PARTSOFSPEECH

verbs nouns pronouns prepositions adjectives adverbs conjunctions interjections and functions list
-Mr.Daley

VERBS
A word that shows action Every Verb has three parts 1st Principal Part = Present EXAMPLE -Sleep / Break 2nd Principal Part = Past EXAMPLE -Slept / Broke 3rd Principal Part = Past Principal EXAMPLE -Slept / Broken Auxiliary Verbs = Forms of the verb "be" EXAMPLES - Can, Do, May, Must, Ought, Shall, Will, Has, Have, Had Regular Verbs - Verbs you add an -ed or -d to make them past tense EXAMPLE - Walk = Walked / Launch = Launched Irregular Verbs - Verbs you do not add -ed or -d to make them past tense EXAMPLE - Teach = Taught / Run = Ran / Strike = Struck Linking Verbs - Connect the Subject to the Subject Complement. List below.

There are also 12 Verb Tenses

6 Basic Tenses 6 Progressive Tenses Total = 12 Tense

Changing the tense of a verb is called CONJUGATION

Conjugating Verbs
Present Tense - 1st principal Part EXAMPLE - Write Past Tense - 2nd Principal Part EXAMPLE - Wrote Future Tense - Will + 1st Principal Part EXAMPLE - Will write Present Perfect - Has or Have + 3rd Principal Part EXAMPLE - Has written / Have written Past Perfect - Had + 2nd Principal Part EXAMPLE - Had written Future Perfect - Will have + 3rd Principal Part EXAMPLE - Will have written Progressive Tenses - Show ongoing or continuing action Add -ing to 1st Principal Part Present Progressive - Am / Is / Are + 1st Principal Part + ing EXAMPLE - Am writing / Is writing / Are writing Past progressive - Was / Were + 1st Principal Part + ing EXAMPLE - Was writing / Were writing Future Progressive -Will be + 1st Principal Part +ing EXAMPLE - Will be writing Present Perfect Progressive - Have been / Has Been EXAMPLE - Have been writing / Has been writing
+ 1st Principal Part + ing

Past Perfect Progressive - Had been + 1st Principal Part + ing EXAMPLE - Had been writing Future Perfect Progressive - Will have been + 1st Principal Part + ing EXAMPLE - Will have been writing

Linking Verbs
Verbs that connect the the subject to the subject complement. Does not express an action.

List of Linking Verbs

Am Are Is Were Has been Have been Are being Might have been Became EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE I am happy. They are happy. She is happy. They were happy. She has been happy. They have been happy. They are being quiet. They might have been guilty. She became an astronaut.

Appear Feel Look Grow Remain Seem Smell Sound Taste

EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE EXAMPLE

They appear awake. Its feels smooth. She looks tired. He grew tired. They remained asleep. It seems impossible. They smell horrible. The music sounds amazing. The food tasted wonderful.

Nouns
Nouns are people, places, things, and ideas Noun types = Common, Proper, Concrete, Abstract, Count, Non-Count, Collective

Every noun is either COMMON or PROPER

Common = a non-specific person, place, or thing EXAMPLE - president, building, game Proper = a specific person, place, or thing EXAMPLE - George Washington, Eiffel Tower, Sony Playstation

Every noun is either CONCRETE or ABSTRACT

Concrete = Nouns you can Touch, Smell, See, Hear, or Feel EXAMPLE = Cotton, Gas, Clouds, Insect, Air Abstract = an idea, feel, or attribute Nouns you cannot Touch, Smell, See, Hear, or Feel EXAMPLE = Love, Hate, Peace, Honesty, Beauty, Dream, Education, Friendship

Every noun is either COUNT or NON-COUNT

Count = Nouns that have a plural form EXAMPLE = Cats, Geese, Helicopters, Bureaus Non-Count = Nouns that have NO plural form EXAMPLE = Weather, Furniture, Happiness, Education, Homework, Lightning, Popcorn, Cotton, Rice, Corn, Intelligence, Knowledge, Oxygen, Blood

Some nouns are also COLLECTIVE

Collective = Nouns that represent groups of people, things, places, ideas EXAMPLES = Flock, Audience, Army, Team, Gaggle

So, check this out! Every noun is either 3 or 4 types at once.

