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A2-203

CIGRE 2008

A SIMPLE AND RELIABLE ALGORITHM FOR DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN INRUSH STATE AND FAULTY CONDITIONS IN TRANSFORMERS A. Nosseir(1) , A.S.Attia(1)*, M.Awad(2), F. Tahoon(2), and N.M.Osman(2) * (1) Electrical Power&Machines Dept., Ain-Shams Univ. (2) Egyptian Electricity Holding Company. Cairo, Egypt SUMMARY
One of the most important components in power system is the power transformer. So, avoiding damage to power transformer is vital, otherwise continuity in power delivery may be seriously disrupted. Furthermore, repairing or replacement of power transformer is too expensive and timeconsuming [1]. Protection of power transformer is very important to minimize the duration of unwanted outages. Therefore, protective relays operation must include the requirements of dependability associated with no mal-operation, security with no false tripping, and operating speed associated with short fault clearing time [2]. Traditional techniques are based on the detection of high second harmonic component in case of magnetizing inrush current and low value in case of faults. Currently, the frequency environment of power system has been made more complicated and the quantity of second harmonic component in inrush state has been decreased because of the improvement of transformer core steel. So, in these modern systems traditional approaches will likely be mal-operated. The correct and effective identification between faults and exciting inrush remains a challenge for protection development [3-5]. This paper presents a new relaying algorithm to enhance the sensitivity of traditional techniques for faults and inrush current discrimination. The algorithm is based on estimating the magnetization characteristic of transformer and inrush state occurs when transformer core be saturated and artificial neural networks. A three phase power transformer 250MVA, 400/132/18kV is simulated by ATP package. Inrush current and different fault cases are simulated for different loading conditions. The artificial neural networks are used for making the decision to be logic. Results obtained from the application of the proposed algorithm show its effectiveness. To obtain reliable results, A three phase transformer 25KVA, 11/0.4KV is tested using the mobile test lab in Pyramids Extra High Voltage Research Center (PEHVRC) which was designed to meet all the requirements of real system under normal and abnormal conditions and latest measuring systems. Experimental results prove the reliability and simplicity of the proposed algorithm.

KEYWORDS
Transformers, Magnetizing Inrush Current, Internal Faults, Artificial Neural Networks.

Abla_soliman@hotmail.com Eng _nafesa@hotmail.com

1. INTRODUCTION There are many studies of detecting inrush currents in power transformers [6-12]. Conventional methods are based on detecting the second order harmonic of the inrush current [6]. Another method is based on the equivalent circuit of transformer [7]. Okan, et al [8] presented a paper using the similarity between the waveforms of current and voltage and the wavelet transform. New methods such as artificial neural networks [9-10] based on discrimination between inrush current and internal faults. These methods give a fast trip of the protection system in case of internal faults only. This paper presents a method for discrimination between inrush current state and internal faults based on the power transformer magnetization characteristics within one short cycle and artificial neural networks ANN. The method is applied to a 3phase, 250MVA, 400/132/18KV, D/Y/Y transformer which simulated using The EMTP-ATP software package to simulate the transformer transients due to inrush current and internal faults. Simulation results cover all internal faults on different phases and for different percentages of short circuited winding. Also, results of inrush current at different instants are obtained. To check the effectiveness of the proposed method, it is applied to a 3phase, 25KVA, 11/ 0.4KV, D/Y power transformer using the mobile test lab in (PEHVRC). Internal faults and inrush current cases at different inception angles had been carried out. The results obtained from EMTP-ATP package for all simulated conditions and from PEHVRC test lab are used as a training data to Artificial Neural Network (ANN). This helps the differential relay to recognize inrush and internal fault and give the trip signal in case of internal fault only. 2. PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS From the basic fundamentals, it is known that the magnetic field intensity H is proportional to the current I, and the change in magnetic flux density Br is proportional to the time integral of voltage v. So the B-H magnetization curve can be drawn as an integral of voltage versus current. The proposed method in this study discriminates an inrush current by predicting the segment of the magnetization curve. Since the transformer becomes equivalent to an air core condition when the magnetic flux density B(t) exceeds the saturated magnetic flux density, the reactances look to be apparently almost constant. Therefore, if the ratio of the current value to the voltage integral value becomes almost constant in the predetermined time range of some milliseconds, the transformer core is supposed to be saturated and the current is considered to be an inrush current. When an internal short circuit fault occurs, the voltage and current waveforms show sinusoidal waves, and also the voltage integral values show sinusoidal wave. Therefore, when the relationship between current values and voltage integral is plotted, the locus shows a curve like a Lissajous figure. The shape of the Lissajous figure depends on the phase difference of the voltage and current determined by the impedance to the fault point and normally has a shape of a gradient ellipse. So the locus is monotone decreasing or increasing [11]. 3. SIMULATION STUDY Simulation is carried out on a three phase transformer of a 250MVA, 400/132/18KV, D/Y/Y using EMTP/ATP package. Transformer inrush current at different switching instants is simulated. Also, internal faults either turntoturn faults or turntoturntoground faults are simulated by short circuiting a certain percentage of the winding. Many cases covering different percentages of short circuit winding at different phases were obtained. The voltage and current waveforms on the primary side were measured for all cases. The integral values of the voltage and current were plotted. It can be seen clearly the differences in the shape of plots for both cases (internal faults and inrush current). Samples of results are shown in Figs. (1-3). Fig.(1) shows the waveforms of an inrush current occurred when switching at instant 5m seconds.

