro units
|3!|
In-situ
concrete
|iguro A.4
orimotor oor tios within ho||owcoro units
|3!|
Append|x A ko|ustness
110
Gable
beam
In-situ
concrete
Floor
slab
Tie bar
Edge beam
Reinforcement anchored
into precast column
using alternatives shown
in Figure A.9
Tie bar diameter
In-situ concrete
Minimum + 2 + 10 mm H
agg
b) Section a) Plan
In-situ
infill
Projecting bars Gable beam
At least one (often two) core(s)
opened for approximately 300 m m
Pluginopen cores
|iguro A.7
orimotor tios whoro ho||owcoro units span para||o| to odgo boam
|3!|
|iguro A.5
Dotai|ing at cornor co|umns
|3!|
|iguro A.6
osition of oor tio within
|ongitudina| joints of
ho||owcoro units
111
Slot formed in column
Site-placed bars positioned
inside projecting loops
|iguro A.8
|ntorna| tios takon through procast co|umn
|3!|
Grouted sleeve
Fully anchored
cast-in-socket
Anchor plate
|iguro A.9
A|tornativo arrangomonts for
intorna| tios at procast co|umn
position
Append|x A ko|ustness
112
Appondix 8: Design aids
1ab|o 8.1
Va|uos for D
% rodistribution d {rodistribution ratio} D
0 !00 0?0S
a
!0 090 0!S?
a
!S 0SS 0!6S
?0 0S0 0!S3
?S 0/S 0!3/
30 0/0 0!?0
koy
a lt |s oten recommended |n the 0l thet / shou|d |e ||m|ted to 0!6S to ensure duct||e e||ure
1ab|o 8.2
Usofu| va|uos of D
_
ck
25 28 30 32 35 40
Minimum % of roinforcomont {%[]} 0!3% 0!4% 0!S% 0!6% 0!/% 0!S%
D for minimum % of roinforcomont 00?3 00?? 00?? 00?? 00?! 00?0
D for |ovor arm, s = 0.95] 00S4 00S4 00S4 00S4 00S4 00S4
kocommondod |imit of D for s|abs 00S/ 00S? 00/9 00// 00/4 0069
D whoro no rodistribution usod 0?0S
a
0?0S
a
0?0S
a
0?0S
a
0?0S
a
0?0S
a
D for 20% rodistribution 0!S3 0!S3 0!S3 0!S3 0!S3 0!S3
D for 30% rodistribution 0!?0 0!?0 0!?0 0!?0 0!?0 0!?0
koy
a lt |s oten recommended |n the 0l thet / shou|d |e ||m|ted to 0!6S to ensure duct||e e||ure
1ab|o 8.3
Maximum bar sizo or spacing to |imit crack width
Stoo|
stross
{s
s
}Ma
p
max
= 0.4 mm p
max
= 0.3 mm
Maximum
bar sizo
{mm}
Ok
Maximum
bar spacing
{mm}
Maximum
bar sizo
{mm}
Ok
Maximum
bar spacing
{mm}
!60 40 300 3? 300
?00 3? 300 ?S ?S0
?40 ?0 ?S0 !6 ?00
?S0 !6 ?00 !? !S0
3?0 !? !S0 !0 !00
360 !0 !00 S S0
Noto
he stee| stress mey |e est|meted rom the express|on |e|ow (or see l|gure 33)
s
s

|
y|
m /
s,req
g
s
/
s,prov
d
where
|
y|
cherecter|st|c re|norcement y|e|d stress
g
s
pert|e| ector or re|norc|ng stee|
m tote| |oed rom ques|-permenent com||net|on
tote| |oed rom 0lS com||net|on
/
s,req
eree o re|norcement et the 0lS
/
s,prov
eree o re|norcement prov|ded
d ret|o o red|str||uted moment to e|est|c moment
113
1ab|o 8.4
Minimum porcontago of roinforcomont roquirod
_
ck
_
ctm
Minimum % {0.26 _
ctm
I_
yk
a
}
25 ?6 0!3%
28 ?S 0!4%
30 ?9 0!S%
32 30 0!6%
35 3? 0!/%
40 3S 0!S%
45 3S 0?0%
50 4! 0?!%
koy
a vhere |
y|
S00 Mle
1ab|o 8.5
o
kd,c
rosistanco of mombors without shoar roinforcomont, Ma
r
|
=
:
s
I{[]}
< 200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
0.25% 0S4 0S? 0S0 04S 04/ 04S 043 04! 040 03S 036
0.50% 0S9 0S/ 0S6 0SS 0S4 0S? 0S! 049 04S 04/ 04S
0.75% 06S 066 064 063 06? 0S9 0SS 0S6 0SS 0S3 0S!
1.00% 0/S 0/? 0/! 069 06S 06S 064 06? 06! 0S9 0S/
1.25% 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/4 0/3 0/! 069 06/ 066 063 06!
1.50% 0SS 0S3 0S! 0/9 0/S 0/S 0/3 0/! 0/0 06/ 06S
1.75% 090 0S/ 0SS 0S3 0S? 0/9 0// 0/S 0/3 0/! 06S
~ 2.00% 094 09! 0S9 0S/ 0SS 0S? 0S0 0/S 0// 0/4 0/!
d ?000 !943 !S94 !SS3 !S!6 !/S6 !/0/ !66/ !63? !S// !S!6
e||e der|ved rom .
kd,c
0!? / (!00r
l
|
c|
)
!/3
~ 003S /
!S
|
c|
0S
where / ! R(?00/J) < ? end r
l
/
s
/(/J) < 00?
Noto
1 h|s te||e hes |een prepered or |
c|
30
2 vhere r
l
exceeds 040% the o||ow|ng ectors mey |e used
fck 25 28 32 35 40 45 50
|actor 094 09S !0? !0S !!0 !!4 !!9
1ab|o 8.6
Minimum and maximum concroto strut capacity in torms of stross
_
ck
o
kd,max cot y = 2.5
o
kd,max cot y = 1.0
20 ?S4 36S
25 3!0 4S0
28 343 49/
30 364 S?S
32 3S4 SSS
35 4!S 60?
40 463 6/?
45 S0S /3S
50 SS! S00
Append|x b Les|gn e|ds
114
1ab|o 8.7
Va|uos of o
kd,c
shoar rosistanco of mombors without shoar roinforcomont, Ma, for _
ck
= 25 Ma
r
|
=
:
s
I{[]}
200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
0.25% 049 04/ 046 044 043 04! 039 03S 03/ 03S 034
0.30% 049 04/ 046 044 043 04! 040 039 03S 03/ 036
0.35% 049 04S 04/ 046 04S 043 04? 04! 040 039 03/
0.40% 0S? 0S0 049 04S 04/ 04S 044 043 04? 04! 039
0.45% 0S4 0S? 0S! 0S0 049 04/ 046 04S 044 04? 04!
