288

Section 7.1
x 2 ln x with 60. (a) T 79.961(0.9273)t

56. Method 1Compare graph of y1 y2 NDER

x 3 ln x 3

x3 . The graphs should be the same. 9

Method 2Compare graph of y1 y2

x 3 ln x 3

NINT(x 2 ln x) with

x3 . The graphs should be the same or differ 9

[ 1, 33] by [ 5, 90]

only by a vertical translation. 57. (a) 20,000 2 ln 2 t 10,000(1.063)t 1.063t t ln 1.063

ln 2 ln 1.063

(b) Solving T(t) 40 graphically, we obtain t 9.2 sec. The temperature will reach 40 after about 9.2 seconds. (c) When the probe was removed, the temperature was about T(0) 79.96 C. 61.
v0m k (0.86)(30.84) k

coasting distance 0.97 27.343

v0m k

11.345

It will take about 11.3 years. (b) 20,000 2 ln 2 t 10,000e e 0.063t 0.063t
ln 2 0.063
0.063t

k s(t) s(t) s(t)

(1

e e e

(k/m)t

) )

0.97(1 0.97(1

(27.343/30.84)t 0.8866t

11.002

A graph of the model is shown superimposed on a graph of the data.

It will take about 11.0 years. 58. (a) f (x) g (x)

d dx d dx
x

u(t) dt
0 x

u(x) u(x)
[0, 3] by [0,1]

u(t) dt
3

(b) C

f (x)
x

g(x)
x

u(t) dt
0 x 3 3

u(t) dt u(t) dt
x

Chapter 7 Applications of Definite Integrals

s Section 7.1 Integral as Net Change
(pp. 363374) Exploration 1
1. s(t) s(0) t2
03 3 0 t3 3 8 1 1 (t 8 1 8 t 1

u(t) dt
0 3

u(t) dt
0

59. (a) y

56.0716 5.894e 0.0205x

Revisiting Example 2
8 1)
2

dt C

t3 3

8 t 1

9C 1.

[ 20, 200] by [ 10, 60]

Thus, s(t) 2. s(1)

13 3

(b) The carrying capacity is about 56.0716 million people. (c) Use NDER twice to solve y 0. The solution is x 86.52, representing (approximately) the year 1887. The population at this time was approximately P(86.52) 28.0 million people.

16 . This is the same as the 3

answer we found in Example 2a. 3. s(5)

53 3 8 5 1

44. This is the same answer we

found in Example 2b.

Section 7.1 Quick Review 7.1

1. On the interval, sin 2x 0 when x
2 x x2 1

289

7. , 0, or
2

0 when x 1,
x x2 1

0. Test one point on each subinterval:

1 ; for x 2

. Test one 1;

for x

1,

x x2 1

point on each subinterval: for x for x x and

4

3 , sin 2x 4 4

1 . The 2

function changes sign at 0. The graph is

+ f (x) x 30

, sin 2x

1; for x

, sin 2x

1; and for
2

3 , sin 2x 4 2

1. The function changes sign at

, 0,
x2 x2

5 0

. The graph is 8.
+ 0
2 2

f (x) x

2 4

0 when x

2 and is undefined when

5 , 2

x
x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 x2 2 4 2 4 2 4

2. Test one point on each subinterval: for x

2. x 2

3x

(x

1)(x

2)

0 when x 0, x 2 3,

1 or 2. Test 3x 2 2;

one point on each subinterval: for x for x x

2

3 2 ,x 2

3x

1 ; and for x 4

17 x2 2 ; for x 1.9, 2 4.13; for x 0, 9 x 4 2 1 x 2 5 ; for x 1.9, 2 4.13; and for x , 2 x 4 2 17 . The function changes sign at 2, 2, 2 9

and 2. The graph is

+ + 2 2 + 3 f (x) x

3x

2. The function changes sign at 1 and 2.

The graph is
+ 2 1 2 + 4 f (x) x

3 2 2

9. sec (1 x x 0.9633

sin2 x)

1 cos (1 cos x )

is undefined when

3. x 2 2x 3 0 has no real solutions, since b 2 4ac ( 2)2 4(1)(3) 8 0. The function is always positive. The graph is
+ 4 2 f (x) x

k or 2.1783 1 sin2 0) 1

k for any integer k. Test for 2.4030. sin2 1) 32.7984. The

0: sec (1

Test for x

1: sec (1

sign alternates over successive subintervals. The function 1) 0 when x 1, 1 1; and

1 or 1. 2

4. 2x 3

3x 2

(x

1)2(2x

changes sign at 0.9633 integer. The graph is

+

k or 2.1783

k , where k is an

Test one point on each subinterval: for x 2x 3 x 3x 2

3 , 2x 3 2

1 3x 2

4; for x 1

0, 2x 3

3x 2

f (x) x

1. The function changes sign at

2.1783 0.9633 0.9633 2.1783

1 . The graph is 2
2 1 2 + 1 + 2 f (x) x

10. On the interval, sin

1 x

0 when x

point on each subinterval: for x x

3 5 0, , , or . 4 4 4 8 2

1 1 or . Test one 3 2 1 0.1, sin 0.54; for x

0.15, sin
1 x

1 x

0.37; and for x

0.2,
1 1 , and . 3 2

sin

0.96. The graph changes sign at

5. On the interval, x cos 2x

0 when x

The graph is
0.1 1
3

Test one point on each subinterval: for x x cos 2x x cos 2x

2 16

, ,
+
1 2

; for x

, x cos 2x

; for x

f (x) x 0.2

; and for x
4

4, x cos 2x ,

0.58. The

function changes sign at

+ 0
4

3 5 , and . The graph is 4 4

f (x) x

3 4

5 4 4

6. xe 0 when x always positive.

0. On the rest of the interval, xe

is

290

Section 7.1
4. (a) Right when 0, i.e., 0, v(t) 6t 2 18t t t 2) 12 6(t 1)(t 2) 1)(t 0, 2) 0,

Section 7.1 Exercises

1. (a) Right when v(t) when 0 i.e., when t
2 2

0, which is when cos t or

i.e., when t (b) Displacement

2

3 t 2 . Left when cos t 2 3 t . Stopped when cos t 0, 2 3 or . 2 2

i.e., when 0 i.e., when 1 6(t 1)(t

1. Left when 6(t 2. Stopped when 0, i.e., when x

2

1, or 2. 12) dt

(b) Displacement
0

(6t 2
2 0

18t [(16

5 cos t dt
0 2

5 sin t
0

5[sin 2

sin 0]

2t 3 (c) Distance

9t 2
2

12t 6t 2 18t 12) dt

36

24)

0]

(c) Distance
/2 0 0

5 cos t dt
3 /2 2

12 dt
2 1

5 cos t dt
/2

5 cos t dt
3 /2

5 cos t dt

(6t 2 1

18t 6

( 6t2

18t

12) dt

10

20 0, which is when sin 3t

3

2. (a) Right when v(t) i.e., when 0

3

0,

5. (a) Right when v(t) cos t

0, which is when sin t t

3 or 2 2

0 and t
2

. Left when sin 3t

0, i.e., when 0

0, i.e., when 0 0 and cos t

2 . Left t 0, or

t
3

. Stopped when sin 3t

0, i.e., when t

when sin t t

0, i.e., when

or

.
/2

(b) Displacement
0

6 sin 3t dt cos 0
/2

1 cos 3t 3

/2 0

3 . Stopped when sin t 2 3 i.e., when t 0, , , , or 2 . 2 2

2

0 or cos t

2 cos (c) Distance

/3 0

3 2

(b) Displacement
0

5 sin2 t cos t dt

1 sin3 t 3

2 0

5[0 6 sin 3t dt
/2

0]
2

0 5 sin2 t cos t dt
3 /2 /2

6 sin 3t dt
/3

6 sin 3t dt 49 9.8t

6 t 5.

(c) Distance
/2 0 0

3. (a) Right when v(t) Left when 49

0, i.e., when 0 t 10. 5.

5 sin2 t cos t dt
2 3 /2

5 sin2 t cos t dt

9.8t

0, i.e., when 5 9.8t 0, i.e., when t

5 sin2 t cos t dt
5 3 20 3

Stopped when 49
10

5 3

10 3

(b) Displacement
0

(49
10

9.8t) dt 10) 0] 0

6. (a) Right when v(t) when 0 t

0, which is when 4 4

0, i.e., t cannot be 4.
4 0

4. Left: never, since t t dt

49t (c) Distance

5

4.9t 2
10

49[(10
0

negative. Stopped when 4

4

0, i.e., when t
2 (4 3

49
0

9.8t dt
10

(b) Displacement ( 49 9.8t) dt

0

4
16 3

t)3/2

(49
0

9.8t) dt
5

122.5

122.5

245

2 [0 3

8]
4

(c) Distance
0

t dt

16 3

Section 7.1
7. (a) Right when v(t) i.e., when 0 cos t cos t t 0, which is when cos t
3 or 2 2 2

291

0,

11. (a) v(t) C1

a(t) dt v(0) 90. 32(3)

32 dt

32t

C1, where

2 . Left when

0, i.e., when

0, i.e., when t
2

3 . Stopped when 2 3 or . 2 2

Then v(3) (b) s(t) C2 16t v(t) dt s(0)

2

90 90t 0: 45)

6 ft/sec. C2, where

(b) Displacement
0

e 0

sin t

cos t dt

sin t

2 0

16t2

0. Solve s(t) 2t( 8t

45 8

[e

e ]
2

90t 0 or t

(c) Distance
3 /2 /2 0

esin t cos t dt
2 0 3 /2

/2

esin t cos t dt

when t

5.625 sec.

e sin t cos t dt 1) e
1 e

e sin t cos t dt 1
1 e

The projectile hits the ground at 5.625 sec.

2 e

(e

2e

4.7

(c) Since starting height Displacement (d) Max. Height s 0.

ending height,

8. (a) Right when v(t) 0, which is when 0 t 3. Left: never, since v(t) is never negative. Stopped when t 0.
3

(b) Displacement
0

t 1 t
2

dt

1 ln (1 2

t 2)

3 0

1 [ln (10) 2
3

ln (1)]
t 1 t2

ln 10 2 ln 10 2
3/2

1.15 1.15 0,

16

5.625 2 2

5.625 2 5.625 90 2

126.5625, and 253.125 ft. 5 5 15 15 15 24 24 4 4 4 23 cm 33 cm 11. 5 5 16. 24 8.

(c) Distance
0

dt 2t

Distance 12. Displacement

2(Max. Height)
c

9. (a) v(t) v(t) t

a(t) dt

C, and since v(0) 9 2(27)

v(t) dt
0 c

4 4

2t 3/2. Then v(9)

63 mph.

13. Total distance

0

v(t) dt
a

(b) First convert units:

t t 3/2 t 2t 3/2 mph mi/sec. Then 3600 1800 9 3/2 t t Distance dt 1800 0 3600 2 5/2 t t 9 27 9 0 0.06525 mi 7200 4500 0 800 500

14. At t At t At t 15. At t

a, s b, s c, s

s(0)
0 b

v(t) dt v(t) dt
0 c

s(0) s(0)
0

v(t) dt

a, where

344.52 ft.
4

dv is at a maximum (the graph is steepest dt

upward). (t
0

10. (a) Displacement sin t [(sin 4 t cos t

2) sin t dt
4 0

16. At t 2] t 4, 2) sin t dt 1.44952 m

c, where

2 cos t 2 cos 4)

dv is at a maximum (the graph is steepest dt

upward). 17. Distance Area under curve 4

1 2

4 cos 4

1 2 Distance

(b) Because the velocity is negative for 0 for 2 t

0

2, positive

(a) Final position Initial position 2 4 6; ends at x 6. (b) 4 meters

, and negative for

2

t (t
2

Distance

(t
4

2) sin t dt (t 2) sin t dt sin 2 2 cos 4 2 sin 2 2)

18. (a) Positive and negative velocities cancel: the sum of signed areas is zero. Starts and ends at x 2. (b) Distance meters Sum of positive areas 4(1 1) 4

[(2

sin 2) (

sin 4 sin 4 2

2)] 1.91411 m.

