Module : Dynamic ecosystem Perkampungan Ilmu VI F4/5

Chapter 8 : dynamic ecosystem Important issues :

Q1. Definition Terms Species Habitat Niche Population Community Ecosystem Q2. Food chain, trophic level and pyramid number The organism below interact with one another through a food chain. Arrange them in the correct sequence and state their trophic levels. tadpole producer skater frog algae primary consumer secondary consumer tertiary consumer Meaning

Food Chain

: ___________

____________

___________

____________

Trophic level : ___________

___________

____________

____________

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Module : Dynamic ecosystem Perkampungan Ilmu VI F4/5

Q3. If 90% of chemical energy is lost from one trophic level to the rest, what is the energy transferred to Each trophic level in the food chain below ? Calculation : show the working, correct answer, correct units

5 x 104 kJ of energy Berries Birds Snake Eagle

State 2 ways of energy is lost at each level in the food chain. _______________________________ One word answer, expected the correct 2 methods only _______________________________ Population ecology The studies of structures and dynamics of population Population group of organism ( same species) occupying a particular habitat at the same time Dynamics - changes in number over time, causes by natality, mortality, emigration, immigration. Determine the size of population a. direct counting to determine the size of population of larger organism mammal, nesting birds, huge tree. b. sampling technique estimate the total pop size of organism . - quadrat sampling technique plants, immobile animal - capture-mark release and recapture technique.

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Module : Dynamic ecosystem Perkampungan Ilmu VI F4/5

Q1. The table below show the number of plant species A, B and C in an area. Using the formula, calculate the precentage frequency and density of each species. Size of the quadrat 1m2. species Q1 A B C 4 2 4 number of plants in quadrats Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Total 7 0 5 5 1 0 8 5 3 6 0 2 Frequency (%) Density (individu per m2)

Frequency = number of quadrats containing the species X 100% number of quadrat

The number of times a particular species is found present when a quadrat is thrown a certain number of times

Density =

total number of individual of a species in all quadrats number of quadrats X quadrat area

the mean number of individuals of a species per unit area

Percentage coverage = 100%

area coverage of all quadrats (m2) number of quadrat X quadrat area

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Module : Dynamic ecosystem Perkampungan Ilmu VI F4/5

Q2. A students carried out an experiment using the quadrat sampling technique to determine the % coverage of Mimosa pudica . The figure below shows the results for one of the quadrats. Calculate the % coverage. Size of each quadrat 1m2. Quadrat area covered ( m2) number of individual 1 0.3 5 2 0.4 7 3 0.0 0 4 0.1 2 5 0.2 3 6 0.2 2 7 0.1 1 8 0 0 9 0.4 6 10 0.3 4

Percentage coverage = X 100 %

total area coverage of all quadrats (m2) number of quadrat X quadrat area

an indication of how much area of the quadrat is occupied by a species

Answers : Percentage coverage = 0.3 + 0.4 +.. + 0.3 *10 x 1

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Module : Dynamic ecosystem Perkampungan Ilmu VI F4/5

Q3 . Capture mark, release and recapture technique is used to estimate the population size of mobile Animal. Estimate the population size of the organisms given in the table below. Number of organisms organism Snails woodlice 1st sample (x) 20 50 2nd sample (y) 24 42 marked in 2nd sample (z) 5 6 population size = xy z

State the assumption made for these experiments ?

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