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2
, 1 Cos[t]
2
Csc[t]
Sin[t]
2
1 Cos[t]
2
In[7]:= n_
2
_ // Simplify
Out[7]= {0, 1]
In[8]:= n_3
2
_ // Simplify
Out[8]= {0, 1]
Printed by Mathematica for Students
The direction of the normal vector is negative for the circle at
2
, and positive for the circle at 3
2
.
In[9]:= [t_] kappa[, t] // Simplify
Out[9]=
Sin[t]
2
1 Cos[t]
2
3
In[10]:= _
2
_ // Simplify
Out[10]= 1
In[11]:= _3
2
_ // Simplify
Out[11]= 1
The curvature at both points of tangency is 1, so the radii of the circles will also be 1.
In[12]:= _
2
_
Out[12]=
2
, 1
In[13]:= _3
2
_
Out[13]=
3
2
, 1
The position vector for the point of tangency at
2
is
2
,1}. The normal vector is 0,-1}. Vector addition gives the
center of the circle as
2
, 0}.
The position vector for the point of tangency at 3
2
is 3
2
,-1}. The normal vector at this point is {0,1}. Vector
addition gives the center of the circle as 3
2
,0}
Using the equation for the position vector of the circle center also gives these vectors.
In[14]:= center[t_] [t]
1
[t]
n[t] // Simplify
Out[14]= t
1 Cos[t]
2
Cot[t]
Sin[t]
2
1Cos[t]
2
2
Sin[t]
2
1Cos[t]
2
3
, Sin[t]
1 Cos[t]
2
Csc[t]
Sin[t]
2
1Cos[t]
2
2
Sin[t]
2
1Cos[t]
2
In[15]:= center_
2
_
Out[15]=
2
, 0
In[16]:= center_3
2
_
Out[16]=
3
2
, 0
In[17]:= ocLeft[t_] : _Cos[t]
2
, Sin[t]_
2 FinalProject_rdale1.nb
Printed by Mathematica for Students
In[18]:= ocRight[t_] : _Cos[t]
3
2
, Sin[t]_
In[19]:= ParametricPlot[Evaluate[{ocLeft[t], ocRight[t], [t]}],
{t, 0, 2 }, PlotRange All , AspectRatio Automatic]
Out[19]=
1 2 3 4 5 6
1.0
0.5
0.5
1.0
3. For the program oscircle[{x_, y_], {t_, t1_, t2_], t
0
_], the {x_,y_} input values correspond
to the function vector values, such that f[t] = {x,y}; t is the parametric variable of the function, corresponding to
time; t1 and t2 are the minimum and maximum values of t, respectively; and t0 is the point of tangency at which
the circle is to be constructed.
First the curvature of the curve {sin[t],sin[2t]} should be found, using the kappa function
kappa[_Symbol, t_Symbol] :
D[unitTan[,t],t].D[unitTan[,t],t]
'[t].'[t]
]. Taking the inverse of this
value gives the radius R of the circle to be constructed.
Then, using the unit tangent vector T, which is defined as
'[t]
'[t].'[t]
, to the point of tangency t0, the unit
normal vector at t0 should be found, using n[t0] =
T'[t0]
T'[t0].T'[t0]
.
Now that the unit normal vector is known, the unit normal vector should be multipled by the radius R to adjust
the length of the vector. The center c is found by adding the point of tangency t0 to the normal vector of length
R radius.
The equation of the circle is found by taking the generalized circle function {Cos[t],Sin[t]} and multiplying each
expression by the radius, which gives {R*Cos[t], R*Sin[t]}. Setting the circle at its proper center, the center c
vector should be added to the equation, where cx and cy are the x and y terms of the c vector, respectively.
This gives an equation of {R*Cos[t] + cx, R*Sin[t] +cy}.
To graph the curve with the circle of equal curvature at the point of tangency t0, with t0 being
5
,
4
, and
3
for 3 different circles, a ParametricPlot command shoudl be used, graphing both the curve with t as the manipu-
lated variable, and t1 and t2 as the minimum and maximum values of t.
In[20]:= Clear[, center, T, n, V]
In[21]:= [t_] : _
10
10 t
2
Cos[t],
10
10 t
2
Sin[t]_
In[22]:= [h_] kappa[, h] // Simplify
Out[22]=
1
10
10 h
2
6
12 h
2
2
100 24 h
2
h
4
3
In[23]:= T[h_] : unitTan[, h]
In[24]:= V[h_] :
h
T[h]
FinalProject_rdale1.nb 3
Printed by Mathematica for Students
In[25]:= n[h_]
V[h]
V[h].V[h]
// Simplify
Out[25]=
12 h
2
10 h
2
Cos[h] 2 h Sin[h]
10 h
2
5
12022 h
2
h
4
2
10024 h
2
h
4
2
10024 h
2
h
4
10h
2
4
3/2
,
12 h
2
2 h Cos[h] 10 h
2
Sin[h]
10 h
2
5
12022 h
2
h
4
2
10024 h
2
h
4
2
10024 h
2
h
4
10h
2
4
3/2
5
10 10 h
2
4
Cos[h] 12 h
2
10 h
2
Cos[h] 2 h Sin[h] ,
10 h
2
6
12 h
2
2
100 24 h
2
h
4
3
120 22 h
2
h
4
2
100 24 h
2
h
4
2
100 24 h
2
h
4
10 h
2
4
3/2
,
1
10 h
2
5
10 10 h
2
4
Sin[h] 12 h
2
2 h Cos[h] 10 h
2
Sin[h] ,
10 h
2
6
12 h
2
2
100 24 h
2
h
4
3
120 22 h
2
h
4
2
100 24 h
2
h
4
2
100 24 h
2
h
4
10 h
2
4
3/2