Contents

Certificate Acknowledgement Introduction Aim of the project Apparatus Theory Procedure Observation Result Bibliography

Certificate
This is to certify that the project entitled Dyes has been submitted by --------- a student of class XII-F under the Roll no.__________ for the academic session 2009-2010. He has completed the project work Chemistry Department under direct supervision of the undersigned as per the requirement for the Board Examination.

(----------) Department of Chemistry ----------------------

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We want to express our sincere gratitude to our Chemistry teacher ------------- for her guidance , encouragement and kind cooperation without which my first ever chemistry project wont have been possible. We are also grateful to Mrs. ---------------, LABORATORY ASSISTANT, CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT for her valuable help during the preparation of his project.

--------------XII-F Roll No.________________

Dyes
Dyes are colored substances which adhere to the surface of materials and are used to give color to paper, food stuffs, and various textiles such as cotton, wool etc. Chemically a dye contains. Some groups such as azo, anthraquinone which is responsible for the color of the dye. Some groups such as-COOH, NHSSO3H which make the dye stick to the fabric by formation of some salt. The dye fabrics appear to be colored because a particular dye absorbs radiation of some specific wave lengths from the visible region of electromagnetic radiation that fall on its surface. The remaining radiations of light are reflected. For

example. If a dye absorbs the light in the wavelength region. Corresponding to red, then it would appear green which is the complementary color or red. 1) APPARATUS Funnel, distilled water, filter paper, mortar. 2) CHEMICALS USED White, sodium carbonate, lead nitrate, lead chromate. Light green, copper sulphate, sodium hydrogen carbonate. Oxford blue, phthalic anhydride, urea hydrated copper (II) chloride, ammonium or sodium molybdate. Yellow, Potassium chromate, lead nitrate.

WHITE
Dissolve 10g anhydrous sodium carbonate Na2CO3 in 100 ml water. Cool the solution to room temperature. To this solution add a solution of 30g lead nitrate {Pb(NO3)2} dissolved in 15ml water. The lead to solution is added slowly with steady stirring. The formed precipitate of white lead if filtered using a funnel. The product is washed with water several times. The cake is spread on dryness. Pb(NO3)2+Na2CO3 PbCO3+H2O Pb(NO3)2+2NaNO3

Pb (OH)2+CO2

LIGHT GREEN
To a solution of 5g sodium hydroxide carbonate (NaHCO3) in 50 ml water is added with brisk stirring a solution of 15g copper sulphate in 100 ml water in a beaker. Evolution of carbon dioxide occurs with the formation of a pale green precipitate. This ppt in CuCO3 and is isolated by filtration. Washing with water and air dried. CuSO4+NaHCO3 CuCO3+NaHSO4

OXFORD BLUE
A mixture of 6g phthalic anhydride, 8g urea, and 2g hydrated copper (II) chloride and a small crystal of ammonium or sodium molybdate is powdered in a mortar. Take it in a test tube and heat very gently. The mixture melts to a green liquid gas is evolved and it turns dark green and then blue. It solidifies partly at this stage the heating it continued until the fine blue solid first obtained changes to a brownish green solid. The reaction product is cooled and powered in a mortar. This is crude pigment. This is difficult to filter. A wet mass is obtained on filter paper. It is dried in warm air. 3K4{Fe(CN)6}+4FeCl3 Fe4{Fe(CN)6l3+12 KCL

YELLOW
(Lead chromate or chrome yellow) Dissolve 7 g of potassium chromate (K2CrO4) in 5ml water and 10g Pb(NO3)2 100ml water in two separate beakers. In case heating or warming is necessary to effect complete dissolution both the solution are separately cooled to room temperature. Pour the chromate solution with stirring into the lead nitrate solution. The required pigment, lead chromate separates as yellow precipitate. It is filtered, washed with water and air dried. K2CrO4+Pb(NO3)2 PbCrO4+2KNO3

RESULT
Now that dyes/paints have been made, they can be used as oil bases on pastel sheets. The prepared colors include white, yellow, blue and green.

1.Pradeep Fundamental Chemistry 2.Laboratory Chemistry Manual in ChemistryTogether with