Is 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

TFIT-JTTW

m~~~*-. Indian Standard

@aRmm T Wk?ff Rim

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCING TOLERANCING OF FORM, ORIENTATION, LOCATION AND RUN-OUT VERIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND METHODS GUIDELINES

Ics

01.100.20

@ BIS 2001

BUREAU
MANAK

OF
BHAVAN,

INDIAN

STANDARDS
ZAFAR MARG

9 BAHADUR SHAH NEW DELHI 110002

November ,2001

Price Group

15

Qrawings Sectional Committee,

BP 24

NATIONAL

FOREWORD

This Indian Standard which is identical with lSO/TR 5460:1985 Technical drawings Geometrical tolerancing Tolerancing of form, orientation, location and run-out Verification principles and methods Guidelines issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendation of Drawings Sectional Committee and approval of the Basic and Production Engineering Division Council. This standard establishes guidelines for verifying geometrical tolerancing as described in IS 8000 (Part 1): 1985 Geometrical tolerancing on technical drawings: Part 1 Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out and appropriate geometrical definitions (first revision). The purpose is to outline the fundamentals of various verification principles which may be used in order to comply with the definitions of IS 8000 (Part 1) :1985. The verification methods described in this standard do not provide for a unique interpretation of the requirements of IS 8000 (Part 1): 1985 and do differ amongst themselves. This standard may, however, be used as a reference document for coordination and agreements in the field of geometrical tolerancing verification. The symbology and methods mentioned are not illustrated in detail and are not inclined for application on end-product drawings. Not all verification principles are given in this standard for the different types of geometrical tolerances. Within the verification principle one or more verification methods are used. The numbering of verification principles and methods shall not be regarded as a classification of priority within the prescribed type of geometrical tolerance. The information as given in the introduction of lSO/TR 5460:1985 is given below:

In 1972, lSO/TC 10, Technics/ drawings, initiated work on preparing an International Standard on verification principles and methods for geometrical tolerancing. In the early stages of the work it became clear that several alternative verification methods for measuring principles were necessary so as to take account of the different types of workplaces and measuring equipment used. Since there is little experience in the various countries as to how to apply verification principles and methods on geometrical tolerances, it was decided that the results of the work would not be published as an International Standard for the time being. It was felt, however, that the results of the work should be published in the form of a Technical Report as this could be used as a guide towards understanding how to apply the tolerancing system for form, orientation, location and run-out with respect to varying measurement conditions. For uniformity all figures in this Technical Report are in first angle projection. It should be understood that the third angle projection could equally well have been used without prejudice to the principles established. For the definitive presentation (proportions and dimensions) of symbols for geometrical tolerancing, see ISO 7083. The text of ISO Standard has been approved as suitable for publication as Indian Standard without deviations. In this adopted standard, certain terminology and conventions are not identical to those used in Indian Standards. Attention is particularly drawn to the following: a) Wherever the words Technical as Indian Standard. Report appear referring to this standard, they should be read

b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker while in Indian Standards the current practice is to use a full point (.) as the decimal marker.

(Continued on third cover)

1S 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

Page

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

Scope and field ofappiication References Definitions Symbols

........ .. . .......... ...

.. ....... ...

.. .... .

... .... ..

. ... .. .

...

..... .. .

3 3 4

..................... ....................... ........................ ofdatums ............ ... . ... .. ... . .

.... ... .

. . . . . . ... . .. .. .. ... . .. .. ... .. . .. .. . ... .. .. .. . .. . . . .. .. ..

. ... ..

. . .

... . . ... .... ... .. . . .

5 6 13 15

Establishment Verification Verification Verification Verification Verification Verification Verification Verification Verification Verification Verification Verification Verification Verification Verification Verification

principles andmethods. of straightness .........

... . . . .

. .. .

of flatness . . . . . . . . . . . . . of circularity ofcylindricity ofprofile ofprofile ........... ........... . line.... surface.

... ... ..

....

20 25

31 34 37 40 45 50 53 56 61 63 66 71

ofany ofany

..

... .

................................. .. .. .. .. .... . . .. . . . ... .. . .... ... ...

of parallelism

............. ..,. ...

.. .. .. . .. .. .. .

of perpendicularity, of angularity of position

. ...

.. .. .. .

.... ....

........... ... .. .. ............... ....... .. ...

... ..

. ... . .....

................................. ... . ... .. .. ...... .... ... ...

of concentricity ofcoaxiality of symmetry ofcircular oftotal

.. .. ..... . ...

.... .

...........................................

....................................

............................................................................. .,..,... ....................................................................

run-out

run-out

..............................................................................

As in the Original Standard, this Page is Intentionally Left Blank

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:

1985

Indian Standard

TECHNICAL DRAWINGS GEOMETRICAL TOLERANCING TOLERANCING OF FORM, ORIENTATION, LOCATION AND RUN-OUT VERIFICATION PRINCIPLES AND METHODS GUIDELINES

1
1.1

Scope and field

This Technical

of application
guidelines for verifying geometrical tolerancing as described in ISO 1101. The purpose is to of ISO 1101. The of ISO 1101 and and

Report establishes

outline the fundamentals verification do differ agreements amongst

of various verification in this Technical This Technical

principles which may be used in order to comply with the definitions Report do not provide for a unique interpretation Report may, however, verification. drawings. The symbology (See also 6.4. ) and methods of the requirements document be used as a reference

methods described themselves,

for coordination

in the field of geometrical for application

tolerancing

mentioned

are not illustrated in detail and

are not intended

on end-product

1.2

Not all verification principle

principles

are given in this Technical methods

Report for the different

types of geometrical

tolerances.

Within

the

verification

one or more verification

are used. (See clause 6.)

1.3

The numbering

of verification tolerance.

principles

and methods

shall not be regarded

as a classification

of priority within the prescribed

type of geometrical

References
Technical symbols, Technical Methods drawings indications drawings Geometrical on drawings. Geometrical tolerancing Maximum material principle. 1} Measurement Measurement of variations in radius. methods. tolerancing Tolerancing of form, orientation, location and run-out Generalities,

ISO 1101, definitions, ISO 2692, ISO 4291,

for the assessment for the assessment drawings drawings

of departure of departure

from roundness from roundness Datums

ISO 4292, Methods 1 SO 6469, 1S0 7063, Technical Technical

by two- and three-point for geometrical

Geometrical Symbols

tolerancing

and datum systems Proportions

tolerances.

for geometrical

tolerancing

and dimensions.

1)

At present at the stage of draft. (Revision of ISO 1101 /2-1974. )

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

3
3.1

Definitions
verification principle : Fundamental geometrical basis for the verification of the considered geometrical characteristic.

NOTE The inspection methods may not always fully check the requirements indicated on the drawing. Whether or not such methods are sufficient and acceptable depends on the actual deviations from the ideal form and on the manufacturing and inspection circumstances.

3.2

verification

method

: Practical

application

of the principle

by the use of different

equipment

and operations.

3.3

verification

equipment

: Technical

device necessary

for a specific

method

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

Symbols
in table 1 are applied throughout this Technical Table Svmbol ,-- I Surface plate (Measuring plane) Report. 1 Interswetation

The symbols shown

>

////

/-/

2 A /

Fixed support

3 A 4 /

Adjustable support

Continuous linear traverse

Intermittent linear traverse

6 x

cOnthUOUS traverse in several directions

v, 7 L x

,7 Intermittent traverse in several directions J

Turning

/\ / A

Intermittent turning

10 0.

Rotation

11 ?

Indicator or recorder

.4 12 f

Meaauring stand with indicator or recorder Symbols for measuring stands can be drawn in different ways in accordance with the verification equipment used.

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

5
5.1

Establishment
Datum

of datums

indication
on a drawing is a theoretically exact geometric reference from which required characteristics of related features

The datum

indicated

are dimensioned. Thedatumfeature isa real feature of a part which feature is marked onthedrawing as a datum. requirements. requirements, If the verification such achange can be could be

The choice of datum simplified permitted. When it is difficult feature by changing

and tolerance thedatum

shall be made in accordance feature, without

with the functional ttre functional

andthetoleranced

affecting

toestablish

adatumfrom

a datum

feature,

it may beneceseary with the functional

touseasimulated requirements.

datum

feature. to take these re

The datum quirements

shall be sufficiently inthe

accurate

in accordance procedure.

