Chapter 6

PLASTIC ANALYSIS

Bambang Prihartanto; Noorli Ismail Zalipah Jamellodin

6.1

INTRODUCTION Generally, the plastic analysis is an alternative method to analysis the material of steel because of the ductile behaviour. The characteristic stress-strain diagram for a steel material is shown in Figure 6.1. In structural analysis, the steel structure passes three distinct stages in the stress strain relationship as shown in Figure 6.1. When the applied stress is proportional to the strain, a material is said to obey Hookes Law. There is a linear relationship between the stress and strain; the steel is in the elastic behaviour. The material will return to its original undeformed shape if the load is removed. The slope is called the modulus of elasticity, E or Young's Modulus. In the second stage, as the stress increased further the plasticity spread inwards until an entire cross section of structure has yielded at point 1 as shown in Figure 6.1. The yielded section creates a plastic hinge and lost all resistance to rotation. At this stage, the steel attain its maximum possible moment capacity called the plastic moment, Mp. The development of the hinge caused a redistribution of the bending moments across the structure. The redistribution enables the structure to carry more loads after first hinge has formed. The second plastic hinge forms at the next most critical stage. On further increase in stress, the bending moments at the section of the two plastic hinges remain constant at their plastic moments and it keep increasing until the third plastic hinge forms. The process of the formation of successive plastic hinges continues until collapse of structure. The structure has now become a mechanism.

The purpose of plastic analysis is to determine the collapse load or ultimate load. Plastic analysis considers the behaviour of structure in plastic limit before the structure collapse.

Stress, (sigma) Yield stress, y

E =

Strain, (epsilon) elastic plastic Strain hardening

Figure 6.1: The stress strain relationship of steel

The advantages of plastic behaviour; a) b) Reduce the risk of failure due to the additional load or calculation error. Give the additional safety to structure.

The theory of plastic analysis based on; a) b) c) Stable structure. Steel in ductile behaviour. The main point in plastic action is the bending neglecting the influence of any shear force and axial load that may be present.

Two methods can be used to solve the plastic analysis problem; a) b) Graphical method Virtual work method

6.2. PLASTIC MOMENT, MP Consider the beam with the cross section (b x h) is subjected to bending, M due to the point load, P. P

Fc = Fc

h Ft

Lever arm = h/2

< y (a) (b) elastic Figure 6.2: Stress distribution diagram Where; (a) beam cross section, b x h (c) (d)

Ft = (e) plastic

(b) stress distribution for entire cross sectional area in the elastic stage. Bending stress, = where M y I

M.y I = bending moment = bottom or above distance to neutral axis = moment of inertia of cross section

(c) outer section achieved the yield stress (y). bending moment due to yield stress called as a yield moment, My.

y =

M y .y I

I 2I 3 bh 2 12 . y 2I y bh 2 My = = = y 6 h h = y .Z Z = elastic modulus of the section =

M y .h / 2

M y .h

I y

for rectangular section, Z =

bh 2 6 d 3 for circle cross section; Z = 32

(d) As the load increased further, yielding spreads inwards from the extreme fibers until the cross section become half plastic. (e) The entire section has become plastic. At this stage, the bending moment known as a plastic moment, Mp. Mp = load x lever arm = F x h/2 = (y .bh/2).(h/2) = y . bh2/4 = y .zp

where zp = plastic modulus of section for rectangular section, zp = bh2/4 The plastic hinge is created. P

6.3

SHAPE FACTOR, S AND LOAD FACTOR,

a) Shape Factor, S The ratio of the plastic moment to yield moment. S = Mp/My = Zp/Z This factor based on cross sectional area and always more than 1. bh 2 /4 o For rectangular section, S = 2 = 1.5 bh /6 o For circle section, d3 d3 Zp = ; Z= 3 32 d3 3 S = = 1.7 ; where d is the diameter d3 32 For thin-walled section normally takes a value between 1.1 and 1.2. For I section the value is 1.15. b) Load factor,
o The ratio of the collapse load to maximum applied load. o Load factor is based on the cross sectional shapes. Work load depends on the value of I and Z while collapse load depends on the cross sectional shapes. o Consider the rectangular section;

Resistance moment under work load, M; bh 2 M = b . 6 where, b = pemissible stress in bending = y / 1.5 bh 2 Plastic moment, Mp = y 4 Mp = M = 1 .5 x 1 .5 = 2.25

EXAMPLE 6.1

200 mm 50 mm

Given, y = 250 N/mm2 Permissible stress, b = 175 N/mm2 Determine : (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Elastic modulus,Z Yield moment, My Plastic moment, Mp Plastic modulus,Zp Shape factor, S Load factor,

400 mm

100 mm Solution: Determine the centroid of cross sectional area.

