1

Fours
Understanding AnubuddhaSutta(IV.1) IhaveheardthatononeoccasiontheBlessedOnewasstayingamongthe VajjiansatBhandaVillage.Thereheaddressedthemonks,Monks! Yes,lord,themonksresponded. TheBlessedOnesaid:Itsbecauseofnotunderstandingandnot penetratingfourthingsthatwehavewandered&transmigratedonsuchalong, longtime,you&I.Whichfour? Itsbecauseofnotunderstandingandnotpenetratingnoblevirtuethatwe havewandered&transmigratedonsuchalong,longtime,you&I. Itsbecauseofnotunderstandingandnotpenetratingnobleconcentration thatwehavewandered&transmigratedonsuchalong,longtime,you&I. Itsbecauseofnotunderstandingandnotpenetratingnoblediscernment thatwehavewandered&transmigratedonsuchalong,longtime,you&I. Itsbecauseofnotunderstandingandnotpenetratingnoblereleasethat wehavewandered&transmigratedonsuchalong,longtime,you&I. Butwhennoblevirtueisunderstood&penetrated,whennoble concentration...noblediscernment...noblereleaseisunderstood&penetrated, thencravingforbecomingisdestroyed,theguidetobecoming(craving& attachment)isended,thereisnownofurtherbecoming. ThatiswhattheBlessedOnesaid.WhentheOneWellgonehadsaidthat, hetheTeachersaidfurther: Unexcelledvirtue,concentration, discernment,&release: havebeenunderstoodbyGotamaofgloriousstature. Havingknownthemdirectly, hetaughttheDhammatothemonks theAwakenedOne theTeacherwhohasputanendtosuffering&stress, theOnewithvision

2 totallyunbound.

WiththeFlow AnusotaSutta(IV.5) Thesefourtypesofindividualsaretobefoundexistingintheworld.Which four?Theindividualwhogoeswiththeflow,theindividualwhogoesagainst theflow,theindividualwhostandsfast,andtheonewhohascrossedover,gone beyond,whostandsonfirmground:abrahman. Andwhoistheindividualwhogoeswiththeflow?Thereisthecasewhere anindividualindulgesinsensualpassionsanddoesevildeeds.Thisiscalledthe individualwhogoeswiththeflow. Andwhoistheindividualwhogoesagainsttheflow?Thereisthecase whereanindividualdoesntindulgeinsensualpassionsanddoesntdoevil deeds.Eventhoughitmaybewithpain,eventhoughitmaybewithsorrow, eventhoughhemaybecrying,hisfaceintears,helivestheholylifethatis perfect&pure.Thisiscalledtheindividualwhogoesagainsttheflow. Andwhoistheindividualwhostandsfast?Thereisthecasewherean individual,withthetotalendingofthefirstsetoffivefetters,isduetobereborn [inthePureAbodes],theretobetotallyunbound,neveragaintoreturnfromthat world.Thisiscalledtheindividualwhostandsfast. Andwhoistheindividualwhohascrossedover,gonebeyond,whostands onfirmground:abrahman?Thereisthecasewhereanindividual,throughthe endingofthementalfermentations,enters&remainsinthefermentationfree awarenessrelease&releaseofdiscernment,havingdirectlyknown&realized themforhimselfrightinthehere&now.Thisiscalledtheindividualwhohas crossedover,gonebeyond,whostandsonfirmground:abrahman. Thesearethefourtypesofindividualstobefoundexistingintheworld. Peopleunrestrained insensualpassions, notdevoid ofpassion, indulging insensuality:

3 theyreturntobirth&aging, again&again seizedbycraving, goingwiththeflow. Thustheenlightenedone, withmindfulnesshereestablished, notindulging insensuality&evil, thoughitmaybewithpain, wouldabandonsensuality. Theycallhim onewhogoesagainst theflow. Whoever, havingabandoned thefivedefilements, is perfectintraining, notdestinedtofallback, skilledinawareness, withfacultiescomposed: hescalled onewhostandsfast Inonewho,havingknown, qualitieshigh&low havebeendestroyed, havegonetotheirend, donotexist: Hescalled amasterofknowledge, onewhohas fulfilledtheholylife, gonetotheworldsend,gone beyond.

Yokes YogaSutta(IV.10) Monks,therearethesefouryokes.Whichfour?Theyokeofsensuality,the yokeofbecoming,theyokeofviews,&theyokeofignorance. Andwhatistheyokeofsensuality?Thereisthecasewhereacertainperson doesntdiscern,asitactuallyispresent,theorigination,thepassingaway,the allure,thedrawbacks,&theescapefromsensuality.Whenhedoesntdiscern, asitactuallyispresent,theorigination,thepassingaway,theallure,the drawbacks,&theescapefromsensuality,thenwithregardtosensual objectsheisobsessedwithsensualpassion,sensualdelight,sensualattraction, sensualinfatuation,sensualthirst,sensualfever,sensualfascination,sensual craving.Thisistheyokeofsensuality. Andhowistheretheyokeofbecoming?Thereisthecasewhereacertain persondoesntdiscern,asitactuallyispresent,theorigination,thepassing away,theallure,thedrawbacks,&theescapefrombecoming.Whenhedoesnt discern,asitactuallyispresent,theorigination,thepassingaway,theallure,the drawbacks,&theescapefrombecoming,thenwithregardtostatesof becomingheisobsessedwithbecomingpassion,becomingdelight,becoming attraction,becominginfatuation,becomingthirst,becomingfever,becoming fascination,becomingcraving.Thisistheyokeofsensuality&theyokeof becoming. Andhowistheretheyokeofviews?Thereisthecasewhereacertain persondoesntdiscern,asitactuallyispresent,theorigination,thepassing away,theallure,thedrawbacks,&theescapefromviews.Whenhedoesnt discern,asitactuallyispresent,theorigination,thepassingaway,theallure,the drawbacks,&theescapefromviews,thenwithregardtoviewsheisobsessed withviewpassion,viewdelight,viewattraction,viewinfatuation,viewthirst, viewfever,viewfascination,viewcraving.Thisistheyokeofsensuality,the yokeofbecoming,&theyokeofviews. Andhowistheretheyokeofignorance?Thereisthecasewhereacertain persondoesntdiscern,asitactuallyispresent,theorigination,thepassing away,theallure,thedrawbacks,&theescapefromthesixsensemedia.Whenhe doesntdiscern,asitactuallyispresent,theorigination,thepassingaway,the

5 allure,thedrawbacks,&theescapefromthesixsensemedia,thenwithregard toignoranceconcerningthesixsensemediaheisobsessedwithnotknowing. Thisistheyokeofsensuality,theyokeofbecoming,theyokeofviews,&the yokeofignorance. Conjoinedwithevil,unskillfulmentalqualitiesdefiling,leadingtofurther becoming,unhappy,resultinginsuffering&stress,andinfuturebirth,aging,& deathoneissaidnottobeatrestfromtheyoke. Thesearethefouryokes. Now,therearethesefourunyokings.Whichfour?Unyokingfrom sensuality,unyokingfrombecoming,unyokingfromviews,&unyokingfrom ignorance. Andwhatisunyokingfromsensuality?Thereisthecasewhereacertain persondiscerns,asitactuallyispresent,theorigination,thepassingaway,the allure,thedrawbacks,&theescapefromsensuality.Whenhediscerns,asit actuallyispresent,theorigination,thepassingaway,theallure,thedrawbacks, &theescapefromsensuality,thenwithregardtosensualobjectsheisnt obsessedwithsensualpassion,sensualdelight,sensualattraction,sensual infatuation,sensualthirst,sensualfever,sensualfascination,sensualcraving. Thisisunyokingfromsensuality. Andhowisthereunyokingfrombecoming?Thereisthecasewherea certainpersondiscerns,asitactuallyispresent,theorigination,thepassing away,theallure,thedrawbacks,andtheescapefrombecoming.Whenhe discerns,asitactuallyispresent,theorigination,thepassingaway,theallure,the drawbacks,andtheescapefrombecoming,thenwithregardtostatesof becomingheisntobsessedwithbecomingpassion,becomingdelight, becomingattraction,becominginfatuation,becomingthirst,becomingfever, becomingfascination,becomingcraving.Thisisunyokingfromsensuality& unyokingfrombecoming. Andhowisthereunyokingfromviews?Thereisthecasewhereacertain persondiscerns,asitactuallyispresent,theorigination,thepassingaway,the allure,thedrawbacks,&theescapefromviews.Whenhediscerns,asitactually ispresent,theorigination,thepassingaway,theallure,thedrawbacks,&the escapefromviews,thenwithregardtoviewsheisntobsessedwithview passion,viewdelight,viewattraction,viewinfatuation,viewthirst,viewfever, viewfascination,viewcraving.Thisisunyokingfromsensuality,unyokingfrom becoming,&unyokingfromviews.

6 Andhowisthereunyokingfromignorance?Thereisthecasewherea certainpersondiscerns,asitactuallyispresent,theorigination,thepassing away,theallure,thedrawbacks,&theescapefromthesixsensemedia.Whenhe discerns,asitactuallyispresent,theorigination,thepassingaway,theallure,the drawbacks,andtheescapefromthesixsensemedia,thenwithregardto ignoranceconcerningthesixsensemediaheisntobsessedwithnotknowing. Thisisunyokingfromsensuality,unyokingfrombecoming,unyokingfrom views,&unyokingfromignorance. Disjoinedfromevil,unskillfulmentalqualitiesdefiling,leadingtofurther becoming,unhappy,resultinginsuffering&stress,andinfuturebirth,aging,& deathoneissaidtobeatrestfromtheyoke. Thesearethefourunyokings. Joinedwiththeyokeofsensuality &theyokeofbecoming, joinedwiththeyokeofviews, surroundedbyignorance, beingsgotothewanderingon, headingtobirth &death. Butthosewhocomprehendsensuality &theyokeofbecomingentirely whohavethrownofftheyokeofviews andaredispassionate towardignorance, disjoinedfromallyokes: theytheiryokesovercome aresages indeed.

OffCourse AgatiSutta(IV.19)

7 Therearethesefourwaysofgoingoffcourse.Whichfour?Onegoesoffcourse throughdesire.Onegoesoffcoursethroughaversion.Onegoesoffcourse throughdelusion.Onegoesoffcoursethroughfear.Thesearethefourwaysof goingoffcourse. Ifyou throughdesire, aversion, delusion, fear transgresstheDhamma, yourhonorwanes, asinthedarkfortnight, themoon. Therearethesefourwaysofnotgoingoffcourse.Whichfour?Onedoesnt gooffcoursethroughdesire.Onedoesntgooffcoursethroughaversion.One doesntgooffcoursethroughdelusion.Onedoesntgooffcoursethroughfear. Thesearethefourwaysofnotgoingoffcourse. Ifyoudont throughdesire, aversion, delusion, fear transgresstheDhamma, yourhonorwaxes, asinthebrightfortnight, themoon.

KalakaSutta IV.24AtKalakasPark OnonceoccasiontheBlessedOnewasstayinginSaketaatKalakaspark.There headdressedthemonks:Monks!

8 Yes,lord,themonksresponded. TheBlessedOnesaid:Monks,whateverinthisworldwithitsgods,Maras &Brahmas,itsgenerationswiththeircontemplatives&priests,princes& menisseen,heard,sensed,cognized,attained,soughtafter,ponderedbythe intellect:ThatdoIknow.Whateverinthisworldwithitsgods,Maras& Brahmas,itsgenerationswiththeircontemplatives&priests,princes&menis seen,heard,sensed,cognized,attained,soughtafter,ponderedbytheintellect: ThatIdirectlyknow.ThathasbeenrealizedbytheTathagata,butinthe Tathagata ithasnotbeenestablished. IfIweretosay,Idontknowwhateverinthisworldisseen,heard, sensed,cognizedponderedbytheintellect,thatwouldbeafalsehoodinme. IfIweretosay,Ibothknowanddontknowwhateverinthisworldisseen, heard,sensed,cognizedponderedbytheintellect,thatwouldbejustthe same.IfIweretosay,Ineitherknownordontknowwhateverinthisworld isseen,heard,sensed,cognizedponderedbytheintellect,thatwouldbea faultinme. Thus,monks,theTathagata,whenseeingwhatistobeseen,doesnt construean[objectas]seen.Hedoesntconstrueanunseen.Hedoesnt construean[object]tobeseen.Hedoesntconstrueaseer. Whenhearing. Whensensing. Whencognizingwhatistobecognized,hedoesntconstruean[objectas] cognized.Hedoesntconstrueanuncognized.Hedoesntconstruean[object] tobecognized.Hedoesntconstrueacognizer. Thus,monks,theTathagatabeingthesamewithregardtoallphenomena thatcanbeseen,heard,sensed,&cognizedisSuch.AndItellyou:Thereis nootherSuchhigherormoresublime. Whateverisseenorheardorsensed andfastenedontoastruebyothers, OnewhoisSuchamongtheselffettered wouldnotfurtherclaimtobetrueorevenfalse. Havingseenwellinadvancethatarrow wheregenerationsarefastened&hung Iknow,Isee,thatsjusthowitis! theresnothingoftheTathagatafastened.
1

NOTE:1.ReadingtathgatewiththeThaiedition. Seealso:MN2;MN63;MN72;ANX.9396;UdI.10;UdVIII.1

TheTraditionsoftheNobleOnes AriyavamsaSutta(IV.28) Thesefourtraditionsofthenobleonesoriginal,longstanding,traditional, ancient,unadulterated,unadulteratedfromthebeginningarenotopento suspicion,willneverbeopentosuspicion,andareunfaultedbyknowledgeable contemplatives&priests.Whichfour? Thereisthecasewhereamonkiscontentwithanyoldrobeclothatall.He speaksinpraiseofbeingcontentwithanyoldrobeclothatall.Hedoesnt,for thesakeofrobecloth,doanythingunseemlyorinappropriate.Notgettingcloth, heisntagitated.Gettingcloth,heusesitunattachedtoit,uninfatuated, guiltless,seeingthedrawbacks(ofattachmenttoit),anddiscerningtheescape fromthem.Hedoesnt,onaccountofhiscontentmentwithanyoldrobeclothat all,exalthimselfordisparageothers.Inthisheisdiligent,deft,alert,&mindful. Thisissaidtobeamonkstandingfirmintheancient,originaltraditionsofthe nobleones. Furthermore,themonkiscontentwithanyoldalmsfoodatall.Hespeaksin praiseofbeingcontentwithanyoldalmsfoodatall.Hedoesnt,forthesakeof almsfood,doanythingunseemlyorinappropriate.Notgettingalmsfood,he isntagitated.Gettingalmsfood,heusesitunattachedtoit,uninfatuated, guiltless,seeingthedrawbacks(ofattachmenttoit),anddiscerningtheescape fromthem.Hedoesnt,onaccountofhiscontentmentwithanyoldalmsfoodat all,exalthimselfordisparageothers.Inthisheisdiligent,deft,alert,&mindful. Thisissaidtobeamonkstandingfirmintheancient,originaltraditionsofthe nobleones. Furthermore,themonkiscontentwithanyoldlodgingatall.Hespeaksin praiseofbeingcontentwithanyoldlodgingatall.Hedoesnt,forthesakeof lodging,doanythingunseemlyorinappropriate.Notgettinglodging,heisnt agitated.Gettinglodging,heusesitunattachedtoit,uninfatuated,guiltless, seeingthedrawbacks(ofattachmenttoit),anddiscerningtheescapefromthem.

