Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
ON THE
CONSTITUTION
UNITED STATES.
FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS.
BY ARTHUR
J.
STANSBURW
BOSTON:
HILLIARD, GRAY, LITTLE, AND WlLKfNS
1828.
PREFACE.
That a people living under a free government which they have themselves originated should be well acquainted with the instrument which
contains it, needs not to be proved. Were the system, indeed, very cumbrous and extensive,
detail,
memory, even
pains should not be taken to it upon the mind simple, its features but when its principles are plain and obvious, and its brevity surpassing all example, it is certainly a most reprehensible negligence to remain in ignorance of it. Yet how small a portion of the citizens of thh:
good reason
why
Republic have even a tolerable acquaintance with their own Constitution ? It has appeared to the author of the following sheets thai this culpable want of acquaintance with what is of such deep interest to us all, is to be traced to the omission of an important part of what ought to be an American education, viz. the study of the civil institutions of our country. We prize them, it is true, and are quite enough in the habit of boasting about them would it
:
be well to teach their elements to those best inheritance they are ? The following work has been prepared with view to such an experiment. It is^w ritten expressly for the use of boys, and it has been
jjot
whose
t
the aim and effort of the writer to bring down the subject completely to a level with their caWhether he has sucpacity to understand it.
ly
He has purposeceeded the trial must show. avoided all abstruse questions, and has confined himself to a simple, common-sense exIt is very possible planation of each article. and some inaccuracies may be discovered should this be the case, they shall be carefully corrected, should the work be so far approved as to reach another edition. In the mean time he cannot but indulge the
;
little
offering
upon the
ELEMENTARY CATECHISM,
Q. Why is this country called the United States r A. Because it is made up of a number of States whicL
were once separate, but afterwards agreed
gether.
to unite to-
A.
all
Q. What do you mean by a State ? I mean any district of country whose people
under one government.
art
Q. Had then the different States which united gether, each a government of its own ?
to*
A. Yes
all
unde*
Q. Why did they do this ? A. Because it would promote their general welfare-. Q. Is some government necessary in every country I A. Certainly
Q. Cannot
selves
?
;
without
it
nobody would be
would be
safe
not
lives
in danger.
A. If every man was perfectly virtuous, and knew what would be best for himself and others, they might.
But
this is far
How
is
this
done 1*
ei.
Laws
are
is
made which
punished.
all
must obey
whoever
disobeys them
Q. Who makes these laws ? A. They are made in different ways, under different In some countries a single man make* governments.
the laws according to his
own
pleasure.
?
:
Q. What
is
A.
and the
person
who
wealthy families
is
make
the laws.
I
Q. What
A. An Aristocracy or
the laws.
make
This
state
in
is
Q.
the people
can meet
one assembly.
is
of any extent.
the people, too
certain of their
One
that
is,
where
numerous
called a
own number to meet for them. This is representative government, because those who meet represent all the rest. It is also called a reQ. Which of these ways of governing a nation
is
public.
the
best
A. The
last.
is
said to be free,
or to enjoy liberty
Q.
Why
7
A. Because he has an army of
pays, and
soldiers
whom
fefc
who
Q. Cannot they raise an army too, and resist him ? A. This has sometimes been done, and after much
bloodshed and confusion, the people have partially succeeded ; but they have more frequently failed, and then
they were more oppressed than before.
Q. A.
How
It is
is this
country governed
a Republic,
and
is
governed by persons
whom
make
the laws.
Was
it
always a Republic
states
A* No.
The
Q. What do you mean by Colonies ? A. When a part of the people of a nation remove to some distant place, where they settle, but still continue
to
these
try
new
By
?
erned
A. By Great
settled
this
Britain.
first
country
came
make up Great
Britain)
and long
after they
had
be gov-
made
in
England.
Q. Were these laws good and wise ? A. Many of them were ; and for a time the colonies were perhaps better off than if they had entirely governed themselves, because, though Great Britain did rule them, she also gave them protection by her fleets, and
did
many
advantage.
But afterwards
8
Q. What did the colonies do then ? A. They made complaints, and reasoned
time
with Great Britain,
for a long
listen to their
complaints and
No
but
diers to force us to
<.
obey them.
colonies consulted with
each
few
soldiers,
no experienced
officers,
and but
little
mon-
on a war
to lay
against
down
their
Q. What do you mean by that ? A. I mean that she was compelled to consent that all ihose colonies, which had before been governed by laws made for them by her, should after that have liberty to
make laws
A.
for themselves,
Q. When we
speak of
the
war, what do
we
call
it
We call
it
American Revolution.
Q. What do you mean by a Revolution ? A. A revolution means some great change of government ; and we ought ever to remember ours with ardent gratitude to
lasting
God
and with
brave men,
suffer-
<.
When
gin ?
JL.
in
Boston
Q.
Jl.
How
Q.
Jl.
when
a treaty was
United States.
Q.
Jl.
first
Why
is
joicing through
from
in
that
all
is
reckoned
ed by Great Britain
1783.
The
different Colonies
became each a
any way
it
free state,
itself in
should think
state
None
at all
and
mained
entirely distinct
as
much
as
France
and Spain.
continue united in
farther prosecution,
and accord-
10
a Confederation) in which they
they
all
agreed to obey
they called
in
which they
laid a
General Government
Constitution.
this this
plan
is
The Federal
On
happiness of
pend
ty
;
all
made by
to
it
its
direction or authorihis
is
injures
country,
and
Whoever, on the
sacred,
is
secures his
own
safety,
earliest
with
name
will
to a late posterity.
Q. You say
certain persons
that in a republic
made by
whom
the
people choose
pose
who make the laws in our republic ? A. The laws which concern only one of the states are made by persons chosen by the people of that state, and who, when met, are called the Legislature, the General
:
state.
Those,
for instance,
only
New York
Court of Massachusetts.
11
But laws which concern all the states or more states made by the Congress of the United
States.
Q. But if even the Congress itself should make a law which is contrary to the Constitution, must the people
obey
it
A. No.
(j>.
Who
No
:
is
to
is
contrary
A.
whom
Supreme Court of
Q.
States
Do
all
the
members of the Congress of the United meet together in one assembly, when they
?
make
A.
which
the laws
No
is
they meet
in
called
The
called
be members
because the
A. The people of
obeyed by
all
all
unfit ?
How is
?
it
determined
choose them
A.
to
By
Whoever
to
is
allowed
is
also allowed
by the Constitution
choose members of
12
the
House of Representatives of
states allow
Some
one
class of persons to
each
who
choose and
it
state acts as
This choice
is it
is
called an Election.