0.50% 0S6 0S4 0S3 0S? 0S! 049 04S 046 04S 044 04?
0.55% 0S/ 0S6 0S4 0S3 0S? 0S0 049 04S 04/ 04S 044
0.60% 0S9 0S/ 0S6 0SS 0S4 0S? 0S! 049 04S 04/ 04S
0.65% 06! 0S9 0SS 0S6 0SS 0S3 0S? 0S! 0S0 04S 046
0.70% 06? 06! 0S9 0SS 0S/ 0SS 0S3 0S? 0S! 049 04/
0.75% 064 06? 060 0S9 0SS 0S6 0S4 0S3 0S? 0S0 04S
0.80% 06S 063 06? 060 0S9 0S/ 0S6 0S4 0S3 0S! 049
0.85% 066 06S 063 06? 060 0SS 0S/ 0SS 0S4 0S? 0S0
0.90% 06S 066 064 063 06? 0S9 0SS 0S6 0SS 0S3 0S!
0.95% 069 06/ 06S 064 063 06! 0S9 0S/ 0S6 0S4 0S?
1.00% 0/0 06S 066 06S 064 06? 060 0SS 0S/ 0SS 0S3
1.05% 0/! 069 06S 066 06S 063 06! 0S9 0SS 0S6 0S4
1.10% 0/? 0/0 069 06/ 066 064 06? 060 0S9 0S/ 0SS
1.15% 0/4 0/! 0/0 06S 06/ 06S 063 06! 060 0SS 0S6
1.20% 0/S 0/? 0/! 069 06S 06S 064 06? 06! 0S9 0S/
1.25% 0/6 0/3 0/? 0/0 069 066 06S 063 06? 060 0S/
1.30% 0// 0/4 0/3 0/! 0/0 06/ 06S 064 063 060 0SS
1.35% 0/S 0/S 0/3 0/? 0/0 06S 066 06S 063 06! 0S9
1.40% 0/9 0/6 0/4 0/3 0/! 069 06/ 06S 064 06? 060
1.45% 0/9 0// 0/S 0/4 0/? 0/0 06S 066 06S 063 060
1.50% 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/4 0/3 0/! 069 06/ 066 063 06!
1.55% 0S! 0/9 0// 0/S 0/4 0/! 069 06S 066 064 06?
1.60% 0S? 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/S 0/? 0/0 06S 06/ 06S 06?
1.65% 0S3 0S! 0/9 0// 0/S 0/3 0/! 069 06S 06S 063
1.70% 0S4 0S! 0/9 0/S 0/6 0/4 0/! 0/0 06S 066 064
1.75% 0SS 0S? 0S0 0/S 0// 0/4 0/? 0/0 069 06/ 064
1.80% 0SS 0S3 0S! 0/9 0/S 0/S 0/3 0/! 0/0 06/ 06S
1.85% 0S6 0S4 0S? 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/4 0/? 0/0 06S 06S
1.90% 0S/ 0S4 0S? 0S! 0/9 0/6 0/4 0/? 0/! 069 066
1.95% 0SS 0SS 0S3 0S! 0S0 0// 0/S 0/3 0/? 069 066
2.00% 0SS 0S6 0S4 0S? 0S0 0/S 0/S 0/4 0/? 0/0 06/
115
1ab|o 8.8
Va|uos of o
kd,c
ck
= 30 Ma
r
|
=
:
s
I{[]}
200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
0.25% 0S4 0S? 0S0 04S 04/ 04S 043 04! 040 03S 036
0.30% 0S4 0S? 0S0 04S 04/ 04S 043 04? 04! 039 03S
0.35% 0S4 0S? 0S0 049 04S 046 04S 044 043 04! 040
0.40% 0SS 0S3 0S? 0S! 0S0 04S 04/ 046 04S 043 04?
0.45% 0S/ 0S6 0S4 0S3 0S? 0S0 049 04S 04/ 04S 043
0.50% 0S9 0S/ 0S6 0SS 0S4 0S? 0S! 049 04S 04/ 04S
0.55% 06! 0S9 0SS 0S/ 0SS 0S4 0S? 0S! 0S0 04S 046
0.60% 063 06! 060 0SS 0S/ 0SS 0S4 0S? 0S! 0S0 04S
0.65% 06S 063 06! 060 0S9 0S/ 0SS 0S4 0S3 0S! 049
0.70% 066 064 063 06! 060 0SS 0S/ 0SS 0S4 0S? 0S0
0.75% 06S 066 064 063 06? 0S9 0SS 0S6 0SS 0S3 0S!
0.80% 069 06/ 066 064 063 06! 0S9 0SS 0S/ 0SS 0S?
0.85% 0/! 069 06/ 06S 064 06? 060 0S9 0SS 0S6 0S4
0.90% 0/? 0/0 06S 06/ 06S 063 06! 060 0S9 0S/ 0SS
0.95% 0/3 0/! 069 06S 06/ 064 063 06! 060 0SS 0S6
1.00% 0/S 0/? 0/! 069 06S 06S 064 06? 06! 0S9 0S/
1.05% 0/6 0/4 0/? 0/0 069 06/ 06S 063 06? 060 0S/
1.10% 0// 0/S 0/3 0/! 0/0 06S 066 064 063 06! 0SS
1.15% 0/S 0/6 0/4 0/? 0/! 069 06/ 06S 064 06? 0S9
1.20% 0/9 0// 0/S 0/3 0/? 0/0 06S 066 06S 06? 060
1.25% 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/4 0/3 0/! 069 06/ 066 063 06!
1.30% 0S! 0/9 0// 0/S 0/4 0/! 069 06S 066 064 06?
1.35% 0S? 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/S 0/? 0/0 069 06/ 06S 06?
1.40% 0S3 0S! 0/9 0// 0/6 0/3 0/! 0/0 06S 066 063
1.45% 0S4 0S? 0S0 0/S 0// 0/4 0/? 0/0 069 06/ 064
1.50% 0SS 0S3 0S! 0/9 0/S 0/S 0/3 0/! 0/0 06/ 06S
1.55% 0S6 0S4 0S? 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/4 0/? 0/0 06S 06S
1.60% 0S/ 0SS 0S3 0S! 0/9 0// 0/4 0/3 0/! 069 066
1.65% 0SS 0S6 0S3 0S? 0S0 0// 0/S 0/3 0/? 069 06/
1.70% 0S9 0S6 0S4 0S? 0S! 0/S 0/6 0/4 0/3 0/0 06/
1.75% 090 0S/ 0SS 0S3 0S? 0/9 0// 0/S 0/3 0/! 06S
1.80% 09! 0SS 0S6 0S4 0S? 0S0 0// 0/6 0/4 0/? 069
1.85% 09? 0S9 0S/ 0SS 0S3 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/S 0/? 069
1.90% 09? 090 0S/ 0S6 0S4 0S! 0/9 0// 0/S 0/3 0/0
1.95% 093 09! 0SS 0S6 0SS 0S? 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/3 0/!