10 Hedoesnt,onaccountofhiscontentmentwithanyoldlodgingatall,exalt himselfordisparageothers.Inthisheisdiligent,deft,alert,&mindful.Thisis saidtobeamonkstandingfirmintheancient,originaltraditionsofthenoble ones. Furthermore,themonkfindspleasure&delightindeveloping[skillful mentalqualities],findspleasure&delightinabandoning[unskillfulmental qualities].Hedoesnt,onaccountofhispleasure&delightindeveloping& abandoning,exalthimselfordisparageothers.Inthisheisdiligent,deft,alert,& mindful.Thisissaidtobeamonkstandingfirmintheancient,originaltraditions ofthenobleones. Thesearethefourtraditionsofthenobleonesoriginal,longstanding, traditional,ancient,unadulterated,unadulteratedfromthebeginningwhichare notopentosuspicion,willneverbeopentosuspicion,andareunfaultedby knowledgeablecontemplatives&priests. Andfurthermore,amonkendowedwiththesefourtraditionsofthenoble ones,ifhelivesintheeast,conquersdispleasureandisnotconqueredby displeasure.Ifhelivesinthewest...thenorth...thesouth,heconquers displeasureandisnotconqueredbydispleasure.Whyisthat?Becausethe enlightenedoneenduresbothpleasure&displeasure. ThisiswhattheBlessedOnesaid.Havingsaidthis,hesaidfurther: Displeasuredoesntconquer theenlightenedone. Displeasuredoesntsuppress theenlightenedone. Theenlightenedone conquersdispleasure becausetheenlightenedone enduresit. Havingcastawayalldeeds: Whocouldobstructhim? Likeanornamentoffinestgold: Whoisfittofindfaultwithhim? EventheDevaspraisehim. EvenbyBrahmahespraised.

TheBondsofFellowship SangahaSutta(IV.32)

11

There are these four grounds for the bonds of fellowship. Which four? Generosity,kindwords,beneficialhelp,consistency.Thesearethefourgrounds forthebondsoffellowship. Generosity,kindwords,beneficialhelp, &consistencyinthefaceofevents, inlinewithwhatsappropriate ineachcase,eachcase. Thesebondsoffellowshisp[function]intheworld likethelinchpininamovingcart. Now,ifthesebondsoffellowshipwerelacking, amotherwouldnotreceive thehonor&respectowedbyherchild, norwouldafatherreceive whathischildoweshim. Butbecausethewiseshowregard forthesebondsoffellowship, theyachievegreatness andarepraised.

NoFallingAway AparihaniSutta(IV.37) Endowedwithfourqualities,amonkisincapableoffallingawayandisright inthepresenceofUnbinding.Whichfour? Thereisthecasewhereamonkisconsummateinvirtue,guardsthedoors tohissensefaculties,knowsmoderationineating,&isdevotedtowakefulness. Andhowisamonkconsummateinvirtue?Thereisthecasewhereamonk isvirtuous.HedwellsrestrainedinaccordancewiththePatimokkha, consummateinhisbehavior&sphereofactivity.Hetrainshimself,having undertakenthetrainingrules,seeingdangerintheslightestfaults.Thisishowa monkisconsummateinvirtue.

12 Andhowdoesamonkguardthedoorstohissensefaculties?Thereisthe casewhereamonk,onseeingaformwiththeeye,doesntgraspatanytheme orvariationsbywhichifheweretodwellwithoutrestraintoverthefacultyof theeyeevil,unskillfulqualitiessuchasgreedordistressmightassailhim.He practiceswithrestraint.Heguardsthefacultyoftheeye.Heachievesrestraint withregardtothefacultyoftheeye. Onhearingasoundwiththeear.... Onsmellinganaromawiththenose.... Ontastingaflavorwiththetongue.... Onfeelingatactilesensationwiththebody.... Oncognizinganideawiththeintellect,hedoesntgraspatanythemeor variationsbywhichifheweretodwellwithoutrestraintoverthefacultyofthe intellectevil,unskillfulqualitiessuchasgreedordistressmightassailhim.He practiceswithrestraint.Heguardsthefacultyoftheintellect.Heachieves restraintwithregardtothefacultyoftheintellect.Thisishowamonkguardsthe doorstohissensefaculties. Andhowdoesamonkknowmoderationineating?Thereisthecasewhere amonk,consideringitappropriately,takeshisfoodnotplayfully,norfor intoxication,norforputtingonbulk,norforbeautification,butsimplyforthe survival&continuanceofthisbody,forendingitsafflictions,forthesupportof theholylife,thinking,Iwilldestroyoldfeelings[ofhunger]&notcreatenew feelings[fromovereating].ThusIwillmaintainmyself,beblameless,&livein comfort.Thisishowamonkknowsmoderationineating. Andhowisamonkdevotedtowakefulness?Thereisthecasewherea monkduringtheday,sitting&pacingback&forth,cleanseshismindofany qualitiesthatwouldholdthemindincheck.Duringthefirstwatchofthenight [duskto10p.m.],sitting&pacingback&forth,hecleanseshismindofany qualitiesthatwouldholdthemindincheck.Duringthesecondwatchofthe night[10p.m.to2a.m.],recliningonhisrightside,hetakesupthelions posture,onefootplacedontopoftheother,mindful,alert,withhismindseton gettingup[eitherassoonasheawakensorataparticulartime].Duringthelast watchofthenight[2a.m.todawn],sitting&pacingback&forth,hecleanseshis mindofanyqualitiesthatwouldholdthemindincheck.Thisishowamonkis devotedtowakefulness. Endowedwiththesefourqualities,amonkisincapableoffallingawayand isrightinthepresenceofUnbinding.

13 Themonkestablishedinvirtue, restrainedwithregardtothesensefaculties, knowingmoderationinfood, &devotedtowakefulness: dwellingthusardently, day&night,untiring, hedevelopsskillfulqualities fortheattainmentofrestfromtheyoke. Themonkdelightinginheedfulness andseeingdangerinheedlessness isincapableoffallingaway, isrightinthepresenceofUnbinding.

Concentration SamadhiSutta(IV.41) Monks,thesearethefourdevelopmentsofconcentration.Whichfour?Thereis thedevelopmentofconcentrationthat,whendeveloped&pursued,leadstoa pleasantabidinginthehere&now.Thereisthedevelopmentofconcentration that,whendeveloped&pursued,leadstotheattainmentofknowledge&vision. Thereisthedevelopmentofconcentrationthat,whendeveloped&pursued, leadstomindfulness&alertness.Thereisthedevelopmentofconcentrationthat, whendeveloped&pursued,leadstotheendingofthefermentations. Andwhatisthedevelopmentofconcentrationthat,whendeveloped& pursued,leadstoapleasantabidinginthehere&now?Thereisthecasewherea monkquitewithdrawnfromsensuality,withdrawnfromunskillful qualitiesenters&remainsinthefirstjhana:rapture&pleasurebornfrom withdrawal,accompaniedbydirectedthought&evaluation.Withthestillingof directedthought&evaluation,heenters&remainsinthesecondjhana:rapture &pleasurebornofcomposure,unificationofawarenessfreefromdirected thought&evaluationinternalassurance.Withthefadingofraptureheremains inequanimity,mindful&alert,andphysicallysensitivetopleasure.Heenters& remainsinthethirdjhana,ofwhichthenobleonesdeclare,Equanimous& mindful,hehasapleasurableabiding.Withtheabandoningofpleasure& painaswiththeearlierdisappearanceofelation&distressheenters&

14 remainsinthefourthjhana:purityofequanimity&mindfulness,neither pleasurenorpain.Thisisthedevelopmentofconcentrationthat,when developed&pursued,leadstoapleasantabidinginthehere&now. Andwhatisthedevelopmentofconcentrationthat,whendeveloped& pursued,leadstotheattainmentofknowledge&vision?Thereisthecasewhere amonkattendstotheperceptionoflightandisresolvedontheperceptionof daytime[atanyhouroftheday].Day[forhim]isthesameasnight,nightisthe sameasday.Bymeansofanawarenessopen&unhampered,hedevelopsa brightenedmind.Thisisthedevelopmentofconcentrationthat,whendeveloped &pursued,leadstotheattainmentofknowledge&vision. Andwhatisthedevelopmentofconcentrationthat,whendeveloped& pursued,leadstomindfulness&alertness?Thereisthecasewherefeelingsare knowntothemonkastheyarise,knownastheypersist,knownastheysubside. Perceptionsareknowntohimastheyarise,knownastheypersist,knownas theysubside.Thoughtsareknowntohimastheyarise,knownastheypersist, knownastheysubside.Thisisthedevelopmentofconcentrationthat,when developed&pursued,leadstomindfulness&alertness. Andwhatisthedevelopmentofconcentrationthat,whendeveloped& pursued,leadstotheendingofthefermentations?Thereisthecasewherea monkremainsfocusedonarising&fallingawaywithreferencetothefive clingingaggregates:Suchisform,suchitsorigination,suchitspassingaway. Suchisfeeling,suchitsorigination,suchitspassingaway.Suchisperception, suchitsorigination,suchitspassingaway.Sucharefabrications,suchtheir origination,suchtheirpassingaway.Suchisconsciousness,suchitsorigination, suchitspassingaway.Thisisthedevelopmentofconcentrationthat,when developed&pursued,leadstotheendingofthefermentations. Thesearethefourdevelopmentsofconcentration. AnditwasinconnectionwiththisthatIstatedinPunnakasQuestionin theWaytotheFarShore(SuttaNipataV.3): Hewhohasfathomed thefar&nearintheworld, forwhomthereisnothing perturbingintheworld hisvicesevaporated, undesiring,untroubled, atpeace

15 he,Itellyou,hascrossedoverbirth &aging.

Questions PahaSutta(IV.42) Therearethesefourwaysofansweringquestions.Whichfour?Thereare questionsthatshouldbeansweredcategorically[straightforwardlyyes,no,this, that].Therearequestionsthatshouldbeansweredwithananalytical(qualified) answer[definingorredefiningtheterms].Therearequestionsthatshouldbe answeredwithacounterquestion.Therearequestionsthatshouldbeputaside. Thesearethefourwaysofansweringquestions. Firstthecategoricalanswer, thenthequalified, third,thetypetobecounterquestioned, &fourth,theonetobesetaside. Anymonkwhoknowswhichiswhich, inlinewiththeDhamma, issaidtobeskilled inthefourtypesofquestions: hardtoovercome,hardtobeat, profound,hardtodefeat. Heknowswhatsworthwhile &whatsnot, proficientin(recognizing)both, he rejectstheworthless, graspstheworthwhile. Hescalled onewhohasbrokenthrough towhatsworthwhile, enlightened, wise.

16 Seealso:MN2;MN58;MN72;SNXII.35;SNXII.46;SNXXII.82;SNXXII.8586;SN XLIV.10;ANIII.74;ANIV.77;ANX.9396

ToRohitassa RohitassaSutta(IV.45) OnoneoccasiontheBlessedOnewasstayingnearSavatthi,inJetasGrove, Anathapindikasmonastery.ThenRohitassa,thesonofadeva,inthefar extremeofthenight,hisextremeradiancelightinguptheentiretyofJetas Grove,wenttotheBlessedOne.Onarrival,havingboweddowntotheBlessed One,hestoodtooneside.AshewasstandingtherehesaidtotheBlessedOne: Isitpossible,lord,bytraveling,toknoworseeorreachafarendofthecosmos whereonedoesnttakebirth,age,die,passawayorreappear? Itellyou,friend,thatitisntpossiblebytravelingtoknoworseeorreacha farendofthecosmoswhereonedoesnttakebirth,age,die,passaway,or reappear. Itisamazing,lord,andawesome,howwellthathasbeensaidbythe BlessedOne:Itellyou,friend,thatitisntpossiblebytravelingtoknoworsee orreachafarendofthecosmoswhereonedoesnttakebirth,age,die,pass away,orreappear.OnceIwasaseernamedRohitassa,astudentofBhoja,a powerfulskywalker.Myspeedwasasfastasthatofastrongarcherwell trained,apracticedhand,apracticedsharpshootershootingalightarrow acrosstheshadowofapalmtree.Mystridestretchedasfarastheeastseais fromthewest.Tome,endowedwithsuchspeed,suchastride,therecamethe desire:Iwillgotravelingtotheendofthecosmos.Iwithaonehundred yearlife,aonehundredyearspanspentonehundredyearstravelingapart fromthetimespentoneating,drinking,chewing&tasting,urinating& defecating,andsleepingtofightoffwearinessbutwithoutreachingtheendof thecosmosIdiedalongtheway.Soitisamazing,lord,andawesome,howwell thathasbeensaidbytheBlessedOne:Itellyou,friend,thatitisntpossibleby travelingtoknoworseeorreachafarendofthecosmoswhereonedoesnttake birth,age,die,passaway,orreappear. [Whenthiswassaid,theBlessedOneresponded:]Itellyou,friend,thatit isntpossiblebytravelingtoknoworseeorreachafarendofthecosmoswhere onedoesnttakebirth,age,die,passaway,orreappear.Butatthesametime,I

17 tellyouthatthereisnomakinganendofsuffering&stresswithoutreachingthe endofthecosmos.Yetitisjustwithinthisfathomlongbody,withitsperception &intellect,thatIdeclarethatthereisthecosmos,theoriginationofthecosmos, thecessationofthecosmos,andthepathofpracticeleadingtothecessationof thecosmos. Itsnottobereachedbytraveling, theendofthecosmos regardless. Anditsnotwithoutreaching theendofthecosmos thatthereisrelease fromsuffering&stress. So,truly,thewiseone, anexpertwithregardtothecosmos, aknoweroftheendofthecosmos, havingfulfilledtheholylife, calmed, knowingthecosmosend, doesntlongforthiscosmos orforanyother.

Perversions VipallasaSutta(IV.49) Monks,therearethesefourperversionsofperception,perversionsofmind, perversionsofview.Whichfour?Constantwithregardtotheinconstantisa perversionofperception,aperversionofmind,aperversionofview.Pleasant withregardtothestressful....Selfwithregardtonotself....Attractive withregardtotheunattractiveisaperversionofperception,aperversionof mind,aperversionofview.Thesearethefourperversionsofperception, perversionsofmind,perversionsofview. Therearethesefournonperversionsofperception,nonperversionsof mind,nonperversionsofview.Whichfour?Inconstantwithregardtothe

18 inconstantisanonperversionofperception,anonperversionofmind,anon perversionofview.Stressfulwithregardtothestressful....Notselfwith regardtonotself....Unattractivewithregardtotheunattractiveisanon perversionofperception,anonperversionofmind,anonperversionofview. Thesearethefournonperversionsofperception,nonperversionsofmind,non perversionsofview. Perceiving constancyintheinconstant, pleasureinthestressful, selfinwhatsnotself, attractivenessintheunattractive,

beings,destroyedbywrongview, gomad,outoftheirminds. BoundtoMarasyoke, fromtheyoketheyfindnorest. Beingsgoontothewanderingon, leadingtobirth&death. ButwhenAwakenedOnes ariseintheworld, bringinglighttotheworld, theyproclaimtheDhamma leadingtothestillingofstress. Whenthosewithdiscernmentlisten, theyregaintheirsenses, seeing theinconstantasinconstant, thestressfulasstressful, whatsnotselfasnotself, theunattractiveasunattractive. Undertakingrightview, theytranscendallstress&suffering.