It is necessary

into consideration

verification

The datum feature shall be arranged possible value. mentof Practically, feature thedatum thedatum

in such way that the maximum feature shall give astable datum feature

distance between lb)].

it and the simulated

datum feature has the least la)lor byalign-

contact

either bythedatum

feature itself [see figure

toasimulated

[see figure

+&---l
.~ Simulated datum feature

L_.uppo_/
Figure la) Figure 1 b)

Figure 1 Contact betwean datum feature and simulated datum feature

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

5.2

Apointas
thedatum

the datum
isquite unusual butcanbe used, forexample inconnection Inmost with position tolerances, cases, thedatum However, itisdifficultto verifi-

Apointas

find outthereal cation equipment

dstumby

establishment

ofasimulated

datum feature.

isestablished

byasimulated

(see figure 2).

Datum - centre-point Centrepoint of a sphere

/2\

R:-~oJQrE
smallest circumscribed sphere (representing the smallest circumscribed sphere) on the V-block

Figure2 Establishment of a point as the datum

5.3

A line as the datum

line or an axis. The edge and the generating line can be established in accordance with

A line as the datum can bean edge, generating figure 1.

5.3.1 A generating line es tha datum

If the datum is a generating a practical line for an internal surface (for example, mandrel in accordance a hole), the establishment of the simulated datum can be made in

way by using a cylindrical

with figure 3.

A
P

Cylindrical mandrel

Figure 3 Practical way of establishing a generating line as the datum

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

Insome

cases, thealignment

ofdatum

features

istime-consuming

andcanbe

replaced

bymathematical

orgraphical

evaluation

(s=

figure 4).

\
\

profile of datum feature

rl
1 Figure4 Profile diegram forgraphical avaluationof datum inthewme diagram. NOTE When graphical evaluation is used, thedatum andthetoleranced feature can beindicated 5.3.2 An axis as the datum is always an unreal feature and shall be established by a simulated datum feature or by mathematical An axis as the datum lation. An axis as the datum The datum may well be used for both internal and external is usually established b~ an inscribed features. feature of a geometrically correct form. for an internal feature For cylindrical holes, the datum can be established by a cylindrical mandrel of the largest inscribed size or by an expandable If the mandrel cannot achieve a stable position in the hole, the location shall be adjusted it in any direction is equalized (see figure 5).

I i

calcu-

mandrel. of

in such a way that the possible movement

I .Ir
Datum feature Simulated datum feature= ~Extreme orientations

~Datum

Figure5

Alignment of simulated datum faaturainahola

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

A simplified way to establish an axis for internal features can be used by aligning it between In this case, the eventual datum. eccentricity of the chamfer to the hole itself may constitute

two coaxial conical features

(see figure 6). the

a serious source of error when establishing

Simulsted datum features K

1-

Datum

Figure6 Simplified alignment ofanaxis

The datum for an external feature should be established

asthedatum
feature

(internal features)
of a geometrically correct form, size or bv a collet

by a circumscribing encircling

For cylindrical shafts, the datum can be established chuck.

by a cylindrically

gauge of the smallest circumscribed

If the position of the gauge is not stable, it shall be adjusted ed. (Same Thedatum principle asinfigure forcylindrical 5.) &established

in such a way that the possible movement

of it in any direction

is equaliz-

(see figure 7).

. P
. A
V-block

shaRsmay

inasimplified

way using, for example,

V-blocks,

V-yokes,

L-blocks or L-yokes

..
7

1
I 1- /// L-block

F
ba
A8

V-yokes

L-yokes

Figure7

Smptified alignment ofanaxis

asthedatum

(external features)

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

Depending which

on the form deviations the measured

of the datum feature, value.

the angle in the V-block

and the V-yokes

can affect the position of the datum,

also affects

An axis as the datum

can also be established

by graphical

evaluation,

for example

in accordance

with figure 8.

G c1 I

$?
I

Polar diagram paper

I
Tolerance feature

Simulated datum axis

Section B

+?.

~ I I Section A

Section A Datum feature /

&

Section B //

Figure 8a)

Measurement of simulated datum feature from a fixed axis

Figure 8b) Graphical evaluation of the datum axia

5.3.3

A common axis as the datum

the datum is a common axis of two separate datums which can be established by internal or external featurea (in-

In some cases, scribed,

circumscribing

or expandable). of the datum features will affect the position of the common axis which can also affect the

The deviations tolerance

of form and location

features.

10

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

The guidance

of the datum features

should be used in such a way that the simulated

datum

features

are coaxial

(see figure 9).

Two smallest circumscribing and coaxial cylinders = Simulated datum feature r r-Datum A-B 1

I
1 / .

Datum feature Ad

Datum feature B ~

Figure9 Guidanca oftiodatum

As it is difficult to establish a common V-yokes, L-blocks and L-yokes datum in accordance

faaturas when thedatum isa common axis

with the method mentioned above, a simplified method using V-blocks,

may beused(eee

also figure 7). byacoaxial centres pair of conical centres. andthe datum shall beadded tothemeasured valueof thetoleranced

In some cases, thedatum It should benoted feature

can reestablished

that thedeviations

beWeenthe

(see figure 1O).

Substi datum for ure B

L
5.4 A surface as the datum
as the datum

Simulated datum feature -/

Figure 10 Conical centres usadassubatitutea forcyfindrical datum faaturas

A surface figure 1. In practice, the datum When datum

can be a plana or have other forms.

Whan

the datum

is a plane,

it can be established

in accordance

with

the datum will be established feature.

in a simplified way by three supports (points) situated as far as possible from each other on

certain points or surfaces on the drawing features.

are specified as datum targets,

these shall be used for the alignment

of the simulated

11

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

5.5

Multiple

datums
of two or more datum features, their sequence may be important (see figure 11).

If the datum

consists

-Primary

datum feature

~Secondary

datum feature

/////////////////////

////

Secondary datum feature

Primary datum feature

F@urell

influence onthetoleranced feature depending on the sequence of the datum faaturas usad on tha tolaranced faatura

12

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

If the datum consists of three datum features, figure 12a). The secondary [see figure 12c)l.

it should be noted that the primary datum feature (A) can be aligned in accordance

with

datum feature shall be aligned on two points [see figure 12b)l and the tertiary datum feature on one point

p-p?j?J
A
Figure Secondary datum plane (2 points) 904 ./&. . i . s

Primary datum plane (3 points}

@y12a)

90

Tertiary datum plane(l

point)

Figure 12b)

Figure 12c)

Figure 12 Establishment of three plane detum system

6 6.1

Verification
The verification principles

principles and methods

principles and methods are arranged in such a way that for each tolerance characteristic the corresponding

verification

are used as principal principle,

headings. methods are shown in association of verification : equipment with particular application Comments examples arranged

For each verification in order of tolerance The resulting tabular Headings Symbol Tolerance Verification Comments

a number of verification

zones. For each method, arrangement

an example

is outlined.

are added when required.

has the following

characteristics

zone and application method

example

The column The column secondly,

Symbol Tolerance

gives the different zone

geometric

characteristics shows,

in conformity

with ISO 1101. zone, in accordance with ISO 1101, and, insufficient in

and application fully, further gives

example

firstly, the tolerance

an application

example which is the same as that shown in I SO 1101. When this example examples have been added.

has been considered

order to illustrate The column

the methods

Verification

method

the number

of the method; the verification method; methods;

the figure illustrating the essential

characteristics

of the verification

the readings to be taken; the required the treatment the acceptance repetitions; of the readings obtained; with the measured value.

criteria associated

13

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

The column .

Commentsg

ivessupplementaryi

nformation,

for example

a particular

application; in application; sources of errors; requirements of verification as to equipment; equipment.

any restrictions any particular anyparticuiar an example

6.2

ltshould

benoted

that theinfluence accuracy; accuracy;

of the following

ksicverification

factors

are not included

verification verification

equipment performance

design (character}of may sometimes

verification

equipment. influence on the measuring result than the difference between the verification methods

These factors described.

have a greater

6.3

ln this Technical can recarried in workshops. of the object.

Report, outwith ltshould

theverification benot4that

principl% theexamples

areexemplifid Themost ofverification

bycommonly commonly methods

used verification complete

methods. andit information

Most

of these

methods be found spection

various verification

equipment.

used equipment donotgive

is shown,

can generally about the in-

6.4

The

numbering

adopted

in this Technical

Report :

was

chosen

for easy reference

purposes.

The clauses

for the different

geometrical

characteristics

have been given a number with 7forstraightnaa.s) with 1) denotes

the first digit (starting the second

denotes

thegeometrical principle;

tolerance

to rechecked;

digit (starting

the verification

the third digit (starting equipment relevant

with

1) denotaa

the verification

method

relating to the defined

principle.

Verification Examples:

to the methods

is not numbered.

