CE

gn of Steel St

5.
21 shows the (Figur ure e A f concrete, d

LY REINFO

ECTANGU

AMS

forced m in flexure. ng rectan of T = width notations 23): st = area b C = total ten of com depth of the entre to between = two acting at a b L/3 from centr rts of the supp al con d the be tensile f steel and u neutral axis compressio x fr n QUATION LIBRIUM S ss-sections under the s as shown 1 have o a i three combin ear forces moments: force is pport a ther moment is an th bending (i) reasing hear force and (co P) are z n the m ding point gradu stant s there th static eq and Figu zone of arm betw een the two an the shear momen Since the in be ny cross- l beam is fo uilibrium. he crossin the sec ure 21) the also ns of C following middle uilibrium th forces: S H equilibr = C and eq (F f of = orces: S V uation gives 0 = 0 as ar in the vertical = quilibrium a S M = 0. ther shows that mid moment ion is fully o oment of Th ouple Ta = th is theat dle zon re OMPUTAT I C 22 (Figure the AND T 23). Ca operat third support

Figure 2 Figure (b) present d view of 2 t ms. The part of the th s lines conve he nother to conca as markedcalculation Figure 24(b) distanc b 1 to x and u marked in e Fi C ssive force x = 1 , C o stress an epth of om the top of
ck

m above ne u of 24 ive Figure of ic zon nd rectangular stress stress b ally C, C an non- and 2 ollowing: C e due to the force of part

ent compres are

2

explain ressive force = Co from at zero

c ck

onvex distanc parab fro e lock m fibre, x e(actuall of x

By: Vaisakh G .

xlock valu e, C

of fi
3

ent) the top value= 1 Dista efibre the of line

mpressive of for of C (= C
1

conc axis to at a ete due to 0.44 paraboli th rom 0.446 utral axis to c f ine of fro z mpressiv action) m mpressive e = from fib
3

5-1

SBCE CE

Design of Steel Structure s Distance of the fibre from the top compressive fibre, where the strain = 0.002 and stress = ck , x4 0.446f = Distance of the line of action of from the top compressive = Distance of the line 2 5 C fibre, x action of from the top compressive = Distance of the neutral of from the axis C compressive fibre, x fibre.
3 u

top
.

From the strain triangle of Fig. 4.4.1(a), we 0.57 . So, we obtain, 3 = 0.43 x u . . have x Since 1 is due to the constant stress acting from the top to a distance , the distance 1 of the 3 3 C actionof x is xx ) = 0.43 x + line of of 1 1 = 0.5 x 3 = 0.215 x u . From Fig. 4.4.1(a), 5 = x 3 + /4 (x u 3 u 0.75(0.57 C ) or = 0.86 x . The compressive force x x x due to the rectangular stress block is = x (0.446 )b x = 0.191 b x C C f . The compressive force due to parabolic stress block is = b (x u - x 3f) 2 /3 (0.446 u ck 2 2 C fck ) = 0.17 b x u f C . Adding C1 and C2, we have C = ck 1 + C 2 = 0.361 b x u f ck = 0.36 b x u f ck (say). 1 C non-existent compressive force due to parabolic (concave) stress block is = b (x u - x 3 )The(0.446 /3 3 3 C ) = 0.085 b x f . Now, we can get C f by taking moment of and C about the top fibre as C follows which gives 4 = 0.64 x u . Similarly, 2 is obtained by x x taking moment of 1 and C 2 about the top fibre as follows 1 (x 1 ) + C 2 (x 4 ) = C (x 2 ) which gives 2 = 0.4153 C or x = 0.42 x C Thus, the required parameters of the stress block (Figurex24) are xu 2 u (say). 0.36bx u fck , x 2 = 0.42 C = u and lever arm = (d x ) = (d - 0.42 x u ). The tensile force T is obtained 2 x of steel with the area of steel. Thus, by multiplying the design stress /1.15 A = 0.87f A T=f 5.3. COMPUTATION OF THE DEPTH OF NEUTRAL AXIS u x From article 5.1, we have the equation of equilibrium of the section as C =T. By substituting the values of C and T obtained in article 5.2, we obtain 0.87 fy Ast = 0.36 b xu fck or, . . From article 5.2, lever arm = (d - 0.42 u ) = d (1 - 0.42 x u /d). i.e. lever arm . x = . 0.42 1 1.015 . Ignoring multiplying factor 1.015, we have, lever . arm 1 = 5.4. LIMITING VALUE OF (= x u, max ) u x Equation for u /d in article 4.4.3 reveals that x reinforcement x /bd for fixed values and y A of f f value of x
nd y st y st ck u ck u 5 u 1 1 3 ck