2.00% 094 09! 0S9 0S/ 0SS 0S? 0S0 0/S 0// 0/4 0/!
116
1ab|o 8.9
Va|uos of o
kd,c
ck
= 35 Ma
r
|
=
:
s
I{[]}
200 225 250 275 300 350 400 450 500 600 750
0.25% 0S9 0S6 0S4 0S? 0S! 04S 046 04S 043 04! 039
0.30% 0S9 0S6 0S4 0S? 0S! 04S 046 04S 043 04! 040
0.35% 0S9 0S6 0S4 0S? 0S! 049 04/ 046 04S 044 04?
0.40% 0S9 0S6 0SS 0S4 0S3 0S! 049 04S 04/ 046 044
0.45% 060 0SS 0S/ 0S6 0SS 0S3 0S! 0S0 049 04/ 046
0.50% 06? 06! 0S9 0SS 0S/ 0SS 0S3 0S? 0S! 049 04/
0.55% 064 06? 06! 060 0SS 0S6 0SS 0S4 0S3 0S! 049
0.60% 066 064 063 06! 060 0SS 0S/ 0SS 0S4 0S? 0S0
0.65% 06S 066 064 063 06? 060 0SS 0S/ 0S6 0S4 0S?
0.70% 0/0 06S 066 06S 063 06! 0S9 0SS 0S/ 0SS 0S3
0.75% 0/! 069 06S 066 06S 063 06! 0S9 0SS 0S6 0S4
0.80% 0/3 0/! 069 06S 066 064 06? 06! 0S9 0S/ 0SS
0.85% 0/4 0/? 0/0 069 06S 06S 063 06? 06! 0S9 0S6
0.90% 0/6 0/4 0/? 0/0 069 06/ 06S 063 06? 060 0S/
0.95% 0// 0/S 0/3 0/! 0/0 06S 066 064 063 06! 0S9
1.00% 0/9 0/6 0/4 0/3 0/! 069 06/ 06S 064 06? 060
1.05% 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/4 0/? 0/0 06S 066 06S 063 060
1.10% 0S! 0/9 0// 0/S 0/4 0/! 069 06S 066 064 06!
1.15% 0S? 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/S 0/? 0/0 069 06/ 06S 06?
1.20% 0S3 0S! 0/9 0// 0/6 0/3 0/! 0/0 06S 066 063
1.25% 0SS 0S? 0S0 0/S 0// 0/4 0/? 0/0 069 06/ 064
1.30% 0S6 0S3 0S! 0/9 0/S 0/S 0/3 0/! 0/0 06S 06S
1.35% 0S/ 0S4 0S? 0S0 0/9 0/6 0/4 0/? 0/! 06S 066
1.40% 0SS 0SS 0S3 0S! 0S0 0// 0/S 0/3 0/? 069 06/
1.45% 0S9 0S6 0S4 0S? 0S! 0/S 0/6 0/4 0/3 0/0 06/
1.50% 090 0S/ 0SS 0S3 0S? 0/9 0// 0/S 0/3 0/! 06S
1.55% 09! 0SS 0S6 0S4 0S3 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/4 0/? 069
1.60% 09? 0S9 0S/ 0SS 0S3 0S! 0/S 0// 0/S 0/? 0/0
1.65% 093 090 0SS 0S6 0S4 0S! 0/9 0// 0/6 0/3 0/0
1.70% 094 09! 0S9 0S/ 0SS 0S? 0S0 0/S 0/6 0/4 0/!
1.75% 09S 09? 090 0SS 0S6 0S3 0S! 0/9 0// 0/S 0/?
1.80% 09S 093 090 0SS 0S/ 0S4 0S? 0S0 0/S 0/S 0/?
1.85% 096 094 09! 0S9 0SS 0SS 0S? 0S0 0/9 0/6 0/3
1.90% 09/ 094 09? 090 0SS 0SS 0S3 0S! 0/9 0// 0/4
1.95% 09S 09S 093 09! 0S9 0S6 0S4 0S? 0S0 0// 0/4
2.00% 099 096 094 09? 090 0S/ 0S4 0S? 0S! 0/S 0/S
117
1ab|o 8.10
Dosign momont factors for continuous boams with approximato|y oqua| spans
Load Doad |oad {a|| spans |oadod} |mposod |oad {maximum of a|tornato spans |oadod or
a|| spans |oadod}
0.125
0.070 0.070
0.100 0.100
0.080 0.025 0.080
0.107 0.071 0.107
0.077 0.036 0.036 0.077
0.105 0.079 0.079 0.105
0.078 0.033 0.046 0.033 0.078
0.156
0.095 0.095
0.125 0.125
0.108 0.042 0.108
0.134 0.089 0.134
0.104 0.056 0.056 0.104
0.132 0.099 0.099 0.132
0.105 0.051 0.068 0.051 0.105
0.188
0.156 0.156
0.150 0.150
0.175 0.100 0.175
0.161 0.107 0.161
0.170 0.116 0.116 0.170
0.158 0.118 0.118 0.158
0.171 0.112 0.132 0.112 0.171
0.167
0.111 0.111
0.133 0.133
0.122 0.033 0.122
0.143 0.095 0.143
0.119 0.056 0.056 0.119
0.140 0.105 0.105 0.140
0.120 0.050 0.061 0.050 0.120 0.144 0.108 0.115 0.108 0.144
0.159 0.148 0.148 0.159
0.143 0.111 0.111 0.143
0.160 0.144 0.160
0.144 0.100 0.144
0.156 0.156
0.139 0.139
0.167
0.211 0.181 0.191 0.181 0.211
0.179 0.167 0.167 0.179
0.210 0.183 0.183 0.210
0.181 0.161 0.181
0.213 0.175 0.213
0.175 0.175
0.203 0.203
0.188
0.135 0.109 0.117 0.109 0.135
0.150 0.139 0.139 0.150
0.134 0.111 0.111 0.134
0.151 0.134 0.151
0.136 0.104 0.136
0.146 0.146
0.129 0.129
0.156
0.100 0.079 0.086 0.079 0.100
0.120 0.111 0.111 0.120
0.099 0.081 0.081 0.099
0.121 0.107 0.121
0.101 0.075 0.101
0.117 0.117
0.096 0.096
0.125
U
n
i
f
o
r
m
l
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
0
.
5
l
0
.