Verification Verification This referencing and inspection a) b)

method method method

forstraightness forparallelism

l.4(clause 2.1 (clause

7)means

verification

principle principle because

forstraightn~ forparalletism

No. 1, method No.2, method

No.4. No. 1. of the toier-

13) means verification drawings,

is not to be quoted thereferencing etc., 7.1.4; 13.2.1.

on end-product method

it could be misinterpreted oras~iated : documents,

as a modifier asuaad

ancingraquirements.

However,

may beu40ndetivd

by manufacturing

departments, method method

as an indication

of the method

usad, for example

straightness, parallelism,

14

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

7
7.1

Verification of straightness
Principle 1 Verifying straightness deviations by comparing witha straight element

Symbol

Tolerance application

zone

and

example

Verification

method

Comments

Method

7.1.1 Taut (> wire Ire), could be

used for large objects

a
Place the gauge maximum minimum, The between on the object between straightness in such a position deviation is the that the is a maximum distance the gauge and the object

.. b

distance

the generating

line of the object and that

of the gauge. Measure the required number of generating lines,

Method

7.1.2

&/ +s
0,1

+ 0

Place the object the surface

with the upper generating

line parallel to

plate,

Record line.

the

measurements

along

the

entire

generating

@ deviation is the maximum generating difference line. in

The straightness indicator Measure

readings of the measured the required number

of generating

lines,

15

Is

15054:2001

lSO/TR

5460:1985

7.1

Principle

Verifying

straightness

deviations

by comparing

with a straight

element

(continued)

Symbol

Tolerance zone and application example

Verification method

Comments

Method 7.1.3

23

0,7

E& +2!&
Placethe object on a surface
plate. Take indicator transfer The gram. readings along the entire generating lines and plate and against a square them to a diagram. deviation is evaluated from the diastraightness @ the required number of generating lines. @ Measure

Method 7.1.4

Mb

---Em

///////////////

/4
two coaxial centres parallel to the

0
t

Clamp the object between surface Record lines Record readings Ma @ half the plate. the

measurements

along

the

two

generating

difference

between

the

two

indicator

at each point in a diagram,

that is :

Mb 2

The straightness Measure

deviation

ia evaluated

from the diagram. @

the required

number

of axial sections.

The straightness recorded

deviation

is considered

to be the maximum

value of any axial section.

16

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

7.1

Principle

Verifying

straightness

deviations

by comparing

with a straight

element

(continued)

Symbol

Tolerance application

zone

and

example

Verification method

Comments

I Method 7.1.5

Align the object parallel to the surface Record the measurements

plate. lines.

along the two generating

Record

half

the

difference

between

the

two

indicator

readings at each point in the diagram,

that is :

Ma

Mb

.
Carry out the measurement @ and@ deviation is evaluated from the diagrams. in the two specified directions.

The straightness

Method 7.1.6
This method iects. A straightness measis main-

ly used for large ob-

/5
0,1

uring laser could also be used.

Align the telescope Measure the evaluate Measure

parallel to the surface. with a target which the deviations to from these. of generating lines. is moved along a diagram and

II

the deviations Transfer the straightness the required

surface.

number

17

Is 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:

1985

7.1

Principle

Verifying

straightness

deviations

by comparing

with a straight

element

(concluded)
Comments

Symbol

Tolerance application

zone

and

example

Verification

method

Method

7.1.7 \f) ---This method jects. Errors & /=/f ./2. /fl L the in setting repetition steps. the by of is main-

ly used for large ob-

zero will cumulate measuring

/-EE1

Set the indicator Move the

to zero on a surface in specified

plate. steps, Record /, along the

instrument line under

genemtmg

consideration. @

the indicator

reading at each step. The straightness diagram. Measure the required

deviation

is evaluated

from a cumulative

number

of generating

lines.

7.2

Principle

Verifying

straightness

deviations

by measuring

angle deviations

Symbol

Tolerance application

zone

and

example

Verification

method

Comments

Method

7.2.1 This method @ < > jects. If the spirit level is not adjustable, shall be aligned. the object horizontally is main-

?3=

Adjustable spirit level a +>

ly used for large ob-

01

1.

1,.1~. fj= / A pendulum with instrufeet may ment

Place the adjustable

spirit level at one end of the generating

also be used.

line and set it to zero. Move the spirit level in specified line step under @ deviation the is evaluated incremental value. number of generating lines. @ from a cumulative deviconsideration. steps along the generating the values at each

Record

The straightness diagram, ation where

straightness

= / x indication the required

Measure

18

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

7.2

Principle 2

Verifying

straightness

deviations

by measuring

angle deviations

(concluded)

Symbol

Tolerance application

zone

and

example

Verification

method

Comments

Method

7.2.2 Autocollimator r o +--+ ,-@ A This method is mainly used jects. Continuous ment may used when the result. An angle measuring movealso be recording for large ob-

+ #Eto
0,1

Align the measuring Move the

equipment mirror steps

with the object with along feet the at a specified generating ~ line

laser device may also be used.

autocollimator /, in specified

distance,

under consideration The straightness diagram. Measure the required

and record the values. is calculated

deviation

from a cumulative

number

of generating

lines.

7.3

Principle 3

Verifying

straightness

deviations

by finding

centres of consecutive

cross-sections

Symbol

Tolerance application

zone

and

example

Verification method

Comments

Method 7.3.1

Clamp the object between surface plate.

two coaxial centres parallel to the

Rotate the object around a fixed axis. Record half the difference one complete Measure revolution of the indicator in a polar diagram. readings @ during

the required

number

of axial sections.

@ to

The straightness be the maximum

deviation deviation

of the object axis is considered between the evaluated

centres.

19

Is

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

8
8.1

Verification
Principle

of flatness
Verifying flatness deviations by comparing with a flat element

Symbol

Tolerance application

zone

and

example

Method 8.1.1

M
Verification method

Comments

The object is generally aligned by bringing three ated surface distance surface case, values entered diagram the widely points to the from plate. shall on and or separon the same the In this be the evalu-

measured

Align the object as a superimposed plate. Measure the distance between number

surface

on the surface

the object

and the surface

ated

corrected

plate at the required The flatness the measured deviation

of points. difference between

mathematically.

is the maximum

distances.

Method 8.1.2

The face

size of the plate should

surbe

at least twice the object size. For convex the object adjusted face way Place the object stably on the surface Measure the distance between number plate. plate that surfaces, should to the the in such be sura devi-

ation is minimized.

the object and the surface

plate at the required The flatness the measured deviation

of points. difference between

is the maximum

distances.

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

8.1

Principle

Verifying

flatness deviations

by comparing

with a flat element

(cone/uded)

Symbol

Tolerance application

zone

and

example

Verification

method

Comments

Method --> \

8.1.3 .-. Ra Lx& Alignment telescope The alignment Prism rotating corrected matically. & of the be mathe4 This faces. method is

suitable for large sur-

@ Target

axis can

Place Xl

the

alignment

telescope

on the

object,

Align surface

the of

rotating

axis perpendicular

to the superimposed

the object, The flatness calculated deviation is the maximum surface. difference from the

superimposed

MethodEl,

,r,rog,

This his:: mands a ref Iective surf ace.

tical Place ~ @@Zl ,U the optical flat on the object and observe it in

only

for up

small to on

objects monochromaticl~~. The flatness counted, deviation is the number of interference lines

with

flatness

deviations

20 pm, depending flat, The optical

the size of the optical multiplied by ;.12 of the light used. flat should be adjusted to the object ($=03m) way that in such a the devi-

ation is minimized.

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

8.2

Principle

Verifying

flatness

deviations

by comparing

with a straight

element

in several

directions
Tolerance application zone and

Symbol

Verification method

Comments

example

Method 8.2.1

#traight

gauge

rhis measurement ;elf-controlling :ertain nany imes extent, points using gauge direction. used to

is a as are

~etermined
I

sevaral the in a

I Object

;traight jifferent Senerally neasure )Iates.

[ml
Place a straight gauge diagonally on one adjustable support n

to

surface

. ---, e
-L ~,

and one fixed support, from the object. Measure the distance

with both ends at the same distance

between

the

object

and

straight

gauge at specified positions along the diagonal value at the centre. along the other

(A-B) in rela-

tion to the measured Repeat

the measurement point distance.

diagonal

(C-D), for the

and record the values in a diagram median

after correction

These two diagonals

form a reference

plane from which

all

other points are determined. The flatness deviation is evaluated from the diagram.

Method 8.2.2

(--@@
/=/,. ~./j

his

method

is main-

y used for large suraces. Errors in setting !ero will cumulate

+ly~

the by of

he

repetition steps. pattern

neasuring f another >e changed.

is

JSed, the formula will

Set the indicator

to zero on a surface

plate.

Move the instrument The flatness

in steps, 1, in three directions. is evaluated from a cumulative

deviation

diagram.

