INDEX

Abraham, 50
abstemiousness, 16, 56, 57, 74, 87, 118
acting manuals, 1307
The Actor: A Treatise on the Art of Playing
(Hill), 131
actors, 76, 77, 78, 123, 1307
Addison, Joseph, 56, 86, 87, 8990, 93, 96,
103, 136
adult life, 43, 110, 116, 118
advertising, 39, 104
advice manuals see conduct works; medical
advice literature
aether, 101
afterlife, 47
age and aging
and acting, 1357
and agency, 21, 72, 79, 80, 81, 98, 105,
1445
benefits and enjoyment of, 1423
biological view of, 70, 80, 148
changing attitudes to, 8
and character, 535, 121, 12739
and cheerfulness, 84, 92, 97, 104,
11218, 143, 145, 147
cosmological view of, 437
in Christian tradition, 479
in current culture, 1
and decay, 2833, 36, 37, 38, 47, 49, 55,
67, 68, 71, 104, 112
definitions of, 4, 20, 23
different meanings of, 45
eighteenth-century words and concepts,
2, 20, 2339, 70, 141, 1467, 149
and external forces, 4161, 144
gendered nature of, 5, 107, 108, 11920
gerontological studies of, 4, 5

historical interest in, 56, 22, 142, 149

and humours and temperature, 513
and identity, 10, 10720, 13840, 1459
inevitability of, 75
internalization of, 669, 70, 76
and life cycle, 423
as lifelong process, 5, 8, 68, 69, 70, 80
and lifespan, 4951
management of, 63, 64, 65, 72, 739, 93,
978, 108, 109, 142, 144
as matter of personal choice, 2, 98, 105,
144
mechanistic view of, 659, 70, 71, 72,
789, 801
as more than a secular/physical matter,
41, 42, 49, 60, 712, 120
and the new science, 6381
and Non-naturals, 567
not seen internally or biologically, 61, 63,
801, 143
as opposite of youth, 337
physiological interpretation of, 63, 64,
6571
representations of, 11112
research into, 1
semantic difficulties, 5, 20, 24, 25
and sexuality, 11517, 118, 11920
social dimension of, 83105
and temperament, 535, 137
treatment and cure of, 301, 145
agency
and biology, 7980
human, over aging/body change, 21, 72,
74, 76, 79, 80, 81, 105, 132, 1445
and mechanism, 72
medical establishment, over body, 9, 63

Copyright

181

182

Age and Identity in Eighteenth-Century England

and personhood, 122

rise of individual, 121
air
balsamic particles in, 103
fresh, 19, 56
Akenside, Mark, 967, 103
alcohol, 59, 76
The Amorous Bugbears (Ward), 36
amusements, 96, 99, 112, 119, 145
Anne, Queen, 56, 86
annuity schemes, 8
anti-aging, as big business, 1
Arber, Sara, 4, 5
Aristotle, 19, 43, 51, 52, 53, 57, 84, 87, 112
art, 126
Art of Preserving Life (Hufeland), 323
artistic people, 77
asceticism, 7
astrology, 435, 60, 120
astronomy, 26, 27
avarice, 111

Bethum, John, 26, 53, 88

Bible
on duration of human life, 49
and punishment of sin, 47, 49, 50, 147
view of old age in, 47, 111, 115, 147
billiards, 119
Bills of Mortality, 46
binary thinking, 337, 55
biological age, 4, 5, 7, 61, 141, 146, 147, 148
biology
advent of, 9, 41, 66, 79, 143
and agency, 7980
aspects of aging, 4, 41
biosociality, 148
blackguards, 110
blacksmiths, 76
blood, circulation of, 467, 57, 589, 65, 66,
67, 735, 81, 901, 989, 130
bodiliness, concepts of, 9, 41, 63
body
aging and function of, 3
anatomical view of, 9
biological study of, 41
changes in course of life, 22, 122,
12930, 137
concepts of, 2
and constitution and character, 1289
different models of, 72, 143
as fashionable commodity, 11
gendered, 42
history of the, 3
and identity, 2, 910, 12930, 1389
management of, 11, 14, 63, 64, 65, 72,
739, 81, 90, 93, 978, 108, 109,
142, 144
mechanistic model of, 3, 21, 48, 52, 63,
64, 659, 70, 71, 72, 789, 801,
102, 143
and mental disorders, 128
new models of, 60, 79
and personhood, 121
physiological interpretation of aging,
63, 64
regulation of, 19
significance beyond medicine of, 61, 63
social dimension of, 83
body language, 834
body studies