LivinginTune SamajivinaSutta(IV.55)

19 OncetheBlessedOnewasstayingamongtheBhaggasintheDeerParkat BhesakalaGrove,nearCrocodileHaunt.ThenearlyinthemorningtheBlessed Oneputonhisrobesand,carryinghisbowlandouterrobe,wenttothehomeof thehouseholder,Nakulasfather.Onarrival,hesatdownonaseatmadeready. ThenNakulasfather&NakulasmotherwenttotheBlessedOneand,on arrival,havingboweddowntohim,sattooneside.Astheyweresittingthere, NakulasfathersaidtotheBlessedOne:Lord,eversinceNakulasmotheras ayounggirlwasbroughttome[tobemywife]whenIwasjustayoungboy,I amnotconsciousofbeingunfaithfultohereveninmind,muchlessinbody.We wanttoseeoneanothernotonlyinthepresentlifebutalsointhelifetocome. AndNakulasmothersaidtotheBlessedOne:Lord,eversinceIasa younggirlwasbroughttoNakulasfather[tobehiswife]whenhewasjusta youngboy,Iamnotconsciousofbeingunfaithfultohimeveninmind,much lessinbody.Wewanttoseeoneanothernotonlyinthepresentlifebutalsoin thelifetocome. [TheBlessedOnesaid:]Ifbothhusband&wifewanttoseeoneanothernot onlyinthepresentlifebutalsointhelifetocome,theyshouldbeintune[with eachother]inconviction,intuneinvirtue,intuneingenerosity,andintunein discernment.Thentheywillseeoneanothernotonlyinthepresentlifebutalso inthelifetocome. Husband&wife,bothofthem havingconviction, beingresponsive, beingrestrained, livingbytheDhamma, addressingeachother withlovingwords: theybenefitinmanifoldways. Tothemcomesbliss. Theirenemiesaredejected whenbothareintuneinvirtue. HavingfollowedtheDhamma hereinthisworld, bothintune inprecepts&practices, theydelightintheworldofthedevas,

20 enjoyingthepleasurestheydesire. Debtless AnanaSutta(IV.62) ThenAnathapindikathehouseholderwenttotheBlessedOneand,onarrival, havingboweddowntohim,sattooneside.AshewassittingtheretheBlessed Onesaidtohim:Therearethesefourkindsofblissthatcanbeattainedinthe properseason,ontheproperoccasions,byahouseholderenjoyingthepleasures ofthesenses.Whichfour?Theblissofhaving,theblissof[makinguseof] wealth,theblissofdebtlessness,theblissofblamelessness. Andwhatistheblissofhaving?Thereisthecasewherethesonofagood familyhaswealthearnedthroughhisefforts&enterprise,amassedthroughthe strengthofhisarm,andpiledupthroughthesweatofhisbrow,righteous wealthrighteouslygained.Whenhethinks,Ihavewealthearnedthroughmy efforts&enterprise,amassedthroughthestrengthofmyarm,andpiledup throughthesweatofmybrow,righteouswealthrighteouslygained,he experiencesbliss,heexperiencesjoy.Thisiscalledtheblissofhaving. Andwhatistheblissof[makinguseof]wealth?Thereisthecasewherethe sonofagoodfamily,usingthewealthearnedthroughhisefforts&enterprise, amassedthroughthestrengthofhisarm,andpiledupthroughthesweatofhis brow,righteouswealthrighteouslygained,partakesofhiswealthandmakes merit.Whenhethinks,Usingthewealthearnedthroughmyefforts& enterprise,amassedthroughthestrengthofmyarm,andpiledupthroughthe sweatofmybrow,righteouswealthrighteouslygained,Ipartakeofwealthand makemerit,heexperiencesbliss,heexperiencesjoy.Thisiscalledtheblissof [makinguseof]wealth. Andwhatistheblissofdebtlessness?Thereisthecasewherethesonofa goodfamilyowesnodebt,greatorsmall,toanyoneatall.Whenhethinks,I owenodebt,greatorsmall,toanyoneatall,heexperiencesbliss,he experiencesjoy.Thisiscalledtheblissofdebtlessness. Andwhatistheblissofblamelessness?Thereisthecasewhereadiscipleof thenobleonesisendowedwithblamelessbodilykamma,blamelessverbal kamma,blamelessmentalkamma.Whenhethinks,Iamendowedwith

21 blamelessbodilykamma,blamelessverbalkamma,blamelessmentalkamma, heexperiencesbliss,heexperiencesjoy.Thisiscalledtheblissofblamelessness. Thesearethefourkindsofblissthatcanbeattainedintheproperseason, ontheproperoccasions,byahouseholderenjoyingthepleasuresofthesenses. Knowingtheblissofdebtlessness, &recollectingtheblissofhaving, enjoyingtheblissofwealth,themortal thenseesclearlywithdiscernment. Seeingclearlythewiseone heknowsbothsides: thatthesearenotworth onesixteenthsixteenth oftheblissofblamelessness. ByaSnake AhinaSutta(IV.67) [ThisisoneofthefewprotectivecharmsmentionedinthePaliCanonandspecifically allowedbytheBuddhaformonkstouse(anothercharm,alsoallowedtothemonks,is containedinDN32).Notethatthepowerofthecharmissaidtocome,notfromthe words,butfromthemindofgoodwillwithwhichtheyaresaid.Itthusdiffersfrom charmstaughtinlaterformsofBuddhism,wherethewordsthemselvesaresaidto containpower.] OnoneoccasiontheBlessedOnewasstayingnearSavatthiinJetasGrove, Anathapindikasmonastery.Now,atthattimeinSavatthiacertainmonkhad diedafterhavingbeenbittenbyasnake.Thenalargenumberofmonkswentto theBlessedOneand,onarrival,havingboweddowntohim,sattooneside.As theyweresittingtheretheysaidtohim,Lord,justnowinSavatthiacertain monkdiedafterhavingbeenbittenbyasnake. Thenitscertain,monks,thatthatmonkdidntsuffusethefourroyal snakelineageswithamindofgoodwill.Forifhehadsuffusedthefourroyal snakelineageswithamindofgoodwill,hewouldnothavediedafterhaving beenbittenbyasnake.Whichfour?TheVirupakkharoyalsnakelineage,1the Erapatharoyalsnakelineage,theChabyaputtaroyalsnakelineage,theDark

22 Gotamakaroyalsnakelineage.Itscertainthatthatmonkdidntsuffusethese fourroyalsnakelineageswithamindofgoodwill.Forifhehadsuffusedthese fourroyalsnakelineageswithamindofgoodwill,hewouldnothavediedafter havingbeenbittenbyasnake.Iallowyou,monks,tosuffusethesefourroyal snakelineageswithamindofgoodwillforthesakeofselfprotection,self guarding,selfpreservation. IhavegoodwillfortheVirupakkhas, goodwillfortheErapathas, goodwillfortheChabyaputtas, goodwillfortheDarkGotamakas. Ihavegoodwillforfootlessbeings, goodwillfortwofootedbeings, goodwillforfourfootedbeings, goodwillformanyfootedbeings. Mayfootlessbeingsdomenoharm. Maytwofootedbeingsdomenoharm. Mayfourfootedbeingsdomenoharm. Maymanyfootedbeingsdomenoharm. Mayallcreatures, allbreathingthings, allbeings each&everyone meetwithgoodfortune. Maynoneofthemcometoanyevil. LimitlessistheBuddha, limitlesstheDhamma, limitlesstheSangha. Thereisalimittocreepingthings: snakes,scorpions,centipedes, spiders,lizards,&rats. Ihavemadethissafeguard, Ihavemadethisprotection.

23 Maythebeingsdepart. Ipayhomage totheBlessedOne, homage totheseven rightlyselfawakenedones.2

NOTES: [1]TheVirupakkhasarethechiefsofthenagas,associatedwiththewestern quarter(seeDN20).Theotherroyallineagesofsnakesarenowhereelse mentionedinthePaliCanon.Thecommentarytothisdiscoursedoesntidentify them. [2]ThesevenmostrecentBuddhas,includingourBuddha,arementioned inDN14&DN32:Vipassi,Sikhi,Vessabhu,Kakusandha,Konagamana, Kassapa,andGotama.ItsnoteworthythattheconceptofthesevenBuddhasis associatedwithprotectivecharms.Forexample,theheartofthecharmgivenin DN32isthis: HomagetoVipassi,possessedofvision&splendor. HomagetoSikhi,sympathetictoallbeings. HomagetoVessabhu,cleansed,austere. HomagetoKakusandha,crusherofMarashost. HomagetoKonagamana,theBrahmanwholived thelifeperfected. HomagetoKassapa,entirelyreleased. HomagetoAngirasa[Gotama], splendidsonoftheSakyans, whotaughtthisDhamma: thedispellingofallstress&pain. Thoseunboundintheworld, whohaveseenthingsastheyare, greatonesofgentlespeech, thoroughlymature, eventheypayhomagetoGotama, thebenefitofhuman&heavenlybeings,

24 consummateinknowledge&conduct, thegreatone,thoroughlymature. WereveretheBuddhaGotama, consummateinknowledge&conduct.

APersonofIntegrity SappurisaSutta(IV.73) Monks,apersonendowedwiththesefourqualitiescanbeknownasaperson ofnointegrity.Whichfour? Thereisthecasewhereapersonofnointegrity,whenunasked,reveals anotherpersonsbadpoints,tosaynothingofwhenasked.Furthermore,when asked,whenpressedwithquestions,heisonewhospeaksofanotherpersons badpointsinfull&indetail,withoutomission,withoutholdingback.Ofthis personyoumayknow,Thisvenerableoneisapersonofnointegrity. Thenagain,apersonofnointegrity,whenasked,doesntrevealanother personsgoodpoints,tosaynothingofwhenunasked.Furthermore,when asked,whenpressedwithquestions,heisonewhospeaksofanotherpersons goodpointsnotinfull,notindetail,withomissions,holdingback.Ofthisperson youmayknow,Thisvenerableoneisapersonofnointegrity. Thenagain,apersonofnointegrity,whenasked,doesntrevealhisown badpoints,tosaynothingofwhenunasked.Furthermore,whenasked,when pressedwithquestions,heisonewhospeaksofhisownbadpointsnotinfull, notindetail,withomissions,holdingback.Ofthispersonyoumayknow,This venerableoneisapersonofnointegrity. Thenagain,apersonofnointegrity,whenunasked,revealshisowngood points,tosaynothingofwhenasked.Furthermore,whenasked,whenpressed withquestions,heisonewhospeaksofhisowngoodpointsinfull&indetail, withoutomissions,withoutholdingback.Ofthispersonyoumayknow,This venerableoneisapersonofnointegrity. Monks,apersonendowedwiththesefourqualitiescanbeknownasa personofnointegrity. Now,apersonendowedwiththesefourqualitiescanbeknownasa personofintegrity.Whichfour?

25 Thereisthecasewhereapersonofintegrity,whenasked,doesntreveal anotherpersonsbadpoints,tosaynothingofwhenunasked.Furthermore, whenasked,whenpressedwithquestions,heisonewhospeaksofanother personsbadpointsnotinfull,notindetail,withomissions,holdingback.Of thispersonyoumayknow,Thisvenerableoneisapersonofintegrity. Thenagain,apersonofintegrity,whenunasked,revealsanotherpersons goodpoints,tosaynothingofwhenasked.Furthermore,whenasked,when pressedwithquestions,heisonewhospeaksofanotherpersonsgoodpointsin full&indetail,withoutomissions,withoutholdingback.Ofthispersonyou mayknow,Thisvenerableoneisapersonofintegrity. Thenagain,apersonofintegrity,whenunasked,revealshisownbad points,tosaynothingofwhenasked.Furthermore,whenasked,whenpressed withquestions,heisonewhospeaksofhisownbadpointsinfull&indetail, withoutomissions,withoutholdingback.Ofthispersonyoumayknow,This venerableoneisapersonofintegrity. Thenagain,apersonofintegrity,whenasked,doesntrevealhisowngood points,tosaynothingofwhenunasked.Furthermore,whenasked,when pressedwithquestions,heisonewhospeaksofhisowngoodpointsnotinfull, notindetail,withomissions,holdingback.Ofthispersonyoumayknow,This venerableoneisapersonofintegrity. Monks,apersonendowedwiththesefourqualitiescanbeknownasa personofintegrity.

Inconceivable AcintitaSutta(IV.77) Therearethesefourinconceivablesthatarenottobeconjecturedabout,that wouldbringmadness&vexationtoanyonewhoconjecturedaboutthem.Which four? TheBuddharangeoftheBuddhas[i.e.,therangeofpowersaBuddha developsasaresultofbecomingaBuddha]isaninconceivablethatisnottobe conjecturedabout,thatwouldbringmadness&vexationtoanyonewho conjecturedaboutit. Thejhanarangeofapersoninjhana[i.e,therangeofpowersthatonemay obtainwhileabsorbedinjhana]....

26 The[preciseworkingoutofthe]resultsofkamma.... Conjectureabout[theorigin,etc.,of]theworldisaninconceivablethatis nottobeconjecturedabout,thatwouldbringmadness&vexationtoanyone whoconjecturedaboutit. Thesearethefourinconceivablesthatarenottobeconjecturedabout,that wouldbringmadness&vexationtoanyonewhoconjecturedaboutthem.

Trade VanijjaSutta(IV.79) ThenVen.SariputtawenttotheBlessedOneand,onarrival,havingbowed downtohim,sattooneside.AshewassittingtherehesaidtotheBlessedOne, Whatisthereason,lord,whatisthecausewhyacertaintrade,whenengaged inbysomepeople,turnsoutafailure?Whatisthereason,whatisthecausewhy thesamesortoftrade,whenengagedinbyotherpeople,turnsoutnotas intended?Whatisthereason,whatisthecausewhythesamesortoftrade,when engagedinbyotherpeople,turnsoutasintended?Whatisthereason,whatis thecausewhythesamesortoftrade,whenengagedinbyotherpeople,turnsout betterthanintended? Thereisthecase,Sariputta,whereacertainperson,havinggonetoapriest orcontemplative,makeshimanoffer:Tellme,sir,whatyouneedintermsof the[four]requisites.Buthedoesntgivewhatheoffered.Ifhepassesaway fromthereandcomeshere,thenwhatevertradeheengagesin,itturnsouta failure. Thenthereisthecasewhereacertainperson,havinggonetoapriestor contemplative,makeshimanoffer:Tellme,sir,whatyouneedintermsofthe [four]requisites.Buthegiveshimsomethingotherthanwhatheintendedby hisoffer.Ifhepassesawayfromthereandcomeshere,thenwhatevertradehe engagesin,itturnsoutnotasintended. Thenthereisthecasewhereacertainperson,havinggonetoapriestor contemplative,makeshimanoffer:Tellme,sir,whatyouneedintermsofthe [four]requisites.Hegiveshimwhatheintendedbyhisoffer.Ifhepassesaway fromthereandcomeshere,thenwhatevertradeheengagesin,itturnsoutas intended.