22

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

8.3

Principle

Verifying

flatness

deviations

by

measuring

deviations

from

the

horizontal

in severa!

directions

Symbol

Tolerance application

zone

and Verification method Comments

example

--%29 +=K
Method 8.3.1 / \ \

This method

is main-

ly used for large sur-

faces. horizontal is align-

The ment

achieved support or

///74//////

either by means of an adjustable an level. The many measurements as are points twice. instrualso be adjustable spirit

c1
!

EEEEl
I

are self-controlling determined

lace >bject.

an adjustable

spirit level of a specified

length on the A pendulum may ment

Take measurements ~irection. lecord ~iagram. the deviations

step by step in several sections

in one

used.

from the horizontal

in a cumulative

?epeat the measurements, he diagram. Fhe flatness iiagram where deviation

as previously

described,

but at

ight angles to those already taken and also record them in

is evaluated

from

the

cumulative

the incremental

deviation

= I x indication

--e
/

)f the level.

klethod

8.3.2
!sa

d%Q
Instrument b (moving) Gauge a (fixed) -. & Tube water level gauge ~ A Depth micrometer ,. . ,,, .!

This method aces. %actical

is main-

Y used for large sur-

for horizononly.

al surfaces

Common zone

p +==+

0,8

he water level gauge a and instrument s shown in the figure.

b are initially located

;et gauge a to zero. hen move instrument b along any flat element and record

he readings on gauge a. he flatness deviation is evaluated from a diagram.

23

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

8.4

Principle

Verifying

flatness

deviations

by measuring

angle deviations

in several directions

Symbol

Tolerance application

zone

and

example

Verification method

Comments

Mathod 8.4.1
Autocollimator <-3 This measurement self-controlling certain many times. Continuous ment may
D 0,08

m
n

is a as are

to

extent, points

determined

several

movealso be recording

used when the result. An

c1

angle

measuring may also

laser device be used. Place a mirror with feet at a spacified of the object. surface. Measure diagonal Repeat diagonal the angle deviation direction the in specified positions along the Adjust the autocollimator distance, /, at a corner parallel to the object

(A-B) and record the values in a diagram. in the direction of the other

measurement

(C-D). form a reference using the deviation where plane from which an appropriate from incremental all feet the devi-

These two diagonala other points The are distance. cumulative ation = / x

determined,

flatness

is evaluated

diagram

tha reading of the autocollimator.

24

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

9
9.1

Verification
Principle

of circularity
Verify ingcircularity deviations bymeasuring variation inradius from a fixed common

centre

Symbol

Tolerance application

zone

and

example

Verification method

Comments

Mathod9.1.l

Minimum

zonacentre Applicable external surfaces. Equipment for of from or with mearadius fixed rotating rotating recorder to be for both

and internal

:@
v

surement variation centre : stylus table, or used.

Measured section

% ////////////

computer,

Align the object with the measuring shall be coaxial. Record olution. Evaluate and/or Measure the @ the minimum by computers. the required number zone centre radial differences

equipment.

Their axes

during

one

complete

rev-

from

a polar diagram

of sections.

@ radial difference

The circularity

deviation

is the minimum circles.

obtained

between

two concentric

Method 9.1.2 -

Least squara centra

Applicable external surfaces. This method and/or is for comfor both

and internal

@-w 7ZZDL
4
Maasured section Align the object with the measuring ;hall be coaxial. ?ecord olution. Evaluate mdlor the @) the least square centre from a polar diagram radial differences during one complete revequipment. Their axes by computers. number of sections. @ obtained Measure the required The circularity wtween Ires coinciding deviation is the radial difference inscribed and circumscribing circles with their cenwith the centre of the mean circle.

recommended diagram puter evaluation. Equipment surement variation centra stylus table, or used. : or with for of from

mearadius fixed

rotating rotating recorder to be

computer,

Is 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

9.1

Principle

Verifying

circularity

deviations

by measuring

variation

in radius from

a fixed common

centre

{concluded)

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

9.2

Principle 2

Verifying
zone

circularity
and

deviations

by measuring

coordinates
Comments

iymbol

Tolerance application

Verification

method

example

ulethod

9.2.1

Ua
& ;
~ ,, /

applicable :xternal urfaces. ;oordinate Measured section

for

both

and internal

measu r-

machine or n9 microneasuring scope, wter, with comto be used.

20

-1-

Align the object with the coordinate Measure distance

measuring

equipment.

L in two coordinates

at any point on the

circular section. Measure ference the o evaluation may be carried out by calculation required number of points on the circum-

The circularity

from the least square centre. Measure the required number of sections. @

27

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

9.3

Principle 3 Verifying

circularity

deviations

by profile projection

28

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

9.4

Principie4

Verify ingcircularity

deviations

bytwo-or

three-point

measurement

Symbol

Tolerance application

zone

and

example

Verification

method

Comments

Method

9.4.l

Summit
(2>

(three-point

measurement) The odd form measurement lobed-form errors can i: er b(

4+

carried

out to check

rors, The even lobed checked by two point measurement. The most commor

angles are :

P@
~Meas.red section Align the object with the measuring axis shall be perpendicular fixed axially. The indicator reading during @ at the required number of secone complete revolution is equipment, The object and

cr = 90 and 120 01 72 and 108 This method JSed for :ither to the measuring direction the ?quipment. Applicable wfaces. for both can b~ 01 or

rotation object

?xternal and internal used for the calculation. Repeat ions the measurements @ deviation should be evaluated from the inand the a-value

The circularity the number

dicator readingsr taking into consideration of lobes.

Method

9.4.2

Rider

[three-point

measurement) rhe measurement >dd lobed-form errors by can is erbe

a < >
?

:arried out to check ors. The even lobedorm :hecked two-

~oint measurement. he most common

Ingles are :

+ ix)

r = 90 and 120 or 72 and 108 Align the object with the measuring axis shall be perpendicular fixed axially. The indicator reading during @ at the required number of secone complete revolution is Applicable wfaces. for both ?xternal and internal equipment. The object direction and This method ~sed for ?ither the :quipment. can be of or

to the measuring

rotation object

used for the calculation. Repeat tions. The the measurements @ circularity deviation

should

be evaluated

from

the and

ndicator readings, the number

taking into consideration

thewvalue

of lobes.

29

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

9.4

Principle

Verifying

circularity

deviations

by two-

or three-point

measurement

(conchded)
Comments

Symbol

Tolerance application

zone

and

example

Verification

method

Method

9.4.3

(two-point Q

measurement)

//

. \

:~

@$

Align the object with the measuring axis shall be parallel position Measure olution. Repeat ions to the surface centre. difference as the turning the diameter 0 the measurements @ deviation

equipment.

The object

plate and in the same

during one complete

rev-

at the required

number

of sec-

The circularity ference

is considered

to be half of the dif-

obtained.

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

10

Verification

of cylindricity

10.1 Principle 1 Verifying cylindricity deviations by measuring variation in radius from a fixed common axis
Tolerance application zone and

Symbol

axampie

Verification

method

Comments

Method

10.1.1 This method consuming sophisticated ment. Equipment surement @ A common recorder diagrams computer, used. for meais timewithout equip-

t .:5.F*
,,. ~-G . -A+\ w / ,,

of variation axis, with a for to polar and for be

in radius from a fixed

.@ 0,1

& b

Align the object with the measuring shall be coaxial. Record ution the @ radial difference during

equipment.

Their axes

one complete

revol-

Measure

the required number of sections, @ zone cylinder

without

resetting

the indicator. Evaluate and/or

the minimum by computer.

from

polar diagrams

The cylindricity and/or zone cylinders.

deviation

is evaluated

from polar diagrams of the minimum

by computer

as the radial difference

31

Is 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:

1985

10.2 Principle 2 Verifying cylindricity by measuring three coordinates

Tolerance application zone and

Symbol

example

Verification

method

Comments

Method
t

10.2.1
z J

~:-~

.+=,

, ,

This method consuming sophisticated ment.

is timewithout equip-

&2

/,Y& --- ---

$ w

?; , :-..

y Three-coordinate suring machine, a recorder computer, used. to meawith a be

and

00,1 n
&

& Align the object with the coordinate Measure surface the required number measuring equipment.

of points

on the cylindrical

in three coordinates. deviation is evaluated from diagrams of the minimum and/or zone

The cylindricity by computer cylinders.

as the radial difference

IS

15054:2001 5460: 1985

lSO/TR

10.3 Principle 3 Verifying L-supports

Tolerance application zone

cylindricity

deviations

by measuring several cross-sections

in V- and

iymbol

and

example

Verification

method

Commer

Method

10.3.1 ~ _@_, The V-block longer ject. Applicable ,&~l& for than s t

asur faceso

1~*/
Place the object in a V- block. Measure revolution. the object at a radial section during one complete @ at the required @ from the inand number of sec-

This mines lobed

method only tt cyli

deviations.

t .+~+ - , *
//P& --- --G n

,,

Repeat

the measurements resetting deviation taking

tions, without The cylindricity dicator

the indicator.

should be evaluated into consideration

readings,

the a-value

the number

of lobes.