2 cos 4

292

Section 7.1
7

19. (a) Final position

2
0

v(t) dt
1 (1)(2) 2 1 (2)(2) 2 1 (1)(2) 2 1 (2)(1) 2

1(2)

25. (Answers may vary.) Plot the speeds vs. time. Connect the points and find the area under the line graph. The definite integral also gives the area under the curve. 26. (a) Sum of numbers in Sales column 797.5 thousand (b) Enter the table in a graphing calculator and use QuadReg: B(x) 1.6x 2 2.3x 5.0.
11

5; ends at x
7

5. (c)
1 1 (1)(2) (1)(2) 2 2 1 (2)(1) 2

(1.6x 2
1.6 3 x 3

2.3x
2.3 2 x 2

5.0) dx
11

(b)
0

v(t) dt

1(2)

1 (2)(2) 2

5.0x
0

904.02 thousand (d) The answer in (a) corresponds to the area of left hand rectangles. These rectangles lie under the curve B(x). The answer in (c) corresponds to the area under the curve. This area is greater than the area of rectangles.
10.5

7 meters
10

20. (a) Final position 2

2
0

v(t) dt (3)(3)
1 (1)(3) 2

1 1 (2)(3) (1)(3) 2 2 1 (3)(3) 2

27. (a)
0.5

(1.6x 2

2.3x
2.3 2 x 2

5.0) dx
10.5

2.5; ends at x (b) Distance

0

1.6 3 x 3

5.0x
0.5

798.97 thousand

2.5.
10

v(t) dt
1 (1)(3) 2

(b) The answer in (a) corresponds to the area of midpoint rectangles. The curve now gives a better approximation since part of each rectangle is above the curve and part is below. 3(3)
1 (1)(3) 2
10

1 (2 2

3)

1 (3)(3) 2

28. Treat 6 P.M. as 18 oclock:

b a
n 1

19.5 meters
10

21.
0

27.08 e

t/25

dt

27.08 25e

t/25

27.08[25e
0

0.4

25]

332.965 billion barrels

24

2n 18 8 [120 2(10)

f (x0)

i 1

2 f (xi)
2(110) 2(120)

f (xn) 2(115) 2(115) 2(115) 2(112) 2(119) 2(110)

22.
0

3.9 93.6

t 2.4 sin dt 12 28.8 28.8

3.9t

28.8

t cos 12

24 0

2(120) 121] 1156.5 29. F(x) kx; 6

9

93.6 kilowatt-hours 0: r 2 miles. 2 r r Area

2

23. (a) Solve 10,000(2 (b) Width (c) Population

2

r)

r, Length

2 r: Area

k(3), so k 18N
9

2 and F(x)
9

2x.

Population density r)(2 r) dr r2

1 3 r 3
2

(a) F(9) (b) W r ) dr 0

2
0

2(9) F(x) dx

2x dx
0

x2

81 N cm
0

(d)
0

10,000(2 20,000
80,000 3

20,000
0

(2r 4
8 3

30. F(x) (a) W

kx; 10,000
d

k(1), so k
1 2 kx 2
d 0

10,000.
1 2 kd 2 1 (10,000)(0.5)2 2

20,000
0

kx dx
0

83,776 r, Length 2 r: Area 2 r r

1250 inch-pounds (b) For total distance: W

1 (10,000)(1)2 2

24. (a) Width

5000

(b) Volume per second Inches per second 8(10

3

For second half of distance: Cross section area flow in

3

r 2)

in. sec

(2 r) r in2 16
0

in3 sec

W 31.

5000

1250 2(0.04)

3750 inch-pounds 2(0.05) 2(0.06) 2(0.05)

(c)
0

8(10 16 396

r2)(2 r) dr 5r 2
in3 sec 1 4 r 4
3

(10r 45
81 4

r 3) dr 0

(12 0) [0.04 2(12)

2(0.04) 2(0.06)

2(0.04) 2(0.06)

2(0.05) 2(0.05) 0.04875.

2(0.04) 0.05] 0.585

16
0

1244.07

in3 sec

0.585 The overall rate, then, is 12

Section 7.2
(12 0) [3.6 2(12)

293

32.

2(4.0) 2(3.3) 2(3.9)

2(3.1) 2(3.1) 4.0]

2(2.8) 2(3.2)

2(2.8) 2(3.4)

2(3.2) 2(3.4)

s Section 7.2 Areas in the Plane

(pp. 374382) Exploration 1
1. For k 1: sin x) sin x] dx
0

40 thousandths or 0.040

A Family of Butterflies

33. (a) x

My M

mkxk . Taking dm mk
x dm

[(2 dA as mk and letting

0

(2 2x 2

2 sin x) dx 2 cos x
0

dA 0, k

yields
dm

For k
/2

2: 2 sin 2x)
/2

(b) y

My M

mky . Taking dm mk
y dm

[(4
0 /2

(2 sin 2x)] dx

dA as mk and letting

(4
0

4 sin 2x) dx 2
0

4x dA 0, k yields .
dm

2 cos 2x

4 3 will continue to be

2. It appears that the areas for k 2 4.

/k

34. By symmetry, x
y dm y

0. For y, use horizontal strips:

dA dA y dA

3. Ak

[(2k
0 /k

k sin kx)

k sin kx] dx

(2k
0

2k sin kx) dx kx, then du k dx and the

y
dm
4

dA

If we make the substitution u u-limits become 0 to . Thus,

/k

y(2
0 4

y) dy y dy
4 0

2
0

Ak

(2k
0 /k

2k sin kx) dx 2 sin kx)k dx 2 sin u) du.

2 y 5/2 2 12 5

2 5

(2
0

2 3/2 4 y 3 0

(2
0

4. 2

5. Because the amplitudes of the sine curves are k, the kth butterfly stands 2k units tall. The vertical edges alone have lengths (2k) that increase without bound, so the perimeters are tending to infinity. 0. For x, use vertical strips:

35. By symmetry, y
x dm

Quick Review 7.2

x dA dA x dA

x
dm
2 0

1.
dA
0 1

sin x dx
1 2x e 2

cos x
0 1 0

[ 1

1]

x(2x) dx
2 0

2.
0

e2x dx
/4

1 2 (e 2

1)

3.195

2x dx

3.
2

sec2 x dx

tan x

/4 /4

1
2

( 1)

/4

2 3 2 x 3 0

x2 4 3

2 0

4.
0 3

(4x

x 3) dx x 2 dx

2x 2

1 4 x 4

(8
0

4)

5.
3

9 radius 3.)

9 (This is half the area of a circle of 2

294

Section 7.2
1 0

6. Solve x 2 4x x 6. x 2 5x 6 0 (x 6)(x 1) 0 x 6 or x 1 y 6 6 12 or y 1 (6, 12) and ( 1, 5) 7. Solve e

x

3.
0 1

(y 2 [(12y 2
1

y 3) dy 12y 3)

1 3 y 3

1 4 y 4

1 12

4.
0

(2y 2

2y)] dy

( 12y 3 3y 4

10y 2
10 3 y 3

2y) dy y2
1 0

1. From the graphs, it appears that e is 1, so that if they are 1) is at a minimum. 1, i.e., when

always greater than or equal to x ever equal, this is when e x

d x [e dx

(x

10 3

4 3

(x

1)] 0

1 is zero when e x 1

0. Test: e0

1. So the solution is (0, 1).

5. Use the regions symmetry: 2 [2x 2

0 2

8. Inspection of the graphs shows two intersection points: (0, 0), and ( , 0). Check: 02 0 sin 0 0 and 2 2 sin 0. 9. Solve
2x x2 1

(x 4

2x 2)] dx

2 ( x4
0

4x 2) dx
4 3 x 3 32 3
2 0

2 2 6. Use the regions symmetry: 2 (x 2

0 1

1 5 x 5 32 5

x 3.

(0, 0) is a solution. Now divide by x.

2 x2 1

128 15

x2 x2 2
1 2

2 x4 x
2

x4 x2
1

2x 4) dx

2 x3

1 3

2 5 x 5

2
0

1 3

2 5

22 15

0
8

7. Integrate with respect to y: 2 or 1

1 0

Throw out the negative solution. x y 1 x3 1 1) and (1, 1)

(2
4 3

y
1 2

y) dy
5 6

4 3/2 y 3

1 2 y 2

1 0

(0, 0), ( 1,

8. Integrate with respect to y:

1 0

10. Use the intersect function on a graphing calculator:

[(2 2y

y)
1 2 y 2

y] dy
2 3/2 y 3
1

2
0

1 2

2 3

5 6

9. Integrate in two parts:

0

[ 2, 2] by [ 2, 2]

[(2x 3 [( x 2
0

x2 3x)

5x) (2x 3

( x2 x2
2 0

3x)] dx 5x)] dx 8x) dx

2 0

( 0.9286,

0.8008), (0, 0), and (0.9286, 0.8008)

2 2 0

Section 7.2 Exercises

1.
0

(1

cos x) dx

1 x 2

1 sin 2x 4

(2x 3

8x) dx 4x 2
0 2

( 2x 3 4x 2 16)

1 4 x 2

1 4 x 2

2. Use symmetry:
/3

[0 4 sin2 t dt
0 /3

(8

16)]

[( 8

0]

16

2
0

1 sec2 t 2

(sec2 t 4t
4 3

8 sin2 t) dt
/3

tan t 3
4 3

2 sin 2t
0

Section 7.2
10. Integrate in three parts:
1

295

13. Solve 7 x 1.
1

2x 2

x2

4: x 2

1, so the curves intersect at

[( x
2 2

2)

(4

x )] dx

[(7
1

2x 2)

(x 2

4)] dx
1

( 3x 2
1

3) dx x 2) dx

[(4
1 3

x 2)

( x

2)] dx 3

(1
1

[( x
2 1

2)

(4

x 2)] dx
2

3 x
2

1 3 x 3

1 1

(x
2 3 2

2) dx
1

( x

2) dx 14.

2 3

2 3

(x 2

x
1 2 x 2 1 x2 2 1 2

2) dx
1

1 3 x 3 1 x3 3 1 3 8 3

2x
2 3

1 3 x 3

1 x2 2

2x
1

[ 3, 3] by [ 1, 5]

2x
2

The curves intersect at x

8 3 1 3

1 and x

2. Use the

2
1 2

regions symmetry: 2 [(x 4

0 1

4x 2 5x 2
5 3 x 3 5 3

4)

x 2] dx
2

2 [x 2
1

(x 4 5x 2

4x 2 4) dx
2

4)] dx

2
9 2

4
8 3

2 (x 4
0

4) dx
1

2 ( x4
1

9
49 6

2 x5
1 2 5

1 5

4x
0

2
32 5

1 5 x 5 40 3

5 3 x 3

4x
1

1 6

1 5

5 3

15. 2 2: x 2 4, so the curves intersect at

11. Solve x 2 x
2

2. [2
2

(x 2

2)] dx
2

(4 8
8 3

x 2) dx 8
8 3 32 3

4x

1 3 2 x 3 2

10

2 3

3 3 a, a by [ a 2, a 2] 2 2

The curves intersect at x 0, symmetry: 2 x a2

0 a

0 and x

a. Use the regions

12. Solve 2x

x2

3: x 2

2x

(x

3)(x 3.
3 1

1)

so the curves intersect at x

3

1 and x
1 3 x 3

x 2 dx

2 2 0

1 2 (a 3

x 2)3/2
1 3 a 3

a 0

(2x
1

3) dx

x (9

3x 1

9 10
2 3

9)

1 3

2 3 a 3

32 3

296
16.

Section 7.2
18. Solve y 2 y 2: y2 y 2 (y 2.
1 3 y 3 8 3 1 2
2 1

2)(y

1)

0, so the

curves intersect at y
2

1 and y
1 2 y 2

[ 2, 12] by [0, 3.5]

(y
1

y 2) dy

2y 4 4
1 2 y 4 y 4

The curves intersect at three points: x 1, x 4 and x 9. Because of the absolute value sign, break the integral up at x 0 also:
0 1

2
9 2

1 3

x 5
9

6 x

x dx
0

x 5

x dx

19. Solve for x: x Now solve

y2 4

y2 4

1 and x
y 4

4. 5 0,

x
4

6 5

dx
1 2 x 2
1 9 4

1 (y

4:

y2 4

1 2 x 2

y2
6x 5 2 3/2 x 3

20

5)(y

4)

0. 5.