27 Thenthereisthecasewhereacertainperson,havinggonetoapriestor contemplative,makeshimanoffer:Tellme,sir,whatyouneedintermsofthe [four]requisites.Hegiveshimmorethanwhatheintendedbyhisoffer.Ifhe passesawayfromthereandcomeshere,thenwhatevertradeheengagesin,it turnsoutbetterthanintended. Thisisthereason,Sariputta,thisisthecausewhyacertaintrade,when engagedinbysomepeople,turnsoutafailure;whythesamesortoftrade,when engagedinbyotherpeople,turnsoutnotasintended;whythesamesortof trade,whenengagedinbyotherpeople,turnsoutasintended;whythesame sortoftrade,whenengagedinbyotherpeople,turnsoutbetterthanintended.

Darkness TamonataSutta(IV.85) Therearethesefourtypesofpeopletobefoundexistingintheworld.Which four?Oneindarknesswhoisheadedfordarkness,oneindarknesswhois headedforlight,oneinlightwhoisheadedfordarkness,andoneinlightwhois headedforlight. Andhowisonethetypeofpersonindarknesswhoisheadedfordarkness? Thereisthecasewhereapersonisbornintoalowlyfamilythefamilyofa scavenger,ahunter,abasketweaver,awheelwright,orasweeperafamilythat ispoor,withlittlefoodordrink,livinginhardship,wherefood&clothingare hardtocomeby.Andheisugly,misshapen,stunted,&sickly:halfblindor deformedorlameorcrippled.Hedoesntreceiveany[giftsof]food,drink, clothing,orvehicles;garlands,perfumes,orointments;bedding,shelter,or lamps.Heengagesinbodilymisconduct,verbalmisconduct,&mental misconduct.Havingengagedinbodilymisconduct,verbalmisconduct,&mental misconduct,heonthebreakupofthebody,afterdeathreappearsintheplane ofdeprivation,thebaddestination,thelowerrealms,inhell.Thisisthetypeof personindarknesswhoisheadedfordarkness. Andhowisonethetypeofpersonindarknesswhoisheadedforlight? Thereisthecasewhereapersonisbornintoalowerclassfamilythefamilyofa scavenger,ahunter,abasketweaver,awheelwright,orasweeperafamilythat ispoor,withlittlefoodordrink,livinginhardship,wherefood&clothingare hardtocomeby.Andheisugly,misshapen,stunted,&sickly:halfblindor

28 deformedorlameorcrippled.Hedoesntreceiveany[giftsof]food,drink, clothing,orvehicles;garlands,perfumes,orointments;bedding,shelter,or lamps.Heengagesingoodbodilyconduct,goodverbalconduct,&goodmental conduct.Havingengagedingoodbodilyconduct,goodverbalconduct,&good mentalconduct,heonthebreakupofthebody,afterdeathreappearsinthe gooddestination,theheavenlyworld.Thisisthetypeofpersonindarknesswho isheadedforlight. Andhowisonethetypeofpersoninlightwhoisheadedfordarkness? Thereisthecasewhereapersonisbornintoanupperclassfamilyanoble warriorfamily,apriestlyfamily,aprosperoushouseholderfamilyafamilythat isrich,withmuchwealth,withmanypossessions,withagreatdealofmoney,a greatmanyaccoutrementsofwealth,agreatmanycommodities.Andheiswell built,handsome,extremelyinspiring,endowedwithalotuslikecomplexion.He receives[giftsof]food,drink,clothing,&vehicles;garlands,perfumes,& ointments;bedding,shelter,&lamps.Heengagesinbodilymisconduct,verbal misconduct,&mentalmisconduct.Havingengagedinbodilymisconduct,verbal misconduct,&mentalmisconduct,heonthebreakupofthebody,after deathreappearsintheplaneofdeprivation,thebaddestination,thelower realms,inhell.Thisisthetypeofpersoninlightwhoisheadedfordarkness. Andhowisonethetypeofpersoninlightwhoisheadedforlight?Thereis thecasewhereapersonisbornintoanupperclassfamilyanoblewarrior family,apriestlyfamily,aprosperoushouseholderfamilyafamilythatisrich, withmuchwealth,withmanypossessions,withagreatdealofmoney,agreat manyaccoutrementsofwealth,agreatmanycommodities.Andheiswellbuilt, handsome,extremelyinspiring,endowedwithalotuslikecomplexion.He receives[giftsof]food,drink,clothing,&vehicles;garlands,perfumes,& ointments;bedding,shelter,&lamps.Heengagesingoodbodilyconduct,good verbalconduct,&goodmentalconduct.Havingengagedingoodbodily conduct,goodverbalconduct,&goodmentalconduct,heonthebreakupof thebody,afterdeathreappearsinthegooddestination,theheavenlyworld. Thisisthetypeofpersoninlightwhoisheadedforlight. Thesearethefourtypesofpeopletobefoundexistingintheworld.

Concentration(Tranquility&Insight) SamadhiSutta(IV.94)

29

Monks,thesefourtypesofindividualsaretobefoundexistinginworld.Which four? Thereisthecaseoftheindividualwhohasattainedinternaltranquilityof awareness,butnotinsightintophenomenathroughheighteneddiscernment. Thenthereisthecaseoftheindividualwhohasattainedinsightintophenomena throughheighteneddiscernment,butnotinternaltranquilityofawareness.Then thereisthecaseoftheindividualwhohasattainedneitherinternaltranquilityof awarenessnorinsightintophenomenathroughheighteneddiscernment.And thenthereisthecaseoftheindividualwhohasattainedbothinternaltranquility ofawareness&insightintophenomenathroughheighteneddiscernment. Theindividualwhohasattainedinternaltranquilityofawareness,butnot insightintophenomenathroughheighteneddiscernment,shouldapproachan individualwhohasattainedinsightintophenomenathroughheightened discernmentandaskhim:Howshouldfabricationsberegarded?Howshould theybeinvestigated?Howshouldtheybeseenwithinsight?Theotherwill answerinlinewithwhathehasseen&experienced:Fabricationsshouldbe regardedinthisway.Fabricationsshouldbeinvestigatedinthisway. Fabricationsshouldbeseeninthiswaywithinsight.Theneventuallyhe[the first]willbecomeonewhohasattainedbothinternaltranquilityofawareness& insightintophenomenathroughheighteneddiscernment. Asfortheindividualwhohasattainedinsightintophenomenathrough heighteneddiscernment,butnotinternaltranquilityofawareness,heshould approachanindividualwhohasattainedinternaltranquilityofawareness...and askhim,Howshouldthemindbesteadied?Howshoulditbemadetosettle down?Howshoulditbeunified?Howshoulditbeconcentrated?Theother willanswerinlinewithwhathehasseen&experienced:Themindshouldbe steadiedinthisway.Themindshouldbemadetosettledowninthisway.The mindshouldbeunifiedinthisway.Themindshouldbeconcentratedinthis way.Theneventuallyhe[thefirst]willbecomeonewhohasattainedboth internaltranquilityofawareness&insightintophenomenathroughheightened discernment. Asfortheindividualwhohasattainedneitherinternaltranquilityof awarenessnorinsightintophenomenathroughheighteneddiscernment,he shouldapproachanindividualwhohasattainedbothinternaltranquilityof awareness&insightintophenomenathroughheighteneddiscernment...andask him,Howshouldthemindbesteadied?Howshoulditbemadetosettle

30 down?Howshoulditbeunified?Howshoulditbeconcentrated?Howshould fabricationsberegarded?Howshouldtheybeinvestigated?Howshouldtheybe seenwithinsight?Theotherwillanswerinlinewithwhathehasseen& experienced:Themindshouldbesteadiedinthisway.Themindshouldbe madetosettledowninthisway.Themindshouldbeunifiedinthisway.The mindshouldbeconcentratedinthisway.Fabricationsshouldberegardedinthis way.Fabricationsshouldbeinvestigatedinthisway.Fabricationsshouldbeseen inthiswaywithinsight.Theneventuallyhe[thefirst]willbecomeonewhohas attainedbothinternaltranquilityofawareness&insightintophenomena throughheighteneddiscernment. Asfortheindividualwhohasattainedbothinternaltranquilityof awareness&insightintophenomenathroughheighteneddiscernment,hisduty istomakeaneffortinestablishing(tuning)thoseverysameskillfulqualities toahigherdegreefortheendingofthe(mental)fermentations. Thesearefourtypesofindividualstobefoundexistinginworld. See also: MN 149; SN XXXV.204; AN II.29-30; AN IV.170; AN X.71, TheFirebrand ChavalataSutta(IV.95) Monks,thesefourtypesofindividualsaretobefoundexistingintheworld. Whichfour?Theonewhopracticesneitherforhis/herownbenefitnorforthat ofothers.Theonewhopracticesforthebenefitofothersbutnotforhis/herown. Theonewhopracticesforhis/herownbenefitbutnotforthatofothers.Theone whopracticesforhis/herownbenefitandforthatofothers. Justasafirebrandfromafuneralpyreburningatbothends,coveredwith excrementinthemiddleisusedasfuelneitherinavillagenorinthe wilderness:Itellyouthatthisisasimilefortheindividualwhopracticesneither forhis/herownbenefitnorforthatofothers.Theindividualwhopracticesfor thebenefitofothersbutnotforhis/herownisthehigher&morerefinedofthese two.Theindividualwhopracticesforhis/herownbenefitbutnotforthatof othersisthehighest&mostrefinedofthesethree.Theindividualwhopractices forhis/herownbenefitandforthatofothersis,ofthesefour,theforemost,the

31 chief,themostoutstanding,thehighest,&supreme.Justasfromacowcomes milk;frommilk,curds;fromcurds,butter;frombutter,ghee;fromghee,the skimmingsofghee;andofthese,theskimmingsofgheearereckonedthe foremostinthesameway,ofthesefour,theindividualwhopracticesfor his/herownbenefitandforthatofotheristheforemost,thechief,themost outstanding,thehighest,&supreme. Thesearethefourtypesofindividualstobefoundexistingintheworld. [SeealsoANV.20;Iti91]

TheSubduingofPassion RagavinayaSutta(IV.96) Monks,thesefourtypesofindividualsaretobefoundexistingintheworld. Whichfour?Theonewhopracticesforhis/herownbenefitbutnotforthatof others.Theonewhopracticesforthebenefitofothersbutnotforhis/herown. Theonewhopracticesneitherforhis/herownbenefitnorforthatofothers.The onewhopracticesforhis/herownbenefitandforthatofothers. Andwhoistheindividualwhopracticesforhis/herownbenefitbutnotfor thatofothers?Thereisthecasewhereacertainindividualpracticesforthe subduingofpassionwithinhim/herselfbutdoesntencourageothersinthe subduingofpassion;practicesforthesubduingofaversionwithinhim/herself butdoesntencourageothersinthesubduingofaversion;practicesforthe subduingofdelusionwithinhim/herselfbutdoesntencourageothersinthe subduingofdelusion.Suchistheindividualwhopracticesforhis/herown benefitbutnotforthatofothers. Andwhoistheindividualwhopracticesforthebenefitofothersbutnotfor his/herown?Thereisthecasewhereacertainindividualdoesntpracticefor thesubduingofpassionwithinhim/herselfbutencouragesothersinthe subduingofpassion;he/shedoesntpracticeforthesubduingofaversion withinhim/herselfbutencouragesothersinthesubduingofaversion;he/she doesntpracticeforthesubduingofdelusionwithinhim/herselfbut encouragesothersinthesubduingofdelusion.Suchistheindividualwho practicesforthebenefitofothersbutnotforhis/herown.

32 Andwhoistheindividualwhopracticesneitherforhis/herownbenefit norforthatofothers?Thereisthecasewhereacertainindividualdoesnt practiceforthesubduingofpassionwithinhim/herselfanddoesntencourage othersinthesubduingofpassion;he/shedoesntpracticeforthesubduingof aversionwithinhim/herselfanddoesntencourageothersinthesubduingof aversion;he/shedoesntpracticeforthesubduingofdelusionwithin him/herselfanddoesntencourageothersinthesubduingofdelusion.Suchis theindividualwhopracticesneitherforhis/herownbenefitnorforthatof others. Andwhoistheindividualwhopracticesforhis/herownbenefitandfor thatofothers?Thereisthecasewhereacertainindividualpracticesforthe subduingofpassionwithinhim/herselfandencouragesothersinthesubduing ofpassion;practicesforthesubduingofaversionwithinhim/herselfand encouragesothersinthesubduingofaversion;practicesforthesubduingof delusionwithinhim/herselfandencouragesothersinthesubduingofdelusion. Suchistheindividualwhopracticesforhis/herownbenefitandforthatof others. Thesearethefourtypesofindividualstobefoundexistingintheworld. [Seealso:ANV.20]

Thunderheads ValahakaSutta(IV.102) Therearethesefourtypesofthunderheads.Whichfour?Onethatthundersbut doesntrain,onethatrainsbutdoesntthunder,onethatneitherthundersnor rains,andonethatboththundersandrains.Therearethesefourtypesof thunderheads. Inthesameway,thesefourtypesofpersonsresemblingthunderheadsare tobefoundexistingintheworld.Whichfour?Theonethatthundersbut doesntrain,theonethatrainsbutdoesntthunder,theonethatneither thundersnorrains,andtheonethatboththundersandrains. Andhowisonethetypeofpersonwhothundersbutdoesntrain?Thereis thecasewhereapersonhasmasteredtheDhamma:dialogues,narrativesof mixedproseandverse,explanations,verses,spontaneousexclamations,

33 quotations,birthstories,amazingevents,question&answersessions[theearliest classificationsoftheBuddhasteachings].Yethedoesntdiscern,asitactually ispresent,thatThisisstress.Hedoesntdiscern,asitactuallyispresent,that Thisistheoriginationofstress.Hedoesntdiscern,asitactuallyispresent, thatThisisthecessationofstress.Hedoesntdiscern,asitactuallyis present,thatThisisthepathofpracticeleadingtothecessationofstress.This isthetypeofpersonwhothundersbutdoesntrain.Thistypeofperson,Itell you,islikethethunderheadthatthundersbutdoesntrain. Andhowisonethetypeofpersonwhorainsbutdoesntthunder?Thereis thecasewhereapersonhasnotmasteredtheDhamma:dialogues...question& answersessions.Yethedoesdiscern,asitactuallyispresent,thatThisis stress.Hediscerns,asitactuallyispresent,thatThisistheoriginationof stress.Hediscerns,asitactuallyispresent,thatThisisthecessationof stress.Hediscerns,asitactuallyispresent,thatThisisthepathofpractice leadingtothecessationofstress.Thisisthetypeofpersonwhorainsbut doesntthunder.Thistypeofperson,Itellyou,islikethethunderheadthat rainsbutdoesntthunder. Andhowisonethetypeofpersonwhoneitherthundersnorrains?Thereis thecasewhereapersonhasnotmasteredtheDhamma:dialogues...question& answersessions.Hedoesntdiscern,asitactuallyispresent,thatThisis stress...Thisistheoriginationofstress...Thisisthecessationof stress...Thisisthepathofpracticeleadingtothecessationofstress.Thisis thetypeofpersonwhoneitherthundersnorrains.Thistypeofperson,Itellyou, islikethethunderheadthatneitherthundersnorrains. Andhowisonethetypeofpersonwhoboththundersandrains?Thereis thecasewhereapersonhasmasteredtheDhamma:dialogues...question& answersessions.Hediscerns,asitactuallyispresent,thatThisisstress... Thisistheoriginationofstress...Thisisthecessationofstress...Thisis thepathofpracticeleadingtothecessationofstress.Thisisthetypeofperson whoboththundersandrains.Thistypeofperson,Itellyou,islikethe thunderheadthatboththundersandrains. Thesearethefourtypesofpeopletobefoundexistingintheworld.