. .

or 1

u /d

increases with the increase of percentage of steel will tend u to

u,max

and 6

should have a limiting value. Figure 25 shows the strain diagrams for the three cases: (i) ; (ii) when u u when and (iii) when x . The following discussion for the x three cases has x the reference to Figure 25. When u x The compressive strain at the top concrete fibre = 0.0035 and the tensile strain at the level of steel is nd 0.002 and 6 5.4.2. is less than x
u,max u

for the

Compiled By: Vaisakh G.

SBCE CE C If the pressive in at the comp strai top 0.002 . s, this ility Thus possibi satisfies . When the teel tensile strain st s is 0.0035. Heree also, nd an 6 th assum nd 2 p

Desi gn of Steel St tructures g p fibre = 0035, the nsile strain s more n 0.0 ten i than s the nd and 6th assumpti ons of sec. 4.3. 2 o 4 0.002 , the ssive ete strain less compres concre is than ptions of . 4.3 are sfied sec satis .
.

Figure25 Strain of st for three c ases of xu eel 2 e 5.4.3. W When u is m more than u, max x x There re two bilities ar possib here: When the op ive strain aches 0.0035 5, the to compressi th rea tensile 0.002 , Itolates the assumptio though nd aassumption . 2 n When vio 6teel 0.002 o the the strain , st tensile is compre 0.0035. us, this bility to ate 2 nd assu mption Thu possib m thoughu shou The ove on clearly viola ndicates at the of abo discussio the h of the ral axis has depth in tha l Therefo re, a limiting r x maximum

xu,max

e steel is less strain than. f sec. 4.3 is satisfied s . essive of strain concrete h 6th assum ption is p not satisf more ld me becom = tha value .
u,max x

exceed s fied .an u,max . x gly, if

s u st,lim u

r prov depth yields neutr x Ast ided xu > x u,max , tha he section orto be redes vigned s x has . Since depends the area of steel, we n calculate correspo onding to x on s can A x From eq quation for xu /d in le 5.3, we may obtain x articl m th . , , 100 . In above . the equat . , diagra m of Figure 5 as . . . m 25
, he relation, tion u,max /d can x obta

According the .
,

u,max m . .

or

1 100

be ained from the t strain

5.5. VA ALUES OF x, umax /d AND P t,lim D x Sectio 5.4 shows that the ues of t,lim ddepend on both the des of and n t valu grade p b and not n the grade of concrete atconcret gra steel xu,max /d depends the f steel e all. The on of alone steel on o grades of aoncrete are re values of p t,lim for he three des of and the e presented o th the grad values a three three c of steel e presented in Table p Simila y, ctive of /d r es n rl respec
By: Vaisakh G .

te, while espectiv e Table 3.

u,max

for grade

are

in

4. 5-3

SBCE CE Table 3 Values of p

2 fck in f y= N/mm1.76 0.96 0.76 N/mm 20
t, li m

Design of Steel Structure s

250

fy = N/mm

415

fy = N/mm

500

25 2.20 1.19 0.94 30 2.64 1.43 1.13 A careful study of Table 3 and Table 4 reveals the following: The p t,lim increases with lowering the grade of steel for a particular grade of concrete. The pt,lim , however, increases with increasing the grade of concrete for a specific grade of steel. The maximum depth of the neutral increases with lowering the grade of steel. u,max axis is more area of the section will be utilized in taking the compression with lower x That grade of steel . Table 4 Values of u , max /d (Cl.38 of IS456:2000) x 0.531 = 0.53 (say) 0.479 = 0.48 (say) 0.456 = 0.46 COMPUTATION OF (say) u
u,max

fy in N/mm /d x

250 415 500

5.6. M In Article 5.1, we had seen that u can be obtained by multiplying the tensile force T M or the compressive force C with the lever arm. The expressions of C, lever arm and T are given in section 5.2. Section 5.4 discusses that there are three possible cases depending on the location of x corresponding expressions of are given below for the three u M cases. 5.6.1. When u < x u,max x Figure 25 shows that when concrete reaches 0.0035, steel has started showing ductility (Strain > . 0.002 ). So, the computation of is to be done using the tensile force of steel in this u M case. Therefore, using article 5.1, we have = T (lever arm). Substituting the expressions of T and u M lever arm from sections 5.2 and 5.3 respectively we 0.87 1 . get, 5.6.2. When x
u=

u.