6x 5

2 ( x)3/2 3
1 2 x 2

The curves intersect at y

0
5 4

4 and y dy

2 3/2 x 3

6x 5
4

y 4
5 4

4
y2 4 y2 8 25 8 y 4

y2 4

1 5 dy
5

11 10

2 3 189 10 1 6 5 3 16 3

32 5 32 5 2 3

16 3

y3 12 125 12

5y
4

18
13 30 16 15

25

16 3

20

243 8

30

3 8

20. Solve for x: x y2 3

y 2 and x

2y 2. Now solve 1.

17. 2y 2: y 2 1, so the curves intersect at y

Use the regions symmetry:

[ 5, 5] by [ 1, 14]
1

(3

2y 2

y 2) dy

2 6

0 1 0

(3 (1

3y 2) dy y 2) dy
1 3 y 3 1 3
1 0

The curves intersect at x 0 and x 4. Because of the absolute value sign, break the integral up at x 2 also (where x 2 4 turns the corner). Use the graphs symmetry:
2

6y

2
0

x2 2
2

4
2

(4
4

x 2) dx
x 2
2

2
2

x2 2

(x 2

4) dx 6 1 y 2 and x 2 3y 2: y 2

2
0

3x dx 2

2
2

8 dx
4

x3 2 2 0

2 2

x3 6 32 3

8x
2

21. Solve for x: x

4 3 64 3 1 3

3y 2. 1, so the curves intersect

Now solve at y
1

y2

2[4]

32

16

21

1. Use the regions symmetry: (2

1 0

3y 2 (1

y 2) dy 4y

(2
1

2y 2) dy 4 1
0

y 2) dy

1 3 y 3

1 3

8 3

Section 7.2
22. Solve for y: y Now solve 4 x4 4x 2 5 4 4x 2 (x 2 4x 2 and y x4 1: 5) 1. The curves intersect at x Use the regions symmetry:
1

297

x4

1.

27.

1)(x 2

0.
[ 1.5, 1.5] by [ 1.5, 1.5]

The curves intersect at x =

0 and x

1. Use the areas

symmetry: [(4
1

4x 2)

(x 4 4x 2

1)] dx 2 5) dx
1

sin
0

x 2

x dx

2 2
4

2 1 2

cos

x 2 2

1 2 x 2

1 0

2 2 2

( x4
1 5 x 5 1 5 4 3

4 3 x 3

5x
0

0.273

28. Use the regions symmetry, and simplify before integrating:

/4

104 15

14 15

2 3 y2 y and x
y2 2 :y 4
2

(sec2 x
/4

tan2 x) dx (sec2 x
/4

23. Solve for x: x Now solve 3

y2 . 4

2 2

[sec2 x dx 2 x

1)] dx

/4 0

4, 2.

so the curves intersect at y Use the regions symmetry:

2

29. Use the regions symmetry:

/4

y2 dy 4

3y 2 dy 4 y3 4
2 0

(tan2 y

tan2 y) dy

/4

tan2 y dy
/4

2 3y 2(6 24.
0

4 tan y 0 8
1 cos 2x 2

y
0

2)

4 1 4 4
/2

0 0.858

(2 sin x

sin 2x) dx

2 cos x 2
1 2

1 2

30.
0

3 sin y

cos y dy

3 3 0

2 (cos y)3/2 3 2 3

/2 0

25. Use the regions symmetry:

/3

(8 cos x

sec x) dx 3) 0] 6

/3

2 8 sin x 3

tan x
0

31. Solve for x: x

y 3 and x

y.

2[(4 3 26.

[ 1.5, 1.5] by [ 1.5, 1.5]

[ 1.1, 1.1] by [ 0.1, 1.1]

The curves intersect at x

1

0 and x 2 y2
1 2

1. Use the areas

1 4 y 4
1 0

The curves intersect at x cross at x

1

0 and x

1, but they do not

symmetry: 2 ( y
0

y 3) dy

1 2

0. x2
1 3 x 3 1 3

cos
2 2

x 2 x 2

dx
1 0

2 x 2 1

sin 0

4 3

0.0601

298
32.

Section 7.2
(b) The two areas in Quadrant I, where x
c 4

y, are equal:

y dy
0 c

y dy
4

[ 0.5, 2.5] by [ 0.5, 1.5]

y
1

x and y
2

1 intersect at x x2 1 dx x2 1 2 x 2 1 2
1 0

2 3/2 c 2 3/2 y y 3 3 0 c 2 3/2 2 3/2 2 3/2 c 4 c 3 3 3

1. Integrate in two parts:

1 x
2 1

2c 3/2 c 3/2 4 42/3

x dx
0 1

1 2

( 1)

c .

24/3 c)-by- c

33. The curves intersect when sin x

/4

cos x, i.e., at x
/4

(c) Divide the upper right section into a (4 rectangle and a leftover portion:

(cos x
0

sin x) dx

sin x 2 1

cos x
0

0.414
0

(c 34. cx c
[ 3, 3] by [ 2, 4]
3/2

x 2) dx
1 3 x 3
c

(4 4

c) c

c
c

(4 4x

x 2) dx
1 3 x 3
2 c

c3/2 c
3/2

1 3/2 c 3

4 c

8 (a) The curves intersect at x Use the regions symmetry:

2

2.
2 3/2 c 3

8 3 16 3

4 c 4 c

1 3/2 c 3 1 3/2 c 3

4
16 3

c3/2

(3

x2

1) dx

(4

x 2) dx
1 3 x 3 8 3
2 0

4 3/2 c 3

2 4x 2 8 (b) Solve y 3 x 2 for x: x 1 and 3. 2 2 0 35. (a)

5 y=4 (2, 4) y=c (c, c) (c, c) y

c3/2 0
32 3

4 42/3 24/3

c 36.

y. The

y-intercepts are
3

2
1

y dy

2 (3 3

y)3/2
1

[ 1, 5] by [ 1, 3]

16 3

32 3

The key intersection points are at x Integrate in two parts:

1

0, x

1 and x

4.

y = x2 (2, 4)

1
0

x
2 3/2 x 3 2 3 1 8

x dx 4 x2 8
1

4 1

2 x

x dx 4 x2 8
4 1

x
3 x

4
0

x 4

(8

2)

1 8

11 3

If y (

x2

c, then x

c. So the points are

c, c) and ( c, c).

Section 7.2
37. First find the two areas. For the triangle, (2a)(a 2) For the parabola, 2 (a 2 The ratio, then, is
a
0 3 a

299

43. First graph y a3 x 2) dx 2 a 2x

1 3 x 3
a 0

cos x and y

x 2.

1 2

4 3 a 3
[ 1.5, 1.5] by [ 0.5, 1.5]

4 3 a 3

3 , which remains 4

constant as a

The curves intersect at x

0.8241

0.8241. Use NINT to find 1.0948. Multiplying both

approaches zero.
b b

2
0

(cos x

x 2) dx

functions by k will not change the x-value of any intersection point, so the area condition to be met is
0.8241

38.
a

[2f (x) equals 4.

f (x)] dx
a

f (x) dx, which we already know 2 2

0

(k cos x
0.8241

kx 2) dx x 2) dx

39. Neither; both integrals come out as zero because the 1-to-0 and 0-to-1 portions of the integrals cancel each other. 40. Sometimes true, namely when dA [f (x) g(x)] dx is always nonnegative. This happens when f (x) g(x) over the entire interval. 41.

2 2 k

k 2
0

(cos x

k(1.0948) 1.8269.

44. (a) Solve for y:

x2 a2 y2 b2

1
x2 a2 x2 a2 x2 a2

y2
[ 1.5, 1.5] by [ 1.5, 1.5]

b2 1 b 1

y 0 and x 1. Use the areas

a

The curves intersect at x symmetry:

1

(b) 2 ln x 2 ln 2 ln 4
1 2
2

b 1
a a

b 1
a 0

2
0

2x x2 1

dx

1
1 2

1 4 x 4

1 0

x2 a2

dx or
x2 dx a2

2
a

b 1

x2 dx or 4 a2

b 1

0.886

(c) Answers may vary.

a

42.

(d, e) 2
a

b 1

x2 dx a2

2b

x 2

x2 a2

a x sin 1 2 a

a 2b sin 1 (1) 2

a sin 1 ( 1) 2

ab
[ 1.5, 1.5] by [ 1.5, 1.5]

The curves intersect at x

0.9286

0 and x

0.9286. Use NINT

45. By hypothesis, f (x)

g(x) is the same for each region,

to find 2
0

(sin x

x 3) dx

0.4303.

where f (x) and g(x) represent the upper and lower edges.
b

But then Area

a

[f (x)

g(x)] dx will be the same for

each.

300

Section 7.3
1 : 2

46. The curves are shown for m

Quick Review 7.3

1. x 2 2. s 3.
x 2 1 2 x2 r or 2 2 1 2 d 2 x2 or 2 8

, so Area

s2

x2 . 2

[ 1.5, 1.5] by [ 1, 1]

4. In general, the intersection points are where which is where x 0 or else x

1 m x x2 1

mx, 5. b 6. b 7. b 8. x and h h h
2

x, so Area
1 bh 2 1 bh 2

1. Then,

1 bh 2 x2 . 2 x2 . 4

3 2 x .

because of symmetry, the area is

(1/m) 1

x, so Area
x 2

x x2 1

mx dx
1 2 mx 2
(1/m) 1 0

, so Area

1 2 ln (x 2 2

1) 1 m

ln
1 m m

1 m

2x

2x

ln (m)

1.

s Section 7.3 Volumes

(pp. 383394)
b

x and h
1 bh 2

(2x)2
15 2 x . 4

Exploration 1

Volume by Cylindrical Shells

3xk xk2. Area

1 2 x 2

15 x, so 2

1. Its height is f (xk)

2. Unrolling the cylinder, the circumference becomes one dimension of a rectangle, and the height becomes the other. The thickness x is the third dimension of a slab with dimensions 2 (xk 1) by 3xk xk2 by x. The volume is obtained by multiplying the dimensions together.
3

9. This is a 3-4-5 right triangle. b Area

1 bh 2

4x, h

3x, and

6x .

3. The limit is the definite integral

0

2 (x

1)(3x

x 2) dx.

10. The hexagon contains six equilateral triangles with sides of length x, so from Exercise 5, Area 6
4 3 2 x 3 3 2 x . 2

4.

45 2

Exploration 2
b

Surface Area
dy 2 dx dx

Section 7.3 Exercises

1. In each case, the width of the cross section is w 2 1 x 2. (a) A r 2, where r s 2, where s s 2, where s
w , so A(x) 2 w 2 2

1.
a

2 y 1

The limit will exist if f and f are continuous on the interval [a, b]. (b) A 2. y
b

(1 x 2). 2(1

x 2).

w, so A(x)
w 2

w2

4(1
w 2 2

sin x, so 2 y 1

dy dx

cos x and

(c) A (d) A

, so A(x)

x 2).

dy 2 dx dx

3 2 w (see Quick Review Exercise 5), so 3 4

2 sin x
0

1
1

cos2 x dx

14.424.

A(x)

(2

x 2)2

3(1

x 2).

3. y
4

x, so 2 x 1

dy dx 2

and dx 36.177.

2 x 1 2 x

Section 7.3
2. In each case, the width of the cross section is w (a) A (b) A (c) A (d) A A(x) r 2, where r s 2, where s s 2, where s
w , so A(x) 2 w 2 2

301

2 x. x.

8. A cross section has width w

w 2 2

sec x

tan x.

(a) A(x) 4x.

/3

r2 (sec x

w, so A(x)
w 2

(sec x

tan x)2, and

, so A(x)

w 2 2

2x.