ToKesitheHorsetrainer KesiSutta(IV.111)

34

ThenKesithehorsetrainerwenttotheBlessedOneand,onarrival,having boweddown,sattooneside.Ashewassittingthere,theBlessedOnesaidto him:You,Kesi,areatrainedman,atraineroftamablehorses.Andhowdoyou trainatamablehorse? Lord,Itrainatamablehorse[sometimes]withmildness,[sometimes]with harshness,[sometimes]withbothmildness&harshness. Andifatamablehorsedoesntsubmiteithertoamildtrainingortoa harshtrainingortoamild&harshtraining,Kesi,whatdoyoudo? Ifatamablehorsedoesntsubmiteithertoamildtrainingortoaharsh trainingortoamildandharshtraining,lord,thenIkillit.Whyisthat?[Ithink:] Dontletthisbeadisgracetomylineageofteachers.ButtheBlessedOne, lord,istheunexcelledtraineroftamablepeople.Howdoyoutrainatamable person? Kesi,Itrainatamableperson[sometimes]withmildness,[sometimes]with harshness,[sometimes]withbothmildness&harshness. Inusingmildness,[Iteach:]Suchisgoodbodilyconduct.Suchisthe resultofgoodbodilyconduct.Suchisgoodverbalconduct.Suchistheresultof goodverbalconduct.Suchisgoodmentalconduct.Suchistheresultofgood mentalconduct.Sucharethedevas.Sucharehumanbeings. Inusingharshness,[Iteach:]Suchisbodilymisconduct.Suchistheresult ofbodilymisconduct.Suchisverbalmisconduct.Suchistheresultofverbal misconduct.Suchismentalmisconduct.Suchistheresultofmentalmisconduct. Suchishell.Suchistheanimalwomb.Suchtherealmofthehungryshades. Inusingmildness&harshness,[Iteach:]Suchisgoodbodilyconduct. Suchistheresultofgoodbodilyconduct.Suchisbodilymisconduct.Suchisthe resultofbodilymisconduct.Suchisgoodverbalconduct.Suchistheresultof goodverbalconduct.Suchisverbalmisconduct.Suchistheresultofverbal misconduct.Suchisgoodmentalconduct.Suchistheresultofgoodmental conduct.Suchismentalmisconduct.Suchistheresultofmentalmisconduct. Sucharethedevas.Sucharehumanbeings.Suchishell.Suchistheanimal womb.Suchtherealmofthehungryshades. Andifatamablepersondoesntsubmiteithertoamildtrainingortoa harshtrainingortoamild&harshtraining,whatdoyoudo? Ifatamablepersondoesntsubmiteithertoamildtrainingortoaharsh trainingortoamild&harshtraining,thenIkillhim,Kesi.

35 ButitsnotproperforourBlessedOnetotakelife!AndyettheBlessed Onejustsaid,Ikillhim,Kesi. Itistrue,Kesi,thatitsnotproperforaTathagatatotakelife.Butifa tamablepersondoesntsubmiteithertoamildtrainingortoaharshtrainingor toamild&harshtraining,thentheTathagatadoesntregardhimasbeing worthspeakingtooradmonishing.Hisknowledgeablefellowsintheholylifedo notregardhimasbeingworthspeakingtooradmonishing.Thisiswhatitmeans tobetotallydestroyedintheDoctrine&Discipline,whentheTathagatadoesnt regardoneasbeingworthspeakingtooradmonishing,andones knowledgeablefellowsintheholylifedonotregardoneasbeingworth speakingtooradmonishing. Yes,lord,wouldntonebetotallydestroyediftheTathagatadoesnt regardoneasbeingworthspeakingtooradmonishing,andones knowledgeablefellowsintheholylifedonotregardoneasbeingworth speakingtooradmonishing. Magnificent,lord!Magnificent!Justasifheweretoplaceuprightwhatwas overturned,torevealwhatwashidden,toshowthewaytoonewhowaslost,or tocarryalampintothedarksothatthosewitheyescouldseeforms,inthesame wayhastheBlessedOnethroughmanylinesofreasoningmadetheDhamma clear.IgototheBlessedOneforrefuge,totheDhamma,andtothecommunity ofmonks.MaytheBlessedOneremembermeasalayfollowerwhohasgoneto himforrefuge,fromthisdayforward,forlife.

TheGoadstick PatodaSutta(IV.113) Therearethesefourtypesofexcellentthoroughbredhorsestobefound existingintheworld.Whichfour?Thereisthecasewhereanexcellent thoroughbredhorse,onseeingtheshadowofthegoadstick,isstirred& agitated,[thinking,]Iwonderwhattaskthetrainerwillhavemedotoday? WhatshouldIdoinresponse?Someexcellentthoroughbredhorsesarelike this.Andthisisthefirsttypeofexcellentthoroughbredhorsetobefound existingintheworld. Thenagainthereisthecasewhereanexcellentthoroughbredhorseisnt stirred&agitatedonseeingtheshadowofthegoadstick,butwhenhiscoatis

36 pricked[withthegoadstick]heisstirred&agitated,[thinking,]Iwonderwhat taskthetrainerwillhavemedotoday?WhatshouldIdoinresponse?Some excellentthoroughbredhorsesarelikethis.Andthisisthesecondtypeof excellentthoroughbredhorsetobefoundexistingintheworld. Thenagainthereisthecasewhereanexcellentthoroughbredhorseisnt stirred&agitatedonseeingtheshadowofthegoadstick,orwhenhiscoatis pricked,butwhenhishideispricked[withthegoadstick]heisstirred& agitated,[thinking,]Iwonderwhattaskthetrainerwillhavemedotoday? WhatshouldIdoinresponse?Someexcellentthoroughbredhorsesarelike this.Andthisisthethirdtypeofexcellentthoroughbredhorsetobefound existingintheworld. Thenagainthereisthecasewhereanexcellentthoroughbredhorseisnt stirred&agitatedonseeingtheshadowofthegoadstick,orwhenhiscoatis pricked,orwhenhishideispricked,butwhenhisboneispricked[withthegoad stick]heisstirred&agitated,[thinking,]Iwonderwhattaskthetrainerwill havemedotoday?WhatshouldIdoinresponse?Someexcellent thoroughbredhorsesarelikethis.Andthisisthefourthtypeofexcellent thoroughbredhorsetobefoundexistingintheworld. Thesearethefourtypesofexcellentthoroughbredhorsetobefound existingintheworld. Now,therearethesefourtypesofexcellentthoroughbredpersonstobe foundexistingintheworld.Whichfour? Thereisthecasewhereacertainexcellentthoroughbredpersonhears,In thattownorvillageoverthereamanorwomanisinpainorhasdied.Heis stirred&agitatedbythat.Stirred,hebecomesappropriatelyresolute.Resolute, hebothrealizeswithhisbodythehighesttruthand,havingpenetrateditwith discernment,sees.Thistypeofexcellentthoroughbredperson,Itellyou,islike theexcellentthoroughbredhorsewho,onseeingtheshadowofthegoadstick,is stirred&agitated.Someexcellentthoroughbredpeoplearelikethis.Andthisis thefirsttypeofexcellentthoroughbredpersontobefoundexistingintheworld. Thenagainthereisthecasewhereacertainexcellentthoroughbredperson doesnthear,Inthattownorvillageoverthereamanorwomanisinpainor hasdied.Buthehimselfseesamanorwomaninpainordead.Heisstirred& agitatedbythat.Stirred,hebecomesappropriatelyresolute.Resolute,heboth realizeswithhisbodythehighesttruthand,havingpenetrateditwith discernment,sees.Thistypeofexcellentthoroughbredperson,Itellyou,islike theexcellentthoroughbredhorsewho,whenitscoatisprickedwiththegoad

37 stick,isstirred&agitated.Someexcellentthoroughbredpeoplearelikethis.And thisisthesecondtypeofexcellentthoroughbredpersontobefoundexistingin theworld. Thenagainthereisthecasewhereacertainexcellentthoroughbredperson doesnthear,Inthattownorvillageoverthereamanorwomanisinpainor hasdied.Andhehimselfdoesntseeamanorwomaninpainordead.Buthe seesoneofhisownbloodrelativesinpainordead.Heisstirred&agitatedby that.Stirred,hebecomesappropriatelyresolute.Resolute,hebothrealizeswith hisbodythehighesttruthand,havingpenetrateditwithdiscernment,sees.This typeofexcellentthoroughbredperson,Itellyou,isliketheexcellent thoroughbredhorsewho,whenitshideisprickedwiththegoadstick,isstirred &agitated.Someexcellentthoroughbredpeoplearelikethis.Andthisisthe thirdtypeofexcellentthoroughbredpersontobefoundexistingintheworld. Thenagainthereisthecasewhereacertainexcellentthoroughbredperson doesnthear,Inthattownorvillageoverthereamanorwomanisinpainor hasdied.Andhehimselfdoesntseeamanorwomaninpainordead,nor doesheseeoneofhisownbloodrelativesinpainordead.Buthehimselfis touchedbybodilyfeelingsthatarepainful,fierce,sharp,wracking,repellent, disagreeable,lifethreatening.Heisstirred&agitatedbythat.Stirred,he becomesappropriatelyresolute.Resolute,hebothrealizeswithhisbodythe highesttruthand,havingpenetrateditwithdiscernment,sees.Thistypeof excellentthoroughbredperson,Itellyou,isliketheexcellentthoroughbredhorse who,whenitsboneisprickedwiththegoadstick,isstirred&agitated.Some excellentthoroughbredpeoplearelikethis.Andthisisthefourthtypeof excellentthoroughbredpersontobefoundexistingintheworld. Thesearethefourtypesofexcellentthoroughbredpersonstobefound existingintheworld.

CoursesofAction ThanaSutta(IV.115) Monks,therearethesefourcoursesofaction.Whichfour?Thereisthecourse ofactionthatisunpleasanttodoandthat,whendone,leadstowhatis unprofitable.Thereisthecourseofactionthatisunpleasanttodobutthat,when done,leadstowhatisprofitable.Thereisthecourseofactionthatispleasantto

38 dobutthat,whendone,leadstowhatisunprofitable.Thereisthecourseof actionthatispleasanttodoandthat,whendone,leadstowhatisprofitable. Nowasforthecourseofactionthatisunpleasanttodoandthat,when done,leadstowhatisunprofitable,oneconsidersitasnotworthdoingforboth reasons:becausethecourseofactionisunpleasanttodo,oneconsidersitasnot worthdoing;andbecausethecourseofaction,whendone,leadstowhatis unprofitable,oneconsidersitasnotworthdoing.Thusoneconsidersitasnot worthdoingforbothreasons. Asforthecourseofactionthatisunpleasanttodobutthat,whendone, leadstowhatisprofitable,itisinlightofthiscourseofactionthatonemaybe knownintermsofmanlystamina,manlypersistence,manlyeffortasafoolor awiseperson.Forafooldoesntreflect,Eventhoughthiscourseofactionis unpleasanttodo,stillwhenitisdoneitleadstowhatisprofitable.Sohe doesntdoit,andthusthenondoingofthatcourseofactionleadstowhatis unprofitableforhim.Butawisepersonreflects,Eventhoughthiscourseof actionisunpleasanttodo,stillwhenitisdoneitleadstowhatisprofitable.So hedoesit,andthusthedoingofthatcourseofactionleadstowhatisprofitable forhim. Asforthecourseofactionthatispleasanttodobutthat,whendone,leads towhatisunprofitable,itisinlightofthiscourseofactionthatonemaybe knownintermsofmanlystamina,manlypersistence,manlyeffortasafoolor awiseperson.Forafooldoesntreflect,Eventhoughthiscourseofactionis pleasanttodo,stillwhenitisdoneitleadstowhatisunprofitable.Sohedoes it,andthusthedoingofthatcourseofactionleadstowhatisunprofitablefor him.Butawisepersonreflects,Eventhoughthiscourseofactionispleasantto do,stillwhenitisdoneitleadstowhatisunprofitable.Sohedoesntdoit, andthusthenondoingofthatcourseofactionleadstowhatisprofitablefor him. Asforthecourseofactionthatispleasanttodoandthat,whendone,leads towhatisprofitable,oneconsidersitasworthdoingforbothreasons:because thecourseofactionispleasanttodo,oneconsidersitasworthdoing;and becausethecourseofaction,whendone,leadstowhatisprofitable,one considersitasworthdoing.Thusoneconsidersitasworthdoingforboth reasons. Thesearethefourcoursesofaction.