Q. A.
meet
How
On
conducted.
the people
who
Polls
here persons
sit
called Inspectors,
who have
who
names of
ed on
it.
the persons
whom
he chooses written or
print-
These pieces of paper are afterwards examined and counted by the Inspectors, who keep a written account of the names voted for, and the number of votes given by the people for each.
The
chosen.
number of
states,
votes are
mode
the
but
it is
same
in
Q. Are the
elections fixed
by Congress
have, thus
A.
it
No They
:
far,
been
left to
be regulatfix
ed by each
thinks
fit.
Congress
may
them
if
arise
concerning an
shall
and
insists that
he
the
who
has power to
settle
A.
the
dispute between
persons
who
claim a seat in
13
the
House of Representatives
Such
Q.
When
a person
chosen to be a
Member
of the
so
?
When
may
he be
chosen again
A. Yes.
Q. Suppose he dies before the time is out ? A. Another is chosen in his stead, for the rest of the
time.
Q.
sen a
How
of the House of Representatives ? A. Twenty-five years old. Q. May a person be chosen who has just come into the United States, and who is a subject of some other country (that means, who is bound to obey the laws
Member
A. No.
in
Any
person, to be chosen a
either
Member
of our
chosen.
that
Q. Naturalized
What does
in
r
mean ?
A.
comes
person
to live in this,
till
United States
and then,
(after
He
is
14
is
ed,
he
is
other
things, the
<j>.
same
as
if
us.
May
who
is
Member
is
of the
House of Representatives
A.
Q.
as
No
he must
where he
chosen.
by each State,
?
is
Members
House of Representatives
A. The number of Representatives of any State proportion to the number of people in that State.
tative
in
At
may
increase of the
number of
people.
large
numbers of
;
slaves
are these
counted
making up the
three
fifths
forty thousand ?
is
A.
No
is
allow-
ed, that
every
five slaves
:
they were
those Indians
for the
;
who pay
taxes, (that
who do
Q.
How
is
it
State contains
of them.
Such a counting
and
years.
3,929,326;
and
in
1800, 5,309,758;
1810, 7,239,903;
1820, 9,638,166.]
15
Q.
tives
When
meet
to
the
Members of the House of Representamake the laws, are they all equal, or does
any one preside over them ? A. They choose one of their own number, whose
duty
it is
to preside
business,
and
proceed
in
a regular and
orderly
manner
He
is
call-
ed
their Speaker.
They also choose a person who is own number to keep a written account,
done by them while assemis
from day
bled.
That
written account
the person
who keeps
ft
called the
They
also choose
another person
who
is
Member who
the
also
is
who
is
charged by
Keeper,
Door
They who
no person be admitted
where the Representatives are sitting, but such as are These several persons, thus chosen, permitted by law.
are called the Officers of the
House of Representatives,
of the
and remain
in office
two years.
Q.
Senate of the
Q. A.
Q.
there be
16
his
own
State to be a
Member
If
United States,
how
A. For
to
six years.
he declares
is
Q. Are
all
same timej
?
as
Members
A. No.
Only one
third
chosen
and two
;
two
years
go out of
if
office
but the
same
persons
may
again be chosen
the Legislatures
; if not,
who
they
Q.
How
old
if
in the
A. Yes,
if
he has become a
been a
citizen
by being natural-
Q. Can a Senator
A* No.
its
The
own
Q. Does
of Representatives does
A. No.
The
person
who
is
made, by the
17
Constitution, President of the Senate
like those of the
tives,
;
his
duties are
except that he
bate.
those of the
the
officers are the same in all respects, as House of Representatives, and are chosen by Senators in the same manner.
Their other
sit
as
Judges
officer of the
is
United States
guilty of a viola-
he
is
accused, or charged, by
the
House of Representatives, and tried by the Senate, Such an accusation is called an Impeachment, Q. What do you mean by his being tried by the
Senate
?
may
be.
The
House of Representatives appoint some of their own Members to lay the proof before the Senate, and afterwards the accused person lays before them the proofs in his defence when both have been heard, the Mem;
is,
his
and
if
two
who
are
is
adjudged guilty
if not,
he
is
in like
resentatives
A. No.
None can
2*
18
try
an im-
the consequence
to
if
United States
be guilty
A.
He may
be turned out of
office,
and prevented
tried
in the
same man-
Q. May ever the President of the United States be thus impeached and punished ?
/2.
Yes. In
this free
is
so
;
The
them
all
submit.
This
is
our glory.
let
him
mark
the
things as
man who would change this happy state of the enemy of his country and above all let him
;
remember that as soon as he himself breaks the law, he becomes himself that enemy. Whoever violates the law helps to weaken its force, and, as far as he disobeys, but he who honors does what in him lies to destroy it
:
and obeys the law strengthens the law, and thereby helps
to preserve the
his country.
In
some governments
;"
is
wrong
here
we know no king but the law, no monarch we hold that every man may do
:
19
wrong
there
he
is
in office, the
more reason
conduct
is
is
he be obliged he ought
to
answer
if
for his
officer,
treacherous,
a great
to
be made
to suffer a great
and
exemplary punishment. Q. A.
How
It
often does
Congress meet
at least, in
every year
but
may meet
necessary.
Q. Is any day fixed for its meeting ? A. Yes ; the first Monday in December
but
it
has
power
to
alter that to
some
it is
When
Congress ceases
to meet,
all
Adjourn.
members of the Senate, or all the members of the House of Representatives do not attend a meeting, can those who do attend make laws without them ? A. If more than one half are present, they have in most cases power to do whatever the whole number could have done. More than one half are called
Q. Suppose
the
si
As many Quorum.
Q. Supposing
they do nothing
?
less than
to
to attend.
If they
do not choose
the next day
;
to
do
till
(that
they
;)
may
day
and so they
to
may
continue to do
till
Quorum
shall
be present
do business.
20
Q. Are there any fixed
Congress
?
is
A.
Q.
*#.
done by
settled rules,
Who
settles
shall
be
The Rules
the
for the
ate
made by
has power to
House of Representatives are House of Representatives. Each House alter its own Rules of Order ; or to suspend
to say, a particular rule
;
them, that
is
may be
disobeyed
after
which
it is
again in force.
Q. Suppose a Member refuses to attend, or behaves, when he does attend, in a disorderly manner ?
A.
Q.
is,
He may
May
be punished
in
Mem?
that
turned out of
all
the
Members
it.
Q. You
sentatives
ihat
that
is
done
in
House
is
'A. Yes.
that
is,
printed
Yes
Congress
may
when
<j>.
Do
Congress ever
sit in
secret ?
21
A. Yes.
which
it
Whenever they
be better
will
for a time,
sit
in public,
may
in
that
is
done.