400 [kV] 300 200 100

150 [A] 100

50

0 0 -50 -100 -200 -300 -400 0 10 20

v :H_BUSB v :H_BUSC

-100

-150

-200 30 40 [ms] 50 0 10 20
c:SUPLB -H_BUSB

30
c:SUPLC -H_BUSC

40

[ms]

50

(f ile inrush1.pl4; x-v ar t) v :H_BUSA

(f ile inrush1.pl4; x-v ar t) c:SUPLA -H_BUSA

a- Primary voltage of transformer b-Primary current of transformer c- Current vs. Integral of voltage Fig. (1) : waveforms of primary voltage, inrush current, and the locus of the proposed method when switching at 5msec. Figures (2&3) show the waveforms obtained when turn to turn to ground fault, and turn-to-turn fault are occurred on 30% of the windings respectively.
400 [kV] 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -300 -400 0 10 20
v :HB v :HC

1200 [A] 800 400 0

-400 -800 -1200 30 40 [ms] 50 0 10 20 30 40 [ms] 50

(f ile 2INTER.PL4; x-v ar t) c:SUPLA -HA

(f ile 2INTER.PL4; x-v ar t) v :HA

a- Primary voltage of transformer b-Primary current of phase A c- Current vs. Integral of voltage Fig. (2): waveforms of primary voltage, primary current, and the locus of the proposed method when an internal fault (turn to turn to ground) on 30% of the phase A winding.
400 [kV] 300 200 100 0 -100 -200 -680 -300 -400 0 10 20 30 40 [ms] 50
(f ile 1INTERG.PL4; x-v ar t) v :HA v :HB v :HC

1400 [A] 880

360

-160

-1200 0 10 20 30 40 [ms] 50
(f ile 1INTERG.PL4; x-v ar t) c:SUPLA -HA

. a- Primary voltage of transformer b-Primary current of phase A c-current vs. Integral of voltage Fig. (3): waveforms of primary voltage, primary current, and the locus of the proposed method when an internal fault (turn to turn) on 30% of the phase A winding.. 4. MOBILE TESTING MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY FOR TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. (4) Mobile Testing laboratory and its advanced technological devices (a) Mobile Testing lab (b) Sequence control unit (c) Receiving unit (d) Computer and printing unit

The mobile testing lab shown in Fig.(4) is used for measuring the transient overvoltages and currents which take place on the electrical network up to 500 kV during switching the circuit breakers in substations. The laboratory consists of advanced technological devices for measuring, storage and analyzing the transient overvoltage waves and high currents. 4.1 Inrush current test procedure and results Test is carried out on a three phase transformer of 25KVA,11/ 0.4KV,D/Y with the help of mobile test laboratory .The tested transformer is connected to the source at 0.4KV side where the other side were opened and the sequence controller provides the control signal to circuit breaker to switch at different inception angles (0, 45, 60, 90,180) as well as the trigger measuring and recording equipment according to a pre-determined program. Primary current and voltage measurements transmitted between the outdoor transmitters and the indoor receiver end by means of fiber optical cables. The timing of the operations is controlled by the mobile laboratory sequence controller. The signal voltages and current are fed into the analogue inputs of the fiber optic transmitter. These signals are converted into an optical signal; and then transferred to the receiver and converted back to analogue voltage. The transmitter and the receiver are connected together with a pair of fiber optics to form a complete analogue fiber optic link. The analog outputs of the fiber optic receivers are fed into analogue digital converters which are provided with 265 Kbit of random access read and write memory (RAM) each.

(a) The three phase voltages

(b) The current of phase R

(c) The current of phase S

(d) The current of phase T (e) Current vs. integral of voltage Fig. (5): waveforms of primary voltage, inrush current, and the locus of the proposed method when switching at 0 degree. The measuring system communicates with and controlled by the computer as the voltage and current waveforms on the primary side were measured for all angles with the help of a designed Matlab computing program. In addition, the program calculates the relation of the proposed method between the time integral of voltage and current. Fig.(5) shows the waveforms obtained when an inrush occurred at inception angles 0 degree.
4.2 Internal fault test procedure and results

Test is carried out on a three phase transformer of 25KVA, 11/ 0.4 , D/Y with the help of mobile test lab. Short circuit between phases S &T had been carried and sufficient excitation is applied to the other winding to circulate (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of rated current in the the shorted windings. Primary current and voltage measurements transmitted between the outdoor transmitters and the indoor receiver end by means of fiber optical cables. The measuring and calculated steps are repeated

as in case of inrush current. Figs. (6,7) show the waveforms obtained when short circuit occurred at 25% of rated current without and with ground respectively.