39 TheNun BhikkhuniSutta(IV.159) IhaveheardthatononeoccasionVen.AnandawasstayinginKosambi,at GhositasPark.Thenacertainnunsaidtoacertainman,Go,mygoodman,to mylordAnandaand,onarrival,bowingyourheadtohisfeetinmyname,tell him,Thenunnamedsuchandsuch,venerablesir,issick,inpain,severelyill. ShebowsherheadtothefeetofherlordAnandaandsays,Itwouldbegoodif mylordAnandaweretogotothenunsquarters,tovisitthisnunoutof sympathyforher. Responding,Yes,mylady,themanthenapproachedVen.Anandaand, onarrival,havingboweddown,sattooneside.Ashewassittingtherehesaidto Ven.Ananda,Thenunnamedsuchandsuch,venerablesir,issick,inpain, severelyill.ShebowsherheadtothefeetofherlordAnandaandsays,It wouldbegoodifmylordAnandaweretogotothenunsquarters,tovisitthis nunoutofsympathyforher. Ven.Anandaacceptedwithsilence. Thenintheearlymorning,havingputonhisrobesand,carryinghisbowl andouterrobe,hewenttothenunsquarters.ThenunsawVen.Ananda comingfromafar.Onseeinghim,shelaydownonabed,havingcoveredher head. ThenVen.Anandaapproachedthenunand,onarrival,satdownona preparedseat.Ashewassittingthere,hesaidtothenun:Thisbody,sister, comesintobeingthroughfood.Andyetitisbyrelyingonfoodthatfoodistobe abandoned. Thisbodycomesintobeingthroughcraving.Andyetitisbyrelyingon cravingthatcravingistobeabandoned. Thisbodycomesintobeingthroughconceit.Andyetitisbyrelyingon conceitthatconceitistobeabandoned. Thisbodycomesintobeingthroughsexualintercourse.Sexualintercourse istobeabandoned.Withregardtosexualintercourse,theBuddhadeclaresthe cuttingoffofthebridge. Thisbody,sister,comesintobeingthroughfood.Andyetitisbyrelying onfoodthatfoodistobeabandoned.Thusitwassaid.Andinreferenceto whatwasitsaid?Thereisthecase,sister,whereamonk,consideringit thoughtfully,takesfoodnotplayfully,norforintoxication,norforputtingon

40 bulk,norforbeautificationbutsimplyforthesurvival&continuanceofthis body,forendingitsafflictions,forthesupportoftheholylife,[thinking,]Thus willIdestroyoldfeelings[ofhunger]andnotcreatenewfeelings[from overeating].Iwillmaintainmyself,beblameless,&liveincomfort.Then,ata latertime,heabandonsfood,havingreliedonfood.Thisbody,sister,comes intobeingthroughfood.Andyetitisbyrelyingonfoodthatfoodistobe abandoned.Thusitwassaid,andinreferencetothiswasitsaid. Thisbodycomesintobeingthroughcraving.Andyetitisbyrelyingon cravingthatcravingistobeabandoned.Thusitwassaid.Andinreferenceto whatwasitsaid?Thereisthecase,sister,whereamonkhears,Themonk namedsuchandsuch,theysay,throughtheendingofthefermentations,has entered&remainsinthefermentation&discernmentrelease,havingknown& realizedthemforhimselfinthehere&now.Thethoughtoccurstohim,I hopethatI,too,willthroughtheendingofthefermentationsenter&remain inthefermentationfreeawarenessrelease&discernmentrelease,having directlyknown&realizedthemformyselfrightinthehere&now.Then,ata latertime,heabandonscraving,havingreliedoncraving.Thisbodycomesinto beingthroughcraving.Andyetitisbyrelyingoncravingthatcravingistobe abandoned.Thusitwassaid.Andinreferencetothiswasitsaid. Thisbodycomesintobeingthroughconceit.Andyetitisbyrelyingon conceitthatconceitistobeabandoned.Thusitwassaid.Andinreferenceto whatwasitsaid?Thereisthecase,sister,whereamonkhears,Themonk namedsuchandsuch,theysay,throughtheendingofthefermentations,has entered&remainsinthefermentationfreeawarenessrelease&discernment release,havingdirectlyknown&realizedthemforhimselfrightinthehere& now.Thethoughtoccurstohim,Themonknamedsuch&such,theysay, throughtheendingofthefermentations,hasentered&remainsinthe fermentationfreeawarenessrelease&discernmentrelease,havingdirectly known&realizedthemforhimselfrightinthehere&now.Thenwhynotme? Then,atalatertime,heabandonsconceit,havingreliedonconceit.Thisbody comesintobeingthroughconceit.Andyetitisbyrelyingonconceitthatconceit istobeabandoned.Thusitwassaid,andinreferencetothiswasitsaid. Thisbodycomesintobeingthroughsexualintercourse.Sexualintercourse istobeabandoned.Withregardtosexualintercourse,theBuddhadeclaresthe cuttingoffofthebridge. Thenthenungettingupfromherbed,arrangingherupperrobeoverone shoulder,andbowingdownwithherheadatVen.Anandasfeetsaid,A

41 transgressionhasovercomeme,venerablesir,inthatIwassofoolish,so muddleheaded,andsounskilledastoactinthisway.MaymylordAnanda pleaseacceptthisconfessionofmytransgressionassuch,sothatImayrestrain myselfinthefuture. Yes,sister,atransgressionovercameyouinthatyouweresofoolish,so muddleheaded,andsounskilledastoactinthisway.Butbecauseyouseeyour transgressionassuchandmakeamendsinaccordancewiththeDhamma,we acceptyourconfession.ForitisacauseofgrowthintheDhammaanddiscipline ofthenobleoneswhen,seeingatransgressionassuch,onemakesamendsin accordancewiththeDhammaandexercisesrestraintinthefuture. ThatiswhatVen.Anandasaid.Gratified,thenundelightedinVen. Anandaswords.

InTandem YuganaddhaSutta(IV.170) OnoneoccasionVen.AnandawasstayinginKosambi,atGhositasmonastery. Thereheaddressedthemonks,Friends! Yes,friend,themonksresponded. Ven.Anandasaid:Friends,whoevermonkornundeclaresthe attainmentofarahantshipinmypresence,theyalldoitbymeansofoneor anotheroffourpaths.Whichfour? Thereisthecasewhereamonkhasdevelopedinsightprecededby tranquility.Ashedevelopsinsightprecededbytranquility,thepathisborn.He followsthatpath,developsit,pursuesit.Ashefollowsthepath,developingit& pursuingithisfettersareabandoned,hisobsessionsdestroyed. Thenthereisthecasewhereamonkhasdevelopedtranquilityprecededby insight.Ashedevelopstranquilityprecededbyinsight,thepathisborn.He followsthatpath,developsit,pursuesit.Ashefollowsthepath,developingit& pursuingithisfettersareabandoned,hisobsessionsdestroyed. Thenthereisthecasewhereamonkhasdevelopedtranquilityintandem withinsight.Ashedevelopstranquilityintandemwithinsight,thepathisborn. Hefollowsthatpath,developsit,pursuesit.Ashefollowsthepath,developing it&pursuingithisfettersareabandoned,hisobsessionsdestroyed.

42 Thenthereisthecasewhereamonksmindhasitsrestlessnessconcerning theDhamma[Comm:thecorruptionsofinsight]wellundercontrol.Therecomes atimewhenhismindgrowssteadyinwardly,settlesdown,andbecomesunified &concentrated.Inhimthepathisborn.Hefollowsthatpath,developsit, pursuesit.Ashefollowsthepath,developingit&pursuingithisfettersare abandoned,hisobsessionsdestroyed. Whoevermonkornundeclarestheattainmentofarahantshipinmy presence,theyalldoitbymeansofoneoranotherofthesefourpaths.

TheWastewaterPool JambaliSutta(IV.178) Monks,thesefourtypesofindividualsaretobefoundexistingintheworld. Whichfour? Thereisthecasewhereamonkenters&remainsinacertainpeaceful awarenessrelease.1Heattendstothecessationofselfidentification,butasheis attendingtothecessationofselfidentificationhisminddoesntleapup,grow confident,steadfast,orfirminthecessationofselfidentification.Forhimthe cessationofselfidentificationisnottobeexpected.Justasifamanweretograsp abranchwithhishandsmearedwithresin,hishandwouldsticktoit,gripit, adheretoit;inthesameway,themonkenters&remainsinacertainpeaceful awarenessrelease.Heattendstothecessationofselfidentification,butasheis attendingtothecessationofselfidentificationhisminddoesntleapup,grow confident,steadfast,orfirminthecessationofselfidentification.Forhimthe cessationofselfidentificationisnottobeexpected. Now,thereisthecasewhereamonkenters&remainsinacertainpeaceful awarenessrelease.Heattendstothecessationofselfidentification,andasheis attendingtothecessationofselfidentificationhismindleapsup,grows confident,steadfast,&firminthecessationofselfidentification.Forhimthe cessationofselfidentificationistobeexpected.Justasifamanweretograspa branchwithacleanhand,hishandwouldnotsticktoit,gripit,oradheretoit;in thesameway,themonkenters&remainsinacertainpeacefulawareness release.Heattendstothecessationofselfidentification,andasheisattendingto thecessationofselfidentificationhismindleapsup,growsconfident,steadfast,

43 &firminthecessationofselfidentification.Forhimthecessationofself identificationistobeexpected. Now,thereisthecasewhereamonkenters&remainsinacertainpeaceful awarenessrelease.Heattendstothebreachingofignorance,butasheis attendingtothebreachingofignorancehisminddoesntleapup,grow confident,steadfast,orfirminthebreachingofignorance.Forhimthebreaching ofignoranceisnottobeexpected.Justasiftherewereawastewaterpoolthat hadstoodforcountlessyears,whereamanweretoblockalltheinletsandopen alltheoutlets,andtheskyweretonotraindowningoodstreamsofrain:the breachingofthewastewaterpoolsembankmentwouldnotbeexpected;inthe sameway,themonkenters&remainsinacertainpeacefulawarenessrelease. Heattendstothebreachingofignorance,butasheisattendingtothebreaching ofignorancehisminddoesntleapup,growconfident,steadfast,orfirminthe breachingofignorance.Forhimthebreachingofignoranceisnottobeexpected. Now,thereisthecasewhereamonkenters&remainsinacertainpeaceful awarenessrelease.Heattendstothebreachingofignorance,andasheis attendingtothebreachingofignorancehismindleapsup,growsconfident, steadfast,&firminthebreachingofignorance.Forhimthebreachingof ignoranceistobeexpected.Justasiftherewereawastewaterpoolthathad stoodforcountlessyears,whereamanweretoopenalltheinletsandblockall theoutlets,andtheskyweretoraindowningoodstreamsofrain:thebreaching ofthewastewaterpoolsembankmentwouldbeexpected;inthesameway,the monkenters&remainsinacertainpeacefulawarenessrelease.Heattendstothe breachingofignorance,andasheisattendingtothebreachingofignorancehis mindleapsup,growsconfident,steadfast,&firminthebreachingofignorance. Forhimthebreachingofignoranceistobeexpected. Thesearefourtypesofindividualstobefoundexistingintheworld. NOTE:1.Anyofthelevelsofjhana.

TheWarrior YodhajivaSutta(IV.181) Endowedwithfourqualities,monks,awarriorisworthyofaking,anassetto aking,andcountsasaverylimbofhisking.Whichfour?

44 Thereisthecasewhereawarriorisskilledinhisstance,abletoshootfar, abletofireshotsinrapidsuccession,andabletopiercegreatobjects.Awarrior endowedwiththesefourqualitiesisworthyofaking,anassettoaking,and countsasaverylimbofhisking. Inthesamewayamonkendowedwithfourqualitiesisdeservingofgifts, deservingofhospitality,deservingofofferings,deservingofrespect,an unexcelledfieldofmeritfortheworld.Whichfour? Thereisthecasewhereamonkisskilledinhisstance,abletoshootfar, abletofireshotsinrapidsuccession,andabletopiercegreatobjects.Amonk endowedwiththesefourqualitiesisdeservingofgifts,deservingofhospitality, deservingofofferings,deservingofrespect,anunexcelledfieldofmeritforthe world. Andhowisamonkskilledinhisstance?Thereisthecasewhereamonkis virtuous.HedwellsrestrainedinaccordancewiththePatimokkha,consummate inhisbehavior&sphereofactivity.Hetrainshimself,havingundertakenthe trainingrules,seeingdangerintheslightestfaults.Thisishowamonkisskilled inhisstance. Andhowisamonkonewhoisabletoshootfar?Thereisthecasewherea monkseesanyformwhatsoeverthatispast,future,orpresent;internalor external;blatantorsubtle;commonorsublime;farorneareveryformasit actuallyiswithrightdiscernmentas:Thisisnotmine.Thisisnotmyself.This isnotwhatIam. Heseesanyfeelingwhatsoever.... Heseesanyperceptionwhatsoever.... Heseesanyfabricationswhatsoever.... Heseesanyconsciousnesswhatsoeverthatispast,future,orpresent; internalorexternal;blatantorsubtle,commonorsublime,farornearevery consciousnessasitactuallyiswithrightdiscernmentas:Thisisnotmine.This isnotmyself.ThisisnotwhatIam. Thisishowamonkisonewhoisabletoshootfar. Andhowisamonkonewhoisabletofireshotsinrapidsuccession?There isthecasewhereamonkdiscerns,asitactuallyispresent,thatThisis stress...Thisistheoriginationofstress...Thisisthecessationof stress...Thisisthepathofpracticeleadingtothecessationofstress.Thisis howamonkisonewhoisabletofireshotsinrapidsuccession.

45 Andhowisamonkonewhoisabletopiercegreatobjects?Thereisthecase whereamonkpiercesrightthroughthegreatmassofignorance.Thisishowa monkisonewhoisabletopiercegreatobjectsrightthrough. Endowedwiththesefourqualities,amonkisdeservingofgifts,deserving ofhospitality,deservingofofferings,deservingofrespect,anunexcelledfieldof meritfortheworld.

OnWhatisHeard SutaSutta(IV.183) IhaveheardthatononeoccasiontheBlessedOnewasstayingatRajagahainthe BambooForest,theSquirrelsSanctuary.ThenVassakarathebrahman,the ministertothekingofMagadha,approachedtheBlessedOneand,onarrival, exchangedcourteousgreetingswithhim.Afteranexchangeoffriendlygreetings &courtesies,hesatdowntooneside.Ashewassittingtherehesaidtothe BlessedOne:Iamoftheview,oftheopinion,thatwhenanyonespeaksofwhat hehasseen,[saying,]ThushaveIseen,thereisnofaultinthat.Whenanyone speaksofwhathehasheard,[saying,]ThushaveIheard,thereisnofaultin that.Whenanyonespeaksofwhathehassensed,[saying,]ThushaveI sensed,thereisnofaultinthat.Whenanyonespeaksofwhathehascognized, [saying,]ThushaveIcognized,thereisnofaultinthat. [TheBlessedOneresponded:]Idonotsay,brahman,thateverythingthat hasbeenseenshouldbespokenabout.NordoIsaythateverythingthathasbeen seenshouldnotbespokenabout.Idonotsaythateverythingthathasbeen heard...everythingthathasbeensensed...everythingthathasbeencognized shouldbespokenabout.NordoIsaythateverythingthathasbeencognized shouldnotbespokenabout. When,foronewhospeaksofwhathasbeenseen,unskillfulmental qualitiesincreaseandskillfulmentalqualitiesdecrease,thenthatsortofthing shouldnotbespokenabout.Butwhen,foronewhospeaksofwhathasbeen seen,unskillfulmentalqualitiesdecreaseandskillfulmentalqualitiesincrease, thenthatsortofthingshouldbespokenabout. When,foronewhospeaksofwhathasbeenheard...whathasbeen sensed...whathasbeencognized,unskillfulmentalqualitiesincreaseand skillfulmentalqualitiesdecrease,thenthatsortofthingshouldnotbespoken

46 about.Butwhen,foronewhospeaksofwhathasbeencognized,unskillful mentalqualitiesdecreaseandskillfulmentalqualitiesincrease,thenthatsortof thingshouldbespokenabout. ThenVassakarathebrahman,delighting&rejoicingintheBlessedOnes words,gotupfromhisseatandleft.