Copyright
Bacon, Roger, 301, 37, 44, 52, 11112
bacteriological revolution, 61
balance, medical theories of, 52
ballads, 11, 36, 116
Barker-Benfield, G. J., 65, 80
Barrell, John, 115
Barresi, John, 3, 123, 138
Batchelors Monitor (Anon.), 35
bathing, 16, 58, 59, 76, 91
beauty, physical, 84
Beddoes, Thomas, 91, 102
behaviour
codified, 136, 143
and identity, 146
impact on prolongation of healthy life,
33, 55, 58, 71, 98, 145
in old age, 21, 99, 145
prescriptive, for old men, 10721
socially acceptable, 83, 978, 105, 107,
108, 114, 136, 143, 145, 147
Belcher, William, 101
benevolence, 21, 99
Bernard, Sir Thomas, 109, 111, 113, 116
The Best and Easiest Method of Preserving
Uninterrupted Health to Extreme Old
Age (Anon.), 92

Index
distinction between nature and culture, 9
historical, 41, 42
modern, 3, 9
body-centric view
in eighteenth-century England, 3
of aging, 5, 8, 28, 37
of personhood, 121
Boerhaave, Herman, 3, 16, 21, 46, 64, 658,
69, 701, 723, 76, 80, 94, 102, 120
books, on aging, 10
see also conduct works; devotional works;
medical advice literature; moralizing
texts
Booth, George, 35
Boswell, James, 78, 95, 103, 104, 132, 134,
137
Botelho, Lynn, 7, 8, 112
Boyd-Haycock, David, 1, 14, 102
Boyle, Robert, 57, 100
brain, 65
breath theory, 17, 1023, 104, 117, 118,
143, 145, 147
Brewer, John, 136
British Library, 89
Brosch, Renate, 83
Browne, Richard, 30
Browne, Thomas, 44
Buchan, William, 10, 18, 20, 56, 767, 81,
901, 945, 99100, 1034, 113, 118
Burney, Charles, 78

183

characterization, in art/literature/theatre,
126, 1334
Charleton, W., 86
cheerfulness, 21, 83, 84, 107, 145, 147
eighteenth-century concept of, 8590,
1045
in medical advice literature, 909
in old men, 11219
and sociability, 99, 1034, 143
transferability of, 100, 103, 104
Cheyne, George, 10, 12, 1516, 1718, 19,
32, 467, 489, 52, 56, 57, 734, 75,
778, 88, 90, 956, 101, 102, 103, 108,
109, 112, 114, 11516, 118, 119, 120,
127
childhood, 43
old age compared to, 116
children, procreation of, 34
cholerick, 53, 127
Christianity
and bodily management, 90
and cheerfulness, 89
and identity, 123
view of age and aging, 3, 479, 60
chronological age, 4, 5, 6, 7, 23, 26, 32, 33,
38, 124, 141, 142, 146
Churchill, Charles, 131
Cicero, 45, 56, 111, 115, 116
circulation, 467, 57, 589, 65, 66, 67,
735, 81, 901, 989, 130
cities
advice to move away from, 118
unhealthy conditions in, 33
citizenship, 123
civility, 834, 89, 110
Clark, Stuart, 334
class, 149
and civility, 84
and identity, 10, 140, 145
Classical tradition, view of old age, 44, 45,
53, 56, 60, 65, 111, 115, 117
climacteric years, 437, 71, 116, 120
climate, 71
clothing, 58
Code of Health and Longevity (Sinclair), 120
coffee houses, 11314, 118, 131
Cohausen, Johann Heinrich, 17, 51, 52, 95,
102, 104, 117, 118, 1478

Copyright

caffeine, 59
calendar, reform of, 142
carpenters, 76
Carter, Philip, 110, 112
census data, 8
Chambers, Ephraim, Cyclopaedia, 27
character, 535, 12739
and acting manuals, 1324
actors getting into, 1345
and age, 121
changes in, 54, 12930, 135, 137, 139,
146
definitions of, 1289
and identity, 123, 1267
physical influences on, 12730, 1389
as state of body, 128