PART AREA (mm2) y (mm) x (mm) Ay (x106)(mm3) 4.25

1 2

50/2 + 400 = 425 400 x 100 = 40 400/2 = 200 000 = 50 000

200x50 = 10 000

0 0

8 = 12.25

y= =

Ay A 12.25x106 = 245mm 50000

200 mm 1 50 mm 205 mm Neutral axis (N.A) 2 400 mm 245 mm

Reference axis 100 mm Second moment of inertia, I;

PART

bh 3 12 6 (10 ) (mm4) 200x50 = 10 200(503 ) 000 12 = 25 400 x 100 = 40 100(4003 ) 000 12 =533.33 = 50 000 =558.33
Ix =

AREA (mm2)

d (mm)

Ad2 (106)(mm4)

205-50/2 = 180 245-400/2 = 45

324

81

=405

I xx = [Ix + Ad2]1 + [Ix + Ad2]2 = 963.33x106 mm4

1)

Elastic modulus, Z;

Z=
2)

I y max

963.33x106 = = 3.93x106 mm3 .. Ans 245

Yield moment, My;

M y = y .Z = 250(3.93x10 6 ) = 982 .5MNmm .Ans

3)

Plastic moment, Mp

Notes: Neutral axis ( = 0) in the elastic analysis pass through the area of centre. Neutral axis in the plastic analysis divide the cross sectional equal area. This is called as the equal area axis (E.A.A). For rectangular cross section; Neutral axis = Equal Area Axis 200 mm 50 mm 200 mm Equal area axis (E.A.A) 400 mm y1 = 250 mm Ft Fc x1 = 115 mm x2 = 125 mm

100 mm The equal area axis with the distance, y1 from bottom of section : 100(y1 ) = 200(50) + 100(400 - y1 ) y1 = 250 mm
Upper part; 200mm

50mm 150mm E.A.A 1st : Find the centroid of upper part;

PART AREA (mm2) y (mm) x (mm)

Fc x1 = ?

1 2

150 + 50/2 = 175 100x150 = 15 150/2 = 75 000 = 25 000

200x50 = 10 000

0 0

Ay (x10 )(mm3) 1.75

6

1.125 = 2.875

2 nd : Centroid Fc with the distance, x 1 from equal area axis :

y= Ay A 2.875 x106 = = 115mm change y to x1 25000

Lower part;

3rd : Centroid Ft with the distance, x 2 from equal area axis : x2 = y1 250 = = 125 mm 2 2

Mp = force x lever arm = Ft x Z = y .A x Z = 250(100x 250) x (125 + 115) = 1.5 x 109 Nmm
.. Ans

4) Plastic modulus, Zp;

ZP =

M P 1.5x109 = = 6x106 mm3 y 250

Ans

5) Shape factor,S;

S=

MP 1.5x109 = = 1.53 Ans M Y 982.5x106

6) Load factor,
= y b

x (S) =

250 (1.53) = 2.19 175

Ans

EXAMPLE 6.2

50 50 125
hole

Determine the plastic moment, Mp. Given : y = 250 N/mm2. All units in mm.

50 25 25 50

50 25

150

Solution; 50 50 125 y 50 25 25 50 Ft

FC x1 x2 E.A.A

B
hole

50 25

150

Total area = 50(300) + 50(150) + 200(200) 50(150) = 55,000 mm2 Equal area axis located at the distance, y from the bottom of cross sectional area. 200(y) 150(50) = 55000/2 200y = 27500 7500 y = 175 mm Lever arm length, Z = x1 + x2

10

Upper part;

50 25

150 1 2 3

25 50 50 mm 50 mm E.A.A 25 mm Fc x1 = ?

