GRC

MATH ENHANCEMENT CLASS

Albert Niangar MEC Submitted to: Mr. Bernabe

May 10, 2012

Percentage, Ratio, and Proportion Percent (%) comes from the Latin word per centum, per means for every while cent means hundred. Percentage can be expressed in various ways. It can be written as a fraction, as a decimal, or as a ratio. Converting percent to Decimal Example: 85% = .85 9% = .09 136% = 1.36 .125% = .00125 78% = .78 Converting Decimal to Percent Example: .28 = 28% 9.23 = 923% 56.2 = 5620% .80 = 80% .12 = 12% Converting Percent to Fraction Example: 24% 80% 1.32% 7% 9.36% = = = = = 0.24 0.80 0.0132 .07 0.0936

Converting Fractions to Percent Example: = 0.93 x 100% = 93% = 0.20 x 100% = 20% = 0.35 x 100% = 35% = 0.010 x 100% = 1% = 1.63 x 100% = 163%

Percentage, Base, and Rate Base (B) Refers to that numbers of which a certain number of hundredths is taken. It is usually preceded by the words of, as much, as large, and as great as. Rate (R) Refers to the number of hundredths taken. It is identifiable because it is usually in the form of a percent (%), decimal, or a fraction. Percentage (P) Refers to the quantitative portion of a whole basic formula: (P = B x R)

Linear Equations Linear equations can have one or more variables. Linear equations occur with great regularity in applied mathematics. While they arise quite naturally when modelling many phenomena, they are particularly useful since many non-linear equations may be reduced to linear equations by assuming that quantities of interest vary to only a small extent from some "background" state. Linear equations do not include exponents. Solving Linear Equations by Elimination Example: 1. 12x 13y = 2 6x + 6y = 2 12x 13y = 2 -6x +6y = -2] 2 12x 13y = 2 -12x + 12y = -4 -y = -4 -1 -1 Y=4 If Y=4, consider equation (2) -6x + 6(4) = -2 -6x + 24 = -2 -6x = -2 -24 -6x = -26 -6 -6 x = 26/6 x = 13 2. 12x 6y =6 4x 12y = 22 12x 6y = 6 4x 12y = 22] -3 12x 6y = 6 -12x + 36y = -66 30y = -60 30 30 Y= -2 If Y=-2, then equation (1) is; 12x 6(-2) = 6 12x + 12 = 6 12x = 6-12 12x = -6 12 12 X = -1/2 3. 2x + 6y = 13 3x 2y = 3 2x + 6y = 13 3x 2y = 3] 3

2x + 6y = 13 9x 6y = 9 11x = 22 11x = 22 11 11 X=2 If X=2, then equation (2) is; 3x 2y = 3 3(2) 2y = 3 6 2y = 3 -2y = 3-6 -2y = -3 -2 -2 Y = 2/3 4. 2x + 3y = 15 4x 3y = 3 2x + 3y = 15 4x - 3y = 3] 1 2x + 3y = 15 4x 3y = 3 6x = 18 6 6 X=3 If X=3, then equation (2) is; 4x 3y = 3 4(3) 3y = 3 12 3y = 3 -3y = 3-12 -3y = -9 -3 -3 Y=3

5.

2x + 3y = 5 3x + 3y = 10 2x + 3y = 5 3x + 3y = 10] -1

2x + 3y = 5 -3x -3y = -10 -x = -5 -1 -1 X=5 If X=5, then equation (1) is; 2x + 3y = 5 2(5) +3y = 5 10 + 3y = 5 3y = 5-10 3y = -5 3 3 Y=

Solving Linear Equations by Substitution Example: 1. X Y = 3 X=3+Y Substitute the Value of X in this Equation: 2x-3y=5 2(3+y) -3y=5 6+2y-3y=5 6-y=5 1=y Y=1 Substitute the value of Y to the previous equation:

X-Y=3 x-1=3 x=4+1 X=4

2. 2x 3y = 2 4x + y = 24

Solve for the temporary Y Considering the second equation: 4x + y = 24 y = 4x + 24 substitute the temporary Y to the first equation: 2x 3(4x + 24) = 2 2x + 12x 72 = 2 14x = 70 x=5 Plug this x-value back into either equation, and solve for the Y, since I already have an expression for "y =", it will be simplest to just plug into this: y = 4(5) + 24 = -20 + 24 =4 {X = 5, Y = 4}