184

Age and Identity in Eighteenth-Century England

Cohen, Michle, 110, 114

cold bathing, 16, 59, 91
Comforts of Old Age (Bernard), 11, 109, 113,
116
Condorcet, Marquis de, 51
conduct works, 11, 27, 345, 37, 38, 43, 64,
69, 84, 86, 109, 11011, 114
Conjugal Lewdness: or Matrimonial Whoredom (Defoe), 34
conscience, 110, 111, 123
consciousness, inward, 123
consent, age of, 26
constitution, 32, 53, 55, 778, 114, 127,
128, 129, 133
conversation, arts of, 110, 112, 115, 117, 119
Cornaro, Luigi, 56, 113
corruption, 28, 33, 37, 47, 104
cosmology, 3, 20, 27, 37, 39, 434, 47, 60,
70, 712, 120
country bumpkins, 78, 115
Cowper, Lady Sarah, 7, 119
cultural age, 5, 6, 7, 23, 38, 141, 146, 148,
149
culture, distinction between nature and, 9,
10, 234
The Cure of Old Age, and Preservation of
Youth (Bacon), 301, 11112
Curll, Edmund, 1323, 137

devotional works, 11, 1617, 31, 478, 87,

115, 120
dictionaries, 11, 24, 256, 856, 104, 1289
diet, 14, 15, 32, 55, 58, 76, 113
cool, 91
simplicity of, 56, 57, 71, 74, 87, 118
unwholesome, 71
digestion, 130
Discorsi della Vita Sobria (Cornaro), 56
Discourse Concerning Old-Age (Steele),
1617, 301, 478, 55, 87, 111
disease
age as synonymous with, 28, 2930, 32,
33, 37, 65, 112
and cheerfulness, 88
curing, 18
lifestyle, 15
new concepts of, 64
and spiritual failure, 49
A Dissertation on the Influence of the Passions
upon Disorders of the Body (Falconer),
19
The Distinction of Ages (Hill), 1367
Divine Physician (Harris), 48
divine providence, 51, 87, 89
Domestic Medicine (Buchan), 10, 18, 20, 56,
76, 945, 100
dotage, 116
Dove, Mary, 27
Downer, Alan, 130
The Dramatic Genius (Hiffernan), 131
dryness, 33, 66, 67, 70
dual classifications, 33
Duden, Barbara, 19, 42, 52, 58
dust, return to, 49

Copyright
Daily Gazeteer, 102
De Retardatione Accidentium Senectutum
(Bacon), 301
De Senectute (Cicero), 45, 111
death, 14, 49, 52, 66, 67, 68, 69, 73, 74, 75,
76, 81, 93, 98, 111, 117
decay
age as, 2833, 36, 37, 38, 47, 49, 55, 67,
68, 71, 104, 112
begins in youth, 69, 70
slowing down, 81, 91
Defoe, Daniel, 34
degeneration, 28, 37
democratization, 13, 18, 144
demographics, 6, 38, 142
dependence, 43, 117
Derrick, Samuel, 1345
Descartes, Ren, 3, 18, 19, 48, 65, 67, 92

early rising, 103

earth bathing, 17
ease, 86, 88, 93, 112
Ecclesiastes, 47, 111, 115
Edwards, Mr, 95
effeminacy, 110, 114, 117
electricity, 101
Elementa Physiologiae Corporis Humani
(Haller), 68
emotions, 19, 54, 56, 58, 77, 79, 80, 81, 83,
86, 91, 92, 97, 128, 130, 131, 143
expression of, 84, 85, 89, 100

Index
transfer of, 1001, 148
see also passions; sensibility
employment, 6, 32, 55
easy, 56
heavy labour, 71, 76
and longevity, 778, 137
encyclopaedias, 11, 24, 25, 267
end of life, 5
The English Malady (Cheyne), 15, 16, 956
Enlightenment, 3, 1213, 14, 51, 83, 84, 93,
108, 124, 142
enneatic years, 44
Enquiry After Happiness (Lucas), 87, 95
Enquiry Concerning Political Justice (Godwin), 989
erotica, 117
An Essay on Acting (Garrick), 133
Essay Concerning Human Understanding
(Locke), 65, 123
Essay on Health and Long Life (Cheyne),
10, 12, 15, 1718, 19, 467, 49, 56, 57,
778, 112, 114, 115
Essay on Sickness and Health (Strother), 73
evacuations, 19, 56, 91
excess, 114
exercise, 19, 32, 55, 119
expression, emotional, 84, 85, 89, 100

