Formulas for Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing

Ultrasonic Key V = velocity Sin = sine of angle Cos = cosine of angle F = frequency D = diameter of the transducer BS = beam spread = lambda or wavelentgh p = density of the material Z = acoustic impedance dB = decible NF = near field Snell's Law:

Sin / Sin = V / V or Sin = (Sin * V ) / V

1 2 1 2 2 1 2

Near Field:

NF = D F / 4V or NF = D / 4
2 2

Beam's Spread:

BS = K * (V/DF) Note: K = 1.22 for 0 or null point K = 0.7 for 6 dB down

Wave Length:

= V/F
Acoustic Impedance:

Z = pV

Coefficient of Reflection:

((Z - Z ) / (Z + Z ) )
1 2 2 1 2

2 1/2

Decibel Ratio:

dB difference = 20 log (amplitude / amplitude )

10 1 2

Flaw Location Depth:

Depth = cos of the angle X the sound path

Flaw Location from the exit point (surface difference):

Surface = Sound path X Sin of the angle

Formulas for Radiography Nondestructive Testing

Radiography Key I = intensity D = distance Ug = geometric unsharpness F = focal spot size D = distance from the source to the source side of the object ( Unsharpness ) T = the thickness of the object plus the distance from the object to the film SSD = source to the detector (film) distance Inverse Square Law:

I / I = D / D or I = I * D / D
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2

2 2

Unsharpness:

Ug = FT / D
Source to Detector Distance:

SDD = (FT / Ug) + T

To figure the strength of a source after a certain amount of time: If a Ir. 192 source is 120 days old that is 1.6 half lives. So if the source was 100 curies at purchase the strength at 120 days is 39.6 curies. 100 * 0.51.6 = 39.6 If you have a 1/2" of lead and the half value layer is 0.2" you have 2.5 have value layers. If you had 60 Roentgens and put the 1/2" of lead at the point of 60 R you would now have 10.6 R on the opposite side of the lead. 60 * 0.52.5 = 10.6

Formulas for Magnetic Particle Nondestructive Testing

Magnetic Particle Key N = number of turns in the coil I = amperes R = radius of the coil L - is the usable length for the exam Ex. 9" each side of the center coil would allow for a max. length of
18"

All formulas are for American units of measurement. Testing with part next to the inside wall of the coil:

NI = 45000 / (L / D) or I = (45000 / (L / D)) / N

Testing with part centered in the coil and less than a 10% fill factor:

NI = (35000R) / ((6L / D) - 5)
Effective Diameter of hollow round parts:

(OD - ID )
2

2 1/2

Effective Diameter of hollow rectangular parts:

2(A - A / P)
t h

1/2

At = the area of the total cross section of the part and Ah = the area of the hollow cross section of the part

1. Wavelength

where: f = frequency c = acoustic velocity = wavelength where: Z = acoustic impedance c = acoustic velocity = density of transmitting medium

|wave length| |frequency| |velocity| acoustic impedance |acoustic impedance|

2. Acoustic Impedance

3. Transmission Coefficient where: Z1 = acoustic impedance in medium 1 for Normal Z2= acoustic impedance in medium 2 Incidence
D = transmission coefficient

|transmission factor (coefficient) |

4. Reflection Coefficient where: for Normal Z1 = acoustic impedance in medium 1 Incidence Z2 = acoustic impedance in medium 2
R = reflection coeffcient

|reflection coefficient

5. Snell's Law

where: c1 = acoustic velocity in medium 1 c2 = acoustic velocity in medium 2 1 = beam angle in medium 1 2 = beam angle in medium 2 where: D = the diameter of a flat circular oscillator = wavelength of the ultrasound N = length of near zone
|near field| Example |Snell's law|

6. Near Zone

7. Half Angle of Divergence (for flat circular oscillators)

where: = half angle of divergence k dB = constant based on stated dB drop from center maximum = wavelength D = the diameter of a net circular beam spread oscillator Values of k dB vary for the dB drop that is to |divergence| be determined. -1.5dB k=0.37 -3dB k=0.51 -6dB k=0.7 -10dB k=0.87 -12dB k=0.93 where: fx = new focal distance f1 = focal distance in coupling medium c1 = acoustic velocity in coupling medium c2 = acoustic velocity in second medium P1 = pathlength in the coupling medium where: = density c = velocity of sound = angular frequency = particle displacement Z = c = acoustic impedance normally in units of N/m2 where: p = pressure = angular frequency = particle displacement Z = c = acoustic impedance normally in units of W/m2
|acoustic power density| |convergence point| |focused beam|

8. Convergence Point
For determining the focal distance of a focused beam in a 2 media geometry.

9. Sound Pressure

10. Intensity of Acoustic Power

11. Intensity Level

where: Jo is the arbitrary (10-12 W/m2) reference level corresponding to the faintest sound detectable by the ear. Since J is proportional to the sound pressure squared, the difference between two intensity levels can be determined by;

B = 10 log (J/Jo)

normally units are in deciBells (abbr.dB)

12. Attenuation

where: po and p are sound pressures at the start and end of a length d. alpha is the coeffcient of attenuation for a given material alternatively;

|attenuation coefficient| |decibel (dB)|

normally units of attenuation are in dB and the attenuation coeffcient is in dB per unit length