The centroid of upper part; (the reference axis is located at E.A.A)

PART AREA (mm2) y (mm) x (mm) Ay (x106)(mm3) 1.5

1 2 3

300x50 = 15 000 150x50 = 7 500 200x 25 = 5 000 = 27 500

75 + 50/2 = 100 25 + 50/2 = 50 25/2 = 12.5

0 0 0

0.375 0.0625 = 1.934

Centroid Fc with the distance, x 1 from equal area axis :

y= =

Ay A 1.934x106 = 70.33mm change y to x1 27500

Second part;

E.A.A 4 5 125-25 = 100 mm 50 mm 25mm 25 50 25 x2 = ? Ft

11

The centroid of second part; (the reference axis is located at E.A.A)

PART AREA (mm2) y (mm) x (mm) Ay (x106)(mm3) 3.063

4 5

200x175 = 35 000 -150x50 = - 7 500 = 27 500

175/2 = 87.5 100 + 50/2 = 125

0 0

-0.938 = 2.125

Centroid Ft with the distance, x 2 from equal area axis : Ay y= A

2.125x106 = = 77.27mm change y to x2 27500

Mp = force x lever arm = Ft x Z = y .A x Z = 250(27500) x (70.33 + 77.27) = 1.015 GNmm

.. Ans

12

6.4

THEOREMS IN PLASTIC ANALYSIS

Three following conditions must be satisfied by a structure in its collapse state; a. The equilibrium condition the system of bending moments must be in equilibrium with the applied load. (Fx = 0 , Fy = 0 , M = 0) b. The yield condition the bending moment may not exceed the plastic moment, Mp at any point. c. The mechanism condition sufficient plastic hinges must have formed to reduce all or part of the structure to a mechanism.

6.5

ASSUMPTIONS IN PLASTIC ANALYSIS

a. Obey the Hookes Law if the moment is not exceed the yield moment, My. b. The relationship of stress-strain must be considered; Stress, real

Strain,

c. The cross sectional area are assumed symmetrical about the major axis so that plastic moment takes the same value whether the bending moment is hogging or sagging. d. A cross section is assumed elastic and rigid until the plastic moment is reached at which point a hinge forms and the rotational stiffness becomes zero. e. Neglecting the influence of any axial load or shear force that may be presented.
bending >>> axial bending = My P >>> axial = I A

13

6.6 COLLAPSE LOAD AND COLLAPSE MECHANISM

Consider the statically determinate structure is simply supported with point load, P; P
C

(a)

L RA=P/4
(b)

L RA=3P/4

P 3L 3PL M = = < MP 4 4 16 Pu = collapse load = P (c) A B Plastic hinge

C (d)

Moment plastic

Notes: (a) The beam is subjected to work load, P in elastic condition. (b) Bending moment diagram (BML) (Mmax < MP because its still in elastic condition) (c) As the load increased further, the plastic hinge is created at C. At this stage, the beam achieved the collapse load, Pu or P and bending moment at C known as plastic moment, MP. (d) Then, the beam will fail and can be as a mechanism. Mechanism is an assemblage of members or parts which undergoes large displacement due to even a very small load. Collapse load or ultimate load, Pu/P with is a load factor which is the ratio of the collapse load to work load.

14

6.7 THE LOCATIONS OF PLASTIC HINGE

For statically determinate beam, only one hinge is needed to ensure the beam is in mechanism condition. P

1 plastic hinge For statically indeterminate beam, at least 2 hinges are needed to ensure the beam is in mechanism condition.

3 plastic hinge

2 plastic hinge

Generally, there are two types of hinge in the beam structure. Normal hinge is located at the pinned ended or roller ended support and no moment. But for the continuous beam, the plastic hinge is located at the continuous support. Plastic hinge have the moment plastic, MP and existed at the following locations. The plastic hinge can be found in these locations; 1. At fixed ended support. Mp = 3

2. At point load. Mp = 1

15

3. At the centre of uniform distributed load.

Mp = 3 4. At continuous support.

Mp = 2 5. At joint of portal frame.

Mp = 6

The additional prediction in plastic analysis are; a) At joint of the structure which is have two members. The plastic hinge is created at the weakest member or at the smallest cross sectional area. At the joint which is having more than three members, the plastic hinge is created in the member itself even the cross sectional area is bigger than other members.

b)

16

6.8 PLASTIC ANALYSIS BEAM USING THE GRAPHICAL METHOD

EXAMPLE 6.3

Determine plastic moment, Mp and the value of P required to cause collapse using graphical method.
P A L/3 2L/3 B

Solution;
P A L/3 2L/3 B Mp

+
L/3

VA + VB = P + MA = 0 L P VB (L ) = 0 3 P 2P VB = , VA = 3 3 Draw BMD; + (+) 2P L 2PL M max = = 9 3 3 Moment combination diagram; (-)

MP ? = L 2L / 3 2 ? = MP 3

Mp

M
= (-) (+)
2Mp/3 2PL/9

Mp

/9
2Mp/3

2PL/9 (+)

17

From the moment combination diagram;

MP

2 M P 2 PL + =0 3 9

Plastic moment, Mp M 2 M P + 2 PL = 0 P 3 9
5M P 2 PL = 3 9 2 PL 3 6 PL MP = = 9 5 45

Value of P M 2 M P + 2 PL = 0 P 3 9

5M P 2 PL = 3 9 5M P 9 45M P = P= 6L 3 2L

EXAMPLE 6.4

Determine the value of P required causing collapse using graphical method.

