SYSTEM DYNAMICS AND CONTROLS (ME-464)

[Dr. Shaukat Ali]

Assignment # 1

The major inventions and developments in control Systems in history

ALI AKHTER 2 0 0 9 0 3 2 FME

G H U L A M I S H A Q K H A N I N S T I T U T E OF ENGINEERING SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY www.giki.edu.pk

Inventions and developments in control systems

Ctesibius (B.C.270) Float regulator mechanism: In about 270 BC the Greek Ctesibius invented a float regulator for a water clock. Water was allowed to flow in a small stream into a measuring container at a constant rate. The level of water was used to tell the time. To keep the level of supply tank constant, a float valve was used similar to that used in flush toilets. Cornelis Drebbel (17th Century) Temperature regulator: In 17th century, Cornelis Drebbel in Holland invented a purely mechanical temperature control system for hatching eggs. The device used a vial of alcohol and mercury with floater inserted in it which was connected to a damper controlling flame. Alcohol and mercury expanded on increased heat, raising the floater, closing the damper, reducing the flame. Sir Isaac Newton (1642 1727) Mathematical modeling: A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. Brook Taylor (1685 1731) Taylor series: The concept of a Taylor series was formally introduced by the English mathematician Brook Taylor in 1715. Dennis Papin (1700) Pressure regulator for steam boiler: Pressure build up (temp. goes up) open the damper for release of hot air. Temperature sensor is used to measure the pressure of hot air. Pierse Simon Laplace (1749 1827) Laplace Transform: The Laplace transform is named after mathematician and astronomer Pierre-Simon Laplace, who used a similar transform (now called z transform) in his work on probability theory. James Watt (1788) Flyball governer: In 1788 Watt completed the design of the centrifugal flyball governor for regulating the speed of the rotary steam engine.

Polzunov (1765) First level regulator system: Polzunov's water float regulator was used to control the amount of water flowing into the boiler of the engine.

Edward John Routh (1831 1907) Routh criterion: It is a necessary and sufficient method to establish the stability of a control system. Oliver Heaviside (1859 1925) mathematical analysis: Oliver Heaviside invented mathematical techniques to the solution of differential equations (later found to be equivalent to Laplace transforms) J.C. Maxwell 1868 Mathematical theory for control system: In the mid 1800's mathematics was first used to analyze the stability of feedback control systems. Liapunov (1890) Stability theory: The work of A.M. Lyapunov was seminal in control theory. He studied the stability of nonlinear differential equations using a generalized notion of energy in 1892 [Lyapunov 1893]. Nyquist, Bode, Black (1930) Electronic feedback amplifier: The Bell Telephone system was developed. Harry Nyquist (1889 1976) Nyquist criterion: Nyquist published a classic paper on stability of feedback amplifiers called Nyquist stability criterion. Harold Black (1898 1981) Negative feedback amp: The negative feedback amplifier was invented by Harold Stephen Black on August 2, 1927. Black had been toiling at reducing distortion in repeater amplifiers used for telephone transmission.

Hendrik Bode (1905 1982) Bode diagram: Bode plot was invented by Hendrik Wade Bode. WWII period Automatic airplane pilot: Gun-positioning system, radar Antenna control system Military systems Post War Frequency domain analysis: Laplace transform method John Von Neumann (1903 1957) Basic operation of digital computer: Neumann introduced the basic operation of digital computer. 1950 Root locus method: Computer age open (digital control) Space age (Sputnik, Soviet Union) Maximum principle (Pontryagin) Optimal control Adaptive control system (Draper) Bellman (1960) Dynamic programming: State space method 1970 Microprocessor based control system: Digital control system 1980 Neural network: AI Fuzzy control Predictive control Doyle & stein : LQG / LTR Remote diagnostic control system