5
l
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
d
a
t
m
i
d
s
p
a
n
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
d
a
t
t
h
i
r
d
p
o
i
n
t
s
Notos
1 bend|ng moment (coeuc|ent) x (tote| |oed on spen) x (spen)
2 bend|ng moment coeuc|ent
A e|ove ||ne epp|y to neget|ve |end|ng moment et supports
8 |e|ow ||ne epp|y to pos|t|ve |end|ng moment |n spen
3 Coeuc|ents epp|y when e|| spens ere eque| (ver|et|ons |n the spen
|ength must not exceed !S% o the |ongest)
4 loeds on eech |oeded spen ere eque|
5 Moment o |nert|e seme throughout e|| spens
118
1ab|o 8.11
Dosign shoar forco factors for continuous boams with approximato|y oqua| spans
a|| spans |oadod}
0.406
0.406
0.375
0.375
0.625
0.625
0.400
0.400
0.500
0.500
0.600
0.600
0.393
0.393
0.536
0.536
0.464
0.464
0.607
0.607
0.395
0.395
0.526
0.526
0.500
0.500
0.474
0.474
0.605
0.605
0.344
0.344
0.656
0.656
0.375
0.375
0.500
0.500
0.625
0.625
0.366
0.366
0.545
0.545
0.455
0.455
0.634
0.634
0.369
0.369
0.532
0.532
0.500
0.500
0.468
0.468
0.631
0.631
0.313
0.313
0.688
0.688
0.350
0.350
0.500
0.500
0.650
0.650
0.339
0.339
0.554
0.554
0.446
0.446
0.661
0.661
0.342
0.342
0.540
0.540
0.500
0.500
0.460
0.460
0.658
0.658
0.333
0.333
0.667
0.667
0.367 0.500 0.633
0.633 0.500 0.367
0.357 0.548 0.452 0.643
0.643 0.452 0.548 0.357
0.640
0.360 0.535
0.465
0.500
0.500
0.465
0.535 0.360
0.640 0.659 0.602 0.621
0.621 0.631 0.430 0.602
0.631
0.659
0.480
0.429
0.661
0.637
0.595
0.433
0.433
0.595 0.661
0.429 0.637
0.611
0.611
0.656
0.656
0.417
0.417
0.667
0.667
0.421 0.647 0.636
0.679 0.615 0.636
0.615
0.647
0.679
0.421
0.420
0.681
0.654 0.607
0.607 0.654
0.681
0.420
0.425
0.675
0.625
0.625
0.675
0.425
0.688
0.688
0.649
0.649
0.595
0.595
0.614
0.614
0.622
0.622
0.434
0.434
0.433
0.433
0.628
0.628
0.589
0.589
0.651
0.651
0.437
0.437
0.605
0.605
0.646
0.646
0.422
0.422
0.656
0.656
0.447 0.598 0.591 0.576 0.620
0.620 0.576 0.591 0.598 0.447
0.621
0.621
0.571 0.603 0.446
0.446 0.571 0.603
0.617 0.583 0.450
0.617 0.583 0.450
0.625
0.438 0.625
0.438
U
n
i
f
o
r
m
l
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
T
r
i
a
n
g
u
l
a
r
l
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
d
a
t
m
i
d
s
p
a
n
C
o
n
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
e
d
a
t
t
h
i
r
d
p
o
i
n
t
s
Noto
Sheer orce (coeuc|ent) x (tote| |oed on one spen)
119
1ab|o 8.12
Dosign momont and shoar forco factors for spans of unoqua| |ongth
a|| spans |oadod}
Moment
Moment
0.277 0.277
0.025 0.223 0.025
2l l l
Shear
0.223
0.777 1.000
1.000 0.777
0.223
0.311 0.311
0.357 0.186 0.357
2l l 2l
Shear
0.845
1.155
1.155 0.500
0.500 0.845
0.277 0.277
0.109 0.257 0.109
2l l l
0.466 1.000 0.534
0.534 1.000 0.466
0.311 0.311
0.373 0.273 0373
2l l 2l
0.864 0.500 1.136
1.136 0.500 0.864
U
n
i
f
o
r
m
l
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
U
n
i
f
o
r
m
l
y
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d
Notos
1 bend|ng moment (coeuc|ent) x (|oed per un|t |ength) x (/
?
)
2 Sheer orce (coeuc|ent) x (|oed per un|t |ength) x (/)
3 bend|ng moment coeuc|ent
A e|ove ||ne epp|y to neget|ve |end|ng moment et supports
8 |e|ow ||ne epp|y to pos|t|ve |end|ng moment |n spen (neget|ve ve|ue |nd|cetes neget|ve |end|ng moment)
120
c) Beam overhanging one support - concentrated load at end of overhang
R V
A A
= =
Pa
l
R V V
B A B
= + =
P
l
( + ) l a
V P
B
=
M Pa
max
=
Pa
2
3EI
( + ) l a
Moment
Shear
V
A
V
B
M
max
l a
P
C
B
A
b) Beam overhanging one support - uniformly distributed load on overhang
l a
A
B
C
V
B
V
A
Shear
Moment
M
max
R V
A A
= =
V
B
= + =
V wa
B
=
M
max
=
wa
2
wa
3
wa
2
wa
2l
2
2l
(2 ) l + a
24EI
(4 + 3 ) l a
l a
A B C
V
B2
V
B1
V
1
M
hog,max
M
sag, max
Moment
Shear
a) Beamoverhanging one support - uniformly distributed load
R V
A A
= = ( ) l a
2 2
2l
2l
2l
R V V
B B 1 B2
= + =
w
w
w
( + ) l a
2
V wa
B1
=
V
B2
= ( + ) l a
2 2
M
sag, max
=
wa
2
2
8l
2
( + ) ( ) l a l a
2 2
M
hog, max
=
d
C
=
d
C
=
d
C
=
wa
24EI
(4a l l
3
+ 3a
3
)
2 3 3
Loading
Loading
Loading
R V
B A
w
|iguro 8.1
8onding momonts, shoar forcos and dooctions for canti|ovors
121
M
A
M
A
M
B
M
B
= /4 F h
1
M
B
M
A
M
A
M
A
M
A
= / 8 F h
1
M
A
M
A
M
D
= (2 + ) /8 F F h
1 2
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
D
M
C
= ( + ) /4 F F h
1 2
M
C
M
C
M
C
M
C
M
C
M
C
M
E
= ( + + ) /4 F F F h
1 2 3
M
E
M
E
M
E
M F F F h
F 1 2 3
= (2 + 2 + ) / 8
M
F M
F
M
F
M
F
2
2
2
2
2
2
b
b
h
h
h
F
1
F
1
+ F
2
4
4
F
1
+ F
2
4
F
1
4
F
1
2
F
1
2
F
1
+ F
2
2
F
1
4
b) Forces
F
1
F
2
F
3
F
1
4
F
1
+ F
2
4
F
1
+ F
2
4 F
1
+ F
2
2
F
1
+ + F
2
F
3
2
F
1
+ + F
2
F
3
4
4
(3 +2 + )h F
1
F
2
F
3
2b
4
2
c) Moments
0
2
F
1
+ + F
2
F
3
4
F
4
(3 +2 + )h F
1
F
2
F
3
2b
4
Deflected
shape
Assumed pin
connection
a) Frame and deflections
Note
Columns and beams have equal stiffness
/
F
/
F
/
F
/ F
/
F
/
|iguro 8.2
Approximato momonts for a mu|ti-storoy framo
122
Compression reinforcement required
Key
25 f
ck
30 f
ck
35 f
ck
40 f
ck
50 f
ck
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Compression reinforcement often advised (x/d > 0.45)
z < 0.95d
M
E
d
/
b
d
2
f
c
k
100 A
s
/bd
A
s
b
x
d
|iguro 8.3
Dosign chart for sing|y roinforcod boam
03
04
0S
06
0/
0S
09
!0
!3
!?