P P

L/3

L/3

L/3

18

Solution; P A L/3 C L/3 D L/3 P B Mp + L/3

VA + VB = 2P + MA = 0 L 2L P + P VB (L ) = 0 3 3 VB = P, VA = P Draw BMD; (-)

+

Mp

y1 y2
MP y = 1 L 2L / 3 2 y1 = M P 3 MP y = 2 L L/3 1 y2 = M P 3

(+)

L M max = P 3 Moment combination diagram; Mp (-) (+) 2MP/3 C PL/3 D

M (+)
2MP/3 MP/3

PL/3

From the moment combination diagram; At point C: MP 2 M P PL + =0 3 3 At point D:

MP

M P PL + =0 3 3

The value of P; P = 5M P / L

The value of P; P = 4M P / L

19

6.9 Plastic Analysis Beam Using The Virtual Work Method

The principal of virtual work;

External Virtual Work (EVW) Work(IVW)

Internal

Virtual

(subjected to external/applied load)

(subjected to plastic hinge)

If more than one applied load acted on the beam, the mode failure should be considered. Consider the beam subjected to concentrated load, P;

6.9.1

External Work For The Beam Undergoes The Point Load, P.

EXAMPLE 6.5

Determine plastic moment, Mp and the value of P required to cause collapse using the virtual work method. P A L/2 Mp

B L/2 M=0

A C

B=?
B

Mechanism

Mp Assumes tan A = (tangent is neglected because of the small value)

L L A = h / = , h = 2 2 L L L B = h / = / = 2 2 2 C = A + B = 2

20

External work

Internal work Mp(A) + Mp(C) Mp() + Mp(2) 3Mp()

P (h) = L P = 2 L P = 2 P
EXAMPLE 6.6

6Mp L

or

Mp

PL 6

The beam is fixed at both support and subjected to point load, W with distance, x from A. Determine plastic moment, Mp in x using the virtual work method. x A L Mp C A Mp h C B Mp h W B

Assumes tan A = (tangent is neglected because of the small value)

h = , h = x x h x = B = (L x ) (L x ) x C = A + B = + = (L x )
A = External work W (h) W (x) (Wx) = = = =

L (L x )

Internal work Mp(A) + Mp(B) + Mp(C) x L Mp() + Mp + Mp (L x ) (L x )

2L Mp (L x ) 2L M P or W = (L x ) x

Mp= Wx

(L x ) 2L

21

EXAMPLE 6.7

Determine the maximum P at the propped beam using the virtual work method. P A L Solution; C L/2 2P D L/2 B

MP

hC MP C

hD

MP

hC

B hD MP D

Mode failure 1 Beam mechanism AB;

L P A C Mp A C A B hC Mp

L/2 2P D hD

L/2

22

Assumes tan A = (tangent is neglected because of the small value) h A = C = ; h C = L L h L B = C = = L L L L hD = B = 2 2 C = A + B = 2

External work

Internal work

P (hC) + 2P (hD) L P (L) + 2P 2 2PL P

= = = =

Mp(A) + Mp(C) Mp() + Mp(2) 3Mp() 3Mp 2L

Mode failure 2 Beam mechanism AB;

L P A Mp C A hC A D Assumes tan A =

L/2 2P D hD B Mp

L/2

B B

3L h A = D = ; h D = 2 3L / 2 h L B = D = = L / 2 L L L hD = B = 2 2 C = A + B = 2

23

External work P (hC) + 2P (hD) L P (L) + 2P 2 2PL P

= = = = =

Internal work Mp(A) + Mp(C) Mp() + Mp(2) 3Mp() 3Mp 2L

* Maximum Load, Pu =

3M P 2L

EXERCISE 6.1:

1. Determine the value of P required causing collapse using the virtual work method in Figure 6.1. 2. The simply supported beam of length 6m and plastic moment 150kNm carries a concentrated load P at midspan in Figure 6.2. Find the value of P required to cause collapse. Use the virtual work method. 3. A continuous beam comprises three equal spans of length, L and has a uniform section with plastic moment, Mp. It carries point loads of P at the centre of the two outer spans and 2P at the centre of the middle span in Figure 6.3. Determine the value of P required to cause collapse. Use the virtual work method.

