FLUID KINEMATICS

PN. SALMIE SUHANA CHE ABDULLAH salmie@unimap.edu.my

Control Volume and System Representative

System a collection of matter of fixed identity (always the same

atoms or fluid particles) which may move, flow and interact with surrounding. All the particles that involve in the system are identifiable . System can change shape or speed as forces act on it. The mass of the system does not change (no mass crosses its boundary) Also called as a closed system

Control volume volume in space through which fluid may flow.

Allows mass to flow in or out across its boundaries, which are called the control surface (surface that encloses the control volume.) Also called as a open system

Control volume and System are identical before the spraying process.(t=0) When some contents of the fire extinguisher are discharge, the system approach considers the discharged mass as part of the system. The mass of the system remains constant. The control volume approach is not concerned at all with the sprayed mass. Mass of control volume decreases, volume remains constant.

Typical Control Volume

Fixed control volume

Fixed or moving control volume

Deforming control volume

Fixed control volume

The control volume consists of the inside of the pipe between

(1) and (2) The fixed control surfaces (the surface of the control volume) consist of the inside surface of the pipe Fluid can flow across the ends of the control surface.

Fixed or moving control volume Example: the rectangular volume surrounding the jet engine Air is continually passing through the engine. The system that was in the engine at t = t1 is well past the engine at t = t2 . At this later time other air (a different system) is within the engine. The control volume is stationary if the jet itself is stationary. If the jet is moving then the control volume itself is moving.

Deforming control volume

Example: deflating balloon Surface is the inner surface of the balloon As time increase, the volume decrease in size

The Reynolds Transport Theorem

In fluid mechanics, it is usually more convenient to work with control volumes, and thus there is a need to relate the changes in a control volume to the changes in a system. Reynolds transport theorem (RTT) provides : - the link between the system and control volume approaches. - a way to relate what is happening to the system and what is happening in the control volume. - a means for determining the rate of change of some quantity of interest (e.g. mass, momentum etc) following the motion.

When describing a system, there are physical properties like mass, energy, momentum that need consideration. Let B be the property of interest. We can write where, B : fluid parameter of the system which is proportional to amount of mass m : mass of the portion of fluid of interest b : the amount of B per unit mass (independent to the mass)

The parameter B is termed an extensive property and the parameter b is termed an intensive property.

Extensive property

Intensive property

What is an extensive property? An extensive property describes a specific part of the fluid e.g. the mass is different for different volumes of the same fluid Do depend on the quantity of the sample What is an intensive property?

In simple terms, an intensive property is the extensive property per unit mass e.g. the density is the same for different volumes of the same fluid Do not depend on the size of the sample of matter and can be used to identify substances.

Examples of extensive property and intensive property

Extensive Property

Intensive Property

B m (Mass) mv2 (K.E) mv (Momentum)

b (B = mb) 1 1/2v2 v

Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem

Control volume and system for flow through a variable area pipe

At time t, Control Volume (CV) and System (SYS) coincide At t+t, CV : fixed and SYS : Move slightly fluid particles at section (1): Move a distance dl1 = V1t fluid particles at section (2): Move a distance dl2 = V2t : Volume of Inflow (entering CV ) : Volume of Outflow (leaving CV )

At time t, SYS = CV At time t+t, CV-+

When using B: extensive fluid property, At time t, the system consists of the fluid in section CV;(SYS=CV)

At time t+t,

Thus, time rate of change in B can be;

At initial time t, making the fact that We get

Time rate of The time rate of change of B for the change of the amount of B system within the control volume

Time rate of change of the amount of B in control volume

For the extensive parameter B flows from the control volume, across the surface,

Since,

Thus, the rate at which this property flows from the CV,

Similarly, for inflow of B into control volume, the rate of inflow of property B is given by

Net flowrate of B leaving CV (Outflow) across the control surface between II and CV (CS out )

Net flowrate of B entering CV (Inflow) across the control surface between I and CV (CS in )

Combining all these equations, we see that the relationship between the time rate of change of B for the system and that for the control volume is given by

moving

fixed

out

in

Restrictions for the above Equation: Fixed control volume One inlet and one outlet Normal velocity to section (1) and (2)

Example 6

Consider the flow from the fire extinguisher shown below. Let the extensive property of interest be the system mass (B = m, the system mass, so that b = 1). Write the appropriate form of the Reynolds Transport Theorem for this flow.

Solution At t = 0 (fig. a), Control volume : the fire extinguisher System : fluid within fire extinguisher No inlet no fluid flows into the control volume A1 = 0 At t > 0 (fig. b), there is outlet, A2 Thus,

Multiple inlet and outlet control volume

DBsys = Bcv + out Aout Vout bout - in Ain Vin bin Dt t

General expression of Reynolds Transport Theorem

Example 7

Solution

Relationship between Material Derivative and Reynolds Transport Theorem

Comparison with the definition of Material Derivative

Local part

Convective part

Time rate of change of a property of fluid particle Lagrangian concept Time rate of change of a property at a local space Eulerian concept: Unsteady effect Change of a property due to the fluid motion Convective effect

General expression of Reynolds Transport Theorem

Time rate of change of an extensive B of a system Lagrangian concept

Time rate of change of B within a control volume Eulerian concept

Net flowrate of B across the entire control surface motion of a fluid

Conclusion

Reynolds Transport Theorem and Material Derivative both represent methods to transform from fundamentally Lagrangian concepts to Eulerian interpretations of those concept.

Selection of a Control Volume

Any volume in space can be considered as a control volume. None are wrong, but some are much better than others. Fig(a), (b), (c) illustrates three possible control volumes associated with flow through pipe. CV(a) is better than CV(b) because point (1) lies on control surface. CV(a) is better than CV(c) because the flow is normal to the inlet and exit portions of control volume.

Quiz 3

solution