!!
!0
09
0S
0/
06
0S
04
03
0?
0!
0
0 00S 0!0 0!S 0?0 0?S 030 03S 040 04S
0
0!
0?
03
04
0S
06
0/
0S
09
!0
/
|
/
/
|
s
y
|
c
|
/
/
r
0?
//?
/
J
?
Centro|d o |ers |n
he| sect|on
ket|o J
?
// 00S
/
l
d
/
/
/
|
c
|
/
ld
///
?
|
c|
|iguro 8.4a
koctangu|ar co|umns { _
ck
< 50 Ma, _
yk
= 500 Ma} ]
2
Ia = 0.05
123
//?
/
J
?
Centro|d o |ers |n
he| sect|on
03
04
0S
06
0/
0S
09
!3
!?
!!
!0
09
0S
0/
06
0S
04
03
0?
0!
0
0 00S 0!0 0!S 0?0 0?S 030 03S 040 04S
/
r
!
/
r
0?
0
0!
0?
03
04
0S
06
0/
0S
09
!0
/
|
/
/
|
s
y
|
/
c
|
ket|o J
?
// 0!0
/
l
d
/
/
/
|
c
|
/
ld
///
?
|
c|
|iguro 8.4b
koctangu|ar co|umns {_
ck
< 50 Ma, _
yk
= 500 Ma} ]
2
Ia = 0.10
//?
/
J
?
Centro|d o |ers |n
he| sect|on
03
04
0S
06
0/
0S
09
0
0!
0?
03
04
0S
0/
09
!0
!3
!?
!!
!0
09
0S
0/
06
0S
04
03
0?
0!
0
0 00S 0!0 0!S 0?0 0?S 030 03S 040
/
|
/
/
|
s
y
|
c
|
/
/
r
!
/
r
0?
06
0S
ket|o J
?
// 0!S
/
ld
///
?
|
c|
/
l
d
/
/
/
|
c
|
|iguro 8.4c
ck
< 50 Ma, _
yk
= 500 Ma} ]
2
Ia = 0.15
124
//?
/
J
?
Centro|d o |ers |n
he| sect|on
0 00S 0!0 0!S 0?0 0?S 030 03S
0
0!
0?
03
04
0S
06
0/
0S
09
!0
!?
!!
!3
03
04
0S
06
0/
0S
09
/
|
/
/
|
s
y
|
c
|
/
ket|o J
?
// 0?0
/
r
!
/
r
0?
0
0!
0?
03
04
0S
06
0/
0S
09
!0
/
l
d
/
/
/
|
c
|
/
ld
///
?
|
c|
|iguro 8.4d
ck
< 50 Ma, _
yk
= 500 Ma} ]
2
Ia = 0.20
/
|
/
/
|
s
y
|
c
|
/
/
r
0?
03
04
0S
06
0/
0S
09
!3
!?
!!
!0
09
0S
0/
06
0S
04
03
0?
0!
0
0 00S 0!0 0!S 0?0 0?S 030
!0
09
0 S
0/
06
0S
04
03
0?
0!
0
/
r
!
//?
/
J
?
Centro|d o |ers |n
he| sect|on
/
l
d
/
/
/
|
c
|
/
ld
///
?
|
c|
ket|o J
?
// 0?S
|iguro 8.4o
ck
< 50 Ma, _
yk
= 500 Ma} ]
2
Ia = 0.25
125
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030 0.035 0.040 0.045 0.050
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
K
r
= 1
Ratio = 0.5 d/h
d
h
A
s
f
yk
/h
2
f
ck
N
E
d
/
h
2
f
c
k
M
Ed
/h
3
f
ck
|iguro 8.5a
Circu|ar co|umns { _
ck
< 50 Ma, _
yk
= 500 Ma} ]Ia = 0.5
/
r
!
09
0S
0/
06
0S
04
03
!0
0S
0/
06
0S
04
03
0?
0!
0
0?
!?
!!
!0
09
0S
0/
06
0S
04
03
0?
0!
0
0 00! 00? 003 004 00S 006 00/
09
J
/
/
s
|
y|
//
?
|
c|
ket|o J// 06
/
l
d
/
/
?
|
c
|
/
ld
//
3
|
c|
|iguro 8.5b
Circu|ar co|umns {_
ck
< 50 Ma, _
yk
= 500 Ma} ]Ia = 0.6
126
!?
!!
!0
09
0S
0/
06
0S
04
03
0?
0!
0
0 00? 004 006 00S
0!0
0!?
0?
03
04
0S
06
0/
0S
!0
09
0S
0/
06
0S
04
0
0!
0?
03
J
/
ket|o J// 0/
/
l
d
/
/
?
|
c
|
/
ld
//
3
|
c|
/
r
!
/
s
|
y|
//
?
|
c|
|iguro 8.5c
Circu|ar co|umns {_
ck
< 50 Ma, _
yk
= 500 Ma} ]Ia = 0.7
J
/
!?
!!
!0
09
0S
0/
06
0S
04
03
0?
0!
0
0 00? 004 006 00S 0!0 0!? 0!4 0!6 0!S 0?0
0?
03
04
0S
06
0/
0S
09

!0
09
0S
0/
06
0S
04
03
0?
0!
0
ket|o J// 0S
/
s
|
y|
//
?
|
c|
/
r
!
/
l
d
/
/
?
|
c
|
/
ld
//
3
|
c|
|iguro 8.5d
Circu|ar co|umns {_
ck
< 50 Ma, _
yk
= 500 Ma} ]Ia = 0.8
127
J
/
0?
03
!0
09
0S
0/
06
0S
04
03
0?