185

fluids, bodily, 66, 74, 92, 98, 113

The Folly, Sin and Danger of Marrying
Widows, and Old Women in General
(Anon.), 55
food, 19, 58, 76, 118
see also diet
fops, 110
forces
external, 4161, 144
invisible, 1001
forty-ninth year, 44, 45
Fothergill, J., 1089
Foucault, Michel, 9, 41, 79, 105, 146
Freeman, Lisa, 1267, 131, 136
French Revolution, 18
functional impairment, 4, 7
Galen, 16, 29, 37, 43, 51, 52, 53, 56, 578,
59, 61, 65, 87, 91, 92, 127, 136
Garrick, David, 77, 78, 104, 1334, 137
Gaubius, Hieronymus David, 19, 54, 128,
12930
Gauchet, Max, 41
gender, 149
and age, 5, 107, 108
and desire to combat aging, 1213
eighteenth-century concepts of, 119
and identity, 10, 140, 145, 146
and medical advice literature, 107, 108
and nerves, 80
roles, 119
and sex, 4, 11920, 146
A General View of the Stage (Derrick), 1345
generations, 26, 27, 43
generosity, 84
gentility, 110
Gentlemans Magazine, 11, 50, 78, 102,
1089, 131, 134, 148
gentlemens eighteenth-century view of, 107,
10911, 112, 114, 115, 118
Gentlewomans Companion (Woolley), 43
gentlewomen, 119
George II, King, 68
geriatrics, 4, 7, 15, 16, 37, 46, 65
gerontology, 4, 5, 23, 24, 38, 65, 68, 149
Ginn, Jay, 4, 5
Glorious Revolution, 110
God

Copyright

Falconer, William, 19
Fall of man, 47, 50
family, 6
reconstitutions, 8
Family Companion for Health (Strother),
46, 73
fasting, 17
The Female Aegis (Anon.), 43
Female Physician (Anon.), 13
feminist research, 4, 148
fertility, 34, 120
increase in, 8
Fielding, Henry, 137
Figlio, Karl, 139
First Lines of Physiology (Haller), 68, 69, 120
Fischer-Lichte, Erika, 130
flame of life, 52, 81
Fletcher, Anthony, 110
Floyer, Sir John, 16, 17, 52, 5760, 76, 81,
912

186

Age and Identity in Eighteenth-Century England

closeness to, 89, 90, 111

love of, 115
providence of, 51, 87, 89
Godwin, William, 14, 51, 86, 989, 147
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 32
Goring, Paul, 130
gout, 15, 17
Gowing, Laura, 43
Graham, James, 17, 101
Great Code, 42, 51
Gregory, James, 120
grey hair, 7, 29, 30, 31, 32
grey market, 389
growth and death, 69
Grub Street, 13, 29
Gruman, Gerald, 13
Guerrini, Anita, 15
Guide to Health Through the Various Stages of
Life (Lynch), 17, 25, 45, 53, 55
Gullette, Margaret Morganroth, 4, 1489

Hermippus Redidivus, or, The Sages Triumph

over Old Age and the Grave (Cohausen),
17, 95, 102, 117, 1478
Hiffernan, Paul, 131
Hill, Aaron, 1367
Hill, John, 17, 26, 746, 88, 93, 108, 114,
116, 131
Hippocratus, 43
historians, use of aging as analytical tool by,
22
historical time, 26, 27
History of the English Stage (Curll), 1324
Hitchcock, Tim, 110
homosexuals, 110
hot baths, 58, 59, 76
household authority, 6, 8
Hufeland, Christoph, 323, 52, 113, 114
Hume, David, 15, 19, 99, 100, 123, 136
humours, 44, 513, 55, 56, 57, 65, 70, 71,
72, 78, 81, 92, 102, 127, 133, 143
Hutcheson, Francis, 100, 136
hydraulic mechanism, 3, 21, 52, 66, 68, 72,
102, 143
Hymn to Cheerfulness (Akenside), 967

Copyright
habit, 53, 127, 128, 129, 130, 134, 135
Haller, Albrecht von, 17, 53, 64, 65, 66,
689, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 80, 94, 101,
120
hardness, 66, 67, 71, 75
Harris, John, 48
Hartley, David, 18, 98, 123
Harvey, Karen, 11617
Harvey, William, 50, 65
Hazlitt, William, 123
health
age dependent on state of, 147
age as a medical condition, 7
age as medical term, 28
burgeoning culture of, 60
management of and longevity, 14
personal control over, 18
and spirituality, 90
value of cheerfulness for, 85, 868, 901,
94, 989
health-consciousness, 3, 10, 102
see also medical advice literature
heart, 65, 67, 87
heat, concept of, 52, 53, 56, 57, 589, 66, 67,
76, 78, 97
heavenly bodies, 44

ideas, history of, 3

identity see personal identity
idiots, 78
imagination, 78, 79, 96
immortality, 50, 51, 73, 98, 99
independence, notions of, 110, 111
individual, rise of the, 121, 124, 125
individualization, 23, 124
Industrial Revolution, 78
Institutiones Medicae (Boerhaave), 46, 66,
73, 120
intellectual activity, 946, 114, 145
intergenerational sociability, 11314
intergenerational tensions, 8
The Invalid (Anon.), 109, 113
inversion, symbolic, 36
Johnson, James, 116
Johnson, Samuel, 15, 16, 78, 95, 96
Dictionary, 24, 256, 856, 96, 1289,
132, 135
jokes, 116
joy, beneficial effects of, 92