The

x u,max
.

From Figure 25, it is seen that steel just reaches the 0.002 and concrete also value of reaches its maximum value. The strain of steel can further increase but the reaching of limiting strain of should be taken into consideration to determine the concrete as M u,lim here. So, we u limiting M (lever arm) Substituting the expressions of C and lever arm from sections 5.2 have M =C and 5.3 respectively, have
u,lim

we

0.36

1 0.42

5.6.3. When u > x u,max x In this case, it is seen from Fig. 4.4.2 that when concrete reaches the strain of 0.0035, tensile strain of . steel is much less 0.002 and any further increase of strain of steel will mean than failure of . concrete, which is to be avoided. On the other hand, when steel 0.002 , the strain reaches of concrete far exceeds 0.0035. Hence, it is not possible. Therefore, such design is avoided and the should be redesigned. However, in case of any existing reinforced concrete beam section > u where, x moment of resistance xu,max the u for such existing beam is calculated by u to x u,max onl M corresponding restricting x when y and the will be as per the case = x u,max . u u M x 5.7. COMPUTATION OF LIMITING MOMENT OF RESISTANCE FACTOR 5-4 Compiled By: Vaisakh
G.

SBCE CE

Design of Steel Structure s Article 5.6.2 shows that a particular rectangular beam of given dimensions of b and d has a limiting of capacity for a specified grade of concrete. The limiting moment of resistance (= u,lim lim M factor R, , , 0.36 , 1 0.42 Mu,lim /bd 2 ) can be established from Article 5.6.2 . , as It is seen that the limiting moment of resistance ,lim depends on factor R on the grade of steel x depends , we can say that ,lim depends on ck and y f f f values of ,lim for three grades of R concrete and three grades of R steel. Table 5 Values of R,lim factors in N/mm 2
u,max

/d and ck . Since u,max /d f x . Table 4.4.3 furnishes y the

2 fck in f y= 250 2 fy = 415 2 fy = 500 2 N/mm2.98 2.76 2.66 N/mm N/mm N/mm 20 25 3.73 3.45 3.33 30 4.47 4.14 3.99 A study of Table 5 reveals that the limiting moment of resistance ,lim increases factor of concrete for a particular grade of steel. It is also seen that this factor increases higher R grade with lowering of steel for a particular grade of concrete. The increase of this factor due to higher the grade

with

grade of is understandable. However, such increase of the factor with lowering the grade of concrete steel is explained below. Lowering the grade of steel increases (vide Table 4) and this u,max /d u,max /d the x enhanced x increases 1 Mu . However, one may argue that Equation in article 5.6 and 5.7 has two u,max /d terms x and , 0.42 , /d, 1 0.42 . With the increase of is decreasing. Then how do we u,max x confirm that the product is increasing with the increase /d? Actual computation will reveal the u,max of x Otherwise, it can be further explained from Table 3 that asfact. grade of steel is the lowered for a of concrete, the particular grade gets increased. Therefore, amount of steel needed to t,lim p have M with lower grade of steel is higher. Thus, higher amount of steel and higher values of x /bd 2 factor with the lowering of grade of steel for a particular grade of concrete (see higher u,lim M Table 5). 5.8. NUMERICAL PROBLEMS AND STEPS OF SOLUTION Two types of problems are possible - design type and analysis type. In the design type of problems, has to determine the dimensions viz. breadth (b), Effective depth (d), Overall the designer depth (D), steel Area of ) and other detailing of reinforcement, grades of concrete and steel from the st (A given design moment of the beam. In the analysis type of the problems, all the above data will be known designer has to find out the moment of resistance of the and the beam. 5.8.1. Design Type of Problems The designer has to make preliminary plan lay out including location of the beam, its span and estimate the imposed and other loads from the given functional requirement of the spacing, structure. loads of the beam are estimated assuming the dimensions b and d initially. The The dead bending shear force and axial thrust are determined after estimating the different loads. moment, In this illustrative problem, let us assume that the imposed and other loads are given. Therefore, the problem the designer has to start with some initial dimensions and subsequently revise is such that them, if The following guidelines are helpful to assume the design parameters needed. initially. 5.8.1.1. Selection of breadth of the beam b
u,lim u,max /d show

Compiled By: Vaisakh G.