0
04
0S
06
0/
0S
09

0 00S 0!0 0!S 0?0 0?S
!?
!!
!0
09
0S
0/
06
0S
04
03
0?
0!
0
0!
ket|o J// 0SS
/
r
!
/
s
|
y|
//
?
|
c|
/
l
d
/
/
?
|
c
|
/
ld
//
3
|
c|
|iguro 8.5o
Circu|ar co|umns {_
ck
< 50 Ma, _
yk
= 500 Ma} ]Ia = 0.85
J
/
00S 0!0 0!S 0?0 0?S 030

0/
0?
03
04
0S
06
0S
09
!0
09
0S
0/
06
0S
04
03
0?
0!
0
!?
!!
!0
09
0S
0/
06
0S
04
03
0?
0!
0
0
ket|o J// 09
/
r
!
/
s
|
y|
//
?
|
c|
/
l
d
/
/
?
|
c
|
/
ld
//
3
|
c|
|iguro 8.5f
Circu|ar co|umns {_
ck
< 50 Ma, _
yk
= 500 Ma} ]Ia = 0.9
128
References
1 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !99?!! /e/q o| Coce|e |ac|ae - /a|
'-' Oeea/ a/e aJ a/e |o /a//J/q bSl, ?006
2 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !99?!? /e/q o| Coce|e |ac|ae - /a|
'-? |ac|aa/ |e Je/q bSl, ?006
3 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS S!!0 I/e |ac|aa/ ae o| coce|e bSl !99/
4 ll CONCkll ClNkl Coce|e /a//J/q c/eme Je/q maaa/ CCll-0!S CC, ?006
5 COOLClllL, C l vlbSlk, k M 8 llllO, l S /coom/c coce|e |ame e/eme|
he Concrete Centre, ?009
6 lNSl0lON Ol Sk0C0kAl lNClNllkS ve| pege
http//www|structeorgu|/exems/|ndexesp
7 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !990 /aocoJe - Sa/ o| |ac|aa/ Je/q
bSl, ?00?
8 ClklA keport !0? /e/q o| /ea ua// / /a//J/q ClklA, !9S4
9 NlbC Stenderds Chepter 4? Sa//J/q ea |ee NlbC, ?003 (|nc| Apr|| ?00S
emendment)
10 ClAkllS, A Oeo|ec//c |o /a//J/q oo|e/oa/ bkl, ?00S
11 ClklA Spec|e| pu|||cet|on !0/ /emeJ/a/ |ea|me| |o co|am/a|eJ /aJ ClklA, !99S
12 bkllSl ClMlN ASSOClAlON /emeJ/a|/o o| /ou|e/J /aJ bCA, ?004
13 ll CONCkll ClNkl Co| moJe/ |aJ, - Commec/a/ /a//J/q, CCll0!0 CC, ?00/
14 ll CONCkll ClNkl Co| moJe/ |aJ, - c/oo/ /a//J/q, CCll0!! CC, ?00S
15 ll CONCkll ClNkl Co| moJe/ |aJ, - /oo/|a/ /a//J/q, CCll0!? CC, ?00S
16 ll CONCkll ClNkl Co| moJe/ |aJ, - //q/ /e e/Je|/a/ /a//J/q, CCll0!3 CC,
|n preperet|on
17 COMM0NlllS ANL lOCAl COVlkNMlN Sa//J/q eqa/a|/o /q/aJ aJ wa/ej
/ooo.eJ Jocame| / ClC, ?006
18 bkllSl SANLAkL lNSl0lON bS SS00, Coce|e - Como/eme|a, S/|// |aJaJ |o
S // ?06-' bSl, ?006
19 CMl lNlkNAlONAl lL Sa//J/q mege.|ne, wee||y
20 Ak0l /oo/|a/ |oo .//a|/o |aJ, Comoa/o o| oo///e |oo |ac|ae u/|/ eoec| |o
// .//a|/o c/|e/a keseerch report, Arup, ?004 Ave||e||e or down|oed rom www
concretecentrecom
21 lACllk, N, Ll SA0lllS, l, MlNSON, A M end lOlMlS, M /m/oJ/eJ aJ ooea|/oa/
ca/o J/o\/Je em//o |om /oa/q a cae |aJ, o |/e e||ec| o| |/ema/ ma aJ
c//ma|e c/aqe Ave||e||e or down|oed rom wwwconcretecentrecom Su|m|tted to
lnergy end bu||d|ng, ?006
22 CONCkll SOCll Iec//ca/ /eoo| 6? /o.eme| e|a/| aJ cac//q / coce|e
|ac|ae he Concrete Soc|ety, ?00S
23 CONCkll SOCll echn|ce| report 43 /o|-|e/oeJ coce|e |oo Je/q /aJ/oo/
(second ed|t|on) Concrete Soc|ety, ?00S
24 ll lNSl0lON Ol Sk0C0kAl lNClNllkS /e/q ecommeJa|/o |o ma/|/-|oe,
aJ aJeqoaJ ca oa/ (3rd ed|t|on) lStructl, ?00?
25 b0llLlNC klSlAkCl lSAbllSlMlN, (bkl), Spec|e| d|gest ! ?00S - Coce|e /
aqqe/.e qoaJ (3rd ed|t|on) bkl, ?00S
26 lStructl/lCl /aaa/ |o |/e Je/q o| e/|oceJ coce|e /a//J/q |ac|ae lStructl, !9SS
129
keerences
27 bkOOllk, O et e| /ou |o Je/q coce|e |ac|ae a/q /aocoJe ? CCll-006
he Concrete Centre, ?009
28 CONCkll SOCll echn|ce| keport 34 Coce|e /Ja|/a/ qoaJ |oo (3rd ed|t|on)
Concrete Soc|ety, ?003
29 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS S004 CoJe o| oac|/ce |o |oaJa|/o bSl, !9S6
30 vAkL, v l, b0klANL, b end CAllOlS, k v Ceotechn|ce| essessment o e s|te et
Mundord, Noro|| or e |erge proton ecce|eretor Oeo|ec//ae, !S, pp 399 43!, !96S
31 ClANLllk, k he eect o weether|ng on the sheer strength propert|es o leuper Mer|
Oeo|ec//ae, ?!, pp 3?! 334, !969
32 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS S!0?, /o|ec|/o o| |ac|ae aqa/| ua|e |om
|/e qoaJ bSl, !990
33 ClklA keport !39 wa|e-e/|/q /aeme| ClklA, !99S
34 bkllSl SANLAkLS lNSl0lON bS lN !99?3 /e/q o| coce|e |ac|ae /a| 3
//a/J e|a//q aJ co|a/me| |ac|ae bSl ?006
35 llllO, l S /a/|/-|oe, oeca| coce|e |ameJ /a//J/q b|ec|we|| Sc|ence, !996
36 COMM0NlllS ANL lOCAl COVlkNMlN Sa//J/q eqa/a|/o /q/aJ aJ wa/ej
/ooo.eJ Jocame| / C/O ?006
Further reading
AlllN, A l /e/|oceJ coce|e Je/q |o S S''0 - /mo/, e\o/a/eJ Spon, !9SS
AMbkOSl, end VlkC0N, L /mo//|eJ /a//J/q Je/q |o u/J aJ ea|/aa/e |oce
(3rd ed|t|on) ohn v||ey end Sons, !99S
bA, l end vlSbkOOl, k I/e Je/q o| ua|e e|a//q |ac|ae longmen, !99!