Noun Computer Barrack Obama Committee Kindness Mercy Colony Type Common, Proper, Common, Common, Common, Common, Concrete, Concrete, Concrete, Abstract, Abstract, Concrete, Count Non-Count Count, Collective Non-Count Non-Count Count, Collective

Every Noun has a job (case) within the sentence.

It is either NOMINATIVE, OBJECTIVE, or POSSESSIVE

Nominative Functions
- Subject of the sentence, Appositive, Subject Complement EXAMPLE Subject - The car, a new Ford Focus, rolled into Peter's driveway. Appositive - The car, a new Ford Focus, rolled into Peter's driveway. Subject Complement - Peter is an astronaut.(noun following a linking verb)

Objective Functions
- Direct Object, Indirect Object, Object of the Preposition EXAMPLE Direct Object - He gave Jane the flowers before breakfast. Indirect Object - He gave Jane the flowers before breakfast. Object of the Preposition - He gave Jane the flowers before breakfast.

Possessive Functions
- Nouns that shows ownership Possessive - The boy's ladder was left in the girl's yard.

How to write possessives

's = one owner EXAMPLE = boy's, girl's, Jake's, bird's, monkey's s' = multiple owners EXAMPLE = boys', girls' birds', monkeys' When two or more people share ownership - last name is given possessive form EXAMPLE = Maria, John, and Debbie's house (They all share one house) When two or more people have separate ownership - all names are given possessive form. EXAMPLE = Mike's, Jerry's, and Frank's homes (They all own separate homes)

Pluralizing Nouns
Regular Nouns = add -s
EXAMPLE - Bell = Bells / Taco = Tacos / Teacher = Teachers

Nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, sh = add -es

EXAMPLE - Church = Churches / Fox = Foxes / Glass = Glasses

Nouns ending in y with a consonant before it -change y to i +add-es

EXAMPLE - Lady = Ladies / Baby = Babies / Army = Armies

Nouns ending in y with a vowel before it = add -s

EXAMPLE - Key = Keys / Monkey = Monkeys / Alley = Alleys

Nouns that end in o with a consonant before it = add -es

EXAMPLE - Hero = Heroes / Tomato = Tomatoes

Nouns that end in o with a vowel before it = add -s

EXAMPLE - Radio = Radios / Stereo = Stereos

Some nouns that end in f = add -s

EXAMPLE - Chief = Chiefs / Belief = Beliefs

Some noun that end in f or fe = change f to v + add -es

EXAMPLE - Knife = Knives / Thief = Thieves / Half = Halves

Nouns that end in is = change is to es

EXAMPLE - Basis = Bases / Parenthesis = Parentheses

Nouns that end in um = change um to a

EXAMPLE = Datum = Data / Memorandum = Memoranda

Nouns that end in us = change us to i

EXAMPLE = Radius = Radii / Focus = Foci / Alumnus = Alumni

Nouns that end in on = change on to a

EXAMPLE = Criterion = Criteria / Phenomenon = Phenomena

Irregular Nouns - Plural forms need to be memorized - no rules

EXAMPLE - Foot = Feet / Ox = Oxen / Mouse = Mice / Woman = Women

Pronouns
A word used to replace a noun 6 Types of Pronouns - Personal, Personal-Compound, Possessive, Demonstrative, Indefinite, Interrogative
Personal - Refers to a specific person, thing, or idea - I, We, You, He, She, It, They EXAMPLE - I am arriving early.

Personal-Compound - Myself, Yourself, Himself, Herself, Itself, Themselves, Ourselves EXAMPLE - We will do it ourselves.

Possessive - My, Mine, Your, Yours, Our, Ours, His, Her, Hers, Its Theirs, Their EXAMPLE - Those gloves are mine.

Demonstrative - This, That, Those, These EXAMPLE - This belongs to me.

Indefinite - Anyone, Someone, Something, Anybody, Nobody, Anything EXAMPLE - There was someone in the dark room.

Interrogative - Which, What, Whose, Who, Whom EXAMPLE - Who took my notebook?