2P A D B E

P C

L/2

L/2
Figure 6.1

L/2

L/2

[Ans: Pat D =

6M P 3M P , Pat E = ] L L

24

P A
3m

C
Figure 6.2 P 2P

B
3m

L Figure 6.3

6.9.2

External Work For The Beam Undergoes The Uniform Load, q.

External work for the beam undergoes the uniform distributed load, q : External work = w x area of mechanism along the load = w x (1/2 x L x h)

w A L Mp A C Mp B h Mechanism B

25

EXAMPLE 6.8

The beam is fixed at both support and subjected to uniform distributed load, w. Determine plastic moment, Mp using the virtual work method. w/unit length A B L Solution; The uniform distributed load can be changed to point load and it is acted at the centre of the span. w A Mp BB Mp

A Mp

B
C

Assumes tan A =

L h A = =; h= 2 L/2 h L B = = = L/2 L C = A + B = 2
External work (1/2 x h x L)(w) 1 L x xLxw 2 2 wL2 4 Mp
EXAMPLE 6.9

= = = = =

Internal work Mp(A) + Mp(B) + Mp(C) Mp() + Mp() + Mp(2) 4Mp()

wL2 16

26

Determine the maximum of plastic moment for this beam. 8 kN/m 24 kN

A 6m Solution;

B 3m 2m

MP

hD

1st Failure Mode

MP

MP 2 Failure Mode
nd

MP

hE

Mode failure 1 Beam mechanism AB;

3m 8 kN/m A D A D A B hD Mp

3m

B B Mp

Assumes tan A =

27

h A = D = ; h D = 3 3 h 3 B = D = = 3 3 D = A + B = 2
B

External work (1/2 x hD x L)(w) 1 x 3 x 6 x 8 2 72

Mp

= = = =
=

Internal work Mp(B) + Mp(D) Mp() + Mp(2) 3Mp()

24 kNm

Mode failure 2 Beam mechanism BC;

3m

2m 24 kN

B Mp

E B E B C Mp C hE

Assumes tan B = h B = E = ; h E = 3 3 h 3 C = E = = 1.5 2 2 E = B + C = + 1.5 = 2.5

External work

Internal work

28

(P x hE) 24 x 3 72
Mp

= = =
=

Mp(B) + Mp(E) Mp() + Mp(2.5) 3.5Mp()

20.6 kNm

From two mode failure, indicated that the maximum of plastic moment; Mp = 24 kNm

EXERCISE 6.1:

1. Determine the failure mode and plastic moment that might be occurred in the beam.

30 kN/m

100 kN

A 8m
[Ans: 16.67kNm]

B 5m Mp(AB) = 5m 120kNm,

C Mp(BC) =

EXAMPLE 6.10

The beam is subjected to the uniform distributed load and point load as shown in the figure. Given the unit of cross section is mm. a) b) Determine the uniform distributed load that can be acted in the beam. Given,y = 250 N/mm2. Find the value of P required to cause collapse using the virtual work method.

50 1.5P kN 0.25P kN/m A 3P kN C

29

70 50

Solution;

50 UA E.A.A LA 25 25 50 25 25 70

FC x1

y
50 Ft

x2

The equal area axis (E.A.A) is located at the distance, y as shown in the figure. Upper area (UA) = Lower area (LA) 50(50) + 100(70-y) = 100(y) + 50(150) 200y = 2000 y = 10 mm Lever arm length, Z = x1 + x2 In the upper area, the centroid distance, x1: 50(50)(85) + 100(60)(30) x1 = = 46.18 mm 50(50) + 100(60)

In the lower area, the centroid distance, x2:

x2 =

150(50)(35) + 100(10)(5) = 31.47 mm 150(50) + 100(10)

30

Plastic moment, Mp = force x lever arm = Ft x Z = y .A .Z = 250(8500)(46.18+31.47) = 165 kNm .... Ans

1.5P kN 0.25P kN/m

3P kN

3.5 m

2m

1m Mp

4m 1st Failure Mode

hD Mp

hE

Mp Mp

Mp 2nd Failure Mode

Mp 3rd Failure Mode

hE
Mp

Mode failure 1 Beam mechanism AB;