Fearless AbhayaSutta(IV.184) ThenJanussonithebrahmanwenttotheBlessedOneand,onarrival,exchanged courteousgreetingswithhim.Afteranexchangeoffriendlygreetings& courtesies,hesattooneside.AshewassittingtherehesaidtotheBlessedOne: Iamoftheview&opinionthatthereisnoonewho,subjecttodeath,isnot afraidorinterrorofdeath. [TheBlessedOnesaid:]Brahman,therearethosewho,subjecttodeath,are afraid&interrorofdeath.Andtherearethosewho,subjecttodeath,arenot afraidorinterrorofdeath. Andwhoisthepersonwho,subjecttodeath,isafraid&interrorofdeath? Thereisthecaseofthepersonwhohasnotabandonedpassion,desire,fondness, thirst,fever,&cravingforsensuality.Thenhecomesdownwithaserious disease.Ashecomesdownwithaseriousdisease,thethoughtoccurstohim, O,thosebelovedsensualpleasureswillbetakenfromme,andIwillbetaken fromthem!Hegrieves&istormented,weeps,beatshisbreast,&grows delirious.Thisisapersonwho,subjecttodeath,isafraid&interrorofdeath. Thenthereisthecaseofthepersonwhohasnotabandonedpassion,desire, fondness,thirst,fever,&cravingforthebody.Thenhecomesdownwitha seriousdisease.Ashecomesdownwithaseriousdisease,thethoughtoccursto him,O,mybelovedbodywillbetakenfromme,andIwillbetakenfrommy body!Hegrieves&istormented,weeps,beatshisbreast,&growsdelirious. This,too,isapersonwho,subjecttodeath,isafraid&interrorofdeath. Thenthereisthecaseofthepersonwhohasnotdonewhatisgood,hasnot donewhatisskillful,hasnotgivenprotectiontothoseinfear,andinsteadhas donewhatisevil,savage,&cruel.Thenhecomesdownwithaseriousdisease. Ashecomesdownwithaseriousdisease,thethoughtoccurstohim,Ihavenot donewhatisgood,havenotdonewhatisskillful,havenotgivenprotectionto

47 thoseinfear,andinsteadhavedonewhatisevil,savage,&cruel.Totheextent thatthereisadestinationforthosewhohavenotdonewhatisgood,havenot donewhatisskillful,havenotgivenprotectiontothoseinfear,andinsteadhave donewhatisevil,savage,&cruel,thatswhereImheadedafterdeath.He grieves&istormented,weeps,beatshisbreast,&growsdelirious.This,too,isa personwho,subjecttodeath,isafraid&interrorofdeath. Thenthereisthecaseofthepersonindoubt&perplexity,whohasnot arrivedatcertaintywithregardtotheTrueDhamma.Thenhecomesdownwith aseriousdisease.Ashecomesdownwithaseriousdisease,thethoughtoccurs tohim,Howdoubtful&perplexedIam!Ihavenotarrivedatanycertainty withregardtotheTrueDhamma!Hegrieves&istormented,weeps,beatshis breast,&growsdelirious.This,too,isapersonwho,subjecttodeath,isafraid& interrorofdeath. These,brahman,arefourpeoplewho,subjecttodeath,areafraid&interror ofdeath. Andwhoisthepersonwho,subjecttodeath,isnotafraidorinterrorof death? Thereisthecaseofthepersonwhohasabandonedpassion,desire,fondness, thirst,fever,&cravingforsensuality.Thenhecomesdownwithaserious disease.Ashecomesdownwithaseriousdisease,thethoughtdoesntoccurto him,O,thosebelovedsensualpleasureswillbetakenfromme,andIwillbe takenfromthem!Hedoesntgrieve,isnttormented;doesntweep,beathis breast,orgrowdelirious.Thisisapersonwho,subjecttodeath,isnotafraidor interrorofdeath. Thenthereisthecaseofthepersonwhohasabandonedpassion,desire, fondness,thirst,fever,&cravingforthebody.Thenhecomesdownwitha seriousdisease.Ashecomesdownwithaseriousdisease,thethoughtdoesnt occurtohim,O,mybelovedbodywillbetakenfromme,andIwillbetaken frommybody!Hedoesntgrieve,isnttormented;doesntweep,beathis breast,orgrowdelirious.This,too,isapersonwho,subjecttodeath,isnotafraid orinterrorofdeath. Thenthereisthecaseofthepersonwhohasdonewhatisgood,hasdone whatisskillful,hasgivenprotectiontothoseinfear,andhasnotdonewhatis evil,savage,orcruel.Thenhecomesdownwithaseriousdisease.Ashecomes downwithaseriousdisease,thethoughtoccurstohim,Ihavedonewhatis good,havedonewhatisskillful,havegivenprotectiontothoseinfear,andI havenotdonewhatisevil,savage,orcruel.Totheextentthatthereisa

48 destinationforthosewhohavedonewhatisgood,whatisskillful,havegiven protectiontothoseinfear,andhavenotdonewhatisevil,savage,orcruel, thatswhereImheadedafterdeath.Hedoesntgrieve,isnttormented; doesntweep,beathisbreast,orgrowdelirious.This,too,isapersonwho, subjecttodeath,isnotafraidorinterrorofdeath. Thenthereisthecaseofthepersonwhohasnodoubtorperplexity,whohas arrivedatcertaintywithregardtotheTrueDhamma.Thenhecomesdownwith aseriousdisease.Ashecomesdownwithaseriousdisease,thethoughtoccurs tohim,Ihavenodoubtorperplexity.Ihavearrivedatcertaintywithregardto theTrueDhamma.Hedoesntgrieve,isnttormented;doesntweep,beat hisbreast,orgrowdelirious.This,too,isapersonwho,subjecttodeath,isnot afraidorinterrorofdeath. These,brahman,arefourpeoplewho,subjecttodeath,arenotafraidorin terrorofdeath. [Whenthiswassaid,JanussonithebrahmansaidtotheBlessedOne:] Magnificent,MasterGotama!Magnificent!Justasifheweretoplaceupright whatwasoverturned,torevealwhatwashidden,toshowthewaytoonewho waslost,ortocarryalampintothedarksothatthosewitheyescouldseeforms, inthesamewayhasMasterGotamathroughmanylinesofreasoningmade theDhammaclear.IgotoMasterGotamaforrefuge,totheDhamma,andtothe Sanghaofmonks.MayMasterGotamaremembermeasalayfollowerwhohas gonetohimforrefuge,fromthisdayforward,forlife. Traits ThanaSutta(IV.192) Monks,thesefourtraitsmaybeknownbymeansoffour[other]traits.Which four? Itisthroughlivingtogetherthatapersonsvirtuemaybeknown,andthen onlyafteralongperiod,notashortperiod;byonewhoisattentive,notbyone whoisinattentive;byonewhoisdiscerning,notbyonewhoisnotdiscerning. Itisthroughdealingwithapersonthathispuritymaybeknown,andthen onlyafteralongperiod,notashortperiod;byonewhoisattentive,notbyone whoisinattentive;byonewhoisdiscerning,notbyonewhoisnotdiscerning.

49 Itisthroughadversitythatapersonsendurancemaybeknown,andthen onlyafteralongperiod,notashortperiod;byonewhoisattentive,notbyone whoisinattentive;byonewhoisdiscerning,notbyonewhoisnotdiscerning. Itisthroughdiscussionthatapersonsdiscernmentmaybeknown,and thenonlyafteralongperiod,notashortperiod;byonewhoisattentive,notby onewhoisinattentive;byonewhoisdiscerning,notbyonewhoisnot discerning. [1]Itisthroughlivingtogetherthatapersonsvirtuemaybeknown,and thenonlyafteralongperiod,notashortperiod;byonewhoisattentive,notby onewhoisinattentive;byonewhoisdiscerning,notbyonewhoisnot discerning:Thusitwassaid.Andinreferencetowhatwasitsaid? Thereisthecasewhereoneindividual,throughlivingwithanother,knows this:Foralongtimethispersonhasbeentorn,broken,spotted,splatteredinhis actions.Hehasntbeenconsistentinhisactions.Hehasntpracticed consistentlywithregardtotheprecepts.Heisanunprincipledperson,nota virtuous,principledone.Andthenthereisthecasewhereoneindividual, throughlivingwithanother,knowsthis:Foralongtimethispersonhasbeen untorn,unbroken,unspotted,unsplatteredinhisactions.Hehasbeenconsistent inhisactions.Hehaspracticedconsistentlywithregardtotheprecepts.Heisa virtuous,principledperson,notanunprincipledone. Itisthroughlivingtogetherthatapersonsvirtuemaybeknown,and thenonlyafteralongperiod,notashortperiod;byonewhoisattentive,notby onewhoisinattentive;byonewhoisdiscerning,notbyonewhoisnot discerning:Thusitwassaid.Andinreferencetothiswasitsaid. [2]Itisthroughdealingwithapersonthathispuritymaybeknown,and thenonlyafteralongperiod,notashortperiod;byonewhoisattentive,notby onewhoisinattentive;byonewhoisdiscerning,notbyonewhoisnot discerning:Thusitwassaid.Andinreferencetowhatwasitsaid? Thereisthecasewhereoneindividual,throughdealingwithanother, knowsthis:Thispersondealsonewaywhenoneonone,anotherwaywhen withtwo,anotherwaywhenwiththree,anotherwaywhenwithmany.His earlierdealingsdonotjibewithhislaterdealings.Heisimpureinhisdealings, notpure.Andthenthereisthecasewhereoneindividual,throughdealing withanother,knowsthis:Thewaythispersondealswhenoneonone,isthe samewayhedealswhenwithtwo,whenwiththree,whenwithmany.His earlierdealingsjibewithhislaterdealings.Heispureinhisdealings,not impure.

50 Itisthroughdealingwithapersonthathispuritymaybeknown,and thenonlyafteralongperiod,notashortperiod;byonewhoisattentive,notby onewhoisinattentive;byonewhoisdiscerning,notbyonewhoisnot discerning:Thusitwassaid.Andinreferencetothiswasitsaid. [3]Itisthroughadversitythatapersonsendurancemaybeknown,and thenonlyafteralongperiod,notashortperiod;byonewhoisattentive,notby onewhoisinattentive;byonewhoisdiscerning,notbyonewhoisnot discerning:Thusitwassaid.Andinreferencetowhatwasitsaid? Thereisthecasewhereaperson,sufferinglossofrelatives,lossofwealth, orlossthroughdisease,doesntreflect:Thatshowitiswhenlivingtogether intheworld.Thatshowitiswhengainingapersonalidentity(attabhava, literallyselfstate).Whenthereislivingintheworld,whenthereisthe gainingofapersonalidentity,theseeightworldlyconditionsspinafterthe world,andtheworldspinsaftertheseeightworldlyconditions:gain,loss,status, disgrace,censure,praise,pleasure,&pain.Sufferinglossofrelatives,lossof wealth,orlossthroughdisease,hesorrows,grieves,&laments,beatshisbreast, becomesdistraught.Andthenthereisthecasewhereaperson,sufferinglossof relatives,lossofwealth,orlossthroughdisease,reflects:Thatshowitiswhen livingtogetherintheworld.Thatshowitiswhengainingapersonalidentity. Whenthereislivingintheworld,whenthereisthegainingofapersonal identity,theseeightworldlyconditionsspinaftertheworld,andtheworldspins aftertheseeightworldlyconditions:gain,loss,status,disgrace,censure,praise, pleasure,&pain.Sufferinglossofrelatives,lossofwealth,orlossthrough disease,hedoesntsorrow,grieve,orlament,doesntbeathisbreastor becomesdistraught. Itisthroughadversitythatapersonsendurancemaybeknown,and thenonlyafteralongperiod,notashortperiod;byonewhoisattentive,notby onewhoisinattentive;byonewhoisdiscerning,notbyonewhoisnot discerning:Thusitwassaid.Andinreferencetothiswasitsaid. [4]Itisthroughdiscussionthatapersonsdiscernmentmaybeknown, andthenonlyafteralongperiod,notashortperiod;byonewhoisattentive,not byonewhoisinattentive;byonewhoisdiscerning,notbyonewhoisnot discerning:Thusitwassaid.Andinreferencetowhatwasitsaid? Thereisthecasewhereoneindividual,throughdiscussionwithanother, knowsthis:Fromthewaythispersonrisestoanissue,fromthewayheapplies [hisreasoning],fromthewayheaddressesaquestion,heisdull,notdiscerning. Whyisthat?Hedoesntmakestatementsthataredeep,tranquil,refined,

51 beyondthescopeofconjecture,subtle,tobeexperiencedbythewise.Hecannot declarethemeaning,teachit,describeit,setitforth,revealit,explainit,ormake itplain.Heisdull,notdiscerning.Justasifamanwithgoodeyesightstanding ontheshoreofabodyofwaterweretoseeasmallfishrise.Thethoughtwould occurtohim,Fromtheriseofthisfish,fromthebreakofitsripples,fromits speed,itisasmallfish,notalargeone.Inthesameway,oneindividual,in discussionwithanother,knowsthis:Fromthewaythispersonrisestoanissue, fromthewayheapplies[hisreasoning],fromthewayheaddressesaquestion... heisdull,notdiscerning. Andthenthereisthecasewhereoneindividual,throughdiscussionwith another,knowsthis:Fromthewaythispersonrisestoanissue,fromtheway heapplies[hisreasoning],fromthewayheaddressesaquestion,heis discerning,notdull.Whyisthat?Hemakesstatementsthataredeep,tranquil, refined,beyondthescopeofconjecture,subtle,tobeexperiencedbythewise.He candeclarethemeaning,teachit,describeit,setitforth,revealit,explainit,& makeitplain.Heisdiscerning,notdull.Justasifamanwithgoodeyesight standingontheshoreofabodyofwaterweretoseealargefishrise.Thethought wouldoccurtohim,Fromtheriseofthisfish,fromthebreakofitsripples, fromitsspeed,itisalargefish,notasmallone.Inthesameway,one individual,indiscussionwithanother,knowsthis:Fromthewaythisperson risestoanissue,fromthewayheapplies[hisreasoning],fromthewayhe addressesaquestion...heisdiscerning,notdull. Itisthroughdiscussionthatapersonsdiscernmentmaybeknown,and thenonlyafteralongperiod,notashortperiod;byonewhoisattentive,notby onewhoisinattentive;byonewhoisdiscerning,notbyonewhoisnot discerning:Thusitwassaid.Andinreferencetothiswasitsaid. These,monks,arethefourtraitsthatmaybeknownbymeansofthesefour [other]traits. Seealso:UdVI.2;MN95;MN110

Craving TanhaSutta(ANIV.199)