A* No. But if one fifth of the Members present when any measure is proposed, require that the names of those who voted for and against it, be put down in
the Journal,
it
must be done.
may
either
House ad-
A. No.
Q.
Do
is,
House
A. Yes.
Q.
May
1
<
either
House remove
to
A,
Q.
o,
House removes
?
is
Do Members
best
reward
the honor of
but as
many
of them cannot
own
to
be allowed a
compensation
to
Q.
Who
the
is,
how
much
Members
have
22
A.
It is fixed by Congress. Q. Ought they to be allowed to fix their own wages ? A. It cannot be avoided the rate must be fixed by
;
is
to
make law
for
Q.
seized
May Members
by a
is,
owe,
A. Their duty
is
of so
much
them
value to us
to
all
that the
home
the place
where
three cases.
are these
?
Q. What
A.
Q.
If they
When
is
A.
(that
When
is,
when he endeavors by force to overturn or to Government,) or when he helps or comforts others who are making war against them. [But this must be proved by at least two witnesses, who have The crime is both seen him do some act of treason. punished in any way Congress thinks fit and they have
resist the
;
determined that
Q. If
that
is,
it
shall
be punished by death.]
Members
in
proposed
to
be
made,
shall sat
may he be sued
A.
by the other
in
a Court of
Law ?
No
(lest this
23
bate,
their
Member
for
in
floor of
May Members
civil office
be
Members ;
in
if
they
pointment, they must give up their seats nor can they be chosen
the office.
Congress
Members
new
office, (that
appoint
to
person
who does
already established,
this
may
in
any
to
Member
of the
?
be appointed
such office
A. No, not
chosen a
Q.
till
Member
have expired.
How
do Congress proceed
A.
will
not be proper t
make
a law for
some
particular matter,
which he explains.
it
If a majority of the
Members
think
tain
Members
to
do
so.
meet together, and having considered the proposal, determine whether it is proper to advise the Members of
the
House
to
make
a law respecting
it.
If they think
it
24
is
it
they put
will
down
in writing the
as
be best to make.
This writing
called a Bill.
They
state
Such a statement
Bill
is
is
called a
Committee's Report.
The
it
then
read twice.
first
now
farther
Members.
agreed
to,
then
taken
under consideration.
Every
give rea-
Member
in
it,
as he pleases
and every
Member may
sons
why such
made.
is
If
any
alterations are
made, the
Bill as altered
;
written
when,
Passed, that
a law
?
is,
finally
agreed
Q. Is
now
Bill
thus
passed by one
other House.
There
it
is
if
the
House
thinks proper,
is farit
House where
began.
If
this
House disapproves of
alterations
the alterations
but
if
a Committee of Conference
ap-
pointed
that
is,
certain
Members
House
into
to
matter
it;
is
agree to
if
then
Engrossed, (that
is,
copied
in a fair
hand) on parchment,
25
and signed by the President and Secretary of the Senate,
of
Representatives.
Q.
Is
it
now
yet.
a law
A. Not
The
engrossed
Bill
is
if
is
he approves Q. A.
which
it,
it ;
called an act,
How
If
if
it
Bill
in
House
that
the whole of
once more.
When
shall
this,
if
two
they
thirds of that
House
Bill,
must send
it,
it,
to the other
House.
There
;
manner, be re-considered
and
it
two thirds of
this
in
House
all
it,
becomes a Law.
all
But
the
Members of each
must be put
A.
days
If
after
is
it
shall
have
Q.
&
26
A.
wise
It is
hard to conceive
how
Law
should pass.
is
There
such
it,
is full
time to consider
to
whatever
it,
proposed
fair
if
oppo rtunity
;
oppose
per-
if
imperfect
so
many
sons,
in
approving
that
it
is
scarcely possible
;
any thing
it is,
or, at least, if
that
ed
it.
Q. Are there not some evils which attend this mode I A. Nothing of human contrivance is wholly free from
some defect
or other
is
and,
in
time of war,
public danger
great,
and
it is
needful that
;
may be
this,
Law.
But
it
is
far better to
and safe a
of Legislation.
said that
for the
A, No.
that
Their power
limited
when they
full
Gov-
ernment, had
power
govern themselves
and that
Whatever power,
therefore,
is
not given by
still
Government,
be-
27
longs either to the State Governments, or to the people
Q. What power
tution ?
is
to
collect
Excises."
What
A.
is
the people
Q. What are Duties ? A. Duties are sums of money, which must be paid
by persons who bring goods of any kind from another
country, into the United States, and which are in proportion to the quantity or value of such goods.
It is
is
sent
from these
to the
Q. What are Imposts ? A, Imposts are sums of money which must be paid
to the
vessels,
which
An
Impost
is
a duty on
vessels.
Q. What are Excises ? A. Excises are sums of money which must be paid
to tRe
arti-
28
< What do you mean by laying these, and what by collecting them ?
is
determining
is
how much
it
be
ple to
pay
exist without
this
A. No.
large
sums
is
the
it.
<. Ought the people to complain of having to pay Taxes and Duties ? A. Certainly not because they all receive the beneIf nobody would pay Taxes, nobody could be defit. fended by armies, fleets, or forts ; nobody could be paid
;
.
for
making or
should
try
safety, or order
and
we
i
be miserable.
its
Whoever,
does
like
therefore, cheats
he Government of
duties,
in reality
cheat himhis
self
and
his neighbor,
and acts
the
enemy of
country.
Q. May one part of the United States be required to pay at a greater rate than the rest ? A. No ; " all Duties, Imposts, and Excises must be
uniform throughout the United States."
Q. What other power has Congress ? A. "To borrow money on the credit of
States ?"
the United
*
that expression,
"on
the
redit of the
29
A. It means that the people of the United States bound to pay whatever money Congress borrows for [Such money is called a Loan ; and whotheir use.
are
ever lends
it
to the
sum
Such
they
may
article, and whoever holds them when the interest becomes due, may demand, and must receive, it. If the
it
is
called
"United
called
year for every hundred, then " United States four per cent Stock."]
is
Q. What other power does Congress possess ? A, It may make rules according to which the Commerce of the citizens of the United States with other
nations (that
for
is
the
for theirs, or
money, by means of
be carried on
;
or other conveyances)
the
shall
also
the
commerce of one of
states, or
of
[Some persons believe that the power to regulate Commerce among the several states includes the power to mak^ Roads and
States, with the Indian tribes.
the United
state to
another
Q. What
Constitution
is
the next
power given
Congress by the
A. You
ization,
recollect
3*
30
is,
a native of
to
Congress
to
It
become a
this
citizen
has power to
make
be
one
form
uniform
rule
according
which
shall
may
Laws
for the
ruptcy.