2m 1.5P kN 2.75 m 0.25P kN/m A D A D A B hD Mp E hE B B Mp 2.75 m

Assumes tan A = (tangent is neglected because of the small value)

31

 h A = D = ; h D = 2.75 2.75 h 2.75 B = D = = 2.75 2.75 hE = B (2 ) = 2 D = A + B = + = 2

B

External work

Internal work

(1/2 x L x hD)(0.25P) + 1.5P(hE) = (1/2 x 5.5 x 2.75)(0.25P) + 1.5P(2) = 4.89P () = P =

Mp(B) + Mp(D) Mp() + Mp(2) 3Mp() 0.613 Mp

Mode failure 2: Beam mechanism AB;

2m 1.5P kN 0.25P kN/m A A A E B E B B Mp

hE

Mp Assumes tan A = (tangent is neglected because of the small value) h A = E = ; h E = 3.5 3.5 h 3.5 B = E = = 1.75 2 2 E = A + B = + 1.75 = 2.75
External work = Internal work

(1/2 x L x hE)(0.25P) + 1.5P(hE) (1/2 x 5.5 x 3.5)(0.25P) + 1.5P(3.5) Mp(2.75) 7.66P () P

= = = =

Mp(B) + Mp(E) Mp(1.75) 4.5Mp() 0.587 Mp

32

Mode failure 3: Beam mechanism BC;

1m 3P kN Mp B F F B A B hF Mp

4m

C Mp

Assumes tan B = (tangent is neglected because of the small value) h B = F = ; hF = 1 h C = F = = 0.25 4 4 F = B + C = + 0.25 = 1.25
B

External work

Internal work

3P (hF) 3P() 3P()

P

= = = =

Mp(B) + Mp(C) + Mp(F) Mp() + Mp(0.25) + Mp(1.25) 2.5Mp() 0.833 Mp

From three mode failures, the maximum load occurred at 3rd Failure Mode; P = 0.58MP = 0.58x165 = 95.7 kN .Ans q = 0.25(95.7) = 23.9 kN/m .Ans

33

6.10 Plastic Analysis Frame Using the Virtual Work Method

Two categories of mechanism in portal frame; a) Free mechanism b) Combined mechanism For plastic analysis of frames, there are three types of mechanism; (a) Beam mechanism (b) Sway mechanism

(c) Mekanisme g

Generally, the number of free mechanism (Me) can be determined by using formula;
Me = N d

Where

N = position number of plastic hinge that might be occurred d = number of redundant (d = R 3) R = reaction occurred R = 5, N = 4 d=53=2 Me = 4 2 = 2 (sway + beam) Total of Mechanism = 2 + 1 = 3 Combine mechanism

34

EXAMPLE 6.11

Determine the maximum moment plastic from the frame shown below. 10 kN/m 20 kN B C

4m 6m D

A 5m Solution; Me = N d =31=2 Total of Mechanism = 2 + 1 = 3 (R = 4 , N = 3 ; d = 4 - 3 = 1)

Mode failure 1 Beam mechanism BC;plastic hinge occurred at B, C and E.

2.5 m 10 kN/m B E B E B C hE Mp

2.5 m

C C Mp

35

Assumes tan B = (tangent is neglected because of the small value) h B = E = ; h E = 2.5 2.5 h 2.5 C = E = = 2.5 2.5 E = B + C = + = 2

External work

Internal work

(1/2 x L x hE)(10) (1/2 x 5 x 2.5)(10) 62.5 () Mp

= = = =

Mp(B) + Mp(C) + Mp(E) Mp() + Mp() + Mp(2) 4Mp() 15.63 kNm

Mode failure 2 Sway mechanism ABCD; plastic hinge occurred at B and C. hC 20 kN B hB C

B D 6m D

4m

A 5m

Assumes tan A = ; A = B = ; C = D ; h A = B = ; h B = 6 = hC 6 h 6 D = C = = 1.5 4 4

h B = hC

36

External work

Internal work

(hB)(20) (6)(20) 120 () Mp

= = = =

Mp(B) + Mp(C) Mp() + Mp(1.5) 2.5Mp() 48 kNm

Mode failure 3 Combine mechanism ABCD; plastic hinge occurred at C and E.

