13. Oscillator Circuits (18.5 18.

9)

Positive Feedback Amplifiers (oscillators) Phase-Shift Oscillators Wien Bridge Oscillator Tuned Oscillators (Radio Frequency Oscillators)

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Positive Feedback Amplifiers (oscillators)

Oscillator is a circuit that generates an output frequency (sine or square) when a circuit is connected as positive feedback. with the feedback condition: A=1

Negative feedback Vf is feedback in a way to make Vi=Vs-Vf

~ Vs

Positive feedback Vf is feedback in a way to make Vi=Vs+Vf

~ Vs

+ -

+ Vi - + Vf + Vf -

A=

Vo Vi

+ V o -

RL

+ -

+ Vi + --
Vf

A=

Vo Vi

+ V o -

RL

Vo

Vf

- Vf +

Vo

Vf

Vo (1 + A) = AVs Af =

Vo = AVi = A(Vs Vf ) = AVs A(V Vo ) Vo A = Af < A Vs 1 + A

Negative Feedback analysis for AVf

Vo (1 A) = AVs Af =
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Vo = AVi = A(Vs + Vf ) = AVs + A(V Vo ) Vo A = Af > A Vs 1 A

Positive Feedback analysis for AVf

Positive feedback Vf is feedback in a way to make Vi=Vs+Vf Vs=0

+ Vi + --

A=

Vo Vi

Vf - Vf +

+ V o -

+
Vi AVi +

+ A - - +
AVi

RL

Vo

Vf

AVi = Vi (or) A=1

In Positive Feedback Af = Vo A = Vs 1 A

If A = 1 Criteria for oscillatio n Af = (no Vs needed Vs = 0)

No external sources are needed to produce the output from an oscillator because its input is part of the output satisfying the Barkhausen criterion given by the feedback condition: A=1

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Phase-shift Oscillator Vi AVi

R C R R C C

A VDD f= 1kHz R

FET Phase-shift Oscillator RD= ? C C= ?

A
AVi

AVi = Vi (or) A=1 Frequency of oscillation

f= 1 2RC 6

rd=40k
gm=5000S R=10k

Condition of oscillation 1 A = 1 29 A 29
f=

Example: Determine the value of capacitance C and the value of RD of the Phase-shift oscillator shown, if the output frequency is 1kHz. Take rd=40k and gm=5000S, for the FET and R=10k.
1 1 1 C= = = 6.5nF 2RC 6 2Rf 6 210k 1k 6
40 40 = = 8k gm 5000S

A 1 Let A = 40 > 29 A = gmRL = 40 RL = But RL = RD // rd = RD // 40k = 8k RD =

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8k 40k = 10k 40k 8k

BJT Phase-shift Oscillator R R1

RC C R2
R Frequency of oscillation
f= 1 2RC 6 + 4RC / R
C=

VDD

C= ?

Example: Determine the value of capacitance C and the value of hfe of the Phase-shift oscillator shown, if the output frequency is 1kHz. Take R=10k. RC =1k.

f= 1 2RC 6 + 4RC / R 1 210k 1k 6 + 4 1k / 10k = 1kHz = 1 210kC 6 + 4 1k / 10k

= 0.006F = 6nF

Condition of oscillation 1 29 A = 1 A 29
for BJT hfe R R 23 + 29 +4 C RC R

for BJT hfe 23 + 29 23 + 29

10k 1k +4 23 + 290 + 0.4 313.4 1k 10k

R R +4 C RC R

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IC Phase-shift Oscillator Frequency of oscillation

f= 1 2RC 6

Rf

Condition of oscillation
A = 1 A 29 Rf Ri for IC inverting amplifier, A = 29
1 29

Example: Determine the value of capacitance C and the value of Rf of the IC Phase-shift oscillator shown, if the output frequency is 1kHz. Take R=10k. Ri =1k.

f= 1 1 1 C= = = 6.5nF 2RC 6 2Rf 6 210k 1k 6
Rf Ri 29 Rf 29Ri 29k

for IC inverting amplifier, A =

-
+
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Ri

C R

C R

C R

Wien Bridge Oscillator

R1

+ -

C1

Frequency of oscillation
f= 1 2 R1C1R2C2

f=

1 if R1 = R2 = R 2RC C1 = C2 = C

R2

C2

R4

R3

R3 R1 C2 = + R4 R2 C1

Condition of oscillation

if R1 = R2 = R R3 = 2 C = C = C R4 1 2

Example: Determine the value of capacitance C1 and R1 if R2 =10k C2 = 0.1F R3 =10k R4 =1k in the Wien bridge oscillator shown has an output frequency of 1kHz.