Prepositions
A word that shows the relationship between two nouns List of Common Prepositions
About , below, excepting, off, toward, above, beneath, for, on under, across, beside(s), from, onto, underneath, after, between, in, out, until, against, beyond, in front of, outside, up, along, but, inside, over, upon, among, by, in spite of, past, to, around, concerning, instead of, regarding, with, at, despite, into, since, within, down, like, through, without, before, during, near, throughout, with regard to, behind, except, with respect to

Prepositional Phrase
Consists of a Preposition. Modifiers, and a Noun or Pronoun
EXAMPLE Across the sea Towards the east Onto the table Throughout history Besides them Up the river Inside the tunnel Without her Off his guard In front of the store Among the soldiers During supper Along the border After him On it By his house

Notice how they all begin with a preposition and end with a noun or pronoun.

ADJECTIVES
Modifies a Noun
Six different types of Adjectives Types = Descriptive, Limiting, Pronominal, Possessive, Proper, Predicate Descriptive = Describes a noun or pronoun EXAMPLE = Yellow flowers, Spacious garden, Heavy weights Limiting = Articles and Numerals Articles = A, An, The Numerals = One, Third, Seventh, etc. Pronominal = Pronouns that modify a noun - Which, What, Whatever, Whatsoever, Whichever, This EXAMPLE - This reason, Which book, Whatever reason Possessive = Pronouns that show ownership - My, Your, His, Her, Its, Our, Their EXAMPLE - Her bracelet, Their team, His hat Proper = Derived from Proper Nouns EXAMPLE - American history, French class, Mexican food Predicate = A Subject Complement (after a linking verb) EXAMPLE - Tom was successful. He is tired. They were happy. Notice how all the types of Adjectives come directly before the noun except for Predicate Adjectives.

ADVERBS
Modify Verbs, Adjectives, and other Adverbs. Adverbs tell HOW? WHEN? WHERE? WHY? HOW MUCH? TO WHAT EXTENT? Most end in -ly, but not all

They Modify verbs

How? Where? When? Worked quietly They marched forward. She visits often.

They modify adjectives

To what extent? The light was very bright. The barrel was almost full.

They modify other adverbs

To what extent? He walked very slowly. The movie finished too abruptly.

Affirmation Adverbs - Yes, No EXAMPLE - No, I do not have your car keys. Yes, I have the answer. Negation Adverbs - Nowhere, Scarcely, Not, Never EXAMPLE I never thought of that. Interrogative Adverbs-Where, When, Why, How (ask questions) EXAMPLE - Where did you put my book? How did you work that problem?

Conjunctions
A word that connects parts of a sentence together

3 Different Kinds of Conjunctions

Coordinating
- Connects Independent Clauses, items in a series or phrases

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So (Acronym = FANBOYS) EXAMPLE He bought apples and oranges She brought the apples, and he brought the oranges. He tried to swim, but could not.

Subordinating

- Comes at the beginning of a Dependent Clause

After, Although, As, As if, As long as, As though, Because, Before, Even if, Even though, If, If only, In order that, Now that, Once, Rather than, Since, SO that, Than, That, Though, Till, Unless, Until, When, Whenever, Where, Whereas, Wherever, While EXAMPLE Whenever she visits, she eats all the potato chips. As long as he is here, the house will be a mess.

Correlative

- To offer complementary statements. Always in pairs

But...and, Not only...but also, Not...but, Either...or, Neither...nor, Whether...or, As...as EXAMPLE She is neither a criminal nor a crook. Whether we lose or not, it will still be fun.

Interjections
Words used to exclaim, protest, or command. List of common interjections Ah!, Alas!, Dear!, Eh?, Hello?, Hey!, Hi!, Ouch!, Umm, Well, Eeek!, Haha!, Shhhhh, Bravo!, Dang!, Duh!, Hurray!, Thanks!, Yikes!, Whoa!, Wow! EXAMPLES Hello, is anyone there? Ouch! That really hurt! Wow! That is an awesome car! Alas! The island is in sight!

PARTS OF SPEECH Functions

Verbs Action word Linking word Nominative Nominative Nominative Objective Objective Objective PossessiveSubject Appositive Subject Complement Direct Object Indirect Object Object of the Preposition Show ownership

Noun -

Pronoun Adjective Adverb -

Replace a noun Modify the noun (list noun) Modify the verb (list verb) Modify the adjective (list adjective) Modify the adverb (list adverb)
Coordinating Coordinating Coordinating Subordinating Correlative Connect Connect Connect Begin a Offer a Independent Clauses Items in a series phrases Dependent Clause complimentary statement

Conjunction-

Interjection-To exclaim To command To protest