Index
Kames, Henry Home, Lord, 100
Katz, Stephen, 148
Kirkwood, Tom, 2
Kitteridge, Katherine, 7
Klein, Lawrence, 11, 110
The Knowledge of a Mans Self (Tyron), 48
Kohli, Martin, 124, 138
Kugler, Anne, 7, 119
Langford, Paul, 110
Laqueur, Thomas, 42, 146
Laslett, Peter, 6
Law of Nature, 51, 116
Lawson, Jane, 29
Lecture Introductory to a Course of Popular
Instruction of the Constitution and
Management of the Human Body (Beddoes), 91
legal rights, 123
Leiden, 65, 68
Lessius, Leonardus, 56
Lettson, John, 19
libertines, 110
life
age as measurement of human, 27
commercialization of extension of,
1415
concept of, 27
desire to extend, 1, 1315, 108
as preparation for afterlife, 47
stages of, 43, 53
temporalization of, 124, 138, 139
see also longevity
life cycle, 423, 70, 120, 121, 122, 124, 129,
130, 136, 138, 139, 146
lifespan, 4951, 70
living conditions, 33, 61
Locke, John, 18, 48, 57, 65, 68, 84
and identity theory, 3, 9, 123, 138
The London Magazine, 132, 134
Long Livers: A Curious History of Such
Persons of Both Sexes who have Livd
Several Ages, and Grown Young Again
(Samber), 28
longevity
and behaviour/lifestyle, 15, 33, 71, 74,
76, 79, 81, 87, 94, 98, 144
belief in, 501, 145

187

boasting about, 109

and cheerfulness, 868, 92, 956, 112
and environment, 51, 61, 71, 144
examples of, 289, 501, 113
of forefathers, 4950
interest in, 108
and non-naturals, 567
outlandish theories on, 17, 51, 1023,
145, 147
physical impediments to, 70
psychosomatic route to, 1820, 147
rules for, 73, 756, 103, 118
and scholarship, 114
and sociability, 104
and spirituality, 90
and temperament and character, 535,
778
texts on, 10, 13, 17, 289
longitude, 142
Louis-Courvoisier, Micheline, 52
Lucas, Richard, 87, 95
luxury, 114
Lynch, Bernard, 17, 245, 456, 53, 55
Lynch, Deidre, 126, 127

Copyright
McCormack, Matthew, 110, 117
McKenzie, Alan, 83
macrobiotics, 32
malignity and age, 33
man, ages of, 278, 31, 43, 70, 136
manhood, 111
manners, 110, 136
Frenchified, 114
marketing, 39
Markley, Robert, 84
marriage
age at, 8, 34
age-disparate, 34, 36, 37, 11617
as gateway to adult life, 43
happy, 119
sex in, 116
unhappy, 35
Marshall, David, 136
Martin, Raymond, 3, 123, 138
masculinity
aged, 112, 118, 119
eighteenth-century views of, 1078,
10911, 117, 118, 119, 120, 145

188

Age and Identity in Eighteenth-Century England

and self-control, 114

and sexuality, 115
masquerades, 11, 36, 114
matter, transfer of, 100, 101, 103
maturity, 26, 31, 44, 110
Mauss, Marcel, 9, 1223, 126
Maynwaringe, Everard, 28
mechanistic body model, 3, 21, 48, 52, 63,
64, 659, 70, 71, 72, 789, 801, 102,
143
medical advice literature (lay), 1018, 21,
26, 27, 35, 37, 457, 49, 52, 60, 64, 69,
729, 85, 878, 1445
and aged identity, 1079, 11120
and character, 1278
and cheerfulness, 909, 104, 112, 114
compared with acting manuals, 131
personal nature of, 109
and self-control/mastery over body
changes, 131
and sociability, 99104
medical culture, 64
medical establishment
agency and authority over the body, 9, 63
conservatism of, 601
demystification of, 18, 144
and humours and temperature, 513
power and influence of, 145
and temperament and character, 535
medical texts, 1018, 19, 457, 52, 61, 63,
64, 66, 68, 83
Medicina Gerocomica, or The Galenic Art of
Preserving Old Mens Healths (Floyer),
16, 5760, 81, 912
medicine, popularizing of, 18
medicines, 18
meditation, 115
melancholy, 53, 98, 99, 100, 127
men see gentlemen; masculinity; old men
menopause, 7, 34, 45, 116
mental disorders and the body, 128
mental exertion, 767, 945, 11415, 119,
145
mental slowness, 94, 95
The Method and Means of Enjoying Health,
Vigour and Long Life (Maynwaringe),
28
Methodism, 16