/3 4 /3

tan x)2 dx 2 sec x tan x tan x

1 x 2
/3 /3

3 2 w (see Quick Review Exercise 5), so 3 4

(sec2 x

tan2 x) dx
/3

/3

(2

x)2

3x.
4

tan x tan x 3 3

2 sec x sec x 2
2

x
/3

3. A cross section has width w A(x)

4

x and area
2

s2 x2

w
4 0

2x. The volume is 16. (2 x 2) (1 2x

2 3 x 3
2

2 2

2x dx
0

4. A cross section has width w and area A(x)

1

x2
2 2

2x 2 (b) A(x) V

. (sec x tan x)2, and

2
1

w 2 2

s2
/3 /3

w2 (sec x

x ) . The volume is 1) dx
1

tan x)2 dx, which by same method as

2 . 3

(1
1

x ) dx

2 2

(x
1

in part (a) equals 4 3 9. A cross section has width w r2

w 2 2 4

1 5 x 5 16 . 15

x
1

5y 2 and area

5. A cross section has width w A(x)

1

2 1

x 2 and area
1 1

2 0

5 4 y dy 4

y5

5 4 y . The volume is 4 2

8 .
0

s2

w2 x 2) dx

4(1
1

x 2). The volume is (1

1

4(1
1

x 2) dx 2 1

4 x

1 3 x 3

16 . 3

10. A cross section has width w

1 2 s 21 1 2 w 2

2
1 1

y 2 and area

2(1

y 2). The volume is 2y

1 3 y 3 8 . 3

6. A cross section has width w A(x)

1

x 2 and area
1 1

2(1
1

y 2) dy

s2
2

w 2

2(1
1

x 2). The volume is x ) dx

2

2(1
1

x ) dx

(1
1

2 x

1 3 x 3

8 . 3

11. (a) The volume is the same as if the square had moved without twisting: V Ah s 2h. (b) Still s 2h: the lateral distribution of the square cross sections doesnt affect the volume. Thats Cavalieris Volume Theorem. 12. Since the diameter of the circular base of the solid extends from y
12 2

7. A cross section has width w

3 2 w

2 sin x.

(a) A(x) V
0

3 sin x, and

6 to y

12, for a diameter of 6 and a radius

3 sin x dx 3
0

of 3, the solid has the same cross sections as the right circular cone. The volumes are equal by Cavalieris Theorem.

sin x dx cos x
0

3 2 (b) A(x) V
0

3. s2 w2 4 sin x, and 4
0

13. The solid is a right circular cone of radius 1 and height 2. V 4 cos x
0

1 Bh 3

1 ( r 2)h 3

1 ( 12)2 3

2 3

4 sin x dx

sin x dx

8.

14. The solid is a right circular cone of radius 3 and height 2. V

1 Bh 3 1 ( r 2)h 3 1 ( 32)2 3

302

Section 7.3
19.

15. A cross section has radius r A(y)

1 0

tan

y and area

r2 tan2
4

tan2 y dy

4 4 4

y . The volume is
1

tan 1

y
0

[ 6, 6] by [ 4, 4]

The solid is a sphere of radius r 4 . 20.

4 3 r 3

3. The volume is

36 .

16. A cross section has radius r A(x) from x x

2

sin x cos x and area

r2

sin2 x cos2 x. The shaded region extends

0 to where sin x cos x drops back to 0, i.e., where

[ 0.5, 1.5] by [ 0.5, 0.5]

. Now, since cos 2x

1

2 cos2 x

1, we know

The parabola crosses the line y x x

2

0 when 0 or x 1. A cross

cos 2x cos x and since cos 2x 1 2 sin2 x, we 2 /2 1 cos 2x know sin2 x . sin2 x cos2 x dx 0 2 /2 1 cos 2x 1 cos 2x dx 0 2 2
/2

x(1

x)

0, i.e., when x x x 2)2 x and area (x 2

1 3 x 3
2

section has radius r A(x)

1 0

r2

(x

2x 3
1 4 x 2

x 4).
1 5 x 5
1 0

4 4 8

(1
/2

cos2 2x) dx
cos 4x dx 2
/2 0

/2

The volume is (x 2 2x 3 x 4) dx
30

4
/2

sin2 2x dx cos 4x) dx

2

8 8

(1 0

21.

1 sin 4x 4

16

17.

[ 1, 2] by [ 1, 2]

Use cylindrical shells: A shell has radius y and height y. The volume is
1

[ 2, 4] by [ 1, 5]
0

2 (y)( y) dy x 2 and area 22.

1 3 y 3

1 0

2 . 3

A cross section has radius r A(x)

2 0

r2

x4. The volume is

1 5 x 5
2 0

x 4 dx

32 . 5
[ 1, 3] by [ 1, 3]

18.

Use washer cross sections: A washer has inner radius r outer radius R
1

x,

2x, and area A(x) 3 x 2 dx 3

0

(R 2
1

r 2) .

3 x 2.

[ 4, 6] by [ 1, 9]

The volume is x 3 and area

1 3 x 3

A cross section has radius r A(x)

2 0

r2

x 6. The volume is
1 7 x 7
2 0

x 6 dx

128 . 7

Section 7.3
23. 26.

303

[ 2, 3] by [ 1, 6]

[ 1, 5] by [ 3, 1]

The curves intersect when x 2 1 x 3, which is when x 2 x 2 (x 2)(x 1) 0, i.e., when x 1 or x 2. Use washer cross sections: a washer has inner radius r x 2 1, outer radius R x 3, and area A(x) (R 2 r 2) [(x 3)2 (x2 1)2] ( x 4 x 2 6x 8). The volume is
2 1

The curves intersect where x 2, which is where x 4. Use washer cross sections: a washer has inner radius r x, outer radius R 2, and area A(x) (R 2 r 2) (4 x).
4

The volume is
0

(4

x) dx

4x

1 2 x 2

8
0

27.

( x4
1 5 x 5 32 5

x2
1 3 x 3 8 3

6x

8) dx
2

3x 2 12 16

8x
1

1 5

1 3

117 . 5

[ 0.5, 1.5] by [ 0.5, 2]

24.

The curves intersect at x radius r A(x)

0.7854

0.7854. A cross section has

2 r2 ( 2 (

sec x tan x and area 2 sec x tan x)2. Use NINT to find 2.301.

[ 2, 3] by [ 1, 5]

sec x tan x)2 dx

The curves intersect when 4 x 2 x, which is when x2 x 2 (x 2)(x 1) = 0, i.e., when x 1 or x 2. Use washer cross sections: a washer has inner radius r 2 x, outer radius R 4 x 2, and area A(x) (R 2 r 2) [(4 x 2)2 (2 x)2] (12 4x 9x 2 x 4). The volume is
2

28.

[ 1, 3] by [ 1, 3]

The curve and horizontal line intersect at x 9x 2 3x 3 24

32 5

. A cross

(12
1

4x 2x 2 8

x 4) dx
1 5 x 5
2

section has radius 2 A(x) r2 4 (1

2 sin x and area sin x)2 4 (1 2 sin x sin2 x).

12x 24 25.

The volume is
1
/2

12

1 5

108 . 5

4 (1
0

2 sin x 2 cos x 2 (3

sin2 x) dx
1 sin 2x 4
/2 0

4 4 29.
3

3 x 2 3 4

8)

by [ 0.5, 2]

Use washer cross sections: a washer has inner radius r sec x, outer radius R 2, and area A(x) (R 2 r 2) (2 sec2 x). The volume is
/4

[ 1, 3] by [ 1.5, 1.5]

A cross section has radius r

/4

5y 2 and area
1

(2
/4

sec2 x) dx

2x

tan x
/4

A(y)

r2

5 y 4.
1

The volume is 1

5 y 4 dy

y5

2 .
1

2
2

1 2 .

304
30.

Section 7.3
35.

[ 1, 4] by [ 1, 3]

[ 1, 5] by [ 1, 3]

A cross section has radius r A(y)

2 0

y 3/2 and area

The curved and horizontal line intersect at (4, 2). (a) Use washer cross sections: a washer has inner radius r A(x)
4 0

r2

y 3. The volume is
1 4 y 4
2

y 3 dy

4 .
0

x, outer radius R (R
2

2, and area (4 x). The volume is

1 2 x 2
4

31.

r ) 4x

(4

x) dx

8
0

(b) A cross section has radius r

[ 1.2, 3.5] by [ 1, 2.1]

y 2 and area
2 0

A(y) 1,

r2

y 4.
2

Use washer cross sections. A washer has inner radius r outer radius R A(y) (R 2
1 0

The volume is
0

y 4 dy

1 5 y 5

32 . 5

y r 2) (y 2

1, and area [(y 2y) dy 1)2 1]

1 3 y 3

(y 2 y2
1 0

(c) A cross section has radius r 2y). The

4 . 3

2 (4 4

x and area x x).

volume is 32.

A(x)

r2

(2

x)2

The volume is
4

(4
0

x) dx

4x

8 3/2 x 3

1 2 x 2

4 0

8 . 3

(d) Use washer cross sections: a washer has inner radius

[ 1.7, 3] by [ 1, 2.1]

r Use cylindrical shells: a shell has radius x and height x. The

1

y 2, outer radius R (R 2 y4). r 2) [16

4, and area (4 y 2)2]

volume is
0

2 (x)(x) dx

1 3 x 3

1 0

2 . 3

A(y) (8y 2

33. The volume is

2 0

(8y 2

y 4) dy

8 3 y 3

1 5 y 5

2 0

224 15

[ 2, 4] by [ 1, 5]

36.

Use cylindrical shells: A shell has radius x and height x 2.

2

The volume is
0

2 (x)(x 2) dx

1 4 x 4

8 .
0

[ 1, 3] by [ 1, 3]

34.

The slanted and vertical lines intersect at (1, 2) (a) The solid is a right circular cone of radius 1 and height 2. The volume is
[ 0.5, 1.5] by [ 0.5, 1.5]

1 Bh 3

1 ( r 2)h 3

1 ( 12)2 3

2 . 3

The curves intersect at x

0 and x

1. Use cylindrical x
1 3 x 3
1 0

(b) Use cylindrical shells: a shell has radius 2 height 2x. The volume is
1 1

x and

shells: a shell has radius x and height

1

x. The volume
2 . 15

is
0

2 (x)(

x) dx

2 5/2 x 5

2 (2
0

x)(2x) dx

4
0

(2x x2

x 2) dx
1 3 x 3
1 0

8 . 3

Section 7.3
37. 40.

305

[ 2, 2] by [ 1, 2]

[ 2, 2] by [ 1, 3]

The curves intersect at ( 1, 1). (a) A cross section has radius r A(x) r2 (1 x 2)2 1 (1 x and area 2x 2 x 4). 41.
1

x2
2

2 x

x at x

1. A shell has radius x and height

1 0

2
1 0

x 2. The volume is x x 2) dx 2 x2
1 3 x 3 1 4 x 4 5 . 6

2 (x)(2
16 . 15

The volume is
1

(1
1

2x 2

x 4) dx

2 3 x 3

1 5 x 5

(b) Use cylindrical shells: a shell has radius 2 height 2 y. The volume is
1 1

y and
[ 1, 5] by [ 1, 3]

2 (2
0

y)(2 y) dy

4
0

(2
4 3/2 y 3

y 3/2) dy
2 5/2 y 5
1 0

A shell has radius x and height

56 . 15
4

x. The volume is
128 . 5

2 (x)(
0

x) dx

2 5/2 x 5

4 0

42. (c) Use cylindrical shells: a shell has radius y height 2 y. The volume is
1 1

1 and

2 (y
0

1)(2 y) dy

4
0

( y3/2

y) dy
2 3/2 y 3
1 0

[ 2, 2] by [ 2, 2]

4 38. (a) A cross section has radius r A(x)

b 0

2 5/2 y 5

64 . 15

The functions intersect where 2x A shell has radius x and height x

1 0

x, i.e., at x

1.

h 1

x and area b

r2
2

h2 1
x 2 dx b

h 1

x 2 . The volume is b b b x 3 h2 1 bh 2. 3 3 b 0

(2x x

1) 2x

2x 2

1. The volume is
1

2 (x)(

1) dx

(x 3/2

2x 2
2 3 x 3

x) dx
1 2 x 2
1 0

2
7 . 15

2 5/2 x 5

(b) Use cylindrical shells: a shell has radius x and height h 1

x . The volume is b b x 2 (x)h 1 dx 2 h b 0

43. A shell has height 12(y 2

b

y 3).

x
0

2 h x2 39.