Q. What A. When
pay
situation
is
bankruptcy
man
he
is
has not
money
or goods
enough
to
his debts,
is
Bankruptcy.
to
The
object of
to give
Laws on
up
all
this
subject
is
he has
he
may be set free from the debts he cannot pay. Q. What else may Congress do ? A. It may coin money that is it may mark or stamp certain pieces of metal in a way which shall make them pass, in buying and selling, at a set value. It may also
;
fix
what
shall
in
that has
it
been marked
is
or
stamped
used
in the
United
States.
may
likewise
country.
Q. May any persons who please coin money ? A. No, none but those employed to do so by Congress ; (they work at a place called the mint.)
Q. If any other person name, or shall stamp it so
allowed to pass as
shall
coin
money
in his
own
at
Current coin,")
States, (called
31
A. Yes
it is
',
and may
he punished
in
shall appoint.
A. They are punished the same as if they had counterfeited money. Q. What other power belongs to Congress ? A. They may " establish Post Offices and Post
Roads."
part of
and delivered.
Post
Q. And what
is
Road
A.
letters
carried.
What is meant by establishing these ? A. Making a law which directs where the Post Offices shall be, and by what roads the mail shall be carried.
Some
it
includes
power
to
make
roads where
others deny
this.
Q. Has Congress any farther powers ? A. It may grant what are termed Patent Rights and Copy Rights. Q. What does this mean ? A. When a person has found out some new and useful contrivance, Congress may give him an exclusive right to make and sell what he has contrived, for a cerduring that time nobody else tain number of years
;
may make or sell that article without leave from the man who contrived it, and if they do they are liable to be
punished.
writes a
This
is
called
a Patent Right.
Whoever
to print
book may
it
also
and
sell
for a certain
this
is
called a
Copy
Right.
directing that a
Q. Can Congress erect Courts ? that is, make a Law Judge shall sit at certain places, at cer-
whom Causes
appoint as
all
or Criminals shall be
tried ?
A.
fit ;
Yes,
it
may
many Courts
as
it
thinks
Supreme Court of
that
is,
the
United
robbery committed
sea
?
all
A. Yes, and
it
can
law of nations. What do you mean by " the law of nations" ? Q. A. I mean those rules which are agreed upon among
nations (except those
all
who
their
Q. Has Congress any other power ? A. Yes, it has one most solemn and important power,
the
Q.
to
When
at
be
any of the
nation
33
A* No
love
the
nation against
it,
whom
by
their
it is
declared,
all
must,
when
required, aid in
it
money
or their services,
If
and bring
Q.
go
When
at
once to
to
compel
that nation to
A. Yes.
and Reprisal."
letters
directed to merinjured,
and
make up
the loss
raise
Q. You say Congress may declare War ; can they Armies ; that is, can they hire soldiers to fight fox
?
;
the country
A. They can
at
at
one time,
?
Q. Can they make a law, setting apart money enough to pay and support the army for more than
at
two years
A. No, not
one time
lest
wicked Congress
of their country.
34
was the time limited (. A. Because every two years
be chosen.
Why
to
two years
Q. Can Congress
tain a
in like
Navy
;
that
is,
buy or build
to
war
and
?
hire, clothe,
to navigate
and
fight
them
A. Yes Navy.
govern both
Army
and
to
depend upon
A. Yes,
age
to
who
are of a proper
need requires
Q. A.
this ?
;
to
overcome any of
who
are so foolish
or to
is,
who
invades;
that
forcibly enters
Country.
Q. But
as the great
how
this to
be done
A. Congress has power to provide for their being taught, by collecting and arranging them in companies, and regiments, under their own officers supplying them \ with arms, and causing them to be properly exercised
;
in their use.
Q.
May
Congress
their
commanded by
to
be
35
A. The President may command so many of them employed in the service of the United States, the rest are commanded by the States.
as are
Q. Who appoints the Officers of the Militia ? A. The State Governments ; they also train, that is, exercise and instruct the men ; but this must be done
according to Rules fixed by Congress.
Q. Have you mentioned all the powers of Congress ? A. No ; they have power to make all the Laws for a certain District, not more than ten miles square, where Congress meets, and where the Chief Officers of Government
ment.
Q.
reside.
This
is
called
Has
this District
?
no Legislature of
its
own
choice,
A. No.
Q.
Is
it
A. No.
consists
of territory, which
the States
it
might be
territory
The
this
purpose,
is
of Columbia; and has been ceded, (that is, given up) by the States of Maryland and Virginia, within which it
before lay.
in
the United
?
is,
States,
which
is
A. Yes
powder
all
places where
are laid up)
army
Arsenals, (that
buildings
is,
Dock-yards
(that
36
built)
which belong
to the
Dot
which they
may
be, but
Q.
What
pow er
T
is
A.
into
make
all
the
Government
Thus,
for
Congress
to
gress
power
money,
that gives
Con-
be markhow they be made what weight what where they be be made what be erected purpose how many persons be employed what duty be what pay they what account they they keep what
be
shall
shall
their
shall
their
value
buildings shall
shall
for the
their
shall
shall
receive
shall
security
if
shall give,
shall
be punished
{he
the Constitution
different laws,
same with every other power given by if its execution requires a hundred ;
Congress
may
pass them
is,
all.
Q.
May
United States
j1.
in the slave
is,
trade
is
a pirate.
Q.
work
by
May
to
United States
37
A. Yes.
Q.
If they escape
riciay
them
at liberty ?
A. No.
Q. Suppose any American
in prison,
citizen
is
may he be kept
fit ?
who
A.
No
may be
to
examined
into
in
order, that
if
there
no law
keep
set at liberty.
it is
Q. Must
plied for
?
this
command
be given whenever
ap-
A. Yes, except
is
at certain times,
is,
when
this
privilege
suspended; (that
taken away).
Q.
When may
this right
be suspended
in cases
A. Only
danger
prison,
is
of rebellion by our
by an enemy
who might
as this
extreme danger
restored.
Americans
guard
it
38
A.
if
It is
and
Q.
May
?
ffenee
A.
a law
In
some
countries,
is,
where
man
of treason, (that
is
passed called a
are
children
and,
if
he belonged
his
to
what
in
those
called
children would
;
have belonged to
nor can
cover
this privilege,
till
an act
is
No
made
in this
country
it is
express-
ly forbidden
by (he Constitution.
a citizen of the United
Q. May
States be punished
when he
did
it,
A. No.
actions that
called an
" ex-
This also
is
expressly forbidden by
Q.
When
a direct tax
is laid, that is, when Congress sum of money must be paid by each
is
it
to
be collected
A. The
May
to
be paid on goods
?
exported, (that
39
A. No.
Q.
