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Final Project

Name: Renee Dale


By submitting this document you are claiming that the work present below is yours and has not been
copied from anyone else or any source except our book.
For 7.1 You must complete #1-- which must include some mathematical basis for your conclusion
#2--this must include some discussion of the connection between the radius of a circle and the curvature of
a circle, along with the connection between the curvature of the circle and the curvature of the curve at the
point of tangency; a definition of a unit normal vector and its relation to a radial vector for the circle.
Your explanation must tie all of this together in determining the given expression for the center of the
osculating circle.
#3
#4-- to the extent that you at least write down the procedure detailing how to find the circle of curvature as
an algorithm, even though you do not give the Mathematica code for the procedure as a Module.
1. position vector <x0,y0> = (t) +
1
t
n(t);
the position vector of a circle with teh same curvature as the curve it is tangent to is found by the equation above.
The point of tangency is [t]. The curvature [t] correlates to the radius of the circle, as R =
1
t
, and the length of
the radius is multiplied by the unit normal vector to find the center, which will be the distance of the radius away
from the point of tangency, in the direction of the normal vector. The normal vector is found by
T't
T't
, and its
direction follows the directionality of the curvature, that is, when the curvature is increasing the normal vector
points upwards (positive), and when the curvature is decreasing the normal vector points downwards (negative).
In[1]:= unitTan[_Symbol, t_Symbol] :
'[t]
'[t].'[t]
In[2]:= kappa[_Symbol, t_Symbol] :
D[unitTan[, t], t].D[unitTan[, t], t]
'[t].'[t]
In[3]:= [t_] : {t, Sin[t]}
In[4]:= T[_, t_] : unitTan[, t]
In[5]:= V[_, t_] :
t
T[, t]
In[6]:= n[t_]
V[, t]
V[, t].V[, t]
// Simplify
Out[6]= 1 Cos[t]
2
Cot[t]
Sin[t]
2
1 Cos[t]
2

2
, 1 Cos[t]
2
Csc[t]
Sin[t]
2
1 Cos[t]
2

In[7]:= n_

2
_ // Simplify
Out[7]= {0, 1]
In[8]:= n_3

2
_ // Simplify
Out[8]= {0, 1]
Printed by Mathematica for Students
The direction of the normal vector is negative for the circle at

2
, and positive for the circle at 3

2
.
In[9]:= [t_] kappa[, t] // Simplify
Out[9]=
Sin[t]
2
1 Cos[t]
2

3
In[10]:= _

2
_ // Simplify
Out[10]= 1
In[11]:= _3

2
_ // Simplify
Out[11]= 1
The curvature at both points of tangency is 1, so the radii of the circles will also be 1.
In[12]:= _

2
_
Out[12]=

2
, 1
In[13]:= _3

2
_
Out[13]=
3
2
, 1
The position vector for the point of tangency at

2
is

2
,1}. The normal vector is 0,-1}. Vector addition gives the
center of the circle as

2
, 0}.
The position vector for the point of tangency at 3

2
is 3

2
,-1}. The normal vector at this point is {0,1}. Vector
addition gives the center of the circle as 3

2
,0}
Using the equation for the position vector of the circle center also gives these vectors.
In[14]:= center[t_] [t]
1
[t]
n[t] // Simplify
Out[14]= t
1 Cos[t]
2
Cot[t]
Sin[t]
2
1Cos[t]
2

2
Sin[t]
2
1Cos[t]
2

3
, Sin[t]
1 Cos[t]
2
Csc[t]
Sin[t]
2
1Cos[t]
2

2
Sin[t]
2
1Cos[t]
2

In[15]:= center_

2
_
Out[15]=

2
, 0
In[16]:= center_3

2
_
Out[16]=
3
2
, 0
In[17]:= ocLeft[t_] : _Cos[t]