middle class
medical interest of, 11
self-help manuals for, 110
virtues, 84, 889, 110, 118, 143
mind
effect of body on, 128, 130
state of, 8590, 946, 98, 108
mind over matter, 2, 11, 1820, 72, 77, 79,
81, 87, 91, 98, 131, 132
mirrors, 11
mirth, 92
moderation, 93, 94, 113, 114
modernity, 122, 126
modernization, 23, 108, 143
moisture, 52, 53, 78
Monro, Alexander, 19
Monro, John, 77
moral integrity
cheerfulness outward sign of, 89
and longevity, 14, 15
moral philosophy, 65, 133, 136
moral self-promotion, 84
morality
and aging, 47, 60, 147
and cheerfulness, 90, 105
moralizing texts, 36, 48, 84, 111
mortal sin, 478
mortality
as a curable condition, 14
decline in, 8
mans limited control over, 143
Moses, 50
Mullan, John, 18, 69, 84

Copyright

A Natural History of the Passions (Charleton), 86

The Natural Method of Cureing the Diseases
of the Body, and those of the Mind
Depending on the Body (Cheyne),
1920, 88, 103, 112
natural philosophy, 15, 18, 48, 100
natural theology, 101
nature, distinction between culture and, 9,
10, 234
nerves/nervous system, 65, 68, 69, 77, 789,
81, 127, 143
disorders of, 88
gendered view of, 80

Index
writings about, 84, 957
newspapers, 131
Newton, Sir Isaac, 15, 18, 48, 52, 65, 68, 84,
101
Non-naturals, 19, 55, 59, 60, 61, 64, 723,
74, 76, 81, 91
novels, 69, 117, 119, 124, 126
numerology, 43, 447, 60
The Nurses Guide (Anon.), 53, 55, 99
Nussbaum, Felicity, 121
Odes on Several Subjects (Akenside), 96
old age
cheerfulness in, 84, 85105, 11218
and decay, 2833
deferring, 87
definition of, 23
determinants of, 67
health in, 16
and individualization narrative, 124
not synonymous with aging, 5
physical trappings of, 7
premature, 76
prescriptive behaviour for, 10720, 145,
147
representations of, 21, 11112
role models, 118
and sociability, 99, 115
spiritual guidance on, 47
stereotypes, 11617
subjectiveness of, 7
see also age and aging
The Old Mans Guide to Health and Longer
Life (Hill), 17, 88, 93, 108, 116
old men
cheerful, 11218
medical advice literature for, 17, 88, 93,
10720
as readers and writers, 1089
representations of, 21
The Old, Old, Very Old Man (Taylor), 50,
51
On Cheerfulness (Addison), 86, 87, 8990,
93, 103
On the Passions (Gaubius), 19, 54, 128,
12930
Ottaway, Susannah, 6, 7, 8, 12, 23, 42, 112,
124, 138, 141, 142

189

Otto, Peter, 101

Our Changing Expectations of Life: What
do we Really Want? (conference), 1
oxygen, 101
pain, and cheerfulness, 86, 88
pamphlets, 131
parish registers, 8
Parr, Thomas, 45, 501
Partridge, John, 45
passage, rites of, 43, 44, 47
passions
actors experience of, 137
and aging before time, 26
and character, 12930
communication of, 84
and constitution, 778
exposure to, 143
regulation of, 1920, 54, 58, 79, 81, 83,
912, 95, 97, 98
and the social actor, 132
violent, 12930
writings on, 86
Passions de lAme (Descartes), 92
pathology and old age, 323, 37, 645, 80
patriarchy, 111, 115
Paulson, Ronald, 136
peasants, 78, 115
performance theory, 131
periodicals, 11, 104, 110, 131
person, definitions of, 1289
persona, 123, 126, 127
personal identity
aged, 2, 8, 21, 10720, 121, 13840,
1459
and the body, 910
categories of, 10
and character, 12630, 134
concepts of, 1227
diachronic aspects of, 148
eighteenth-century concepts of, 22, 121,
122, 123, 1256
formations of, 212
generic, 126
modern theory of, 3, 9, 122, 123, 126,
127, 1489
as superficial and changeable, 1256, 139
personhood