5-5

SBCE CE

Design of Steel Structure s Normally, the breadth of the beam b is governed by: (i) proper housing of reinforcing bars and (ii) architectural considerations. It is desirable that the width of the beam should be less than or equal to of its supporting structure like column width, or width of the wall etc. Practical the width aspects also be kept in mind. It has been found that most of the requirements are satisfied should with b as 230, 250 and 300 mm. Again, width to overall depth ratio is normally kept between 150, 200, 0.5 and 0.67. 5.8.1.2. Selection of depths of the beam d and D The effective depth has the major role to play in satisfying (i) the strength requirements of bending and shear force, and (ii) deflection of the beam. The initial effective depth of moment the beam, is assumed to satisfy the deflection requirement depending on the span and type however, of the reinforcement. IS 456 - 2000 stipulates the basic ratios of span to effective depth of beams for span up as (Clause 23.2.1, page 37). The data is reproduced here as Table to 10 m 6. Table 6 Basic Span to effective depth ratio Type Cantilever Simply supported Continuous Span to effective depth 7 20 26 ratio 10 m, the above values may be multiplied with 10/span in metres, For spans above except for where the deflection calculations should be made. Further, these ratios are to be cantilevers multiplied with the modification factor depending on reinforcement percentage and type. Figures 4 and 5 of give the different values of modification factors. The total depth D can be determined by 456 IS adding 80 mm to the effective 40 to depth. 5.8.1.3. Selection of the amount of steel reinforcement st A The amount of steel reinforcement should provide the required tensile force T to resist the factored moment of the beam. Further, it should satisfy the minimum and maximum u M reinforcementpercentages of requirements also. The minimum provided for creep, s is reinforcement A environmental requirements irrespective of the strength requirement. The shrinkage, thermal and other minimum reinforcement to be provided in a beam depends on of steel and it follows the relation A the (cl. 26.5.1.1a of IS 456): f s /bd = y . The maximum tension reinforcement should not exceed A 26.5.1.1b of IS 456), 0.85/f D is the total depth. Besides satisfying the minimum and 0.04 bD (cl. where maximum reinforcement, the amount of reinforcement of the singly reinforced beam should normally
. be 75 to 80% of t, lim. This will ensure that strain in steel will be more 0.002 as the design p than stress in steel will be 0.87 . Moreover, in many cases, the depth required for deflection becomes more y f limiting depth required to resist than the , . Thus, it is almost obligatory to provide more u lim M depth. amount of the steel which is less than that required Providing more depth also helps in s y

the , . This helps to ensure ductile failure. Such beams are designated as under-reinforced for Mu lim

beams.

5.8.1.4. Selection of diameters of bar of tension reinforcement Reinforcement bars are available in different diameters such as 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28, 36 and 40 mm. Some of these bars are less available. The selection of the diameter of 30, 32, bars depends on its availability, minimum stiffness to resist while persons walk over them during bond requirement etc. Normally, the diameters of main tensile bars are chosen construction, from20, 22, 25 and 32 16, 12, mm. 5.8.1.5. Selection of grade of concrete 5-6

Compiled By: Vaisakh G.

SBCE CE

Design of Steel Structure s Besides strength and deflection, durability is a major factor to decide on the grade of concrete. Table 456 recommends M20 as the minimum grade under mild environmental exposure of IS 5 and other concrete under different environmental exposures grades of also. 5.8.1.6. Selection of grade of steel Normally, Fe 250, 415 and 500 are in used in reinforced concrete work. Mild steel (Fe 250) is more and is preferred for structures in earthquake zones or where there are possibilities of ductile vibration, blast impact, etc. 5.8.1.7. Summary of steps Table 7 presents the complete solution of the problem in eleven steps. Five columns of the table (i) parameters assumed/determined, (ii) if they need revision, (iii) final parameters, indicate (iv) major requirements of the parameter, (v) reference source material Table 7 Summary of steps for design to flexur e Step If need(s) Fina Majo Assumed/ determine l r revision parameter(s requirement of d ) theparameter(s parameter(s ) ) 1f ck , fy No f ck , fy Durability for ck f and ductility y for f 2 d Yes No d = c/c of span/20 cl. 23.2 of 3L No ef Yes f Boundary condition s 4 p=A /bd No Yes st Ductility (p = 75 to 80% of t, p lim ) 5 d Yes No Control of deflectio n 6 D, b Yes for D b Economy D = d + (40 to 80 7F , Mu Yes d Strength 8 d Yes No Limiting depth 9A 10 d, D, A
st Yes