2
, Sin[t]_
2 FinalProject_rdale1.nb
Printed by Mathematica for Students
In[18]:= ocRight[t_] : _Cos[t]
3
2
, Sin[t]_
In[19]:= ParametricPlot[Evaluate[{ocLeft[t], ocRight[t], [t]}],
{t, 0, 2 }, PlotRange All , AspectRatio Automatic]
Out[19]=
1 2 3 4 5 6
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
3. For the program oscircle[{x_, y_], {t_, t1_, t2_], t
0
_], the {x_,y_} input values correspond
to the function vector values, such that f[t] = {x,y}; t is the parametric variable of the function, corresponding to
time; t1 and t2 are the minimum and maximum values of t, respectively; and t0 is the point of tangency at which
the circle is to be constructed.
First the curvature of the curve {sin[t],sin[2t]} should be found, using the kappa function
kappa[_Symbol, t_Symbol] :
D[unitTan[,t],t].D[unitTan[,t],t]
'[t].'[t]
]. Taking the inverse of this
value gives the radius R of the circle to be constructed.
Then, using the unit tangent vector T, which is defined as
'[t]
'[t].'[t]
, to the point of tangency t0, the unit
normal vector at t0 should be found, using n[t0] =
T'[t0]
T'[t0].T'[t0]
.
Now that the unit normal vector is known, the unit normal vector should be multipled by the radius R to adjust
the length of the vector. The center c is found by adding the point of tangency t0 to the normal vector of length
R radius.
The equation of the circle is found by taking the generalized circle function {Cos[t],Sin[t]} and multiplying each
expression by the radius, which gives {R*Cos[t], R*Sin[t]}. Setting the circle at its proper center, the center c
vector should be added to the equation, where cx and cy are the x and y terms of the c vector, respectively.
This gives an equation of {R*Cos[t] + cx, R*Sin[t] +cy}.
To graph the curve with the circle of equal curvature at the point of tangency t0, with t0 being

5
,

4
, and

3
for 3 different circles, a ParametricPlot command shoudl be used, graphing both the curve with t as the manipu-
lated variable, and t1 and t2 as the minimum and maximum values of t.
In[20]:= Clear[, center, T, n, V]
In[21]:= [t_] : _
10
10 t
2
Cos[t],
10
10 t
2
Sin[t]_
In[22]:= [h_] kappa[, h] // Simplify
Out[22]=
1
10
10 h
2

6
12 h
2

2
100 24 h
2
h
4

3
In[23]:= T[h_] : unitTan[, h]
In[24]:= V[h_] :
h
T[h]
FinalProject_rdale1.nb 3
Printed by Mathematica for Students
In[25]:= n[h_]
V[h]
V[h].V[h]
// Simplify
Out[25]=
12 h
2
10 h
2
Cos[h] 2 h Sin[h]
10 h
2

5
12022 h
2
h
4

2
10024 h
2
h
4

2
10024 h
2
h
4
10h
2

4
3/2
,
12 h
2
2 h Cos[h] 10 h
2
Sin[h]
10 h
2

5
12022 h
2
h
4

2
10024 h
2
h
4

2
10024 h
2
h
4
10h
2

4
3/2

In[26]:= center[h_] [h]


1
[h]
n[h] // Simplify
Out[26]=
1
10 h
2

5
10 10 h
2

4
Cos[h] 12 h
2
10 h
2
Cos[h] 2 h Sin[h] ,
10 h
2

6
12 h
2

2
100 24 h
2
h
4

3
120 22 h
2
h
4

2
100 24 h
2
h
4

2
100 24 h
2
h
4
10 h
2

4
3/2
,
1
10 h
2

5
10 10 h
2

4
Sin[h] 12 h
2
2 h Cos[h] 10 h
2
Sin[h] ,
10 h
2

6
12 h
2

2
100 24 h
2
h
4

3
120 22 h
2
h
4

2
100 24 h
2
h
4

2
100 24 h
2
h
4
10 h
2

4
3/2

In[27]:= circle[h_, t_] : _


1
[h]
Cos[t],
1
[h]
Sin[t]_ center[h]
4 FinalProject_rdale1.nb
Printed by Mathematica for Students
In[28]:= Animate[ParametricPlot[{[t], circle[h, t]}, {t, 0, 2 }], {h, 0, 2 }]
Out[28]=
h
0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
FinalProject_rdale1.nb 5
Printed by Mathematica for Students

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