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190

Age and Identity in Eighteenth-Century England

aging as condition of, 2

definition of, 122, 129
destabilized through bodily experience,
130
eighteenth-century concepts of, 22,
1212, 138, 139
existence over time, 3
Philosophical Principles of Natural Religion
(Cheyne), 48
phlegm, 53, 112, 127
physical disability/infirmity, 7, 26, 30
physical exertion, 71, 76, 78, 79
physical identity, 11
physiological age, 4, 23, 147
physiology
acting manuals and theory of, 130
Boerhaave coins term, 656
Boerhaave and Hallers work on, 659,
701
eighteenth-century understanding of,
3, 21
and interpretation of aging body, 63,
64, 80
scientific descriptions of aging, 120
Pickering, Roger, 78
Pietism, 48
piety, 48, 89, 115, 119
Pilloud, Severine, 52
Plato, 89
pleasure, over-indulgence in, 71
pleasure gardens, 114
The Pleasures of Imagination (Akenside), 96
pneumatology, 1013
poetry, 11, 36, 967, 104, 116, 1367
polite society, 107, 108, 110, 114
politeness, 11, 85, 93, 104, 10910, 112,
118, 119, 143, 147
politics
and aging, 21, 389
and body language and self-control, 83
and cheerfulness, 84, 99, 105
and masculinity, 110
political rights, 111
Poole, Robert, 1412
poor, harsh reality of old age for 112
Poor Law, account books, 8
Poor Relief, 6, 8
population

increase in, 8
younger profile, 8
Porter, Roy, 11, 13, 36, 60
positive thinking, 2, 83
poverty, connection with old age, 8
The Present State of Matrimony (Booth), 34
pretty men, 110
Priestley, Joseph, 1012
Primitive Physick (Wesley), 16, 18, 49
Principles of Politeness (Trusler), 109
print technology, 3, 14, 60, 63, 64, 142
progress, concepts of, 14
prolongevity, 1314, 17, 49
The Prompter, 131
property ownership, 6, 43
psychic experiences, 1001
psycho-perceptual schemes, 3, 63, 68, 84,
91, 130
psychology
foundations of modern, 1819, 98, 123
in medical advice literature, 108
psychosomatic self-control, 11, 1820, 21,
72, 77, 79, 81, 88, 90, 91, 97, 98, 108,
128, 130, 135, 147
Ptolemy, 43
public virtue, 21
pulse, 589, 81
Pythagoras, 45

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quacks, 14
Quakers, 93

race, 149
and identity, 10, 140, 145, 146
Ralley, Rob, 445
rationality, 89
Reddy, William, 84
Reflections upon Theatrical Expression in
Tragedy (Pickering), 78
rejuvenation, 289, 117, 118, 1478
religious texts, 1617, 31
remedies, 14, 18, 88
Renaissance, 14
representation and reality, 11
respiration, 17, 1023, 104, 117, 118, 143,
145, 147
responsibility
for bodily management, 11, 18

Index
individual, 110
retirement, 111, 117
concept of, 8
Richardson, Samuel, 15, 103, 119, 131
riding, 119
Rieder, Philip, 52, 90
rights of man, 18
ripeness see maturity
Roach, Joseph, 84, 130
Roberts, Marie Mulvey, 1213, 14
Rome, ancient, 123
The Rosciad (Churchill), 131
Rousseau, George Sebastian, 13, 16, 108
Royal Society, 15, 19, 68, 101
Royal Society of Medicine, 1
saffron, 86
Samber, Robert, 289
sanguine, 53, 127
satire, 117, 131, 147
Schafer, Daniel, 645, 80
Schiller, Friedrich, 32
scholarship, 114, 145
scientific revolution, 51, 63, 65, 124
Scrimshaw, Jane, 51
seasons, 59, 70, 71
secularization, 71, 80, 120, 143
self
changing concepts of, 2, 9
concepts of, 1227
definition of, 122
eighteenth-century concepts of, 3, 22,
121, 125
modern internalized view of, 9, 119, 122,
123, 125, 126, 138
multiple, 149
self-control, 11, 12, 21, 64, 72, 76, 77, 80,
83, 85, 89, 105, 114, 130, 131, 137, 141
self-examination, 115
selfishness, 111
Seneca, 89
sensibility, cult of, 11, 63, 64, 65, 68, 69, 72,
779, 81, 84, 957, 118, 130
sermons, 115
seven, significance of number, 44, 45
sex
and gender, 4, 11920, 146
making, 42