52 Monks,Iwillteachyoucraving:theensnarerthathasflowedalong,spread out,andcaughthold,withwhichthisworldissmothered&envelopedlikea tangledskein,aknottedballofstring,likemattedrushesandreeds,anddoesnot gobeyondtransmigration,beyondtheplanesofdeprivation,woe,&bad destinations.Listenwell,andIwillspeak. Yes,lord,themonksresponded. TheBlessedOnesaid:Andwhichcravingistheensnarerthathasflowed along,spreadout,andcaughthold,withwhichthisworldissmothered& envelopedlikeatangledskein,aknottedballofstring,likemattedrushesand reeds,anddoesnotgobeyondtransmigration,beyondtheplanesofdeprivation, woe,&baddestinations?These18cravingverbalizations[1]dependentonwhat isinternaland18cravingverbalizationsdependentonwhatisexternal. Andwhicharethe18cravingverbalizationsdependentonwhatisinternal? TherebeingIam,therecomestobeIamhere,therecomestobeIam likethisIamotherwiseIambadIamgoodImightbe ImightbehereImightbelikethisImightbeotherwiseMayI beMayIbehereMayIbelikethisMayIbeotherwiseI willbeIwillbehereIwillbelikethisIwillbeotherwise. Thesearethe18cravingverbalizationsdependentonwhatisinternal. Andwhicharethe18cravingverbalizationsdependentonwhatis external?TherebeingIambecauseofthis(or:bymeansofthis),therecomes tobeIamherebecauseofthis,therecomestobeIamlikethisbecauseof thisIamotherwisebecauseofthisIambadbecauseofthisIam goodbecauseofthisImightbebecauseofthisImightbehere becauseofthisImightbelikethisbecauseofthisImightbeotherwise becauseofthisMayIbebecauseofthisMayIbeherebecauseof thisMayIbelikethisbecauseofthisMayIbeotherwisebecauseof thisIwillbebecauseofthisIwillbeherebecauseofthisIwill belikethisbecauseofthisIwillbeotherwisebecauseofthis.Theseare the18cravingverbalizationsdependentonwhatisexternal. Thusthereare18cravingverbalizationsdependentonwhatisinternaland 18cravingverbalizationsdependentonwhatisexternal.Thesearecalledthe36 cravingverbalizations.Thus,with36cravingverbalizationsofthissortinthe past,36inthefuture,and36inthepresent,thereare108cravingverbalizations. This,monksiscravingtheensnarerthathasflowedalong,spreadout,and caughthold,withwhichthisworldissmothered&envelopedlikeatangled skein,aknottedballofstring,likemattedrushesandreeds,anddoesnotgo

53 beyondtransmigration,beyondtheplanesofdeprivation,woe,&bad destinations. Note[1]:Tanhaavicaritaani,literally,thingsevaluatedbycraving.Thepast participlehere,vicaritaani,isrelatedtothenoun,vicaara,whichisclassedasa verbalfabrication,i.e.,anecessarypreconditionforspeech(seeMN44).Aperson devoidofcravingwouldstillbeabletoverbalize,butwouldnotcontemplatein theaboveterms,whicharesobasictoordinarythoughtpatterns.

Affection PemaSutta(ANIV.200) Monks,thesefourthingsareborn.Whichfour?Affectionisbornofaffection. Aversionisbornofaffection.Affectionisbornofaversion.Aversionisbornof aversion. Andhowisaffectionbornofaffection?Thereisthecasewherean individualispleasing,appealing,&charmingto(another)individual.Others treatthatindividualaspleasing,appealing,&charming,andtheotherone thinks,Thisindividualispleasing,appealing,&charmingtome.Otherstreat thisindividualaspleasing,appealing,&charming.Hegivesrisetoaffection forthem.Thisishowaffectionisbornofaffection. Andhowisaversionbornofaffection?Thereisthecasewherean individualispleasing,appealing,&charmingto(another)individual.Others treatthatindividualasdispleasing,unappealing,&notcharming,andtheother onethinks,Thisindividualispleasing,appealing,&charmingtome.Others treatthisindividualasdispleasing,unappealing,&notcharming.Hegivesrise toaversionforthem.Thisishowaversionisbornofaffection. Andhowisaffectionbornofaversion?Thereisthecasewherean individualisdispleasing,unappealing,&notcharmingto(another)individual. Otherstreatthatindividualasdispleasing,unappealing,&notcharming,andthe otheronethinks,Thisindividualisdispleasing,unappealing,&notcharming tome.Otherstreatthisindividualasdispleasing,unappealing,&not charming.Hegivesrisetoaffectionforthem.Thisishowaffectionisbornof aversion.

54 Andhowisaversionbornofaversion?Thereisthecasewherean individualisdispleasing,unappealing,&notcharmingto(another)individual. Otherstreatthatindividualaspleasing,appealing,&charming,andtheother onethinks,Thisindividualisdispleasing,unappealing,&notcharmingtome. Otherstreatthisindividualaspleasing,appealing,&charming.Hegivesriseto aversionforthem.Thisishowaversionisbornofaversion. Monks,thesearethefourthingsthatareborn. Now,ontheoccasionwhenamonk,quitewithdrawnfromsensual pleasures,withdrawnfromunskillful(mental)qualities,enters&remainsinthe firstjhanarapture&pleasurebornfromwithdrawal,accompaniedbydirected thought&evaluationthenanyaffectionofhisthatisbornofaffectiondoesnot comeabout.Anyaversionofhisthatisbornofaffectionanyaffectionofhis thatisbornofaversionanyaversionofhisthatisbornofaversiondoesnot comeabout. Ontheoccasionwhenamonkenters&remainsinthesecondjhana enters&remainsinthethirdjhanaenters&remainsinthefourthjhana,then anyaffectionofhisthatisbornofaffectiondoesnotcomeabout.Anyaversionof histhatisbornofaffectionanyaffectionofhisthatisbornofaversionany aversionofhisthatisbornofaversiondoesnotcomeabout. Ontheoccasionwhenamonk,throughtheendingofthemental fermentations,enters&remainsinthefermentationfreeawarenessrelease& releaseofdiscernment,havingdirectlyknown&realizedthemforhimselfright inthehere&now,thenanyaffectionofhisthatisbornofaffectionisabandoned, itsrootdestroyed,likeanuprootedpalmtree,deprivedoftheconditionsof existence,notdestinedforfuturearising..Anyaversionofhisthatisbornof affectionanyaffectionofhisthatisbornofaversionanyaversionofhisthat isbornofaversionisabandoned,itsrootdestroyed,likeanuprootedpalmtree, deprivedoftheconditionsofexistence,notdestinedforfuturearising. Thisissaidtobeamonkwhodoesntpullin,doesntpushaway,doesnt smolder,doesntflareup,anddoesntburn. Andhowdoesamonkpullin?Thereisthecasewhereamonkassumes formtobetheself,ortheselfaspossessingform,orformasintheself,ortheself asinform.Heassumesfeelingtobetheself,ortheselfaspossessingfeeling,or feelingasintheself,ortheselfasinfeeling.Heassumesperceptiontobetheself, ortheselfaspossessingperception,orperceptionasintheself,ortheselfasin perception.Heassumes(mental)fabricationstobetheself,ortheselfas possessingfabrications,orfabricationsasintheself,ortheselfasinfabrications.

55 Heassumesconsciousnesstobetheself,ortheselfaspossessingconsciousness, orconsciousnessasintheself,ortheselfasinconsciousness.Thisishowamonk pullsin. Andhowdoesamonknotpullin?Thereisthecasewhereamonkdoesnt assumeformtobetheself,ortheselfaspossessingform,orformasintheself,or theselfasinform.Hedoesntassumefeelingtobetheself....doesntassume perceptiontobetheself....doesntassumefabricationstobetheself....doesnt assumeconsciousnesstobetheself,ortheselfaspossessingconsciousness,or consciousnessasintheself,ortheselfasinconsciousness.Thisishowamonk doesntpullin. Andhowdoesamonkpushaway?Thereisthecasewhereamonkreturns insulttoonewhohasinsultedhim,returnsangertoonewhoisangryathim, quarrelswithonewhoisquarreling.Thisishowamonkpushesaway. Andhowdoesamonknotpushaway?Thereisthecasewhereamonk doesntreturninsulttoonewhohasinsultedhim,doesntreturnangertoone whoisangryathim,doesntquarrelwithonewhoisquarreling.Thisishowa monkpushesaway. Andhowdoesamonksmolder?Thereisthecasewhere,therebeingI am,therecomestobeIamhere,therecomestobeIamlikethisIam otherwiseIambadIamgoodImightbeImightbehere ImightbelikethisImightbeotherwiseMayIbeMayIbe hereMayIbelikethisMayIbeotherwiseIwillbeIwillbe hereIwillbelikethisIwillbeotherwise. Andhowdoesamonknotsmolder?Thereisthecasewhere,therebeingI am,theredoesntcometobeIamhere,theredoesntcometobeIam likethisIamotherwiseIambadIamgoodImightbe ImightbehereImightbelikethisImightbeotherwiseMayI beMayIbehereMayIbelikethisMayIbeotherwiseI willbeIwillbehereIwillbelikethisIwillbeotherwise. Andhowdoesamonkflareup?Thereisthecasewhere,therebeingIam becauseofthis(or:bymeansofthis),therecomestobeIamherebecauseof this,therecomestobeIamlikethisbecauseofthisIamotherwise becauseofthisIambadbecauseofthisIamgoodbecauseofthis ImightbebecauseofthisImightbeherebecauseofthisImightbe likethisbecauseofthisImightbeotherwisebecauseofthisMayIbe becauseofthisMayIbeherebecauseofthisMayIbelikethisbecause ofthisMayIbeotherwisebecauseofthisIwillbebecauseofthis

56 IwillbeherebecauseofthisIwillbelikethisbecauseofthisIwill beotherwisebecauseofthis. Andhowdoesamonknotflareup?Thereisthecasewhere,therebeingI ambecauseofthis(or:bymeansofthis),theredoesntcometobeIamhere becauseofthis,theredoesntcometobeIamlikethisbecauseofthisI amotherwisebecauseofthisIambadbecauseofthisIamgood becauseofthisImightbebecauseofthisImightbeherebecauseof thisImightbelikethisbecauseofthisImightbeotherwisebecauseof thisMayIbebecauseofthisMayIbeherebecauseofthisMayI belikethisbecauseofthisMayIbeotherwisebecauseofthisIwillbe becauseofthisIwillbeherebecauseofthisIwillbelikethisbecause ofthisIwillbeotherwisebecauseofthis. Andhowdoesamonkburn?Thereisthecasewhereamonksconceitof Iamisnotabandoned,itsrootdestroyed,likeanuprootedpalmtree, deprivedoftheconditionsofexistence,notdestinedforfuturearising.Thisis howamonkburns. Andhowdoesamonknotburn?Thereisthecasewhereamonksconceit ofIamisabandoned,itsrootdestroyed,likeanuprootedpalmtree,deprived oftheconditionsofexistence,notdestinedforfuturearising.Thisishowamonk doesntburn. TheNoblePath AriyamaggaSutta(IV.237) Monks,thesefourtypesofkammahavebeendirectlyknown,verified,& announcedbyme.Whichfour?Thereiskammathatisdarkwithdarkresult. Thereiskammathatisbrightwithbrightresult.Thereiskammathatisdark& brightwithdark&brightresult.Thereiskammathatisneitherdarknorbright withneitherdarknorbrightresult,leadingtotheendingofkamma. Andwhatiskammathatisdarkwithdarkresult?Thereisthecasewherea certainpersonfabricatesaninjuriousbodilyfabrication,fabricatesaninjurious verbalfabrication,fabricatesaninjuriousmentalfabrication.Havingfabricated aninjuriousbodilyfabrication,havingfabricatedaninjuriousverbalfabrication, havingfabricatedaninjuriousmentalfabrication,herearisesinaninjurious world.Onrearisinginaninjuriousworld,heistheretouchedbyinjurious

57 contacts.Touchedbyinjuriouscontacts,heexperiencesfeelingsthatare exclusivelypainful,likethoseofthebeingsinhell.Thisiscalledkammathatis darkwithdarkresult. Andwhatiskammathatisbrightwithbrightresult?Thereisthecase whereacertainpersonfabricatesanoninjuriousbodilyfabrication...anon injuriousverbalfabrication...anoninjuriousmentalfabrication....Herearisesin anoninjuriousworld.Thereheistouchedbynoninjuriouscontacts....He experiencesfeelingsthatareexclusivelypleasant,likethoseoftheEverradiant Devas.Thisiscalledkammathatisbrightwithbrightresult. Andwhatiskammathatisdark&brightwithdark&brightresult?There isthecasewhereacertainpersonfabricatesabodilyfabricationthatisinjurious &noninjurious...averbalfabricationthatisinjurious&noninjurious...a mentalfabricationthatisinjurious&noninjurious....Herearisesinaninjurious &noninjuriousworld.Thereheistouchedbyinjurious&noninjurious contacts....Heexperiencesinjurious&noninjuriousfeelings,pleasuremingled withpain,likethoseofhumanbeings,somedevas,andsomebeingsinthelower realms.Thisiscalledkammathatisdark&brightwithdark&brightresult. Andwhatiskammathatisneitherdarknorbrightwithneitherdarknor brightresult,leadingtotheendingofkamma?Rightview,rightresolve,right speech,rightaction,rightlivelihood,righteffort,rightmindfulness,right concentration.Thisiscalledkammathatisneitherdarknorbrightwithneither darknorbrightresult,leadingtotheendingofkamma. These,monks,arethefourtypesofkammadirectlyknown,verified,& announcedbyme. [Seealso:ANVI.63]

Searches PariyesanaSutta(IV.252) Monks,thesefourareignoblesearches.Whichfour?Thereisthecasewherea person,beingsubjecthimselftoaging,seeks[happinessin]whatissubjectto aging.Beingsubjecthimselftoillness,heseeks[happinessin]whatissubjectto illness.Beingsubjecthimselftodeath,heseeks[happinessin]whatissubjectto

58 death.Beingsubjecthimselftodefilement,heseeks[happinessin]whatissubject todefilement.Thesearefourignoblesearches. Now,thesefourarenoblesearches.Whichfour?Thereisthecasewherea person,beingsubjecthimselftoaging,realizingthedrawbacksofwhatissubject toaging,seekstheunaging,unsurpassedrestfromtheyoke:Unbinding.Being subjecthimselftoillness,realizingthedrawbacksofwhatissubjecttoillness,he seekstheunailing,unsurpassedrestfromtheyoke:Unbinding.Beingsubject himselftodeath,realizingthedrawbacksofwhatissubjecttodeath,heseeksthe undying,unsurpassedrestfromtheyoke:Unbinding.Beingsubjecthimselfto defilement,realizingthedrawbacksofwhatissubjecttodefilement,heseeksthe undefiled,unsurpassedrestfromtheyoke:Unbinding. Thesearefournoblesearches.

OnFamilies KulaSutta(IV.255) Ineverycasewhereafamilycannotholdontoitsgreatwealthforlong,itisfor oneoranotherofthesefourreasons.Whichfour?Theydontlookforthings thatarelost.Theydontrepairthingsthathavegottenold.Theyare immoderateinconsumingfoodanddrink.Theyplaceawomanormanofno virtueorprinciplesinthepositionofauthority.Ineverycasewhereafamily cannotholdontoitsgreatwealthforlong,itisforoneoranotherofthesefour reasons. Ineverycasewhereafamilycanholdontoitsgreatwealthforlong,itisfor oneoranotherofthesefourreasons.Whichfour?Theylookforthingsthatare lost.Theyrepairthingsthathavegottenold.Theyaremoderateinconsuming foodanddrink.Theyplaceavirtuous,principledwomanormanintheposition ofauthority.Ineverycasewhereafamilycanholdontoitsgreatwealthforlong, itisforoneoranotherofthesefourreasons.