Reference source Material(s) cl.6.1.2, cl. 8 and Table 5 of IS 456 IS 456 cl.22.2 of IS 456

cl.23.2 of 456

IS

mm) b = (0.5 to 0.67)D

No considering M Mu,lim No No d, D, L Under-reinforced 50 st Strengt h

ef f u=

Strength st

D = d +

11 A st No A 5.8.2. Analysis Type of Problems It may be required to estimate the moment of resistance and hence the service load of a beam already earlier with specific dimensions of b, d and D and amount of steel designed reinforcement A and steel are also known. In such a situation, the designer has to find out grades of concrete first if is under-reinforced or over-reinforced. The following are the steps to be followed beam the for such problems . 5.8.2.1. x

st .

The

u,max

The maximum depth of the neutral axis x

Compiled By: Vaisakh G.

u, max

is determined from Table 4 using the known value of f

y.

5-7

SBCE CE 5.8.2.2. x
u

Design of Steel Structure s

The depth of the neutral axis for the particular beam is determined from section 5.3 employing the of known values , fck , b and st . y f A 5.8.2.3. M u and service imposed loads The moment of resistance is calculated for the three different cases as follows: (a) u M beam is under-reinforced and x If the is obtained from section 5.6.1. (b) =x
u u

u u, max

<x

u, max

M obtained from section 5.6.2. (c) If > If u, max , the beam is over-reinforced for x x u x which x = x then u is calculated from section 5.6.3 max and u u, max . M using x With the known value of , which is the factored moment, the total factored load can be u M the boundary condition of the beam. The total service imposed loads is then determined obtained from dividing factored load by partial safety factor for loads (= 1.5). The service imposed loads the total are then by subtracting the dead load of the beam from the total service obtained loads. 5.9. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES 5.9.1. Ultimate moment carrying capacity of a rectangular beam Calculate the ultimate moment carrying capacity of a rectangular beam of M30 concrete having of 250mm and depth 400mm and having an effective cover of 50mm. It is width a reinforcedsteel of area 2 on the tension with Fe250 1800mm face. Solutio n Effective depth, d = Overall depth Effective cover = 400 50 = 350mm Step 1: Determination of Neutral axis 0.87 0.36 which gives
. . . .

, the u i M is taken as s u, u x

145

Step 2: Check for type of section (Cl.38 of IS 456:2000) xu,max for Fe250 = 0.53d = 0.53*350 = 185.5mm > Hence u. x section. Step 3: Computation of Ultimate moment carrying capacity Ultimate Moment carrying capacity, = T*Lever arm u M = 0.87 250 1800 350 0.42 145 = 113.18x10

Under

reinforced

. . 0.87 0.42
6

Nmm 113.18kNm.

5.9.2. Moment carrying capacity of a reinforced section Calculate the moment carrying capacity of a reinforced section with width 250mm and 2 effective depth a tensile reinforcement 0f 400mm having . Assume grade 20 concrete and 415 grade 3600mm steel. Solutio n Step 1: Determination of Neutral axis 0.87 0.36 which gives
. . . .

722

Step 2: Check for type of section (Cl.38 of IS 456:2000)

Compiled By: Vaisakh G.

5-8

SBCE CE

Design of Steel Structure s xu,max for Fe415 = 0.48d = 0.48*400 = 192mm < . Hence Over reinforced section. Limit x u u,max. x to x Step 3: Computation of Ultimate moment carrying capacity Ultimate Moment carrying . . 0.36 0.42 0.36 20 6 capacity,400 0.42 192 250 192 = 110.37x10 Nmm = 110.37kNm. 5.9.3. Moment capacity of the section A singly reinforced rectangular section is of breadth 150mm and depth 350mm. The tension steel consists of 3Nos HYSD bars of 16mm dia. The stirrups are of mild steel 8mm dia. Cover to steel is Assuming M20 concrete, determine the moment capacity of the 25mm. section. Solutio n Effective depth = Overall depth clear cover dia. of stirrups dia. of main bar/2. i.e., d = 35025-816/2 = 309mm Step 1: Determination of Neutral axis 0.87 0.36 which gives
. . . .