lAblk, end MlAL, l Cca /a/e e/|oceJ coce|e Spon, !96/
lAk, A /e/qe qa/Je |o |/e J,am/c eooe o| |ac|ae Spon, !99/
MACClNll, end ClOO, b S /e/|oceJ coce|e Je/q |/eo, aJ e\amo/e Spon, !990
OkON, A I/e ua, ue /a//J ou - |om ca/e aJ |ec//ae Spon, !99!
lAkl, k end lA0ll, /e/|oceJ coce|e |ac|ae ohn v||ey end Sons, !9/S
klNOlLS, C l end SllLMAN, C /e/|oceJ coce|e Je/qe maaa/ Spon, !9SS
OMllNSON, M /oaJa|/o Je/q aJ co|ac|/o l|tmen, !9/S
vlSbkOOl, k end vAlllk, L |ac|aa/ eq/ee/q Je/q / oac|/ce (3rd ed|t|on)
longmen, !996
130
Index
Acoust|cs ?0
Aesthet|cs ?0
A|rt|ghtness !S
Ane|ys|s S0, S?S3, S6, 63, 66
Ax|s d|stence S0, S?, S6, 6!, 64, 6/, /6, /S/9
besement we||s SS90, 969/
beems 3?, 34, 4S, 49S!, !!/!!9
beer|ng pressure S, 6, S0S?
bend|ng S/, 43, 49S6, SS, 6!, 63, 66
bu||de||e, |u||de||||ty !9
buoyency S, S0 (e|so see up||t)
Cent||evers 3?, 96, !?0
Cer|on d|ox|de ?!, ?3
Cer per| ?4, 30, 40, 90
Che|| !?, ?S, S0S!, S/SS
C|edd|ng !S, ?0, ?/?S, !00
Co|umns 36, /3/6, !??!?/
Co|umns s|ender 4, 36, /3
Compos|te !0!!, ?!, 3S
Compress|ve strength /3
Construct|on, economy o !0, !S
Construct|on, speed o !0, ?0, !0S!0/
Contem|nents, contem|neted !S!/
Cost !S
Lemp-proo mem|rene 939S, 9S
Leect|on S, !0, 464/
Les|gn eppre|se| !/
Les|gn chem|ce| c|ess 4!, 4?
Lete|||ng 4S, /4, /S, !03
Lete||s, cr|t|ce| 9!!03
L|egrems 46, !!
L|ephregm 6, S, !0, !4
Lre|nege 96, 9S99
Lure||e, dure||||ty !9, 40
l|evet|ons 9!
lxposure c|esses 404!
le|r|c energy storege ?!?3
l||| !?
l|re res|stence ?4, 40, S0, S?, S6, 6!, 64, 6/,
/6/9
l|enged |eems S0, 63, 66
l|exure (see |end|ng)
l|oors !0!!, ??, ?S?6, ?S?9, 3S, 6/
lormwor| !9, ?S
loundet|ons S, !?!3, !S, 4?, S090, 939S
lreme S, !0S, !?!
lrem|ng unct|one| 34
Cround |eer|ng S, S0
Cround cond|t|ons 4!4?
Cround |mprovement !?, !S
Croundweter S, !?, S0, !04
Crout, grout|ng !S, !/
leeve S,!S, 39, S0
lo||owcore un|ts ?6, 3S, !0S!!0
leed-|n t|me ?0, !0S
l|ghtwe|ght concrete ?6
loeds ?S?9, !!/!!9
loed |e|enc|ng 6S, /0
loed trenser 3, S6, S
Method stetement !04
Moments 43, S0, S?, S4SS, SS, 60,
!!/!!9, !?0!?!
Movement |o|nts /, ?4, S0, !0?
Opt|ons S, !0!4, !S, 9S
lert|t|ons !S, ?6, 4/
l||es S, !3!4, S?S9
l||ecep 4S, S?S3, 93
l|ens 9!
lost-tens|oned 34, 6S/?
lrecest ?6, 3S, 6/6S, !00
lr|nc|pe| e|ements 39
lrogremme !04!0/
lunch|ng sheer !0, 3334, SS, 60
ket 4, !?, 4S
ke|norcement eree 43, 4S, S4, 60, /4, ///S
ke|norcement est|metes 43, 4S, 4S,
63, 666/
ke|norcement spec|ng o |ers 4S49, !!?
kestre|nt ?!, 6S, !00
kete|n|ng we|| 6, !3!4, 96
ko|ust, ro|ustness !0, !9, !0S
koc| SS
koo ?/, ?9
Seety !/!S, S6, SS
Sect|ons 4, 9!
Se|-we|ght 3, !0, ?6, 6!66
Serv|ces !S, 303!
Sett|ement S, !?, ?4, S0, S?
Sheer 444S, S0, S?, SS, SSS9,
!!3!!6, !!S!!9
131
lndex
Sheer centre /, /6/S
Sheer we|| 4, /S, 363/, /6/9
S|te constre|nts !9
S|te s|op|ng /, S, !?
S|.|ng 9, 3036
S|e|s et !0!!, 3334, S66?
S|e|s one-wey !0!!, 3?, S?S3
S|e|s r|||ed !0!!, ?6, 33, 6!6S
S|e|s two-wey !0!!, 3?, S3S6
S|e|s wee !0!!, ?6, 33, 666/
So|| c|ey !?, !4, ?S, S0S!, S4S6
So|| grenu|er ?S, S0, S?, S6S/
So|| send !?,!4, S!, S4, S9
So|| m|x|ng !S
So|| ste||||set|on !S!/
Spen 9!0, 30, 3?34
Spen-to-depth ret|o 9, 30, 3?34, 36, 46
Ste||||ty /S, /6//
Stress S, 4S4/, 69/!, !!?!!3
Su|-|ese S0, 949S, 9S
Su|ete !S!6, 4?