1 2

x2 dx b b x3 b 2h. 3 3b 0

(a) A shell has radius y. The volume is

1 0

2 (y)12(y 2

y 3) dy

24
0

( y3

y 4) dy
1 5 y 5
1 0

24 (b) A shell has radius 1

1

1 4 y 4

6 . 5

y. The volume is y 3) dy y 2) dy
1 3 y 3
1 0

2 (1
0 1

y)12(y 2 ( y4 2y 3
1 4 y 2
0

24
[ 2, 3] by [ 2, 3]

24 A shell has radius x and height x

2

x 2

3 x. 2

1 5 y 5

4 . 5

The volume is
0

2 (x) x dx

3 2

x3

8 .
0

306

Section 7.3
45.
8 5

43. continued (c) A shell has radius

1

y. The volume is y 3) dy
[ 1, 3] by [ 1.4, 9.1]

2
0

8 5
1 0

y 12( y 2 y4

24 24

1 5 y 5

13 3 8 2 y y dy 5 5 1 13 4 8 3 y y 2 . 20 15 0 2 . The volume is 5

The functions intersect at (2, 8). (a) Use washer cross sections: a washer has inner radius r A(x)
2 0

(d) A shell has radius y

1

x 3, outer radius R (R
2

4x, and area (16x 2

16 3 x 3

2
0

y
1

24
0

24

2 12( y 2 y 3) dy 5 2 2 3 3 y4 y y dx 5 5 1 1 5 3 4 2 3 y y y 2 . 5 20 15 0 y4 4

r ) x 6) dx

x 6). The volume is

1 7 x 7
2 0

(16x 2

512 . 21

(b) Use cylindrical shells: a shell has a radius 8 height y 1/3

y . The volume is 4 8 y 2 (8 y) y 1/3 dy 4 0 8 y2 2 8y 1/3 2y y 4/3 dy 4 0 8 3 7/3 832 1 3 2 6y 4/3 y 2 y y . 7 21 12 0

y and

y2 44. A shell has height 2 y2 y4 y2 . 2 4

(a) A shell has radius y. The volume is

2 0

2 (y) y 2

y4 dy 4

1 4 y 4

1 6 y 24

2 0

8 . 3

46.

(b) A shell has radius 2

2

y. The volume is
4

2 (2
0 2

y) y 2
y5 4

y 4

dy
[ 0.5, 1.5] by [ 0.5, 1.5]

2
0

1 6 y 24

y4 y 3 2y 2 dy 2 1 4 2 3 1 5 y y y 4 3 10

The functions intersect at (0, 0) and (1, 1).

2 0

8 . 5

(a) Use cylindrical shells: a shell has radius x and height 2x x2 x x x 2) dx x 2. The volume is 2
1 3 x 3 1 4 x 4
1 0

(c) A shell has radius 5

2

y. The volume is

2 (5
0 2

y) y 2
y5 4 5y 4 4 1 5 y 4

y4 dy 4

2 (x)(x
0

. x and

2
0

y3
1 4 y 4

5y 2 dy
5 3 y 3
2

(b) Use cylindrical shells: a shell has radius 1 height 2x 8 .

1

1 6 y 24

x . The volume is
1

0
0

2 (1

x)(x

x 2) dx

2
0

(x 3

2x 2
2 3 x 3

x) dx
1 2 x 2
1 0

(d) A shell has radius y

2

5 . The volume is 8 y 4
4

2
6

1 4 x 4

2
0

y
2

5 8 y5 4 1 6 y 24

y2
5y 4 32

dy y3
1 4 y 4 5y 2 dy 8 5 3 y 24
2

2
0

1 5 y 32

4 .
0

Section 7.3
47. (a) Solve
d dc
[ 0.5, 2.5] by [ 0.5, 2.5]
2 2
2

307

4 c 2
2

0 0 2 c 0
2

c c

The intersection points are

1 1 , 1 , , 2 , and (1, 1). 4 4 1 1 , outer radius R , 4 y2 1 . The volume is 16 2 11 1 y . 48 16 1 1 x

(a) A washer has inner radius r and area (R

2 1

This value of c gives a minimum for V because

a 2V dc 2

r )

1 y4

1 dy 16

1 y4 1 3y 3

0.
2 2 2

Then the volume is

(b) A shell has radius x and height

1

1. The volume is
1 2 x 2
1 1/4

(b) Since the derivative with respect to c is not zero anywhere else besides c at c 0 or c
2

2 (x)
1/4

1 x

1 dx , x f (x) 0 1 x

2 3/2 x 3

11 . 48

, the maximum must occur

2

1. The volume for c

(3 2 8)

0 is

48. (a) For 0 For x x f (x)

x(sin x) x

4.935,

sin x. sin x. So (c)

and for c

1 it is

2.238. c

0, x f (x) sin x for 0

sin 0 .

maximizes the volume.

(b) Use cylindrical shells: a shell has radius x and height y. The volume is
0

2 xy dx, which from part (a) is 2 cos x

0

2 sin x dx
0

4 .
x 12

[0, 2] by [0, 6]

49. (a) A cross section has radius r A(x)

6 0

36

x 2 and area

The volume gets large without limit. This makes sense, since the curve is sweeping out space in an ever-increasing radius. 51. (a) Using d
C

r2 (36x 2

144

(36x 2

x 4). The volume is

144

, and A

144

x 4) dx

12x 3

1 5 x 5

6 0

36 cm3. 5

d 2 2

C2 yields the 4

following areas (in square inches, rounded to the nearest tenth): 2.3, 1.6, 1.5, 2.1, 3.2, 4.8, 7.0, 9.3, 10.7, 10.7, 9.3, 6.4, 3.2.

(b)

36 cm3 (8.5 g/cm3) 5

192.3 g

50. A cross section has radius r A(x) r2 (c sin x)2

sin x and area (b) If C(y) is the circumference as a function of y, then the (c 2 2c sin x sin2 x). area of a cross section is
C(y)/ 2
2

The volume is A(y) (c2

0

2c sin x 2c cos x 2c 4 c
1 2
2

sin2 x) dx
1 x 2 1 sin 2x 4

C 2( y) , 4 1 4
6 6 0

and the volume is

0

C 2(y) dy.

c2x c c
2

2c .

(c)

1 4

A( y) dy
0

2 2

1 C 2(y) dy 4 0 1 6 0 [5.42 24 4

2(4.52 10.82

4.42 11.62

5.12 11.62

6.32 10.82

7.82

9.42

9.02)

6.32]

34.7 in.3

308

Section 7.3
2y and area
5

52. (a) A cross section has radius r r2 (b) V(h)

dV dt dh so dt

55. Solve ax
5

x2

0: This is true at x

0 and x

a. For

2 y. The volume is
0

2 y dy A(h).
dh , dt

y2

25 .
0

revolution about the x-axis, a cross section has radius r A(x) ax x 2 and area r2 (ax x 2)2 (a 2x 2 2ax 3 x 4).

dV A(h) dh, so dh dV dh A(h) dh dt dV 1 A(h) dt 1 8 units3 3 3 = sec 8

y

The volume is
a

For h
dh so dt

4, the area is 2 (4)

8 ,
units3 . sec

(a 2x 2

2ax 3

x 4) dx

1 2 3 a x 3 1 a 5. 30

1 4 ax 2

1 5 x 5

a 0

53. (a)

For revolution about the y-axis, a cylindrical shell has

2 r x

radius x and height ax

a

x 2. The volume is 2
1 3 ax 3 1 4 x 4
a 0

2 (x)(ax
0

x 2) dx

1 4 a . 6

Setting the two volumes equal,

1 a5 30 1 4 1 a yields a 6 30 1 , so a 6

The remaining solid is that swept out by the shaded region in revolution. Use cylindrical shells: a shell has radius x and height 2 .r .
r2 22

5.

r2

x 2. The volume is

56. The slant height s of a tiny horizontal slice can be

written as s x2 y2 1 ( g ( y))2 y. So the

2 (x)(2 r 2
2 2 (r 3 4 ( 8) 3
r

x 2) dx

surface area is approximated by the Riemann sum

x )

2 3/2
r2 4

2 k 1

g( yk) 1

(g ( y))2 y. The limit of that is the

integral.
dx dy 1

32 . 3

57. g ( y)
2

, and
2
2

(b) The answer is independent of r. 54. Partition the appropriate interval in the axis of revolution and measure the radius r(x) of the shadow region at these points. Then use an approximation such as the trapezoidal
b

2
0

y 1

2 y 1 2 y

dy
0

4y (4y

1 dy 1)3/2
2 0

6 13 3

13.614

rule to estimate the integral

a

r 2(x) dx. 58. g ( y)

1

dx dy y3 3

y 2, and ( y 2)2 dy
2 3 1 (1 6

2
0

y 4)3/2

1 0

(2

1)

0.638.

59. g ( y)
3

dx dy

1 1/2 y , and 2 1 3/2 3 1 3/2 3

2
1

y1/2
3

1 1

1 1/2 2 y dy 2 1 dy. 4y

2
1

y1/2

Using NINT, this evaluates to

16.110

Section 7.3
66. Use washer cross sections: a washer has inner radius 60. g ( y)
1

309

dx dy

1 2y 1

, and
1 2y 1
2

r dy

a2 r 2) a2 a2

y 2, outer radius R

a2

y 2, and

2
5/8 1

2y

1 1 2y dy

area (R2 [(b 4 b

a a

y 2)2

(b

a2

y 2)2]

2
5/8

y 2. The volume is y 2 dy
a

2
4 3

2
2

2 3/2 y 3

1 5/8

4 b a2

4 b
a

a2
a2 2

y 2 dy

1
dy dx

5 16

5 2

4 b 2.997. 2
2 2

ab a). The area of a

2

61. f (x)
2 0

2x, and (2x)2 dx 53.226.

2 0

67. (a) Put the bottom of the bowl at (0, 1 4x2 dx evaluates, horizontal cross section is ( a The volume for height h is
h a a

2 x2

2 x2

y 2)2
h a a

(a2

y 2).

using NINT, to
dy dx

(a2 4, y 12)
1 dV A dt

y 2) dy

a2y

1 3 y 3

h2(3a 3

h)

62. f (x)
3

3 x )
2

2x, and (b) For h 1 (3 2x) dx evaluates, using NINT,

2

1 and the area of a cross section is 24 . The rate of rise is

1 (0.2) 24 1 120

2 (3x
0

(52
dh dt

to 63. f (x)
1.5

44.877.
dy dx 1 2x x x2

m/sec. a2 (a2 x 2 and area x 2). The

, and
1 2x x x2
2
1.5

68. (a) A cross section has radius r dx 2

0.5

2
0.5

2x

x2 1

1 dx
1.5

A(x)

r2

a2

x 2)2

volume is
a a

2 2
dy dx 1 2 x 1 1 2
5

x
0.5

6.283

(a2

x 2) dx

a2x

1 3 x 3 1 3 a 3

a a

64. f (x)
5

, and
2

a3

a3

1 3 a 3

2
1

1 1
5 dx 4 5 3/2 4
5

dx
1

4 3 a. 3

2
1

x
2 x 3 25 3/2 4

(b) A cross section has radius x A(y)

1

r 1 r2 1

y and area h 2y h y2 . The h2

2
4 3

x2

r2 1

y 2 h

9 3/2 4

49 3

51.313
2

volume is
h

65. Hemisphere cross sectional area: ( R

h)

2 2

A1.

r2 1

2y h

y2 dy h2

r2 y
1 2 r h. 3

y2 h

y3 3h2

h 0

Right circular cylinder with cone removed cross sectional area: R2 Since A1 h2 A2

A2, the two volumes are equal by Cavalieris

theorem. Thus, volume of hemisphere volume of cylinder R3

1 3 R 3

volume of cone

2 3 R. 3

310

Section 7.4

s Section 7.4 Lengths of Curves

(pp. 395401) Quick Review 7.4
1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 1 2x x or x x x2 1.
x2 4

3. (a) x (b)

cos y, so Length
0

cos2 y dy.

(1

x)2, which, since x

x 2 , which, since x 2

1, equals
[ 1, 2] by [ 1, 4]

2, equals 4. (a) x x
2 4)2 x2

2 x x or . 2 2

(c) Length , Length (b)

3.820 y(1 y 2)
1/2 1/2

1/2

1 (tan x)2 equals sec x. 1 since x

x 4 1 2 x

(sec x)2, which, since 0

, so
y2 1 y2

dy.