25 kN/m 20 kN hB B B E B 6m D E D hE C1

hC C C2

4m

A 5m Assumes tan A = ; A = B = ; hB = hC h A = B = ; h B = 6 = hC 6 hE = 2.5 (B) = 2.5 C1 = B = h 6 C2 = C = = 1.5 4 4 E = B + C1 = 2 External work = Internal work (hB)(20) + (1/2 x L x hE)(25) (6)(20) + (1/2 x 5 x 2.5)(25) 120 () + 156.25 () 276.25 () Mp = = = = = Mp(C1 + C2) + Mp(E) Mp(2.5) + Mp(2) 4.5 Mp () 4.5 Mp () 61.4 kNm

From three failure modes, the maximum plastic moment; Mp max = 61.4 kNm.

37

EXAMPLE 6.12

Determine collapse load, Pu from the frame shown and show all Mp for each modes. P P/2 B Mp 2Mp E C Mp

L/2

A L/2 Solution; L/2

Mode failure 1 Beam mechanism BC; plastic hinge occurred at B, C and E.

P B E Mp B E L/2 Assumes tan B = L h B = E = ; h E = 2 L/2 h L/2 C = E = = L/2 L/2 E = B + C = + = 2

External work = Internal work

C hE

C Mp

B C

2Mp L/2

P(hE) L P 2 P

= =
=

Mp(B) + Mp(C) + 2Mp(E) Mp() + Mp() + 2Mp(2)

16Mp L

38

Mode failure 2 Sway mechanism ABCD; plastic hinge occurred at A, B, C and D.

hB P/2 B

hC C C

Assumes tan A = ; A = B = C = D = ; hB = hC L h A = B = ; h B = = hC 2 L/2

External work = Internal work

(hB)(P/2) L P 2 2
LP () 4

= =

Mp(A) + Mp(B) + Mp(C) + Mp(D) Mp() + Mp() + Mp() + Mp()

= =

4Mp()

16Mp L

Mode failure 3 Combine mechanism ABCD; plastic hinge occurred at A, C, D and E.

hB B B B A E E D hE C1

hC C C2

D
39

Assumes tan A = ; A = B = ; hB = hC L h A = B = ; h B = = hC 2 L/2 L hE = 2 C1 = B = h L/2 C2 = D = C = = = L/2 L/2 E = B + C1 = 2

External work = Internal work

(P/2)(hB) + P (hE) = Mp(E) L L P + P = 2 2 2

3PL () 4

Mp(A) + Mp(C1 + C2) + Mp(D) + Mp() + Mp(2) + Mp() + 2Mp(2)

= =

8Mp()

10.67Mp L

Maximum collapse load, Pu =

10.67.Mp kN L

EXAMPLE 6.13

Determine collapse load, Pu from the frame shown and show all Mp for each modes. 4P D E 2Mp Mp F 3Mp G 2Mp 2Mp 5P H 3P

2L

A L L

B 1.5L 1.5L

40

Solution;
Mode failure 1 Beam mechanism DF; plastic hinge occurred at D, E and F.

4P D E Mp D E L Assumes tan D = = F h D = E = ; h E = L L E = D + F= + = 2
External work = Internal work

F hE D F 2Mp L

F 2Mp

4P(hE) 4P(L) 4LP() P

= = = =

Mp(D) + 2Mp(E) + 2Mp(F) Mp() + 2Mp(2) + 2Mp() 7Mp() 1.75Mp L

Mode failure 2 Beam mechanism FH; plastic hinge occurred at F, G and H.

5P F 3Mp F G F H H hG 3Mp G 1.5L H 2Mp

1.5L Assumes tan F = = H h F = G = ; h G = 1.5L 1.5L G = F + H = + = 2

41

External work

Internal work

5P(hG) 5P(1.5L) 7.5LP() P

= = = =

3Mp(F) + 3Mp(G) + 2Mp(H) 3Mp() + 3Mp(2) + 2Mp() 11Mp() 1.47Mp L

Mode failure 3 Sway mechanism ADFHCB; plastic hinge occurred at A,B,C, D,F and H.

hD D

hF F

hH H 3P

D A B

F C

Assumes tan A = = B = C = D = F = H h C = H = ; h H = 2L 2L
External work = Internal work

3P(hH) 3P(2L) 6LP() P

= =
=

Mp( A + D ) + 2Mp( B + F ) + 2Mp(C + H ) Mp(2) + 2Mp(2) + 2Mp(2) 10Mp() 1.67Mp L

42

Mode failure 4 Combine mechanism, Sway mechanism and beam mechanism FH; plastic hinge occurred at A,B,C, D,G and H.