May
State, (that
the places where vessels arrive and dea preference over those of another,
coming
pay
to
to some ports, shall have less duGovernment than the same goods coming
to other ports ?
A. No.
Q.
May
vessels
them
at the
Custom-house, or
to
in another State ?
A. No.
Q.
When
give an account of
?
its
them
at
A.
No
each State
may
carry on
own commerce
Q. In what way can the money of the United States (or place where it is
can be drawn out only by authority of a law of
;
A.
It
Congress
is
called an Appropriation.
all
Q. Must a ed
into the
account be kept of
moneys
receiv-
it ;
A. Yes.
40
Q. You
said that in
some
;
what does
mean
A. Almost
all
Rome, and formed part of what was called the Roman Empire. This Empire was attacked, overrun, and at last conquered entirely, by a hardy set of people who came from the north in vast numbers. These people were commanded by their chiefs or kings and when
;
the countries
fighting,
and
who
divided
it
again
among
fac.
their fol-
lowers.
These
titles,
by various
names or
titles;
and when
which continued
great and
rich
in
this
manner
It
is
to
descend
in
certain
families.
in
these families
Q. Can any
rest in this
families
?
Republic
A.
only
No
titles
no
title
The
grade
in the
among army
which mark
a person's
Q.
title
May
41
&ust under the republic can accept of either a
title,
sum of money
as salary, an office, or
even a present,
from any such prince or government, without the express consent of Congress.
Q. A.
influ-
are in
power among
.
us,
by briber
to
of any kind
some
men
Q.
than money.
You
said
that
when
into that
set
up a
General Government
right to
govern
:
and
eral
that they
to the
Gen-
kands.
rest of it in their own What are the powers which they gave up ? A. The power of making treaties, (that is bargains or
(that
is
agreehelp
in
that the
two
shall
and confederations.
some
common
benefit.)
None
now be
per-
but must be
done only
for the
Q. What other powers did they give up ? A. The right to grant letters of marque and reprisal
the right to coin
money
plained
;)
been exis,
of credit ; (that
ta
4*
42
issue printed promises to
same
as a
Bank
issues
Bank
to
make any
What
A.
and
is
When
to
him
such
if
offers
him money
amount of
if
and
the
money
;
it is
a lawful tender
and
the
man
is
refuses
is
it,
for that
debt, nor
money
times a
printed
the debtor obliged to pay it. Now, though commonly made of gold and silver, yet someGovernment may make a law by which certain notes are to pass the same as gold and silver
;
and
after
was
The
do
states,
by the
up the power
to
this,
and
now
it
Q. Did the states give up any other power ? A, They are forbidden by the Constitution, in the same manner that Congress is, to pass any bill of attainder, or ex-post-facto law, or grant
any
shall
title
of nobility,
ligation of contracts."
Q. What does that mean ? A, It means that when a bargain has been made between any two
parties,
which
this
43
made
shall not afterwards
the
person
who
party, with
forbidden to do
A. They cannot
May
and
if
more
is
received than
is
wanted
must be paid
into the
Treasury
Q.
is,
May
that
require a
sum of money
to
A. No.
Q.
May
?
whom
they pay,
in
time
f peace
A. No.
Q. May they keep A. No. Q.
ships of war, in time of peace
f
May
?
into
ther State
A. No.
Q.
May
they
?
make
other nation
A. No.
May A. No
Q.
;
they
not
is
make war
unless
an enemy has
entered thenis
bounds, or
in
no time
General Government.
44
Q.
Why
all
these powers
better protected
all
by one
united than
own power,
in
order to
make
it ;
if
power,
it
would be of no use.
Q.
that
made,
is,
laws
States.
Q. Can he make the law ? A. Not at all. These two powers, of making law, and executing law, are kept by the Constitution, entirely
separate
it,
;
Q.
Is there
any advantage
;
in this ?
A. Certainly
because,
if
it is
the one
refuse to execute
them;
one wishes
to
do tyran-
Q.
How
is
does
?
may refuse to make a law for them. any man become President of the
by the people of the Unitat
United States
A. He
ed States.
elected [chosen]
Q.
How
is
this
done
45 A.
No
this
might lead
to great confusion.
But
the
Q. Explain this more particularly. A. You know what is meant by the Legislatures of
the States
to
;
in
each State
make
together, appoint, in
These persons, when met any way they think proper, a numare
called Electors, because they
ber of persons
who
Q.
How many
A. As many
of Congress.
to
members
a state
in
both Houses
is
For
instance
which
the
entitled
two
members of
House of
electors.
Q.
May
elector ?
States,
all
A. Not every person may ; Senators of the United members of the House of Representatives, and
persons
who
President.
q. Why ? A, For fear any President of the United States might use improper means to get himself chosen again when
40
bis time of service should expire.
The
President has
members of Congress
he might threatin their places,
freedom of
election.
Q. How do these electors proceed ? A. The electors appointed by each state meet
states that
in the
appointed
States.
The
electors
all
;
meet on
is
the day
6
ballot }
in
A. When
it is
which
is
number of
and when
counted.
all
examined and
Q.
tives
May
both
for, as
the persons
whom
state vote
A.
tive
No
Q.
How
is
A, The
ballots
are
taken
separately, on
different
ballet-
it is
47
whether the person
Separate
lists all is
are
kept
names of
given
for
the
persons
who
as
each
these
lists
are signed
by the electors,
to the seat of
sent
by the
Q.
these
mail, and
What does
lists ?
the
He opens them in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, who are all met in one hall to be present when the votes are counted. Each House appoints some of its own members who unite in a committee and count all the votes; when the person having the greatest number of votes for President is declared to be the President, and he who has the most votes
A.
the
for
Vice President
Q. Suppose
is
United States.
(that
is
more than
son
half) of
is
the per-
who has
A. No.
Q. What is done in that case ? A, The House of Representatives immediately proceed
to choose, by ballot,
than three,
who
of votes for
48
Q. Are they bound most votes ?
sons
to
either
who have
(.
Do
other occasions
that
is,
Representatives are
many
or
is
few
necessary to a choice.
Q. Must
all
A.
but
if
All
may
vote
if
it
is
good
Q. Suppose the
House of Representatives
cannot, or
?
do
not,
A,
duty of President.
Q. If neither of the persons voted for by the Electors
as
is
all
their votes,
what
done
A. The Senate then chooses one of the two persons who have the most votes. A majority of the whole
thirds of their
number of Senators is necessary to the choice, but two number is sufficient to vote.
Q.
States
May
?
the United
was a
citizen
49
when
if
the Constitution
if
Was agreed
to,
one be chosen
teen years.
he
is
years old, or
for four-
Q. May any person be chosen Vice President ? A. No one may be chosen as Vice President who
is
dent.