201.65

= 0.87f y Ast / b = ck 0.36f 201.65mm Step 2: Check for type of section (Cl.38 of IS 456:2000) xu,max for Fe415 = 0.48d = 0.48*309 = 148.32mm < . u x Hence Over reinforced section. Limit x u,max . to x Step 3: Computation of Ultimate moment carrying capacity Ultimate Moment carrying . . 0.36 0.42 0.36 20 capacity,400 0.42 192 0.36 20 150 148.32 309 0.42 148.32 250 192 =39.52x10 6 Nmm = 39.52kNm. 5.9.4. Reinforcing steel required A rectangular beam 200x400mm is to be constructed in moderate environment. Find the reinforcing steel required to resist a bending moment of 25kNm due to working loads. The diameter of shear steel Assume M20 concrete and Fe415 is 10mm. steel. Solutio n Ultimate bending moment = 1.5*25 = 37.5kNm. Nominal Cover = 30mm for moderate exposure (Table 16 of IS 456 2000) Diameter of Main bar = 16mm (Assume) Effective depth = Overall depth clear cover dia. of stirrups dia. of main bar/2. i.e., d = 400-3010-16/2 = 352mm Step 1: Determination of of IS u,max (Cl.38 x 456:2000) xu,max = 0.48d for Fe415 = 0.48*352 = 168.96mm
Compiled By: Vaisakh G.

5-9

SBCE CE Step 2: Estimation of reinforcing steel required 0.87 0.36 Number of bars required = 5.9.5. Design a RCC beam which gives
. . . .. .

Design of Steel Structure s

= 673.87mm

= 3.35nos, 4#16dia.

say

Design a RCC beam with a simply supported effective span of 5.5m. The beam is required to support superimposed loads of 15kN/m and 10kN/m respectively. Use M20 concrete and Fe415 live and steel. Solutio n 2 2 fck = ; y= ; w l = 15kN/m; s = 10kN/m; ef = 5.5m f 20N/mm f 415N/mm w l For estimation of depth, assume D /12 = 5500/12 = 458.33mm say ef f 500mm =l Assume b = D/2 = 500/2 = 250mm Self weight of the beam = = 0.25*0.5*1*25 = 3.125kN/m g w Dead load = d = w g + w s = 3.125 + 10 = 13.125kN/m w Assuming partial safety factors 1.5 for DL and LL, 1.5 8 1.5 8 1.513.125 5.5 Assuming the beam as a balanced section, M 0.36 0.42 , , , 0.36 20 250 0.48 0.42 0.48 Which gives, d = 480.88mm Assuming 30mm cover 16mm dia bars and 8mm stirrups, D = 480.88 + 30 + 8 + 16/2 = 526.88, say 530mm. Effective depth, d = 530 30 8 16/2 = 484mm. 0.36 0.42 159.52 10 0.36 20 250 484 0.42 Which gives, x section . 0.87 0.42 159.52 10 0.87 415 484 0.42 231.54 Which gives A
st = 2 u

D =

8 1.515 5.5
u

8 159.52
u,lim u

=M

. Hence, we will obtain x 159.52 10

=x

u,max

. So,

= 231.54 ; x

u,max

= 0.48d = 0.48*484 = 232.32mm; x

<x

u,max

, So reinforced

Under

1142.39mm
st

Number of bars required = A

/Area bar,

of

one

5.68 6

250 2 30 2 8 6 16 Assuming bars, 20mm dia

.

5 15.6 20, . 3.63 4

Compiled By: Vaisakh G.

5-10

SBCE CE 250 2 30 2 8 4 20

Design of Steel Structure s 3 31.33 20, .

5.9.6. Design the suitable section for the beam A rectangular beam is to be simply supported on two walls of 125mm width with a clear span 2 2 of 6m.characteristic live load is The = and y = . Design the ck 12kN/m. f 20N/mm f 415N/mm section for the beam and determine the necessary tension steel.

suitable

Compiled By: Vaisakh G.

5-11