hD D D

hF F F G G hG

hH H1 H2 C H

A A

B B C

Assumes tan A = = B = C = D = F = H1= H2 h F = G = ; h G = 1.5L 1.5L h C = H = ; h H = 2L 2L G = F + H1 = 2

External work

= Internal work

5P(hG) + 3P(hH) = Mp( A ) + Mp( D ) + 2Mp( B ) + 3Mp( G ) + 2Mp( C ) + 2Mp( H1 + H 2 ) 5P(1.5L) +3P(2L) = Mp() + Mp() + 2Mp() + 3Mp(2) + 2Mp() + 2Mp(2) 13.5LP() = 16Mp() P =

1.19Mp L

43

Mode failure 5 Combine mechanism, Sway mechanism and beam mechanism DF and FH;

D D
Mp

2Mp 2 D

F 2G

3Mp

H1 H2 C
2Mp

E F
2Mp

A A

B B C

Assumes tan A = = B = C = D = F = H h D = E = ; h E = L L h F = G = ; h G = 1.5L 1.5L E = D + F = 2 G = F + H1 = 2

External work = = =

4P(hE) + 5P(hG) + 3P(hH) 4PL + 7.5PL + 6PL 17.5 Mp

Internal work = Mp( A ) + 2Mp( E ) + 2Mp( F ) + 2Mp( B ) + 3Mp( G ) + 2Mp( C ) + 2Mp( H1 + H 2 )

= Mp() + 2Mp(2) + 2Mp(2) + 2Mp() + 3Mp(2) + 2Mp() + 2Mp(2) = 23 Mp

External work 17.5 Mp = = Internal work 23 Mp 1.31Mp L

From five failure modes, maximum collapse load occurred at mechanism no. 4; Maximum Pu =

1.19.Mp L

44

TUTORIAL 6

1. The fixed support at the both end of beam and roller support located at the middle of the span. It carries point loads of 80kN, 50kN and 30kN. Determine the failure mode occurred in the beam and plastic moment, Mp. 80kN A B 4m 2. (a) 4m 3m 3m 3m 50kN 30kN C

A continuous beam ABCDE is fixed at A and pinned at B and D is loaded as shown in Figure 7(a). Calculate the plastic moment Mp for each member of the beam. [Ans: Mp(AB) = 40kNm, Mp(BC) = 109kNm] Calculate the plastic moment Mp for cross section as shown in Figure 7(b) if the yield stress for the material is y = 225 N/mm2. [Ans: Mp = 62.5kNm] If the beam has a cross-section as shown in Figure(7b), state which part of the beam is safe. (Final Sem2-2007/08) 80 kN 10 kN/m B C 5m
Figure 7a 10 mm

(b)

(c)

20 kN D 3m 3m E

A 8m

10 mm

160 mm

120 mm
Figure 7b

45

3. (a)

A steel beam with cross section as shown in Figure 8(a). (i) (ii) Calculate plastic modulus, Zp. Determine steel yield stress if plastic moment of the cross section is 150 kNm [Ans: Zp = 3037.5 cm3, y = 49.38 N/mm2]

(b)

A continuous beam is loaded with various loads as illustrated in Figure 8(b). Determine the plastic moment for the beam. [Ans: Mp(AB) = 375kNm, Mp(BC) = 66.7kNm, Mp(CB) = 112.5kNm]
(Final Sem1-2008/09)

30 mm

25mm

25mm

300 mm

45 mm 250 mm
Figure 8(a)

50 kN 30 kN/m

75 kN

B C D
4.5m 4.5m

A
10m 4m 8m

Figure 8(b)

4. (a) (b)

Figure 9(a) shows the characteristics stress-strain diagram for steel. Name five(5) points indicator from 1 to 5. Define the following terms; (i) Hookes Law (ii) Modulus of Elasticity, E (iii) Plastic hinge (iv) Plastic moment (v) Mechanism

46

(c)

Figure 9(b) show the portal frame ABCD subjected to the point load acted at the joint B and two point loads acted at the span BC. (i) Draw the Mode of Failure that might be happened. (ii) Determine the maximum moment plastic occurred at Beam Mechanism BC. [Ans: Mp(BC) = 48.33kNm,63.33kNm]
(Final Sem2-2008/09)

Figure 9(a)

45kN 20kN B

50kN C

8m

A 2m 2m 2m

Figure 9(b)

47