,rm

.,

Method

10.3.2 Applicable < -+ nal surfaces This mines && lobed deviations. lobed on a surface the object @ at the required @ movenumber of secplate and against a square one quires method only tt cyli T deviati a thrt fo( o

Place the object plate. Measure complete Repeat

at a radial section

during

measurement

revolution.

the measurements resetting deviation

tions, without The cylindricity ment.

the indicator.

is half of the full indicator

33

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

11

Verification

of profile of any line

11.1 Principle 1 Verifying profile deviations of any line by comparing with an element of correct
profile

Symbol

Tolerance zone and application example

Verification method

Comments

Method 11.1.1
The indicator tip and tip shall identical

11[
Copy tip

the have

copy an

shape.

x
n

004

Profile template A n

////////////

Align the object correctly profile template. The indicator correct pared with

with the copying

system and the

records the deviations the calculated limits

of the object from the variations deviations are comin the of

profile template. direction.

The extreme

meaaured

The profile deviation readings, as the measuring

is the maximum to normal

value of the indicator profile

but corrected

to the theoretical

direction

is not normal to the surface.

Mathod 11.1.2
Profile tamplate or larger deviations, I profile template ]e separated :he object determined may from distance

!?9
Object lace the profile template direction. the object and the profile ;pecified nspect ;pecified light. is observed, f no light column lot deviate ]rofile template by more than 0,003 (numerical

by a pre-

ii

~t both ends and the esulting space gaug?d with ]auge. a step pin

on the object and align it in the

template

against

the form of the object does mm from tha form of the

values are not obtainable).

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

11.1

Principle

Verifying

profile deviations

of any line by comparing

with an element

of correct

profile (conchded)
Tolerance application zone and Verification method Comments

;ymbol

example

Method

11.1.3 Profile template The accuracy improved two by templates can be using with

4 b

limit form.

_ (

,,m

:m,$:j,mfi ation is uncertain.

t Place the profile template specified Compare direction. the profile of the object with the profile template. on the object and align it in the

n
Method 11.1.4
This limited method to is of features

within the capacity

imiti:eines

the projector. Profile projector to be

&
n 0,04 Project the profile onto a screen. x El Compare the projected profile with the limiting profile lines. within the two limiting

used.

The actual profile shall be contained profile lines.

3s

IS 15054:2001 iSO/TR 5460:1985

11.2 Principle 2 Verifying profile deviations of any line by measuring coordinates

Tolerance zone and application example

Symbol

Verification method

Comments

Method 11.2.1
The stylus shape of the be

should

taken into account.

&_~[

$
Coordinate ing \ used. machine measurto be

n
x

n o,ob
77/////

H
face plate. Measure the two coordinates points along the profile. Record limiting the measured profiles. values

///// /
A \

Align the object in the correct orientation

relative to the sur-

at the required

number

of

and compare

them

with

the

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

12

Verification

of profile of any surface

12.1 Principle 1 Verifying profile deviations of any surface by comparing with an element of correct
form

Symbol

Tolerance application

zone

and

example

Verification method

Comments

Method 12.1.1

x
sphere

The indicating the Iave shape. copy an tip

tip and shall identical

0 tJ

/ / / /
P ///////

// /////////
object with the copy system and the form

Align

the

template. The indicator records the deviations of the object. value of the insur-

The surface profile deviation dicator readings, face profile. corrected

is the maximum

to normal to the theoretical

n
Method 12.1.2

,.

~--,/

.-

\\

sphere

0 t

-t0

~ 47
0,02

easrinLa=d
Device the for the rotation of the object template to med. or be Position the object relative to the rotational profile template Measure ation minimum at a required distance number by axis. Align the from the object. The form devimaximum and the required readings. of positions. the is determined comparing

r==+:---?
dicable to of revolution

This

method

is apsurfaces only.

37

is 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

12.1 form

Principle
(concluded)

Verifying

profile

deviations

of any surface by comparing

with an element

of correct

Symbol

Tolerance zone and application example

Verification method

Comments

Method 12.1.3
This method Iy applied surfaces /eines + limited to is usual and feature: 01 i:

to externa

within the capacity the projector. ._ ../

Project the profile onto the screen of a profile projector light-cut. Take the projected itions and compare profiles at the required them with the limiting number

with

of pos-

profile lines.

---,./ sphere 0 t % \

n m

Method 12.1.4
& Limiting profile lines This faces. method is limited to convex sur+

&

~...a

Project

the

required

number

of profiles

onto

the

screan

using a profile projector Compare Irnea. the projected

(shadowgraph). profiles with the limiting profile

al

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

12.2 Principle 2 Verifying profile deviations of any surface by measuring coordinates

Tolerance zone end explication example Method ---,/ ,/-\

Symbol

Verification

method

Comments

12.2.1 VT .?
X-Y axes ~, .d + +

ti/

The form and the size of the be count. Coordinate ing machine used. , measurto

stylus

should ac-

taken

into

sphere

0 t

be

n ///////////////////////7 n 0,02 Align the object with the measuring & Measure 1. o three coordinates surface

plate.

at the required number of points

on the surface. Record the measured values and compare profiles. them with the

coordinates

of the limiting surface

39

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

13

Verification

of parallelism

13.1 Principle 1 Verifying parallelism deviations by measuring distance

Tolerance zone and application example

Symbol

Verification

method

Comments

Mathod
Cyli

13.1.1
The cylindrical drels to fit may in expanded without man-

+l@Simulate the datum axis and feature axis with axes of inscribed cylinders extended outside the holes. direcMake arrangements tion (adjustable to achieve the correct measuring support). positions under control. from the formula Keep the axial measuring The parallelism deviation, x

be either or selected the holes

clearance. mandrel in

If the upper

can be orientated tion, the the

more than one direcorientation devishould be such that

measured

3tion from parallelism becomes a minimum.

Pd, is calculated L,

\kfl - q
Pd =
Lz

//

Mathod 13.1.2
rhe cylindrical be the maneither holes

~rels may

Cykwo%$k

?xpanded or selected :0 fit in rvithout clearance. f the upper mandrel in

:an be orientated ion,

/

nore than one direcA 7 ///////////////////// 1/ l\ lip

the

orientation that devi-

;hould :he

be such

measured

Nion from parallelism Simulate the datum axis and feature axis with axes of in]ecomes a minimum. scribed cylinders Position drawing. Carry out the measurements . on the mandrel in posextended outside the holes. the measurement indicated on the

the object

in such a way that directions

may be carried

out in the two

itions @

and @

The parallelism

deviation,

Pd, is calculated

from the formula

Pd =

I&fl-

A4zl L, x
Lz

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

13.1

Principle

Verifying

parallelism

deviations

by measuring

distance

(continued)

Symbol

Tolerance zone and application example

Verification

method

Comments

Method
Cyli

13.1.3
The drels to fit cylindrical may in be the maneither holes

expanded without

or selected clearance,

If the upper mandrel can be orientated tion, should the Simulate the datum axis and feature axis with axes of inscribed cylinders extended outside the holes. Keep the axial measuring positions under control. positions, A41 the in more than one direcorientation devibe such that

measured

ation from parallelism becomes a minimum. can be to The of two direcsquare the two

Measurement restricted perpendicular tions. squares deviations

Carry out the measurements and A42. Repeat the measurements positions between The parallelism

on the mandrel

root of the sum of the in the required number of angular 0 and 180. At, is calculated L1 from the formula obtained tolerance

deviation,

shall be less than the specified value.

[Ml - M*[ x
Pd = L2

//
Method 13.1.4
Measurement restricted to The of can be two direcsquare the two

perpendicular tions. squares deviations specified

root of the sum of the obtained tolerance

shall be less than the value. 7//////// I \ ///// axis parallel & // ? Precision chucking

/) 00,1 A-B

device to be used. plate and cylinders.

Position simulate

the datum

to the surface

it with the axis of coaxial circumscribing in the required @

dlbl

Carry out measurements positions between

number of angular

0 and 180.

Record half the difference the same section. The parallelism recorded values. @

of the two indicator

readings

in

deviation

is the maximum

deviation

of the

41

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

13.1

Principle

Verifying

parallelism

deviations

by measuring

distance

(continued)
Comments

Symbol

Tolerance zone and application example Method 13.1.5

Verification

method

AVBV AV@AV BV~BV I 8t4 \ w+ ,.