4.

1 2 x2 4x 4

1 2 x 16

1 x2

1 4

(x 2

which,

0, equals cos 2x 2 cos x.

. x ,
[ 1, 2] by [ 1, 1]

5.

1 equals

2 cos2 x, which, since

(c) Length 4. 0. f (x) has a cusp 5. (a) y 2 y y

2

1.047 2x 1 2
7 1

6. f (x) has a corner at x

d 7. (5x 2/3) dx 10 3
3

2y 2y 2x

1, so (y 1)2 2x 2, and
1 2x 2 2

is undefined at x
x

there. 8.
d ( dx
5

1. Then y 1
1 2x

, and

x 3)

1 is undefined for x 5(x 3)4/5

3. (b) 2. k ,

Length

dx.

f (x) has a vertical tangent there. 9. 10. x2

d 1 dx

4x
3

4 sin x

2 has a corner at x

cos x is undefined for x 3(sin x)2/3

where k is any integer. f (x) has vertical tangents at these values of x. 6. (a) y

[ 1, 7] by [ 2, 4]

(c) Length cos x

9.294 x sin x 1
0

cos x

x sin x, so

Section 7.4 Exercises

1. (a) y 2x, so
2

Length
2

x 2 sin2 x dx.

(b) 1 4x 2 dx.

Length
1

(2x)2 dx

(b)
[0, ] by [ 1, 4]

(c) Length
[ 1, 2] by [ 1, 5]

4.698
0

/6

7. (a) y (b) y
0

tan x, so Length tan x dx ln ( sec x )

tan2 x dx.

(c) Length 2. (a) y (b)

2

6.126

sec x, so Length
/3

sec x dx.

0,
3

by [ 0.1, 0.2]

, 0 by [ 3, 1]

(c) Length

0.549

(c) Length

2.057

Section 7.4
/4

311

8. (a) x

sec2 y

1, so Length

sec y dy.
/3

10. y (b)

(e x 2

e x)

, so Length
3

ex 2

x 2

dx.

(b) x so x

sec2 y

tan y ,
3

ln (cos y) ln (cos y) 0

y y
4

0
[ 3, 3] by [ 2, 12]

(c) Length 11. y

3 0

20.036 2)1/2(2x) x x2
3 0

1 2 (x 2

2, so the length is x4 12. 2x 2 1 dx

1
3 0

(x x 2 1) dx

2)2 dx
1 3 x 3

[ 2.4, 2.4] by

(x 2
3 2

x
0

(c) Length 9. (a) y

2.198 12. y
4

x, so the length is
3 2
2
4

sec x tan x, so
/3

Length
/3

sec x tan x dx.

1
0

dx
0

1
8 1 27 80 10 27

(b)

9x dx 4 9x 3/2 4 8

4 0

13. x
3

y2
3 1

by [ 1, 3]

(c) Length

3.139 14. x
2

1 , so the length is 4y 2 1 2 1 3 y2 dy y 3 4 y2 1 , so the length is 4y 3

1
1

y2
53 . 6

1 2 dy 4 y2

1 4y

3 1

y3 1

y3

1 2 dy 4 y3

2 1

y3
1 8y 2

1 2 dy 4 y3
2 1

1 4 y 4 123 . 32

15. x
2

y2 2

1 , so the length is 2y 2 y2 2 1 2 dy 2 y2
2 1

1
1

y2 2 1 2y

1 2 dy 2y 2
2 1

1 3 y 6

17 . 12 1 4(x 1)2

16. y

x2

2x

4 (4x 4)2

(x

1)2

so the length is
2

1
0 2

(x (x

1)2 1)2

1 4(x 1 4(x 1 1)2

2

1)2
2

dx dx
53 . 6

1 (x 3

1)3

4(x

1)

312
17. x

Section 7.4
sec4 y
/4

1, so the length is
/4

24. The area is 300 times the length of the arch. sec2 y dy
/4

1
/4

(sec4 y

1) dy

y
25

/4

sin

tan y
/4

2. to

1
25

x , so the length is 50 2 x sin2 dx, which evaluates, using NINT, 2 50

73.185. Multiply that by 300, then by $1.75 to obtain

18. y
1

3x 4 1
2

1, so the length is
1

the cost (rounded to the nearest dollar): $38,422. 3x 2 dx

1 3
1 2

(3x 4

1) dx
2

3 x3 19. (a) y So y

7 3 . 3

25. For track 1: y1 y1

10 10 5 5

0 at x

10

22.3607, and

dy 2 dy 1 1 corresponds to here, so take as . Then dx dx 4x 2 x

0.2x 100 0.2x 2

. NINT fails to evaluate

C, and, since (1, 1) lies on the curve, C x.

0.

(y1 )2 dx because of the undefined slope at

the limits, so use the tracks symmetry, and back away from the upper limit a little, and find
22.36

(b) Only one. We know the derivative of the function and the value of the function at one value of x. 20. (a)
dx 2 dx 1 1 corresponds to 4 here, so take as 2 . dy dy y y 1 Then x C and, since (0, 1) lies on the curve, y 1 C 1. So y . 1 x

2
0

(y1 )2 dx

52.548. Then, pretending the last

little stretch at each end is a straight line, add 2 100 track 1 as 0.2(22.36)2 0.156 to get the total length of

(b) Only one. We know the derivative of the function and the value of the function at one value of x. 21. y
/4 0

52.704. Using a similar strategy, find the 32.274. Now

length of the right half of track 2 to be enter Y1 52.704 and 1

150 0.2t

cos 2x, so the length is

/4

cos 2x dx
0

2 cos x dx
/4

2
2

Y2

32.274 + NINT

, t, x, 0 and

2 sin x
0

1.

0.2t

graph in a [ 30, 0] by [0, 60] window to see the effect of the x-coordinate of the lane-2 starting position on the length

22. y
1

(1 1
2/4 1

x 2/3)1/2x (1 x
2/3

1/3

, so the length is
2/3

of lane 2. (Be patient!) Solve graphically to find the intersection at x 19.909, which leads to starting point

8 8
24 1

x 2/3)x dx

dx

coordinates ( 19.909, 8.410).

1 2/3 x 3 2 1/3 x , but NINT fails on 3

26. f (x) x
2/4

8
3 2 3 2

1/3

dx

1
1 2/4
0

(f (x))2 dx because of the undefined slope at

8 x 2/3 8

x 6.
3 sin x for 0 20

0. So, instead solve for x in terms of y using the x1/3 y 0, and

3 1 2 2

quadratic formula. (x1/3)2 x1/3

1 2 1 ( 1 8 3 ( 1 8
2/3 2

4y

. Using the positive values,

23. Find the length of the curve y y

20 0

20. x x
2 0

4y 4y 1

1)3. Then, 1)2

1 2 4y

3 3 cos x, so the length is 20 20 2 3 3 1 cos x dx, which evaluates, using NINT, 20 20

, and

1/3

(x )2 dy

3.6142.

to

21.07 inches.

Section 7.5
(4x 2
1

313

27. f (x)

1) (8x 2 (4x 2 1)2

8x)

4x 2 8x 1 , so the (4x 1)2

31. Because the limit of the sum xk as the norm of the partition goes to zero will always be the length (b the interval (a, b). 32. No; the curve can be indefinitely long. Consider, for a) of

length is
1/2

4x 2 8x 1 2 dx which evaluates, (4x 2 1)2

using NINT, to

2.1089. 0: example, the curve sin

1 3 1 + 0.5 for 0 x

28. There is a corner at x

1.

33. (a) The fin is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with leg lengths xk and
[ 2, 2] by [ 1, 5]

df dx x xk

xk
1

f (xk 1) xk.

Break the function into two smooth segments: y x3 x3 3x 3x 2

2

(b) lim
n

k 1
n b

( xk)2 xk 1

( f (xk 1) xk)2 ( f (xk 1))2

5x 5x 5 5
1

2 0 2 0 1
2

x x x x

0 and 1 0 . 1

lim
n

k 1
1

( f (x))2 dx x c, where c is a

34. Yes. Any curve of the form y constant, has constant slope
a

The length is
0

(y )2 dy
1

1, so that a 2.

1
2

(3x 2

5)2 dx

1
0

(3x 2

5)2 dx, 13.132.

1
0

(y )2 dx

2 dx
0

which evaluates, using NINT for each part, to 29. y (1 x)2, 0 x 1

s Section 7.5 Applications from Science and Statistics

(pp. 401411) Quick Review 7.5
1

[ 0.5, 2.5] by [ 0.5, 1.5]

1. (a)
0

dx

1
0

1 e

x x

, but NINT may fail using y over the entire 0. So, split the curve x
1

(b)
1

0.632 e x dx 1.718
/2

interval because y is undefined at x into two equal segments by solving y x: x

1 . The total length is 2 4
1/4

2. (a)
0

ex

e
0

y 1
x

1 with
1 2 x

(b) 3. (a)

/2

dx,

sin x dx
/4

cos x
/4

2 2

which evaluates, using NINT, to 30.

1.623.

(b)
3

0.707 (x 2 2) dx
1 3 x 3
3

4. (a)
0

2x
0

15

(b) 15
2

5. (a)
1

x2 x
3

dx

[0, 16] by [0, 2]

1 3/4 x , but NINT may fail using y over the entire 4

1 ln (x 3 1) 3 1 [ln 9 ln 2] 3 1 9 ln 3 2

2 1

interval, because y is undefined at x x

2 0

0. So, use 6.

(b)
7

0.501 2) sin x dx x 2)(2 x) dx

y ,0 1

2: x

4y and the length is

2 (x
0 7

(4y 3)2 dy, which evaluates, 16.647. 7.

using NINT, to

(1
0

314
7

Section 7.5

8.
0 7

cos2 x dx
y 2 (10 2 3 4

10. (a) F y) dy s
1/8

ks, so 150
1 ,F 8

k
1 8

1 and k 16

2400 lb/in. Then for

9.
0 7

2400

300 lb.
1/8

10.
0

sin2 x dx

(b)
0

2400x dx

1200x 2

18.75 in.-lb
0

Section 7.5 Exercises

5

1.
0 3

xe

x/3

dx
x dx 4

3e

x/3

(3 sin

x)
0

24 e 5/3

11. When the end of the rope is x m from its starting point, the 9
x 4
3 0

4.4670 J (50 F(x)

50

x) m of rope still to go weigh (0.624)(50 x) N. The total work is 0.624 50x

(p , V ) 2 2 (p , V ) 1 1

2.
0

x sin

4 4

x 4 3 2

x cos

4 2 2

(0.624)(50
0

x) dx
(p , V ) 2 2

1 2 x 2

50

780 J.
0
(p , V ) 2 2 (p , V ) 1 1

3.8473 J
3

12. (a) Work x 2)3/2

3

F(x) dx

pA dx

p dV

3.
0

x 9
10

x 2 dx

1 (9 3

9J
0 10

(p , V ) 1 1

(b) p1V11.4 Work 19.5804 J

(50)(243)1.4
(p , V ) 2 2 109,350 V1.4 (p , V ) 1 1

109,350, so p dV
0.4 V
V 32 243

4.
0

(esin x cos x

2) dx

esin x esin 10

109,350 and V1.4

2x
0

19

109,350 5. When the bucket is x m off the ground, the water weighs F(x) Then
20

2.5V

20 x 490 20

490 1

x 20

490

24.5x N.
20

37,968.75 in.-lb 13. (a) From the equation x 2 y2 32, it follows that a thin y 2 y, where y is

W
0

(490

24.5x) dx

490x

12.25x 2

4900 J.
0

horizontal rectangle has area 2 9

6. When the bucket is x m off the ground, the water weighs F(x) Then
20

distance from the top, and pressure 62.4y. The total force is approximately (62.4yk)(2 9
k 1 3 n

490

20

4x/5 20

490 1

x 25

490
20

19.6x N.