191

voracious appetite for, 55

sexual electro-therapy, 17
sexuality
and identity, 10
and old age, 11517, 118, 120
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, third
Earl of, 100
Shakespeare, William, 43, 116
Shepard, Alexandra, 111
A Short View of the Human Faculties and
Passions (Bethum), 534, 88
Shuttleton, David, 15
sin, 478, 49, 50, 147
Sinclair, Sir John, 120
sixty-third year, 44, 45
sleep, 19
slowness, 94, 95
Smith, Adam, 99, 1001, 136
Smith, Roger, 127
sociability, 83, 84, 89, 93, 99104, 1001,
107, 108, 11213, 114, 115, 117, 118,
142, 145, 147
intergenerational, 11314
social age see cultural age
society
and aged identity, 1078
benefits of cheerfulness for, 89, 978,
99105, 107
definition of oldness, 23
elderly as burden on, 8
and masculinity, 10911
polite, 107, 108, 110, 114
significance of aging for, 4, 21, 389, 142
social regulation, 136
understanding of aging, 2
sociological aspects of aging, 4
solids, body, 66
soul, 65, 89, 121, 123
Spectator, 56, 86, 93, 96, 136
spices, 59
spirituality
and aging, 479, 71, 115, 116, 120, 147
and cheerfulness, 89, 90
stage-coach travel, 142
Steele, Richard, 1617, 312, 478, 55, 56,
87, 111
Stepan, Nancy Leys, 41
stereotyping, 36, 115, 116

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192

Age and Identity in Eighteenth-Century England

Sterne, Laurence, 89
stimulants, 59
stock characters, 36
Stolberg, Michael, 45
Strother, Edward, 16, 46, 55, 723
superlongevity, 50
A Sure Way to Strengthen Life with Vigour,
particularly in Old Age (Trusler), 13,
108, 109
sympathy, 21, 84, 85, 99, 1001, 136
symptoms of age, physical, 30, 312
Taylor, Charles, 122, 124
Taylor, John, 50, 51
teeth, 29
temperament, 52, 535, 778, 121, 1278,
133, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139
definition of, 129
temperance, and longevity, 14, 16, 26, 48,
56, 71, 76, 87, 93, 113
temperature, 52, 53, 58, 77
Temple, Sir William, 56, 86
textbooks, 10
Thane, Pat, 6, 7, 47, 50, 112
theatre/theatrics, 11, 36, 77, 78, 114, 116,
126, 1307
Theophrastan characters, 36
Theory of Moral Sentiments (Smith), 1001
therapies, Floyers hot, 58
Thicknesse, Philip, 17, 104, 113, 117, 118,
136
Thomas, Keith, 56, 34, 501
Thomas Aquinas, St, 19
time
astronomical, 27
body, 81
change over, 148
decay and passage of, 32
historical, 26, 27, 37, 141
measurement of, 142
personal, 26
temporalization of life, 124, 138, 139
tissues, hardening of, 67
Tom Jones (Fielding), 137
Treatise of Human Nature (Hume), 100
Treviranus, Reinhold, 9
Trusler, Dr, 13, 108, 109
Tyron, Thomas, 35, 48

valerian, 88
Valetudinarians Bath Guide (Thicknesse),
17, 104, 113, 117, 136
vascular system, 467, 68, 69
venerability, 115
virility, 116
The Virtues of Sage, in Lengthening Human
Life (Hill), 17, 75, 88
vitalism, 68, 69, 79, 87
Wahrman, Dror, 10, 122, 1246, 140, 146
Walpole, Robert, 15
Ward, Edward, 36
water, 56
Watt, Ian, 124
The Way to Health, Long Life and Happiness
(Tyron), 35
Wear, Andrew, 69
wear and tear, 67, 69, 73, 74, 768, 79, 81,
137, 1434
Weber, Max, 41
weight loss, 15, 16
Wesley, John, 16, 18, 49, 90, 147
widows, 34, 55
Willis, Thomas, 18, 65
wills, 8
women
attributes for old, 119
health advice books for, 108
and old appearance, 7
old men and young, 11617
post-menopausal, 7, 116
predatory older, 34, 55
Woolley, Hannah, 43
worry, 56
wrinkles, 7, 30, 31, 32

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youth
company of, 113
concepts of, 25
conduct works for, 111
decay begins in, 69, 70
and dependence, 43
as health concept, 28, 29, 33, 55
as opposite of age, 337
preponderance of, 8
preservation of, 2830
transfer of, 102, 104, 147