Q. Suppose
die, or should
office, or
t *e
what
is
to be
done
A. His
President.
duties
ed
Q. But suppose the same thing should have happento the Vice President also ?
A. Then
till
who
shall
another President
is
chosen, or
himself.
them
A. The honor of
tion
filling
so high
and honorable a
sta-
by the choice of
and father of
flf
a great
name
in their history as
is,
his country,
of
itself,
enough
to
the wishes
is
50
Q. What
is,
is
the
the
sum of money
?
amount of the President's salary, that paid him by the United States
every year
A.
lars.
<.
It is at
May
one State
A.
other
No
sum
he
is
any
of
?
money
Q. Why A. Lest,
be led
if
if
and
lest,
he was suffered
to receive other
States, he might
him a dangerous
Q. Does the President take any oath before he enters upon his office ?
A. Yes. Q. What is an oath ? A. It is a solemn calling upon God, who knows th* hearts of all men, and will call every man to account for
his
conduct
says
is
in this world, to
man
true, or that
perform.
Q. What is the President's oath of office ? A. It is in these words " I do solemnly swear,
that
I will
faithfully
;
execute the
office of
President of the
United States
and
will, to
the best of
my
ability,
pre-
ed States."
51
(^.
What
dent
A.
navy
;
He
is
commander
in chief,
every officer of both, from the highest to the lowobliged to obey his orders.
officers of the militia obliged
to
est, is
obey
A. Yes, whenever
the
command of the Governors of their own States.) Q. Has he any other powers ? A. Yes; he may grant reprieves and pardons
Q.
for
What
is
a reprieve ?
A. When a person has been tried, found guilty, and condemned to be punished on a certain day, a reprieve is a putting off of the punishment to some other time.
Q. What is a pardon ? A. It is the delivering of a condemned person from
the punishment of his offence.
A reprieve
it
only delays
punishment
a pardon prevents
entirely.
all
Q.
May
cases of offences
A. In
all cases, except cases of impeachment. Q. What other powers has he ? A. He has a very solemn power, that of making
Q. Why is this so solemn a power ? A. Because a treaty is the supreme law of the
land,
and
all.
52
Q.
er
?
Is
in this
fit,
powwith
or
thinks
other nations
A. This power
dent cannot
Con-
to
no one man.
nor
it ;
Even
the Presi-
make
is it
sufficient that a
two
thirds of
is
all
the
Senators
who
are present
when
it is
the vote
taken, must
Has the President any other power ? A. Yes ; powers of nomination and appointment. Q. What do you mean by this ?
A,
ties
When
em-
whom
the President
first
nominates
the Senate
whom
such an order
in writing
it is
Q. What
manner
A. Ambassadors and foreign Ministers ; (that is, persons sent by the United States to the Government of some other nation, either to prepare some public treaty,
or to reside there as the representative of this country).
in
the
is,
commerce;
that
to see that
sailors,
oi
Judges of the
United
other
are
officers of the
Constitution to be appointed by
Q.
May
A. Yes,
er
;
if
Congress makes a law giving him the powonly to inferior officers, that
is,
but
this applies
such
Q.
May
;
offi-
A. Yes
the
it
may
give
it
to the
Courts of Law, or
to
the
Heads of Depart-
ments
A. This name
is
who have
DeWar,
Q. Are the
Constitution
?
by the
A.
No
They
are,
how-
The
concerns our
5*
54
01 the General
different States
to all that
concerns the
States
the
and
Navy
of war.
may
departments, but he
not bound by
it ;
he
may
also
officers
whom
the President
not
sit-
ing
what
is
to
be done
in his
who
till
Q. What are the duties of the President r A. He must from time to time give information
Congress of the
state
to
A. Yes
tunity of
his office is
it.
knowing
them
ail.
the duty of
all
officers
be-
low him,
to
affairs in
which
all
55
tance in the
many and
all
He
is,
therefore, of
Q.
gress.
When
does he lay
this
information before
Con*
A.
first
He makes
meet,
in
a very
is
full
statement of
called
it
when they
two Houses
in
what
usually
the President's
which
in
speech.
to
know from
the Presi-
in his
speech
may
if
A. Yes, and
requires
it
to
and gives
them
if
he can
do
so.
to the
A. Yes
country.
his
duty
is
also to
recommend
to
them such
things as he
thinks will
to
do as he advises
respectful attention to
what he
in.
favor
full
own judgement
in ail cases.
Is
it
to
56
A.
No
would, in time, come to command it would be the PresCongress who made the laws and the
; ;
There
is
make
free
his will
government.
Roman Empire
by resolves of the Senate, as if Rome was Iree. Q. Suppose some very important matter should happen while Congress
is
them together
A. Yes.
one
;
He
can
is
call
either both
Houses, or only
if
;
any law
if
to
called
to be
made,
find
Q. Suppose, when both Houses are met, they should themselves unable to agree about the time at which
will adjourn, (that
?
is,
they
A. Yes, by adjourning both Houses. Q. In that case, when are they to meet again? A. At any time the President fixes, when he adjourns
them.
Q. What other duty is required of the President ? A. He must receive all ambassadors and foreign ministers ; that is, persons sent by other nations to make treaties with us, or to reside here as representatives of
their
own government.
bl
A. Yes, he has one great, general, and constant duty it is for which all this power is put at his command,
laws shall be
faithfully
executed
that
that
is,
that
shall
be done, and
be punished.
Q.
May
he be punished himself?
have already seen that every
civil
A.
We
officer of
may be impeached by
office.
the
House of
if guilty,
may
is
be turned out of
The
crimes
for
which
this
Treason,
we
said,
making war
resist or
deavoring to
bribery
means the unlawful taking of money by an officer for doing or omitting some act of his office. Q. Does not every officer receive money for doing
the duties of his office
?
A. Yes,
is
him a
certain
sum
but a bribe
this,
States, but
in
them
It is
the
wicked
to accept one.
Q. Can there be no bribery but by means of money ? A. Yes ; bribes may be offered in various shapes;
any benefit or advantage offered
proper end
(.
is
to an officer for
an im-
a bribe. a Court
?
A.
sits to
58
A. Certainly.
be some
way
of determining
Wherever laws are made there must when they have been dis-
to
be
This
is
When
may
it
and
if
he has, he
is
in
A. Yes.
see that
its
Each
its
own
to
Q. Are there
Courts belonging
?
to
no par-
United States
A. Yes.
Q. Are
another
?
all
is
one superior
to
A. They
are not
all
equal
but
?
in
;
and so
it is
with
Q.