W
0

(490

19.6x) dx

490x

9.8x

5880 J.
0

124.8yk
9

k 1

yk2) y

yk2 y. 41.6(9 y 2)3/2

3 0

7. When the bag is x ft off the ground, the sand weighs F(x) Then
18

(b)
0

124.8y

y 2 dy

144

18 18

x/2

144 1

x 36

144
18

4x lb.

1123.2 lb 14. (a) From the equation

x2 32 y2 82

1, it follows that a thin

y2 y, where y is 64

W
0

(144

4x) dx k(14
2

144x

2x

1944 ft-lb
0

horizontal rectangle has area 6 1

8. (a) F (b) F(x) (c) F 9. (a) F (b) F(x)

ks, so 800 200x, and

10) and k 100x 2

200 lb/in.
2

distance from the top, and pressure 62.4y. The total force is approximately
n

200x dx
0

400 in.-lb.
0

200s, so s ks, so 21,714 7238x. W

1600 200

8 in. 5) and k 7238 lb/in. 3619x 2

1

(62.4yk) 6 k 1
8

yk2 64

374.4yk k 1
7987.2 1

1
8 0

yk2 64

y.

k(8
1/2

(b)
0

374.4y 1

y2 dy 64

y 2 3/2 64

1/2 0

7987.2 lb

7238x dx
0

904.75 3619x 2
1

905 in.-lb, and W 2714.25

1/2

7238x dx
1/2

2714 in.-lb.

Section 7.5

315

15. (a) From the equation x

3 y, it follows that a thin 8 3 horizontal rectangle has area y y, where y is the 4

18. The work needed to raise a thin disk is (10)2(51.2)y y, where y is height up from the bottom. The total work is
30

distance from the top of the triangle, the pressure is 62.4(y

n

100 (51.2)y dy
0

5120

1 2 y 2

30

7,238,229 ft-lb
0

3). The total force is approximately

3 3) yk 4

k 1 8

62.4(yk
3

k 1

46.8(yk

19. Work to pump through the valve is (2)2(62.4)(y

2
8 3

15) y

3yk) y.

for a thin disk and

6

(b)

46.8(y 22 3494.4

3y) dy ( 210.6)

15.6y 3 3705 lb

70.2y 2

4 (62.4)(y
0

15) dy

249.6

1 2 y 2

15y
0

84,687.3 ft-lb for the whole tank. Work to pump over the rim is y). (2)2(62.4)(6
6 0

16. (a) From the equation y

x2 , it follows that a thin 2

horizontal rectangle has area 2 2y y, where y is distance from the bottom, and pressure 62.4(4 The total force is approximately

15) y for a thin disk and 4 (62.4)(21)(6) 98,801.8 ft-lb for

4 (62.4)(21) dy

62.4(4 k 1
n 4

yk)(2 2yk) y 2(4 y yk

3/2

the whole tank. Through a hose attached to a valve in the yk3/2) y. bottom is faster, because it takes more time for a pump with a given power output to do more work.

124.8 k 1
(b)
0

124.8 124.8

2(4
8 3

y ) dy
2 5/2 y 5
4 0

2 y3/2 2

20. The work is the same as if the straw were initially an inch long and just touched the surface, and lengthened as the 62.4(10 12)( y)y.
20 0

1064.96

1506.1 lb

17. (a) Work to raise a thin slice

20

liquid level dropped. For a thin disk, the volume is

17.5 2 14 y 17.5 2 14 y 17.5 14 y

Total work
0

62.4(120)y dy

62.4 60y 2

y and the work to raise it is

4 (8 y) y. The total work is 9 2 4 (8 y) dy, which using NINT evaluates 9

1,497,600 ft-lb (b) (1,497,600 ft-lb) 100 min (250 ft-lb/sec)

10

5990.4 sec

7 0

to

91.3244 in.-oz.

(c) Work to empty half the tank 62.4 60y 2 374,400

10 0
0

62.4(120)y dy 21. The work is that already calculated (to pump the oil to the rim) plus the work needed to raise the entire amount 3 ft higher. The latter comes to

374,400 ft-lb, and 1497.6 sec 25 min

250

(d) The weight per ft3 of water is a simple multiplicative factor in the answers. So divide by 62.4 and multiply by the appropriate weight-density For 62.26: 1,497,600
62.26 1,494,240 ft-lb and 62.4 62.26 5990.4 5976.96 sec 100 min. 62.4

1 2 r h (57)(3) 3

57 (4)2(8) 30,561.41

22,921.06 ft-lb, and the 53,482.5 ft-lb.

total is 22,921.06

22. The weight density is a simple multiplicative factor: Divide by 57 and multiply by 64.5. 30,561.41
64.5 57

34,582.65 ft-lb.

For 62.5: 1,497,600

62.5 1,500,000 ft-lb and 62.4 62.5 5990.4 6000 sec 100 min. 62.4

316

Section 7.5
(d) 0 if we assume a continuous distribution. Between 2 y) y 59.5 in. and 60.5 in., the proportion is
60.5

23. The work to raise a thin disk is r 2(56)h 56 (12

10

( 102 y)(100 y)(100

y 2)2(56)(10

y 2) y. The total work is y 2) dy, which evaluates using NINT

f (x) dx
59.5

0.071 (7.1%) e
(x 498)2/(2 1002)

56 (12
0

28. Use f (x) 967,611 ft-lb. This will come to

500

1 100 2

to

(967,611)($0.005) to hire the firm.

1 ft; 6

$4838, so yes, theres enough money

(a)
400

f (x) dx

0.34 (34%)

(b) Take 1000 as a conveniently high upper limit:

1000 700 360

24. Pipe radius

f (x) dx

0.217, which means about 6.5 people

Work to fill pipe

0 385

1 2 (62.4)y dy 6

0.217(300) 112,320 ft-lb.

Work to fill tank

360

(10)2(62.4)y dy

29. Integration is a good approximation to the area (which represents the probability), since the area is a kind of Riemann sum. 30. The proportion of lightbulbs that last between 100 and 800 hours.
35,780,000

58,110,000 ft-lb. Total work 58,222,320 58,222,320 ft-lb, which will take

31. 1650 110,855 sec 31 hr.

6,370,000

1000MG dr r2

1000 MG 6.6726

1 r

35,780,000

, which for
6,370,000

M 25. (a) The pressure at depth y is 62.4y, and the area of a thin
11 ft, so horizontal strip is 2 y. The depth of water is 6

5.975 5.1446

1024, G 1010 J.

10

11

evaluates to

the total force on an end is

11/6

32. (a) The distance goes from 2 m to 1 m. The work by an external force equals the work done by repulsion in moving the electrons from a 1-m distance to a 2-m

(62.4y)(2 dy)
0

209.73 lb.

(b) On the sides, which are twice as long as the ends, the initial total force is doubled to 419.47 lb. When the
11 ft, and the 3

distance:
2

tank is upended, the depth is doubled to

11/3

Work
1

23 r

10
2

29

dr
1 r
28
2 1

force on a side becomes

0

(62.4y)(2 dy)

838.93 lb,

23 1.15

10

29

which means that the fluid force doubles. 26. 3.75 in.
5 ft, and 7.75 in. 16 31 ft. 48

10

31/48

Force on a side

p dA
0

(64.5y)

5 dy 16

4.2 lb.

(b) Again, find the work done by the fixed electrons in pushing the third one away. The total work is the sum of the work by each fixed electron. The changes in distance are 4 m to 6 m and 2 m to 4 m, respectively.
6

27. (a) 0.5 (50%), since half of a normal distribution lies below the mean.
65

Work
4

23

10 r2

29

dr
1 r
29
6 4
2

23

(b) Use NINT to find

63

f (x) dx, where

(x 63.4) /(2 3.2 )
2 2

23

10

29

10 r2 4 1 r 2

29

dr

f (x)

1 3.2 2

. The result is

7.6667

10

J.

0.24 (24%). (c) 6 ft 72 in. Pick 82 in. as a conveniently high upper

82

limit and with NINT, find

72

f (x) dx. The result is

0.0036 (0.36%).

Chapter 7 Review
dv dt dv , so dx

317

33. F W

mv

s Chapter 7 Review Exercises

(pp. 413415)
5 5

x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 v 2 v 1

F(x) dx 1. mv
dv dx dx

v(t) dt
0 0

(t 2

0.2t 3) dt 0.05t 4
5

1 3 t 3
7 7

10.417 ft
0

mv dv 2.
1 mv 2 2 1 1 2 mv . 2

c(t) dt
0 0

(4 4t

0.001t 4) dt 0.0002t 5
100

1 mv 2 2 2

31.361 gal
0

34. Work

Change in kinetic energy

100

3.
0

B(x) dx
0

(21 21x

e0.03x) dx 33.333e0.03x
100

2 oz 1/8 lb 1 m slug, so 32 ft/sec2 32 ft/sec2 256 1 1 Work (160)2 50 ft-lb. 2 256

1464
0

35. 0.3125 lb

0.3125 lb 0.009765625 slug, and 32 ft/sec2 5280 ft 1 hr 90 mph 90 132 ft/sec, so 1 mi 3600 sec 1 Work change in kinetic energy (0.009765625)(132)2 2

4.
0 24

(x) dx
0

(11
24

4x) dx

11x
t 12 t 12

2x 2

14 g
0

5.
0

E(t) dt
0

300 2 300 2t
12

cos sin

dt
24

85.1 ft-lb. 36. 1.6 oz Work 37. 2 oz 1.6 oz

1 lb /(32 ft/sec2) 16 oz

14,400
0

6. 0.003125 slug, so

1 (0.003125)(280)2 2

122.5 ft-lb.
[ 1, 3] by [ 1, 2]

2 oz

124 mph so Work 38. 14.5 oz Work 39. 6.5 oz Work 40. 2 oz

1 lb 1 /(32 ft/sec2) slug, and 16 oz 256 5280 ft 1 hr 124 mph 181.867 ft/sec, 1 mi 3600 sec 1 1 (181.867)2 64.6 ft-lb. 2 256

The curves intersect at x

1 2

1. The area is
1 0

1 lb 14.5 oz /(32 ft/sec2) 16 oz 1 (0.02832)(88)2 2

0.02832 slug, so

x dx
0 1

1 dx x2

1 2 x 2 1 2

1 x 1 2

2 1

109.7 ft-lb. 0.01270 slug, so 7.

1.

6.5 oz

1 lb /(32 ft/sec2) 16 oz

1 (0.01270)(132)2 2

110.6 ft-lb.

1 1 lb slug. Compression energy of spring 8 256 1 2 1 1 2 ks (18) 0.5625 ft-lb, and final height is 2 2 4 0.5625 given by mgh 0.5625 ft-lb, so h 4.5 ft. (1/256)(32)

[ 4, 4] by [ 4, 4]

The curves intersect at x

1

2 and x
1

1. The area is x
1 2 x 2

[3
2

x2

(x

1)] dx

( x2
1 3 x 3 1 3 1 2

2) dx
1

2x
2

8 3

9 . 2

318
8.

Chapter 7 Review
x y 1 implies y (1 x)2 1 2 x x. 12.

[ 0.5, 2] by [ 0.5, 1]
1

3 2

by [ 3, 3]

The area is
0

(1

x) dx

x
1 . 6

4 3/2 x 3

1 2 x 2

1 0

The area is (2 sin x

0

sin 2x) dx

2 cos x

1 cos 2x 2

4.
0

13.

9. x

2y 2 implies y

x . 2

[ 5, 5] by [ 5, 5]

[ 1, 19] by [ 1, 4]

The curves intersect at x

2.1281 2.1281

2.1281. The area is

(4

cos x) dx, 8.9023.

The curves intersect at x

18

18. The area is

18 4 x 3/2

which using NINT evaluates to 14.

3
0 3

x dx 2

3x
2 3 y 3
3

3 2

18,

or 10. 4x x

2y 2 dy y2

18.
0

4 implies x 4.

1 2 y 4

1, and 4x

16 implies
[ 4, 4] by [ 4, 4]

1 y 4

The curves intersect at x

0.8256

0.8256. The area is

(3
0.8256

sec2 x) dx, 2.1043.

which using NINT evaluates to

[ 6, 6] by [ 6, 6]

15. Solve 1 The curves intersect at (3,

5 4 5 4

cos x

cos x for the x-values at the two 2

3

4) and (5.25, 5). The area is ends of the region: x , i.e., dy symmetry of the area:
7 /3

5 7 or . Use the 3 3

1 y 4

4
1 2 y 4

1 2 y 4 1 y 4 1 2 y 8 38 3

1 5 dy
5

2
2

[(1
7 /3

cos x)

(2 1) dx

cos x)] dx

2
2

(2 cos x x

1 3 y 12 425 24

5y
4

2 2 sin x 30.375. 16.