AVBV

The drels to

cylindrical may in be the

man eithel hole:

Qf12v

!-== -.

expanded fit without If the in

or selectee clearance. right-han~ more thar th~ the

. / ///////////////,7 A AH

AH

! Lr

mandrel can be orien.

8 BH M,H

tated one

direction, that

0 !00 +3EzlZl A

H8

orientation such measured

AH t3H M2H

should b~ deviatior parallelism a minimum.

from becomes

simulate the datum axis and feature axis with the axes of inR!?!!!i

;cribed cylinders. ;arry out the measurements ions as illustrated in horizontal and vertical direc-

in the diagram. positions under control. from the follow-

<eep the axial measuring rhe parallelism ng formula deviation,

Pd, is calculated

L.l x ~(ABv Pd =

AAV)2 + (AaH AAH)2

L*

//

vhere M,v Ml A42V for datum Af2v for cylinder cylinder A = AAV A = AAH B = ABV B = ABH

Ml A42H for datum

M,H M2H for

Method 13.1.6

-----

--

@
Simulate the datum with the base plane covering ~atum surface. Simulate the feature axis with the median line of top and the entire

oottom generating

lines. lines in the required number of axial

a
42

P ..
B

@l

Measure the generating Jositions.

3ecord half the difference ngs in a diagram, rhe maximum ~eviation. that is

between Iul 2 A42

the two indicator at each point.

read-

deviation

of these values

is the parallelism

1s 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

13.1 Principle 1 Verifying parallelism deviations by measuring distance

(concluded)

43

Is 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

13.2

Principle

Verifying

parallelism

deviations

by measuring

angles

Symbol

Tolerance application

zone

and

example

Verification

method

Comments

Method

13.2.1
Spirit level reading
LI t, /1 000

An level ports used.

adjustable and may fixed

spiri~ sup bf

also

to/looo

7777
Simulate mandrels. Record spirit level indications The parallelism deviation, x l!,, the datum

7%77%77
axis with cylindrical

axis and feature

on both mandrels. from the formula

Pd, is calculated

1/1- /.l
//

Pd =

100CI

//.< \ S
/ \
I I

Method 13.2.2
R*

Spirit level reading t 111000

~xu

L&i
plate.

Place the object on a surface

Record the spirit level indications. The parallelism deviation,

Pd, is calculated

from the formula

Pd

=11, folx 1000

100

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

14

Verification

of perpendicularity perpendicularity deviations by measuring distance

method Comments

14.1 Principle 1 Verifying

Symbol

Tolerance zone and application example Method 14.1.1

Verification

-)

m, m
[ fr2 -w

The

cylindrical

manto

drel may be either expanded or selected clearance. fit in the hole without

1,1

~1~

m-

/// ///, /,/ /////////////////////-7

Simulate the datum axis with plate. axis with another an inscribed

cylinder

parallel to the surface Simulate cylinder the tolerance extending

inscribed

outside the hole. position relative

Then align the object in the correct to the measuring Measure equipment.

the distance from the square (Ml and M+ L2 apart. deviation,

at

two heights,

The perpendicularity the formula

Pd,

is calculated

from

]&flPd =
Method 14.1.2

M*I x
L2

L,

If the deviation

from the

i
* +- +
J >

dl

Ml
MJ

straightness axis cannot ed,

of

be ignor-

d2

measurements

in more than two secI ///////// Y///////////// I /// tions are necessary. When hole, drel to and the tolerance it is simulated manbe hole which fit in which may the

feature is the axis of a Place the object on a surface plate. by a cylindrical expanded without in this direction G is

Measure the dislance (All and A42) between the cylinder which simulates the tolerance feature and the square at twoheighta, diameters L2apart. Measure thedifference between the

or selected clearance extends

d,

and

dz.
deviation

Perpendicularity

outside the hole. dG=[(M1-M+f*lx2 Repeat direction The the measurements Gandcompute in direction H perpendicular to the measurements. deviation, If the tolerance is indi-

requirement only,

cated in one direction

PdG

perpendicularity is

Pd,

of

the

tolerance

pendicularity ation (see 14.1.4).

is the perdevimethod

feature

Pd = ~(PdJ2

+ (Pd.)z

45

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

14.1

Principle

Verifying

perpendicularity

deviations

by measuring

distance

(continued)
Comments

;ymbol

Tolerance zone and application example tlethod 14.1.3

verification

method

@ Ilb$
~Rotating table table and centre it at an exaxia. @ relative to the rotational number deviation of sections. is half @ the full indicator

Jsually iection mced :entred.

the

Iowe

of the tole feature

lace the object on a rotating reme end of the cylinder

Measure the radial variation during rotation of the table. Vleasure the required The perpendicularity

[-t

novement.

J-

Method 14.1.4

gf !T++t@u1

, ,
I

Ml

n
,/ /

When hole, drel

the toleranc~ it is simulat~ ma I hc which may or selectl the clearan exten

feature is the axis o by a cylindrical expanded

l-!
//////////

Uz

I ///+//////// /

to and

fit

in

without which

Place the object on a surface

plate. the cylinder and

outside the hole.

Measure the distance (A41 and A42) between the square at two heighta, L.2 apart. Measure the difference between is diameters

d, and d2.

The perpendicularity

deviation

,.=[(M1-M2+5)]X2

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

14.1

Principle

Verifying

perpendicularity

deviations

by measuring

distance

(continued)

rmbol

Tolerance zone and atmlication example Method 14.1.5

verification

method

Comments

x
Guide feature

lace the object in a guide feature

selected

to fit it, Adjust plate. feature and

m
40 @j

le datum leasure

axis perpendicular the distance plate. deviation between

to the surface the tolerance

le surface

he perpendicularity lent.

is the full indicator

move-

J_

ulethod 14.1.6
4 surface to a datum plane

Clamp plate.

the object to an angle plate which

is on a surfacf

The tolerance surface shall be adjusted to the surface plat[ ~rior to measurement. The ment. perpendiculari~ deviation is the full indicator move

47

Is 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

14.1

Principle

Verifying

perpendicularity

deviations

by measuring

distance

(corrch.ded)

Symbol

Tolerance zone and application example

Verification

method

Comments

Method

14.1.7
1 I

This generally

method used

is for

Target

;@

large objects.

Telescope [ /

z!
A

10,14

f:=:j -------v __ -l-l---$; x ~.+.j;: I

Target Object ~ parallel to the datum of the object. feature @ in the vertical

Pentagonal prism

!$

Adjust the telescope

Move the tsrget along the tolerance direction and record the valuea. deviation values. @

The perpendicularity from the recorded

is calculated

mathematically

14.2

Principle

Verifying

perpendicularity

deviations

by measuring

angles

Symbol

Tolerance zone and application example

I
I
Method 14.2.1

Verification method

Comments

The

cylindrical

manto

drel may be either exSquare level panded or selected clearance. fit in the hole without

% t40.06 A

1!1

. - -- -

~11 -ij L-

~:

Q
l L

Ill

Simulate aligned Simulate cylinder

the datum horizontally.

axis with

an inscribed

cylinder

. --

4-

the tolerance extanding deviation datum

axis with the the

another hole. The surface

inscribed perpenof the

outside between

dicularity simulating

axis and the mandrel

is measured

as a difference

of the inclinations

A,

and

AZ

of the

featurea against the perpendicular sides of a square. The perpendicularity deviation, Pd, is

Pd = (Al - AJ

L,

48

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

14.2

Principle 2

Verifying

perpendicularity

deviations

by measuring

angles

(concluded)

49

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

15 15.1

Verification
Principle

of angularity
1 -- Verifying angularity deviations by measuring distance

Symbo

Tolerance zone and application example

Verification

method

Comments

Method
4L-

15.1.1
L,?

The

cylindrical

manto

)atum line

drel may be either expanded or selected fit in the hole without clearance.

.1 ,

fi

Considere( line

~Projected

considered line

I /h.

