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1. Priciples of Highway Engineering and Traffic p f g y g g ff Analysis by Fred L. Mannering, W.P.Kilareski, and S.S.Washburn 2. Introduction to Traffic Engineering, a manual for data Collection and analysis by Thomas R Currin. 2
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Course Outline
Introduction
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Typical Transportation/Traffic Issues and Solutions Introduction to Traditional Traffic Studies Modes of Transport Traffic Engineering Elements Traffic Surveys
Course Outline
Traffic Flow Characteristics
(1) ( ) (2) (3) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
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Nature of Traffic Flow Parameters Connected With Traffic Flow Interrupted and Uninterrupted Traffic Analysis of Speed Flow and Density Relationship Traffic Stream Characteristics and Models: Flow, Speed, Density Queuing Theory, Queuing Models and Analysis Traffic Volume Studies Highway Level of Service Analysis
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Course Outline
Traffic Signals
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Basic Concepts of Traffic Signals and Signalized Intersection Types Traffic Signals yp g Signal Design, Phasing and Timing Plan Queuing Theory, Queuing Models and Analysis for Traffic Signals Delays at Isolated Traffic Signals Level of Service Analysis for Signalized Intersections
Course Outline
Traffic Safety
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Introduction y Traffic Safety Measures Basics of Highway Safety management Highway Safety Analysis Traffic Safety Audits and Identification Of Hazardous Location Safety Considerations in Highway Design Highway Safety Countermeasures
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Course Outline
Practicals
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Spot speed study Turning movement counts / vehicle counts g Vehicle delay study Saturation flow study PHF Study Parking study Vehicle occupancy study Level of Service Analysis for Signalized Intersections Highway Level of Service Analysis Use of Traffic Analysis and Simulation Software SYNCHRO
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Course Outline
Term Project (Weightage; 50 to 60 % of Practical i.e. 1 cr hr)
Students are asked to select a topic of their own interest p within the scope of this course. Students are required to submit a project report and present their projects at the end of the course. The term project may include any case study or identification of a real time traffic or safety problem and recommended solution. Due importance is given to learning the procedure to carryout research and case reporting (preparation of a project report).
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Grade Distribution
Total 100
34% 66%
5% of Sessional 10% of Sessional 35% of Sessional 50% of Sessional
50-60% of Practical 4050% of Practical
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Traffic and safety studies needed for effective congestion and safety management:
Traffic generation, Parking demand, Capacity and quality of traffic, Control and geometry improvements, Road hazard and countermeasures identification dh d d id ifi i
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Corridor studies g Parking studies Congestion analyses Pedestrian studies Before-and-after studies
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Transportation System
A transportation system is an infrastructure that serves to move people and goods efficiently. The transportation system consists of fixed facilities, flow entities, and a control component. Efficient safe, rapid, comfortable, convenient, econo 19 mical, environmentally compatible.
Transportation System
Major transportation subsystems Land transportation: highway, rail Air transportation: domestic, international Water transportation; coastal, rivers Pi li Pipelines: oil, gas, water il t
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Traffic Engineering
Traffic engineering is that phase of transportation engineering which deals with the planning, geometric design and traffic operations of roads, streets, and highways, their networks, terminals, and relationships between different modes of transportation
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Traffic Engineering
Traffic studies are carried out to: Provide a basis for planning and designing traffic facilities, including the selection of geometric standards, economic analysis, and the determination of priorities; assist traffic operation by determining the need for traffic control devices such as signs, traffic control signals, pavement
Traffic Engineering
Traffic Engineering covers a broad range of engineering application with common focus: the nations system of highways and streets. Often defined as the nations lifeblood circulation system
Infrastructure supports the vast majority of people and goods. Including economy and the environment, assurance of public safety and security. f bli f d i Basic mobility of all societal functions. Basic access to the most remote regions.