Why
all
equal
A. Some are
over others,
in
may be
When
wronged
in a
;
lower
this is
still
still,
Court, he
may
higher Court, he
thinks he
until
is
wronged, he
may
own
State.
59
Q.
Can he
A.
No
made by
a State,
which
as
he supposes
is
contrary to
That question
A.
Q.
He
must go
at
once
to the
States.
What
are these
consist of
A. They
of
all,)
as Congress
may irom
Q.
Has Congress
A. Yes
cuit
it
has appointed
called Cir-
these,
States.
Q.
What Judges
?
sit in
ed States
What Judges
?
sit
in the District
ed States
A,
Q.
District Judges.
What
in
United States?
tried there in
which the
dis-
stitution.
60
q.
What
else?
States.
Any
;
others
all
A. Yes
treaties
between the
and
all
sea, or in
harbors, or rivers
or in
forts
and dock-
Q. What other causes are tried in these Courts ? A. All disputes in which the United States is a party
all
all in
the
citi-
all
in
which a
;
citizen
in
of
all
which
to land un-
all
in
some
foreign country
and
all in
which
citizens of the
Union.
Q. Must
all
one of the
United States, or
may
61
at
once
in the
Supreme
to
do with ambassadors,
all
and
may be begun in the Supreme Court ; the others, after being commenced in the inferior Courts of the United States, may be removed to the but this is submitted to Supreme Court by an appeal the regulation of Congress, who may determine by law when it maj ue done, *<md in what manner.
of the States
is
a party,
Q.
How
States appointed
A. By
the Senate.
office ?
is,
until
they resign
for
some
great offence.
to time,
Q.
like
Why
from time
Members of the House of Representatives and Senators ? and why may they not be removed from their
offices
unless
?
guilty of great
offences
A.
If
Judges held
mere good
plea-
manner
in
order to please
their favor
those
but
turn
who chose them to office, and to keep when they know that no man or number
them out of
office so long
of
men can
as they
do
their duty,
who
ask
it.
62
Q.
in the
Why
it
they re-
is
may
refuse
them the
office again.
Q. You
Courts was
to
determine
when the laws have been disobeyed, and causing those who have disobeyed them to be punished. How do
Courts answer
this
end
is
A. When
a person
which
is
forbidden
is
judged of by a Jury.
lot,
and who
who
listen
to the proofs
When
they declare
agreement
in
opin-
cause
<^.
is
Is this a
A.
and
life;
is
Certainly.
The
trial
by jury,
privilege
as
it
secures to
every man
hearing,
and
which might be taken from him by a partial or corrupt Judge, if that officer alone had to decide
all
63
on the
him.
guilt or
in
civil
suits as well as in
A.
Q.
mean one citizen's calling anohim for some injury committed against him ; by a criminal prosecution, I mean a citizen's being brought up by a public accuser for some
at large,
By
and
for
which
he
is
liable to public
punishment.
A.
When
is
an officer
is
the
the Senate
was committed.
Q.
May
in
a different
?
was committed
at sea, or in
A. No.
<.
some
other place not within any one of the States of the Union,
trial
A. Where Congress shall have appointed by law. Q. Ought all the public acts of a State, and of all
courts and
officers, to
;
its
be recorded
in writing ?
A. Certainly
these acts
who
are affected by
if
may be
able to
64
Q.
When
such a record
is
made
is
in
A. Yes. But Congress may determine by law in what manner the record shall be proved for this purpose.
Q.
When
?
or
A. No.
do.
He
Q.
is
one State,
shall flee
from justice
into the
trial ?
the
the
Governor of the
latter shall
cause
him
to
his master,
Q. Suppose a slave in one State shall run away from and flee into another State, does he thereby
application of his master,
and proof of
Q.
How many
Great Britain
at the
Revolution
A. Thirteen.
'he time
all
into operation ?
A. Not
came
in
soon
after.
65 Q.
Was
it
A. Yes, and
provision
was made
to
for admitting
?
them.
be admitted
limited
may be
that
number of people in any of the States may be erected into a new State ? A. No. No new State can be formed within the
limits
Q. Then
Q.
May
into
one
?
States
Q. When the Colonies separated from Great Britain was their territory all peopled ?
A.
Q.
T
No
remained
in its natural,
wild state.
When
w hat was done with these wild lands ? A. They were given up by the several States that owned them, and set apart as common property, for the
good of the whole.
Q.
Who has
settled
?
power
and
to
govern these
territories as they
become
6*
66
A. The Congress of the United
States.
Q. Have they since been extensively settled ? A. Yes. Many new States have been formed within
iheir limits,
and
many more
They
are in the
mean
ernment suited
gate in
Jhat body.
amount of population, and a DeleCongress with power to speak, but not to vote in
to
its
right to set
up a monarchical
itself,
that
is
government where
? all
A. No. When
publics, the
re-
Union
to
every State
Q.
Who
is
to see that
this regulation is
carried into
effect ?
privilege to the
A. Yes.
an enemy.
It
This
;
Q. Should unruly persons in any of the States attempt by violence to resist and overturn the State Government,
and should they gain such strength that that State
able to quell them, must Congress interfere
?
is
not
67
A. Yes,
ation
if
of such State.
But
manner.
Q.
The
:
may
?
certainly alter
Constitution
but
may
A. Yes.
States,
is
The
Constitution
will
an expression of the
may change
till
it
it is
Q. A.
ate
How
When
this to
be found out?
agree in
opinion that
state
to
be considered by
ihe people of
the States.
The
alteration
must then
a meeting
of persons
this particular
purpose)
to the
three
it
fourths of the
States agree
amendment,
stitution.
Q. But
agree to an
if
the re-
amendment be
is
A. No.
stitution,
This case
provided against
the Consti-
which could
68
only happen previous to the year 1808
is
;
now
past,
Q. What is the supreme law of the United States ? A* The Constitution itself is supreme and all laws and treaties made by Congress and the President, in conformity with it, are superior to any law made by one
;
if
will
A. The President, the Members of Congress, the Members of all the State Legislatures, and all public officers of the
takes an oath,
to
when they
the
But
its
observance
Constitution
the
observe
it
inviolate.
It
years,
pow-
existed
among men.
said that the Constitution,
Q. You
however wise or
if
amended
the people of
A. Yes ; the Constitution says so expressly. Q. Has it ever been amended ? A. Yes,
<j>.
several times.
What was
first
amendment
69
A. The A,
in
I
right every
man
has to worship
God
thinks
(it,
A. Certainly.
fere with
God
alone
is
the
Judge of our
has
relig-
man
a right to inter-
so long as
it
men to do what their conscience disapproved. Q. What amendment was made in the Constitution
this subject ?
on
to
;
respect*
making laws
to support
it ;
men from
Q.
freely
Was
;
into the
same
amendment A. Yes
the press.