(a) The three phase voltages

(b) The current of phase R

(c) The current of phase S

(d) The current of phase T

(e) Current vs. integral of voltage

Fig. (6): waveforms of 3phase primary voltages, 3 phase primary currents and the locus of the proposed method when line to line short circuit occurs between phases S &T on 25% of turns.

(a) The three phase voltages

(b) The current of phase R

(c) The current of phase S

(d) The current of phase T

(e) Current vs. integral of voltage Fig. (7): waveforms of 3phase primary voltages, 3 phase primary currents and the locus of the proposed method when line to line to ground short circuit occurs between phases S &T on 25% of turns. 5. DECISION MAKING LOGIC
Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have been applied to protective relaying to make the decision logic and encouraging results are obtained [10]. Fig. (8) demonstrates the proposed differential relay using multilayer Feed- forward back propagation (FFBP) neural network scheme against power transformer internal faults (turn to turn & turn to turn to ground faults) and inrush currents by detecting the internal fault and issues the trip signal. The ANN architecture contains one input layer, one hidden layer, and one output layer. The input layer which consists of 4 neurons receives the output from simulation

program (the integrals of the voltage versus the current in each phase winding). The output layer consists of only 1 neuron with output 1 indicating tripping if a curve like a Lissajous figure and output 0 indicating Non-tripping if the locus appear as segment of the magnetization curve. The outputs are nonlinear functions of the input, and are controlled by weights that are computed during learning process[12].

Fig. (8) ANN architecture for transformer protective relay Different training cases are used to learn the back-propagation artificial neural networks. The training cases cover inrush current at 0, 0.05,0.01,0.02 seconds and the internal fault currents at all phases with different percentages 5%, 10%, 15%, 25%, and 30% of the windings. Samples of the output of test cases are shown in Table. (1). It can be noticed that the ANN is successfully make the decision logic. Table.1 Samples of ANN Testing Results Case Inrush Current Switching At .015 Sec Turn To Turn Fault On 20% Of Phase A Winding Turn To Turn Fault On 20% Of Phase B Winding Turn To Turn Fault On 20% Of Phase C Winding Turn To Turn To Ground Fault On 20% Of Phase A Winding Turn To Turn To Ground Fault On 20% Of Phase B Winding Turn To Turn To Ground Fault On 20% Of Phase C Winding 6. CONCLUSION In this paper a relaying system has been presented for power transformer protection. The proposed algorithm discriminates between inrush current state and internal faults state and is based on estimating the magnetization characteristic of transformer and using artificial neural networks for decision making logic. To validate the proposed algorithm simulation had been carried out using ATP package and experimentally using the mobile test lab in Pyramids Extra High Voltage Research Center for discriminating between an inrush current and internal fault current. Results show the effectiveness of the proposed system because of its simplicity, accuracy and fast decision. This in designing high speed protection system to protect the most important elements, Transformer, of power systems within one short cycle . Output 0.01 0.9531 0.9456 0.9432 0.9811 0.9887 0.9799

BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] GEC, Protective Relays Application Guide, 3rd ed. Stafford, UK:ALSTOM Protection & Control, 1990. [2] Bogdan Kasztenny,Mladen Kezunovic,Digital Relays Improve Protection Of Large Transformers, IEEE Computer Application in Power, pp. 39-45,October 1998. [3] A.G. Phadke and J. S. Thorp,Computer Relay for Power System, Research Studies Press Ltd, 1988. [4] M. A. Rahman and R. Jayasurya, A State-Of- Art Review Of Transformer Protection Algorithm, , IEEE Trans. On Power Delivery, Vol.3, pp. 534-544, April 1988. [5] M. A. Rahman, B. So, and M.R.Zaman, Experimental Testing Of A Stand Alone Digital Relay For Power Transformers, Submitted for IEEE PES Summer meeting,1996. [6]"An Improved Transformer Inrush Restraint Algorithm Increases Security While Maintaining Fault Response Performance",53rd annual conference for Protective relay engineers, Ge Power Management. [7]Inagaki, Y.Matsui, K.kurita, M. Suzuki, K. Yoshida and T. Maeda "Digital protection method for power transformers based on equivalent circuit composed of inverse inductance ", IEEE trans. on power delivery, vol.3,no.4,pp.1501-1510, 1988. [8]Okan zgnenel, Gven nblgn, Cari Kocaman" Transformer Protection Using the Wavelet Transform ", Turk J Elec Engin, VOL.13, NO.1 2005, TBTAK. [9]"ANN-based Harmonic restraint differential protection of power transformer", IE (I) Journal-EL, Vol84, June, 2003. [10]Hassan Khorashadi- Zadeh, Zuyi LI,"A Sensitive ANN Based Differential Relay for Transformer Protection with Security against CT Saturation and Tap Changer Operation" Turk J Elec Engin, VOL.15, NO.3 2007, TBTAK [11]Anew approach to fast inrush current discrimination based on the transformer magnetizing characteristics, 14th PSCC, Sevilla, session 42, paper 2, page 1, 24-28 June 2002. [12]J. Koda and K.Yabe, "Dynamic Estimation of Magnetizing Curve for Transformer Protection Relay", Proc.of the ICEE, E02, pp.94-97, 1997.