3. 3x+3y=10 2x+3y=10

X=? x= -3y+10 3

Solve for Y; 2 -3y+10 +3y=10 3 -6y+20 +3y = 10 3

Solve for X; 3x+3 10 =10 3 3x= 10-10 X= 0

-6y +9y = 30-20 3 3 Y= 10 3

4. 2x+3y=5 3x+3y=10 X=? x= -3y+5 2 Solve for Y; 3x+3y=10 3 3y+5 +3y=10 2 9y+15+3y=10 2 9y+6y = 20-15 2 2 15 Y= 15 2 2 Y=0
5. X+Y=8 2x y = 7 x + y =8 solve for the X x = 8- y

Solve for X; 3x+ 3(0)=10 3x=10 x = 10 3

2x y = 7 2(8 y) y = 7 (16 2y) y = 7 -3y = -9 -3 -3 Y=3

Substitute the value of Y and solve for X X+Y=8 X+3=8 X=5 Quadratic Equation Is one unknown X has the form Methods of solving Quadratic Equations Factoring Completing the Square Quadratic Formula Factoring 1. x + 5x + 6 = 0 2 x + 5x + 6 = (x + 2)(x + 3) (x + 2)(x + 3) = 0 x + 2 = 0 or x + 3 = 0 x = 2 or x = 3
2

where a, b, and c are real numbers and a 0.

2.

x 3 = 2x 2 x 3 = 2x 2 x 2x 3 = 0 (x 3)(x + 1) = 0 x 3 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 x = 3 or x = 1 (x + 2)(x + 3) = 12 (x + 2)(x + 3) = 12 2 x + 5x + 6 = 12 2 x + 5x 6 = 0 (x + 6)(x 1) = 0 x + 6 = 0 or x 1 = 0 x = 6 or x = 1 x 5x = 0 x(x 5) = 0 x = 0 or x 5 = 0 x = 0 or x = 5 x 4=0 2 x 4=0 (x 2)(x + 2) = 0 x 2 = 0 or x + 2 = 0 x = 2 or x = 2

2 2

3.

4.

5.

Completing the Square 1.) (-8) = -8/2 = -4 = 16

(x-4)= 7 X= 7 + 4 X=11 X= -3 2.) (6) =6/2 =3

= 55 +9 =

X=8 3 X= 8-3 X=5 x= -8-3 x= -11

3.) (2) =2/2 =1

= 15 +1 =

X=4 1 X= 4-1 X=3 x= -4-1 x= -5

4.) (3) =3/2

= 10 +9/4

X=7/2 3/2 X= 7/2-3/2 X=4/2 X=2 x= -7/2-3/2 x= -10/2 X= 5

5.) (-4) =-4/2 =-2

= 21 +4 =

X=5 + 2 X= 5+2 X=37 x= -5+2 x= -3

Quadratic Formula

1. 6x2 + 11x 35 = 0

3.

2.

Solving Systems of Linear Equations using determinants Determinant - is a square array of numerals enclosed by vertical bars such as | |

The numbers A1, A2, B1 and B2 are called the entries (or elements) of the determinant. The number of (horizontal) rows and the number of (vertical) columns of entries in the representation of a determinant, determine its dimensions. The value of the determinant of order two is defined as A1, B2 A2, B1. It is obtained by subtracting the product of the entries on the secondary (ascending) diagonal from the lower left to the upper right from the product of the entries on the principal (descending) diagonal from the upper left to the lower left.

|
Example: 1.

Ascending or secondary diagonal Descending or Principal Diagonal

D=

= 24+3+42-42-4-18 =5

Dx =

= 24+24+56-336-4-24 = -260

Dy =

= 16+2+168-28-16-12 = 130

Dz =

= 96+12+12-12-16-72 = 20 Dx=

2.

D= = -8 + (-18) + (-12) 16 (-9) 12 = -57

Dx = = -16 + (-72) + (-12) 64 (-18) 12 = -158

Dy =

= -4+12+32-8-24-(-8) = 16

Dz =

= 16+ (-6) + (-6)-8-(-3)-(-24) = 23