Superstructure 9/, !03
Support 30, 36, 39, 43, S0, S?, /0, /S,
!0S, !!/!?0
Suste|ne||e, suste|ne||||ty ?!, ?3
en||ng SS90, 9S99
ens|on 6, 363/, /!, //, S3
herme| mess ?!
|e 4, 6, !0!, !0S!!!
rees S, !?!3, S0
0p||t /S
V||ret|on ?0?!
veter 6S, 4?, SS, 90
veter pressure /, S
veterprooung SSS9, 9!, 969/, 9S99
veterstops !0!!0?
ve|ght ?S?9
v|nd 6/, //
132
3
Soctiona| aroas of groups of bars {mm
2
}
8ar sizo
{mm}
Numbor of bars
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8 S03 !0! !S! ?0! ?S! 30? 3S? 40? 4S? S03
10 /SS !S/ ?36 3!4 393 4/! SS0 6?S /0/ /SS
12 !!3 ??6 339 4S? S6S 6/9 /9? 90S !0?0 !!30
16 ?0! 40? 603 S04 !0!0 !?!0 !4!0 !6!0 !S!0 ?0!0
20 3!4 6?S 94? !?60 !S/0 !SS0 ??00 ?S!0 ?S30 3!40
25 49! 9S? !4/0 !960 ?4S0 ?9S0 3440 3930 44?0 49!0
32 S04 !6!0 ?4!0 3??0 40?0 4S30 S630 6430 /?40 S040
40 !?60 ?S!0 3//0 S030 6?S0 /S40 SS00 !0!00 !!300 !?600
Soctiona| aroas por motro width for various spacings of bars {mm
2
}
8ar sizo
{mm}
Spacing of bars {mm
2
}
75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
8 6/0 S03 40? 33S ?S/ ?S! ??3 ?0! !S3 !6S
10 !0S0 /SS 6?S S?4 449 393 349 3!4 ?S6 ?6?
12 !S!0 !!30 90S /S4 646 S6S S03 4S? 4!! 3//
16 ?6S0 ?0!0 !6!0 !340 !!S0 !0!0 S94 S04 /3! 6/0
20 4!90 3!40 ?S!0 ?090 !S00 !S/0 !400 !?60 !!40 !0S0
25 6S40 49!0 3930 3?/0 ?S00 ?4S0 ?!S0 !960 !/S0 !640
32 !0/00 S040 6430 S360 4600 40?0 3S/0 3??0 ?9?0 ?6S0
40 !6S00 !?600 !0!00 S3S0 /!S0 6?S0 SS90 S030 4S/0 4!90
Mass of groups of bars {kg por motro run}
8ar sizo
{mm}
Numbor of bars
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8 039S 0/S9 !!S4 !S/S !9/3 ?36S ?/6? 3!S/ 3SS! 3946
10 06!/ !?33 !SS0 ?466 30S3 3699 43!6 493? SS49 6!6S
12 0SSS !//6 ?663 3SS! 4439 S3?/ 6?!S /!03 /990 SS/S
16 !S/S 3!S/ 4/3S 63!3 /S9? 94/0 !!04S !?6?/ !4?0S !S/S3
20 ?466 493? /39S 9S6S !?33! !4/9/ !/?63 !9/?9 ??!9S ?466?
25 3SS3 //0/ !!S60 !S4!3 !9?6/ ?3!?0 ?69/4 30S?/ 346S0 3SS34
32 63!3 !?6?/ !S940 ?S?S3 3!S6/ 3/SS0 44!93 S0S0/ S6S?0 63!33
40 9S6S !9/?9 ?9S94 394SS 493?3 S9!SS 690S? /S9!/ SS/S! 9S646
Mass for various spacings of bars {kg por m
2
}
8ar sizo
{mm}
Spacing of bars {mm}
75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
8 S?6! 3946 3!S/ ?63! ??SS !9/3 !/S4 !S/S !43S !3!S
10 S??! 6!6S 493? 4!!0 3S?3 30S3 ?/40 ?466 ??4? ?0SS
12 !!S3S SS/S /!03 S9!9 S0/3 4439 3946 3SS! 3??S ?9S9
16 ?!044 !S/S3 !?6?/ !0S?? 90!9 /S9? /0!S 63!3 S/39 S?6!
20 3?SS? ?466? !9/?9 !644! !409? !?33! !096! 9S6S S96S S??!
25 S!3/S 3SS34 30S?/ ?S6S9 ??0!9 !9?6/ !/!?6 !S4!3 !40!? !?S4S
32 S4!/S 63!33 S0S0/ 4?0S9 360/6 3!S6/ ?S0S9 ?S?S3 ??9SS ?!044
40 !3!S?S 9S646 /S9!/ 6S/64 S6369 493?3 43S43 394SS 3SS/! 3?SS?
4
Concroto 8ui|dings Schomo Dosign Manua|
1his handbook is intondod to bo a quick roforonco
guido for candidatos taking tho |nstitution of
Structura| nginoors' Chartorod Momborship
xamination. |t wi|| a|so form an ossontia| roforonco
sourco in tho dosign ofhco.
lt g|ves gu|dence on every sect|on o the exem|net|on, |nc|ud|ng
se|ect|ng v|e||e opt|ons, eppre|s|ng the des|gns, |n|t|e| s|.|ng,
des|gn ce|cu|et|ons end produc|ng drew|ngs, dete||s, method
stetement end progremmes, end |s pec|ed w|th useu| des|gn
dete end cherts
h|s new ed|t|on hes |een extens|ve|y rev|sed to cover
lurocode ? end |nc|udes new des|gn e|ds or rep|d s|.|ng o
e|ements
Owon 8rookor |s sen|or eng|neer 8 educet|on meneger
or he Concrete Centre le |s euthor o e num|er o we||-
rece|ved pu|||cet|ons wr|tten spec|uce||y or the prect|s|ng
eng|neer le regu|er|y de||vers courses or young eng|neers
end on lurocode ? le |s e consu|tent |y |ec|ground end
en expert on lurocode ?
CCll-0S!
lu|||shed Novem|er ?009
lSbN 9/S-!-904S!S-SS-S
lr|ce Croup l
MlA he Concrete Centre
k|vers|de louse, 4 Meedows bus|ness ler|,
Stet|on Approech, b|ec|weter, Cem|er|ey, Surrey, C0!/ 9Ab
1o|: 44 (0)!?/6 606S00 |ax: 44 (0)!?/6 606S0!
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O 8rookor blng Clng MlCl MlStructl

Croup euc|ency ret|o

lector o seety on p||e cepec|ty

0se Method ? g|ven |n the /aaa/ |o Je/q o| e/|oceJ coce|e |ac|ae

3 M|n|mum spen ~ 0SS |ongest spen

4 M|n|mum spen > 0SS |ongest spen, m|n|mum 3 spens

group euc|ency ret|o

cen |e o|te|ned rom e||e 344

gg ector o seety (?S to 30)

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