/&

+,
ml, l

Place

and

align

the

object

in an enclosing angle. difference

guide element Turn the

with the specified so that the

object

A41 142 is an algebraic The angularity deviation,

minimum. Ad, l!, is :

p+ Ad =
L

Af,l x
L2

Method

15.1.2
The cylindrical manto

drel may be either expanded or selected :Iearance. fit in the hole without

Place the object on an angle plate with the angle 10 (go 800). Turn fit a mandrel in the tolerance hole.

the object Afl

on the angle

plate so that the difminimum. from a square

ference Measure

M2 is an algebraic

the distance

of the mandrel

on two heights, The angularity ~, -

L2 apart.
deviation, ~zl x L,

Ad,

is

Ad =

L2

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

15.I

Principle

Verifying

angularity

deviations

by measuring

distance

(concluded)
Comments

;ymbol

Tolerance zone and application example

Verification

mathod

Method

15.1.3

x \ ////////////////
Simulate the datum axis with an inscribed cylinder surface plate and align it parallel to the horizontal face plate. Remove minimum. Measure the distance of the tolerance feature from an the object until the measured deviation is a and normal to the lower edge of the inclined sur-

rhe cylindrical

man-

irel may be either ex]anded or selected to it in the hole without :Iearance.

angle plate. The angularity deviation is the full indicator movement

Method

15.1.4

-&t
\ \\\\\\\\\\\\
Place the object on an angle plate with an angle of 40. Adjust the object by turning so that the full indicator ment of the tolerance The angularity deviation feature is a minimum. movement. move-

is the full indicator

51

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

15.2 Principle 2 Verifying angularity deviations by measuring angles

52

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

16

Verification of position

16.1 Principle 1 Verifying position deviations by measuring coordinates or distances

Tolerance zone and application example

Symbol

Verification

method

Comments

Method

16.1.1

Ot -+ w

h
w
Align device. the object with the coordinates of the measuring Measure The the coordinates deviation, Xl and Y,. positional

m L-J

Pd,

is calculated

from

the two

coordinate

readings X1)2 + (66 Y,)z value.

Pd =

~(100

The deviation

shall not exceed

half the tolerance

Method

16.1.2

fb
1,
I @)

-x

Align device.

the

object

with

the coordinates

of the

measuring

Measure

coordinates

Xl,

X2,

Y, and Y2. is calculated

LEd

The position of the hole axis in the X direction using the formula

X2+ xl x=
2 and in the Y directionusing the formula
Y* + Y= Y,

2
deviation,

The positional

Pd, is

calculated

from the derived

X and Y values

Pd=@11-X)2+(66-Y)2
The deviation shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

16.1

Principle

Verifying

position

deviations

by measuring

coordinates

or distances

(continued)

;ymbol

Tolerance zone and application example Vlethod 16.1.3

Verification

method

Comments

Ii
I
Ot I I I
The deviation

)epending

on

the the holes using

Ieasuring Tent entres an Iirectly neasuring available, of the be by

equip-

measured plugs. pos-

I IT. \_

-1 I___
Y, Yj
Coorclinate system of measuring equipment as given in method 16.1.2 for each hole. coordinates in

he best fitting ained by a

:ion can also be obmathematical treatment.

When there is more than one hole, repeat the measurements md calculation

Move the object in relation to the measuring

Qrder to find the best fit. shall not exceed

half the tolerance

value.

Method 16.1.4

-k

1+

w
54

Align the object with the coordinates of the measuring device. Carry out the measurements Xl, . ., X3 aion9 the
lines. The positional the maximum basic position The deviation deviation and is equal to the difference values line. half the tolerance value. respectively between and the

LEL!d.d

minimum

of each measured shall not exceed

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

16.1

Principle

Verifying

position

deviations

by measuring

coordinates

or distances

(coIltilJued)

iymbol

Tolerance zone and application example vlethod 16.1.5

Verification

method

Comments

tz

nstead ~able cylindrical selected .vithout

of

expan mandrels, mandrels fit to clearance

T
I ,

I I I

San be used. If the form deviation the can

I L.
i
41ign the ~evice. lolee. Take the separately. The positional object

LL

1 IY2
---

of the hole does not affect the result, measurements

Coordinate system of measuring equipment with the coordinates cylindrical of the mandrels measuring into the

be made to the edges of the hole. The best fitting tained matical by pos-

Place

expandable

ition can also be obmathetreatment.

coordinates

Xl,

X2,

Y1 and

Y2 for each

hole

deviation,

Pd,

in the X direction

is calculated

using the formula

X2+ xl
Pdx=~and in the Y direction Y2 + Y,

Xtheoretical
using the formula

Pdy=y

Ytheoretical

I
coordinates in value.

Move the object in relation to the measuring order to find the best fit. The deviation shall not excceed

half the tolerance

Is 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

16.1 Principle 1 Verifying position deviations by measuring coordinates or distances (concluded)

Tolerance zone and application example

Symbol

Verification mathod

Comments

Method 16.1.6

I El

4+
The measuring equipment includes an enclosing guide ele-

ment with the specified

angle.

Set the indicator to zero relative to the master objeat. Turn the workpiece to be measuted in such a way that the measured deviation on the surface ia a minimum. Carryout measurements at the required number ofpoints all over the surface.
The position dicator deviation is the maximum deviation of the in-

relative to the zeroed value. shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

The deviation

IS

15054:2001 5460:1 !385

lSO/TR

16.2 Principle 2 Verifying position deviations by using the maximum material principle
Tolerance zone and application example

Symbol

Verification method

Comments

Method 16.2.1

u
,1

~TF

F:

Iw

I Check the object pin relative to theoretically

in a functional the end

gauge which specified

accepts by the

the two

surfaces

exact dimensions.

Is

15054:2001 5460: 1985

lSO/TR

17

Verification

of concentricity

17.1 Principle 1 Verifying concentricity deviations by measuring variation in radius from a fixed
common centre

58

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

17.2

Principle

Verifying

concentricity

deviations

by measuring

coordinates

or distances Comments

Imbol

Tolerance zone and application example Iethod 17.2.1

Verification

method

+ v
@t

pplicable 11 and

for exterinternal cir-

Jlar featUreS. he influence ror Iized is when of form minithe

Measurements are reeated in other points. the that way I

entre-coordinates ,Iign the circular feature under consideration with the re mean values. oordinate measurwith device 19 alculator or measurlg microscope Y,) of the datum feature. the two with alculator to be used. ;alculate the positions of centres a (X1, eature and b (X2, he concentricity :entres calculated Concentricity rhe deviation Y2) of the tolerance deviation teasuring i required equipment. The plane in which the measurement

shall be parallel to the X-Y plane. the circumference places. in at

rlove the stylus so that it touches ?ast three, preferably equidistant,

is the distance between

using the formula = <(x, X2)* + (y, Y*)2

deviation

shall not exceed

half the tolerance

value.

Method 17.2.2

@t + v

rhis method

can

bl th(

-Qb a

Jsed only when ?rror of form gnored. Calliper or

can bl

micro

meter to be used.

Find, by measuring, datum Measure circumference distance

the minimum and the

distance feature position

u between

the

circumference. ( 180 apart). betweer

b in the opposite deviation

The concentricity distances

is half the difference

and b. shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

The deviation

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

17.3

Principle

Verifying

concentricity

deviations

by using maximum

material

principle

60

IS 15054:2001 iSO/TR 5460:1985

18

Verification of coexiality

18.1 Principle 1 Verifying coaxiality deviations by measuring variation in radius from a fixed common axis
Tolerence zone and application example

Symbol

Verification method

Comments

Method 18.1.1 Q I
I I I

Applicable for both

Ot

A
w Q

external surfaces.

and

internal

Equipment urement variation

for measof centre for radius with polar

IF

from a fixed

common a recorder diagrams

andlor to be used.

@ 00.07

computer

%
@ Align the object with the measuring & axis of the datum axis. @ cylinder

equipment with

so that the the rotating

is coincident

Determine ance

the axis of the feature by recording number of sections ~ from coaxialiv taking ia calculated

the variation on the toler-

in radius at the required feature.

The deviation section

from the centras of the

of the recordings,

into account

the position

in the axial direction. shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

The deviation

61

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:

1985

18.2

Principle

Verifying

coaxiality

deviations

by measuring

coordinates

or distances

Symbol

Tolerance zone and application example

Verification

method

Comments

Method

18.2.1
X-Y

&
I
I I I Ot @4 the datum cylinder

axes

Applicable external .2 g / m surfaces,

for and

both

++

internal

v / //

Align the object with the measuring

equipment.

The axis of

shall be perpendicular device. measure

to the X- and

Y-axes

of the measuring

In every section of the feature, of the diameters results together these points, axiality circumscribing The deviation deviation

the contact

points

along the X-axis and Y-axis and record the with the level of the section. are constructed, from the is determined element. half the tolerance value By means of and the coaxis of the

four generators linscribed

shall not exceed

18.3 Principle 3 Verifying coaxiality deviations by using maximum material principle

Tolerance zone and application example

Symbol

I
I
Method 18.3.1

Verification

mathod

Comments

I
I

? I @t

Check the object using a functional

gauge.

L{_,j@@~ I

Indicate

the datum

and feature

axis with coaxial cylinders.