f= 1 2 R1C1R2C2 1 f2 = = 42R1C1R2C2 1 1

Frequency of oscillation
= 0.025ms C1 = 0.025ms R1

R1C1 =

R1 = 9.996 10k = 99.96k 100k C1 =

42 f2R2C2 42 (1k )2 10k 0.1 R3 R C R R 10k 0.1F 0.1 = 1 + 2 = 1 + 1 = 10 = 9.996 R4 R2 C1 1k 10k 0.025ms 10k 25
0.025ms EE2603-13 = 0.00025 = 250pF 100k

Condition of oscillation

Tuned Oscillators (Radio Frequency Oscillators)

Tuned oscillator is a circuit that generates a Radio frequency output by using LC tuned (resonant) circuit. Because of high frequencies, small inductance can be used for the radio frequency of oscillation. Tuned-input and tuned-output Oscillator

tuned-output L 2 feedback coupling Cci

C2 Cco RF output
f0 = 1 2 L1C1 1 2 L2C2

tuned-input C1

L1

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FET Colpitts Oscillator

IC Colpitts Oscillator Rf

Cco

RF output

Feedback amplifier

C1 L

C2

LC network
f0 = 1 2 LCeq where Ceq = C1C2 C1 + C2

C1 L

RFC is an impedance which is high (open) at high RF frequencies and low (short) to dc voltages

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-
+
C2

Feedback amplifier

Radio Frequency Choke RFC

Ri

RF output

LC network

FET Hartley Oscillator

Feedback amplifier

Radio Frequency Choke RFC Cco RF output

L1

M C

L2

LC network

f0 =

1 2 LeqC

where Leq = L1 + L2 + 2M

M = Mutual coupling between L1 & L2

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Crystal Oscillator Crystal

Crystal is a piezo-electric device which converts mechanical pressure to electrical voltage or vice-vasa. Crystals are fabricated by cutting the crude quartz in a very exacting fashion. The type of cut determines the crystals natural resonant frequency as well as its temperature coefficient. Crystal are available at frequencies about 15kHz and up providing the best frequency stability. However above 100MHz, they become so small that handling becomes a problem. Below is the electrical equivalent of a crystal. There are two resonant frequency called Series resonant frequency fS and Parallel resonant frequency fP. Z

R L Cs
0 Series frequency fS is from L & CS to form a series combination across the crystal

The impedance Z of the crystal becomes very high at Parallel frequency fP

Cp
The impedance Z of the crystal becomes very low at Series frequency fS
1 C C 2 S P L C + C P S

fs

fp

Series frequency = f = S

Parallel frequency = f = P

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2 CS L

At Parallel frequency fP total C seen by L is a series combination made by CP and CS

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Series Resonant Crystal Oscillator In the circuits below Crystal impedance should be low to achieve feedback for oscillation. Since Z of crystal will be low at only series resonant frequency, the oscillator frequency is therefore series resonant frequency fs VDD RFC
Z

VDD RFC R1
C R2
RG

CC

fs

fp

Crystal Feedback at series resonant

Crystal Feedback at series resonant

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Parallel Resonant Crystal Oscillator In the circuits below Crystal impedance should be high to achieve feedback for oscillation. Since Z of crystal will be high at only parallel resonant frequency, the oscillator frequency is therefore parallel resonant frequency fp

VDD RFC R1
C1
C2

VDD C
L
CC RG

0

R2
CB

RFC Crystal Feedback at parallel resonant

fs

fp

Crystal Feedback at parallel resonant

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Op-amp crystal oscillator

Op-amp voltage gain is controlled by the negative feedback circuit formed by Rf and R1. More NFB will damp the oscillation, critical NFB will have a sine wave output and less NFB will have a square wave output.

It is very flexible to construct the Op. Amp. crystal oscillator due to high amplifier gain and differential input facility of the Op. Amp.

Rf R1

Op-amp

+
The two Zener diodes connected face to face is to limit the peak to peak output voltage equal to twice of Zener voltage.
Cs

Vz

R2

The crystal is fed in series to the positive feedback which is required for oscillation. Therefore the oscillation frequency will be crystal series resonant frequency fs.

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