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Objectives
Traffic Engineering D l with the S f and Effi i t movement Deals i h h Safe d Efficient
of people and goods on streets and highways Other Objectives
Speed Comfort Convenience i Economy Environmental compatibility
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Objectives
Safety:
The principal goal of the traffic engineer remains the provision of a safe system f i h ii f f for highway traffic
Speed:
While speed of travel is very much desired, it is limited by transportation technology, human characteristics, characteristics and the needs to provide safety
Comfort:
Comfort involves the physical characteristics of vehicles and roadways, and is influenced by our perception 26
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Objectives
Environmental compatibility:
Harmony with the environment is a complex issue that has become more important over time All transportation systems have some negative impacts on the environment All produce air and noise pollution in some forms, and all utilize valuable land resources
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Road Functions
Mobility
Accessibility
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Accessibility
Ability to gain access to a particular site or area Provided by Local Streets
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Rural
Urban
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Road Function
Through movement exclusively Through movement primary and some land access Traffic movement to higher rank roads, access to abutting properties Access to abutting land and local traffic movement
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Traffic Engineering
Person and Vehicle Movement How many people may be moved in vehicles of different types on different types of facilities: Goods Movement /Freight Trucks Vital to Economy Must be incorporated into Transportation system plans
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Modes to Transportation
Urban People Transportation People-Transportation
Automobile Taxi/For-Hire Vehicles Bus Transit Rail
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Modes to Transportation
Intercity People Transportation People-Transportation
Automobile Intercity Bus Railroad Air Water
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Modes to Transportation
Urban & Intercity Freight Transportation
Long-Haul Trucks Local Trucks Railroads Water Air Freight
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Types of Traffic Flows Interrupted flow: Traffic flow is interrupted by fixed elements signals railway crossings etc It elements, signals, etc. causes delay. Uninterrupted flow: In which flow remains uninterrupted through out its course, i.e., freeways, motorway. Roadway geomerty and interaction between the vehicles cause major influence on vehicular movements.
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Spacing
The distance (ft) between successive vehicles in a ( ) traffic stream, as measured from front bumper to front bumper
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Headway (h)
The time between successive vehicles, as their front , bumpers pass a given point.
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Speed
Time mean speed (spot speed)
Arithmetic mean of all instantaneous vehicle speed at a given spot on a roadway section
dx dt
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x2 x1 t 2 t1
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Density (k)
The number of vehicles (n) occupying a given length (l) of a lane or roadway at a particular instant Unit of density is vehicles per unit length of road, e.g. vehicles per mile (vpm).
k = n/l
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Microscopic Characteristics
Distance x First Vehicle Trajectory Space H d S Headway s
Macroscopic
Flow, speed (space mean speed) and density. Describe the traffic stream as a whole
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Capacity
Maximum hourly rate of vehicles or persons that can reasonably be expected to pass a point, or traverse a uniform section of lane or roadway, during a specified time period under prevailing conditions (traffic and roadway) Different for different facilities (freeway multilane 2 lane rural (freeway, multilane, 2-lane rural, signals)
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Vehicles/hr
2,000 x 3 = 6,000 800 x 3 = 2,400 100 x 1 =100
Persons/hr
6,000 x 1.7 = 10,200 2,400 x 1.7 = 4,080 100 x 80 = 8 000 8,000
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Definitions
Count number of vehicles/travelers passing a highway spot in a counting period Volume number of vehicles/travelers passing a highway spot per unit time Capacity maximum volume of vehicles/travelers Demand volume not influenced by highway capacity
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Definitions
Congested flow: A traffic flow condition caused by a downstream bottleneck bottleneck. Over Saturation: A traffic condition in which the arrival flow rate exceeds capacity.
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Definitions
Traffic Intensity Capacity Demand
Congestion
Volume
Time
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AADT 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Year
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AADT Estimation
Growth Rate (Factor) Method
Future Volume = Past Volume (1 + Growth Rate)N where N = Future Year Past Year Example: 1,200 veh/day in 2000, 3% growth rate Volume in 2004 = 70 1,200 (1 + 0.03)2004-2000 = 1,350 veh/day
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Directional Distribution
It is equally important to know and collect the data in both the directions of a carriage way. As peak hours seldom occurs simultaneously in both directions. Usually during peak hours the traffic volume in one direction is 2/3 of the traffic volume in both directions.
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PHF
300
250
Veh Count
200
150
100
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Time
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PEAK HOUR AND PEAK HOUR FACTOR-EXAMPLE Largest 12 consecutive 5 min periods (60 Min) From 9:15 to 10:15 PEAK HOUR VOLUME = 1814 vph Largest 15 min volume within the peak hour is = 244+250+220 = 714 vehicles Max Flow Rate = 4 x 714 = 2856 vph Peak hour factor =PHF= peak hour volume/max flow rate =1814/2856 =0.64 PHF is a measure of peaking ( p g (variation) within one hour. )
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PEAK HOUR AND PEAK HOUR FACTOR-EXAMPLE Largest 12 consecutive 5 min periods (60 Min) From 9:15 to 10:15 PEAK HOUR VOLUME = 1814 vph Largest 5 min volume within the peak hour is 250 vehicles Max Flow Rate ( 250/5)*60=3000 vph Peak hour factor =PHF= peak hour volume/max flow rate =1814/3000 =0.60 PHF is a measure of peaking (variation) within one hour.
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