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

19
19.1

Verification
Principle

of symmetry
Verifying symmetry deviations by measuring coordinates or distances

Tolerance zone and application example tlethod 19.1.1

Verification

method

Comments

Datum locators /\

rhe jrel

cylindrical and the may expanded

mandatum be or

ocators ?ither

selected to fit in the lole (or in the grooves) >Iearance. If the in such the Simulate the datum $cribed locators. plane with the median plane of two inplaced be Determine the position and the size of the locators and addatum plane parallel to the surface cylinder. in distance beplate. hole deviates form that be without

from cylindrical a way mandrel in

can

different it should in that the direc-

directions, placed direction movement tual

ust the common Simulate

where

in the ac-

opposite

the feature

axis with the inscribed is the difference

tions is the same. As the are mess taker

The symmetry datum plane.

deviation

tween the centre of the inscribed cylinder and the common

urements

outside the feature, the actual deviatior shall not exceed half the tolerance value. shall be calculated the relevant the feature. This ternal surfaces. method to and is ap both ex interna fol length o{

The deviation

plicable

Is 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

19.1

Principle 1 Verifying

symmetry

deviations

by maasuring coordinates

or distances (continued)

Symbol

Tolerance zone and application example

Verification

method

Comments

Method

19.1.2
This ternal surfaces. The the adjustment datums o COUIC b\ calcul method to and is ap both ex interna

plicable

also be performed Align the object in the following Determine calculate way : ~ ~ and mathematical ation. Coordinate

the position of the datum features plate. dwiation is the difference

measur to bc

and adjust the median planes of the datum parallel

ing device or measur. ing microscope used.

to the surface The symmetry tween

in distance feature

beaxis

the common

plane and the calculated

The deviation

shall not exceed

half the tolerance

value.

Method 19.1.3 = This method

plicable to and is ap both ex interna

ternal

surfaces. The may fit in feature be Iocatol ex t(

either the

panded or selected without As ments Place the object on a surface Place a flat surface Simulate feature plata. surface. feature with a actual on the opposite relevant the median plane of the tolerance locator. deviation is half the difference in distance faature. the clearance.

groovf

////

/ ///////

measure out tht shal

are taken deviation

side the feature, be calculated

for the

length of the

The symmetry ~ ~

between

thefeaturelocator respectively.

andthesurfacepbte

and the flat surface, The deviation

shall not exceed

half the tolerance

value,

64

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

19.1

Principle

Verifying

symmetry

deviations

by measuring

coordinates

or distances

(conckfded)

Symbol

Tolerance zone end application example

Verification

method

Comments

Method

19.1.4

,,,~,,~,

g:,,:,,e:

Place the object on a surface plate.

A = 0,08 A Measure feature. Turn the object and repeat the measurement. The symmetry distances deviation is half the difference between the the distance between the surface plate and the

measured. shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

The deviation

Method 1+

19.1.5 m Calliper to be used.

W @

Measure A ~0,1 A

the distances from the feature surface to points on surface. deviation is half the difference between the

the datum

The symmetry distances

B and C. shall not exceed half the tolerance value.

The deviation a

65

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

19.2 Principle2 Verifyingsymmetry deviations by using maximum material principle

Tolerance zonea application examl

Symbol

Verification

method

Comments

Method

19.2.1
~Functional gauge The two tabs shall bf expanded to fit ante.
,

itrt &
It
!;,

or selectee clear

1-,
1) i

without

The drel

cylindrical shall have

man tht

. >

minimum

size of tht the sym.

hole minus gauge.

metry tolerance.
I

Check the object using a functional Simulate Check the datums the symmetry using two tabs. deviation

using

a cylinder

of

ap-

propriate

size.

Method

19.2.2
Functional gauge The have width the of the

1, t
&

two gauge -i-, -r I;, > Y material

tabs shall maximum of the The or

size

slots minus the syml 1) metry tolerance. cylindrical selected shall be expanded cwt clearance. mandrel to fit with-

Check the object using a functional

A

gauge.

Simulate

the datums the symmetry

using two tabs. deviation using a cylinder of ap-

icjx-

Check

propriate

size.

66

IS

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

19.2 Principle2 Verifyingsymmetry deviations by using maximum matarial principle (concluded)

67

IS

15054:2001
5460:1985

lSO/TR

20 20.1

Verification

of circular run-out

Principle 1 Verifying circular run-out deviations by measuring distance variations from a fixed
rotation around the datum axis

point during

Tolerance zone and application example

Verification

method

Comments

Method

29.1.1

Q <-->

Align

the

object

in

two

coaxial

circumscribing

guide

cylinders. \ Tolerance surface remer The radial run-out deviation is the full indicator revolution movement crossmeasured section. Repeat sections. ~ this procedure ~ at the required number of crossduring one comDlete at each Fix the object axially.

\
<. . \

Method 29.1.2
The measurement Mfected oined l-block the )f form the effects angle is

@
G--+

by the comof the and datum

8 $+%
A
\ tit

HOI A-B

deviations

eatu res.

Simulate

the datum

axis with two identical

v.bl~k~.

Fix the object axially. The rsdial run-out measured section. Repeat sections. during @ this procedure @ at the raquired number of crosadeviation is the full indicetor revolution movement cross-

one complete

at each

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

20.1 point

Princigle during

Verifying around

circular run-out the datum

deviations

by measuring

distance variations

from a fixed

rotation

axis (continued)

;ymbol

Tolerance zone and application axample

Verification

method

Commants

vlethod
[Tolerance \ WfaCe ~PlaneOfmeaaurement

20.1.3

@
<3

he measurement ffected
/-edge

is

by the comangle

.T7%7-

Iined effects orm

of the and the of

deviations

he datum features.

f MT
0,1 A-E
a a [A B

,,/ L

simulate

the

datum

axis with

two

identical

knife

edge

~-blocks. ix the object axially. rhe radial run-out measured $ection Repeat $ections during @ this procedure @ at the required number of crossdeviation is the full indicator revolution movement

one complete

at each cross-

Method 20.1.4
Tolerance surface remen

@ +-+

in vleasurement working machine tool ]etween rhe centres. reby to

\ <. \

Clamp the object between Measure the radial

&
run-out for the

measuring

;ults are affected

lherun-outof tres with the datum

thecenregard features.

centres. deviation of the feature run-out ~ number of croaaand

6
A

#
.1 A-B
B

make datums

corrections

corresponding

of the

A and B relative to the centres. at the required

Repeat the measurement Sections @

69

Is

15054:2001 5460:1985

lSO/TR

20.1 Principle 1 Verifying point during rotation around

circular run-out the datum axis

deviations

by measuring

distance variations

from a fixed

(concluded)

70

IS 15054:2001 lSO/TR 5460:1985

21

Verification of total run-out

21.1 Principle 1 Verifying total run-out deviations by measuring distance variations from the basic geometry during rotation around the datum axis

71

(Continued from second coverj

In this adopted standard, reference appears to certain International Standards for which Indian Standards also exist. The corresponding Indian Standards which are to be substituted in their place are listed below along with their degree of equivalence for the editions indicated : International Standard ISO11O1 :1983 Corresponding Indian Standard IS 8000 (Part 1) : 1985 Geometrical tolerancing on technical drawings: Part 1 Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out and appropriate geometrical definitions (first revision) IS 8000 (Part 2): 1992 Technical drawings Geometrical tolerancing: Part 2 Maximum material principles (first revision) IS 10721:1983 Datum and datum systems for geometrical tolerancing on technical drawings 1984 Proportions and IS 11158 : dimensions of symbols for geometrical tolerancing used in technical drawings Degree of Equivalence Identical

ISO 2692:1988

do

ISO 5459:1981

do

ISO 7083:1983

do

The concerned Sectional Committee has reviewed the provisions of the following ISO Standards referred in this adopted standard and has decided that they are acceptable for use in conjunction with this standard: Infernafional Standard
ISO 4291:1985

Title
Methods for the assessment of departure from roundness Measurement of variations in radius Methods for the assessment of departure from roundness two-and three-point methods

ISO 4292:1985

Measurement

by

Bureau of Indian Standards

61S is a statutory institution established under the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 1986 to promote harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods and attending to connected matters in the country.
Copyright

61S has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these form without the prior permission in writing of 61S. This does of implementing the standard, of necessary details, such designations. Enquiries relating to copyright be addressed to
Review of Indian Standards

publications may be reproduced in any not preclude the free use, in the course as symbols and sizes, type or grade the Director (Publications), 61S.

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards are also reviewed periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review indicates that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of BIS Catalogue and Standards: Monthly Additions. This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc : No. BP 24( 0156).

Amendments

Issued Since Publication Date of Issue Text Affected

Amend

No.

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