/3

7 /3 2

243 8

2
5 /3

3 [(2
5 /3

2 3

1.370. (1 cos x)] dx

11.

cos x)

(1
/3

2 cos x) dx
5 /3 /3

x
[ 0.1, 1] by [ 0.1, 1]
/4

2 sin x 3
4 3

2
1 2 x 2
2

7.653

/4

The area is
0

(x

sin x) dx

cos x
0

2 2

32

0.0155.

Chapter 7 Review
17. Solve x 3 x 0 and x
x x2 1

319

to find the intersection points at

(c) Use cylindrical shells. A shell has radius 4 height 2 x

4

x and

21/4. Then use the areas symmetry:

x. The total volume is x) dx 2x 3/2

4 5/2 x 5

2 (4 the area is
2 1/4 0 4

x)(2 x (8 x 4x 2x 2

2
0

x 2) dx
1 3 x 3
4 0

2
0

x x2 1 1 ln (x 2 2

(x3 1)

x) dx
1 4 x 4 1 2 x 2
21/4 0

16 3/2 x 3

64 . 5

(d) Use cylindrical shells. A shell has radius 4 height y

y2 . The total volume is 4 4 y2 2 (4 y) y dy 4 0 4 y3 2 4y 2y 2 dy 4 0 4 2 3 32 1 4 2 2y 2 y y . 3 3 16 0

y and

ln ( 2

1)

1.2956.

18. Use the intersect function on a graphing calculator to determine that the curves intersect at x The area is
1.8933 1.8933

1.8933.

31

x2

x2 3 dx, 10

which using NINT evaluates to

5.7312.

22. (a) Use disks. The volume is

2 0 k

19. Use the x- and y-axis symmetries of the area: 4

0

2y)2 dy y2 k , 1,
k 0

2 0

2y dy k2

y2

4 .
0

x sin x dx

4 sin x

x cos x
0

4 . (b)

2y dy

20. A cross section has radius r A(x)

1

3x 4 and area (c) Since V When k 2 .

2 dV

r
1

2 8

9 x . x
9
1 1

dt

V 21.

9 x dx

dk dt

dk dt 1 dV 2 k dt

2 k .
1 (2) 2 1 1

so the depth is increasing at the rate of second.

unit per

23. The football is a solid of revolution about the x-axis. A

[ 5, 5] by [ 5, 5]

cross section has radius r2 12 12

0

12 1

The graphs intersect at (0, 0) and (4, 4). 1 1 (a) Use cylindrical shells. A shell has radius y and height y
y . The total volume is 4 4 4 y2 y3 2 (y) y dy 2 y2 dy 4 4 0 0 4 1 3 1 4 2 y y 3 16 0 32 . 3
2
11/2

4x 2 and area 121

4x 2 . The volume is, given the symmetry, 121 11/2 4x 2 4x 2 dx 24 1 dx 121 121 0 11/2 2 1 2 24 x x3 3 11 0 11 11 24 2 6

88

276 in3.

24. The width of a cross section is 2 sin x, and the area is (b) Use cylindrical shells. A shell has radius x and height 2 x
4

x. The total volume is

4

2 (x)(2 x
0

x) dx

2
0

(2x

3/2

x ) dx
1 3 x 3
4 0

1 2 1 r sin2 x. The volume is 2 2 1 1 1 sin2 x dx x sin 2x 2 2 4 0 2

4 5/2 x 5

128 . 15

320
25.

Chapter 7 Review
29.

[ 1, 2] by [ 1, 2]

[ 1, 3] by [ 3, 3]

Use washer cross sections. A washer has inner radius r outer radius R The volume is
ln 3 0

1,

3x 2

6x equals zero when x

0 or 2. The maximum

e x/2, and area (R2

ln 3

r 2)

(e x

1).

is at x

0, the minimum at x = 2. The distance between

2

them along the curve is

0

(3x 2

6x)2 dx, which

(e x

1) dx

ex (3 (2

x
0

using NINT evaluates to 1)

4.5920 2

4.5920. The time taken is about

ln 3 ln 3).

2.296 sec.

26. Use cylindrical shells. Taking the hole to be vertical, a shell has radius x and height 2 piece cut out is
3 3

30. If (b) were true, then the curve y k sin x would have to get vanishingly short as k approached zero. Since in fact the curves length approaches 2 instead, (b) is false and (a) is true. 31. F (x)
5

22

x 2. The volume of the x4 1, so

5 2 5 2

2 (x)(2 22
0

x 2) dx

2
0

2x
2 (4 3

x 2 dx
3 0

1
2

(F (x))2 dx

x 4 dx

x2)3/2

x 2 dx
5

4 (1 8) 3 28 29.3215 ft3. 3

1 3 x 3

39.
2

32. (a) (100 N)(40 m) = 4000 J (b) When the end has traveled a distance y, the weight of the remaining portion is (40 y)(0.8)
40

27. The curve crosses the x-axis at x

3

3. y
3

2x, so the 4x 2 dx, which

length is
3

( 2x)2 dx

1
3

32

0.8y.

using NINT evaluates to 28.

19.4942.

The total work to lift the rope is

40

(32
0

0.8y) dy 640 4640 J

32y

0.4y 2

640 J.
0

(c) 4000

[ 2, 2] by [ 2, 2]

33. The weight of the water at elevation x (starting from x 0 and x 1. Use the graphs is (800)(8)
4750

0)

The curves intersect at x x- and y-axis symmetry:

d 3 (x dx
1

4750 x/2 4750

128 4750 95

1 x . The total work 2 1 2 x 4

4750 0

is
0

128 4750 95

1 x dx 2

128 4750x 95

x) 1

3x

1, and the total perimeter is 1)2 dx, which using NINT evaluates to 34. F ks, so k
0.3

22,800,000 ft-lb.
F 800 80 N/m. Then s 3 0.3 0.3 800 800 2 x dx x 12 J. 3 6 0

4
0

(3x 2

5.2454. Work

To stretch the additional meter,

1.3

Work
0.3

800 x dx 3

800 2 x 6

1.3

213.3 J.
0.3

35. The work is positive going uphill, since the force pushes in the direction of travel. The work is negative going downhill.

Chapter 7 Review
36. The radius of a horizontal cross section is y is distance below the rim. The area is (64 weight is 0.04 (64 the rim is 0.04 (64
8

321

82

y 2, where y 2), the

42. Use f (x)

1

1 2

x 2/2

(a) y 2) y, and the work to lift it over y )( y) y. The total work is

8 1

f (x) dx evaluates, using NINT, to 0.6827 (68.27%).

2

(b)
2 3

f (x) dx f (x) dx
3

0.9545 (95.45%) 0.9973 (99.73%) 0 and f (x) dx 1

0.04 y(64
2

y ) dy

0.04
2

(64y 32y 2

y ) dy
1 4 y 4
8 2

(c)

0.04 36

43. Because f (x) 44.

113.097 in.-lb.

37. The width of a thin horizontal strip is 2(2y) force against it is 80(2
2

4y, and the

[ 1, 3] by [ 1, 3]

y)4y y. The total force is

2

320y(2
0

y) dy

320 ( y
0

2y) dy y2
2

A shell has radius x and height 2x

1

320
1280 3

1 3 y 3

volume is
0
0

2 (x)

3 x dx 2

x3

1 0

x 2

3 x. The total 2

426.67 lb.
7 ft, and 10 in. 24 5 ft. 6

45.

38. 5.75 in.

23 ft, 3.5 in. 48 23 48 7 24 5 6

For the base,

[ 3, 3] by [ 3, 3]

Force

57

6.6385 lb.
2

For the front and back,

5/6

A shell has radius x and height . The total volume is

399 1 2 y 24 2
5/6

Force
0

7 57 y dy 24 23 y dy 48

5.7726 lb.
0 5/6

2 (x)
1/2

1 dx x

1 x

2 dx
1/2

2 x
1/2

3 .

For the sides,

5/6

46. 9.4835 lb.

0

Force
0

57

1311 1 2 y 48 2

39. A squares height is y y2 ( 6

( 6

x)2, and its area is

6

x)4. The volume is

(
0

x)4 dx,

3 2

by [ 2, 2]

which using NINT evaluates to exactly 14.4. 40. Choose 50 cm as a conveniently large upper limit.
50 20

A shell has radius x and height sin x. The total volume is 2 (x)(sin x) dx
0

sin x

x cos x
0

47.

1 3.4 2

(x 17.2)2/(2 3.42)

dx, evaluates,

using NINT to

0.2051 (20.5%).
[ 1, 4] by [ 4, 1]

41. Answers will vary. Find , then use the fact that 68% of the class is within of to find , and then choose a

The curves intersect at x x and height x volume is

3 1

1 and x 3x) x

3. A shell has radius

2

conveniently large number b and calculate

b 10

(x

4x

3. The total

1 2

(x

)2/(2

dx.

2 (x)( x 2

4x

3) dx

2
1

( x3
1 4 x 4

4x 2
4 3 x 3

3x) dx
3 2 x 2
3 1

2
16 . 3

322

Section 8.1
x cos x sin x . The graphs of y3 and y5 clearly show x2 y1
x0 y2

48. Use the intersect function on a graphing calculator to determine that the curves intersect at x has radius x and height 3
1 x
2

3. y5

1.8933. A shell . The volume, which

that lHpitals Rule does not say that lim

x0 y2

is equal to

10

lim

y1

is calculated using the right half of the area, is

1.8933 0

2 (x) 31

x2

x2 3 dx, which using NINT 10

evaluates to 49. (a) y

5 (x 4

9.7717. 2)(x 2) 5
5 2 x 4
[ 3, 3] by [ 2, 2]

Quick Review 8.1

(b) Revolve about the line x A shell has radius 4 volume is
2

4, using cylindrical shells.

5 2 x . The total 4

1. x 1 1 10 100 1000

x and height 5

0.1 x x

1.1000 1.1046 1.1051 1.1052 1.1052 1.1052

0.1 x approaches 1.1052. x

2 (4
2 2 2

x) 5
1 3 x 4

5 2 x dx 4

10 10
320 3

x
1 2 x 2

4 dx
2

10,000 1,000,000
2

1 4 x 16

1 3 x 3

4x

335.1032 in3.
1 x

As x , 1 1 ( f (x))2, 2. x 0.1 0.01 C, and the

3 . The 4 2 ln x 3 . 4

50. Since 1

dL dx 1 x 2

f (x) must equal

1 x2 2 f (x) x

x1/(ln x) 2.7183 2.7183 2.7183 2.7183

( f (x))2

( f (x))2, and
1 2 x 4 3 4 1 ln x 2 x2

f (x)

1 . Then f (x) 2x 1 2 x 4

0.001 0.0001

requirement to pass through (1, 1) means that C function is f (x) 51. y

2

1 ln x 2
/4

0.00001 2.7183 As x0 , x1/(ln x) approaches 2.7183. 3. x 1 1

1 x x

sec x, so the area is

0

2 (tan x) 3.84.

(sec x) dx,

which using NINT evaluates to

1 52. x and x y 2 1 2 1 y 1

0.5 0.78679 0.95490 0.99312 0.99908 0.99988

1 , so the area is y2 1 2 dy, y2

0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001 0.00001

which using NINT evaluates to

5.02.

Chapter 8 LHpitals Rule, Improper Integrals, and Partial Fractions

s Section 8.1 LHpitals Rule (pp. 417425)
Exploration 1 Exploring LHpitals Rule Graphically
1. lim
x0

0.000001 0.99999 As x0 , 1 4. x 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001 1

1 x approaches 1. x 1 x x

13.981 105.77 1007.9 10010

1 x goes to x

sin x x

lim
x0

cos x 1

1
y1
x0 y2 x0 y2

2. The two graphs suggest that lim

lim

y1

As x 1 , 1