Q. What do you understand by these expressions ? A. In a free country like ours, every citizen has
right to express his opinion of the character
and conduct
our govern-
make
for
ment
it,
70
gerous to our liberty.
If those chosen
by
their fellow
wicked manspeedily
ner,
it
may be
but
if
nobody might
their
bad conduct
would never be exposed, and they might continue in power to the great injury of us all. The right to speak
our opinions
is
to
may
be read by others,
the free-
dom
of the press.
I
Q. But suppose
injurious,
say of
my
in
rulers
?
what
is false
and
may
if
not be punished
A. Yes,
lishing
fellow
citizens.
print,
But you
are
still
liberty to
if
speak and to
liberty.
Q.
may be
altered
if
?
;
A, Yes,
to
but
if
they behave
in a riotous or
be punished.
Q.
May
;
in their
?
is
A. Yes
to carry
arms
;
one
which belongs
an enemy.
citizens at all
to
times
but arms
resist
71
Q.
As
Government
militia,
may
and
at his
A. Never, when
at
peace.
When
;
it
is
war,
it
may
often be necessary to
do
it
this
but the
must only be
done according
to
law
Q.
Has
the
Government power
it,
and
to take him,
it
and
?
his papers,
and
his property, at
It
is
any time
thinks
fit
A. No.
papers
to
to search his
but this
may
would require
bable that he
against him.
this to
is
be done, make
appear pro-
guilty,
and swear
to
Then
Judge gives
;
to an
war-
to
sons or property
to
be seized.
Otherwise no
man
would be secure.
Q. Suppose
I
am
accused by
my
neighbor of some
crime which
is
would render
me
infamous
in
must
accused
me ?
72
A. No. You must be either confineu ^ A m a u t u^ manner prevented from going away, until his accusation is laid before a number of your fellow citizens, called a Grand Jury, who swear to act fairly in the case.
other
They
all
wrong
in
sup-
not sufficient,
they refuse to have you tried, and you are set at liberty.
But
if
is
tried,
called a Bill of
Indictment
that
is,
So
that
no
man can be
put on his
trial, till
is
many
impartial
men
is
reason to
believe he
guilty.
Does what you have now said, apply and sailors in the army and the fleet ?
Q.
to soldiers
A.
No
when they become soldiers or sailors. Q. Does it apply to citizens who are in the militia ? A. No, not when engaged in actual service, in time
;
applies to
them
Q.
son
?
What
A, Whoever is accused of a criminal offence, (that means an offence for which he is to be tried by the
State) shall have a speedy and public
trial.
He may
not
is
necessary, nor
may he
73
be
tried in a secret place, but
openly before
all
who
al-
choose to attend.
tial
And he
shall
trial
men
to try
him.
(The
State,
ready explained.)
his jury
district*
where
the offence
fully
said to
He
must be
how
it
came
to
be made.
Q. Suppose he knows of persons who could prove him not guilty of the charge, but they live far off, or are
unwilling to attend his
trial,
to
come
A. Yes.
The Court
will
and send
by an
officer, to
;
in his favor
and
to
Q. Has he any other privilege ? A. Yes, he has a right to have the advice of a lawyer aid him in his defence, and to plead his cause ?
<j>. Can he be forced to bear witness against himself ? A. No. Q. If he is once tried and not found guilty, may he he again tried for the same offence ? A. If it is an offence, which if proved against hiro would put him in danger of losing his life, or suffering
any bodily
injury,
he
may
not.
Q. Are
my
life, liberty,
the
Constitution, so that
no man
They
are.
74
Q. But
object,
if
it
my
property
is
wanted
may
me
value of
it
in
am
sued by
my
neighbor, about
some
am
if
I to
have a Jury
to try tiie
is
cause
A. Yes,
dollars.
Q. You said
that
when
a person
is
criminal offence, he
How
else
can
?
off,
A. By obliging him to bring forward persons who will become his Bail ; that means, who will agree to forfeit a certain sum of money if he goes away and does
not return to be tried.
Q.
.shall
Who
they
agree to
A. The Judge, before whom the man Q. May he fix any sum he pleases ? A. No.
accused.
The sum
it
is
to
of the crime, and the danger of the accused man's running away, but
cruel or unjust.
may
not be
made
so great as to be
is,
by
A.
But here
the
same
rule
applies.
The
sum must
not be
made
75
Q.
his
May
a Judge contrive
own
for
A. No.
rights belonging to citizens of the
A,
By
no means.
contained in the Constitution
Union
all
the
rightfully
to
A. Yes.
tution
When
for their
set
The
pow-
same
thing
is
All the
Governments
own
hands.
CONCLUSION.
And
short,
now,
I
my young
friends, having
intelligible
gone through a
this
and
view of
Con-
stitution, I
to say to
each one
of you.
76
In the
first
is
place, consider
in
highly
favored
our country,
and
Had you
lived or travelled
much more
and
in
travels,
you
will
be able
to
form a more
just
estimate of what
you enjoy.
When
still
exercised, I do
countries of
and
priesthood
in
nobility
a vast
make
first
they can
and
privileges
are surrounded
by the law,
and sacred from every thing but justice and the public
good
remember
is
ConIt
your
has
been earned
you by your
fathers,
who
counselled
much, labored
long,
77
win
toil
it
To
it
it
them,
a
gift.
it
was the
fruit
of
it
and danger
to you,
is
Do
it,
not slight
as
you ought.
It is yours,,
but your
is
own
the
and wickedness.
To
undervalue,
pains to
one of the
surest
ways
to lose
is
it.
it.
Take
know what
Constitution
will
the
more you
better
study, the
higher you
esteem
The
likely
rights, the
more
you
will
and guard
them.
And, in the last place, my beloved young countrymen, your country's hope, her treasure, and one day to
be her pride and her defence
stitution
;
remember
that a con-
which gives
to the people so
much freedom,
rests for
its
per-
manency, on
their
knowledge and
virtue.
An
ignorant
you would be
in
all
free
if
grow
that
flee
constitutes
knowledge
cultivate
is
from
vice.
The
virtuous citizen
the
true noble.
He who
honor
hour of danger
devotes
re-
to
fruits
man
;
is
one of
;
God's
nobility
star
his
name
nor could
any
title
add
to
its
We
have
78
seen such
men among
us
we hope
to see
many moresuqIi
And
a Constitution as
you succeed
it,
to a task, but
that of preserving
what
'
"
<
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LOAN
DEPT.
This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewals only: Tel. No. 642-3405 Renewals may be made 4 days prior to date due. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall.
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