ChE 318: Mass Transfer

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL & MATERIALS ENGINEERING

Assignment # 1 (Due 092906)

1.

Instructor: Dr. H. A. Rangwala

(a) Define diffusion. (2 marks) (b) Based on kinetic theory of gases explain qualitatively the dependence of diffusion on pressure and temperature. and why is diffusion slower in liquids compared to gases? (6 marks) (c) When is mass fraction equal to mole fraction? (4 marks) (d) Compare the significance of fluxes Ni and Ji*. (3 marks) (e) For diffusion of A in stagnant B, since the total pressure is constant and a gradient in the concentration of A exists, that for B must also exists. Then how do you explain that component B is non-diffusing? (5 marks) In a conventional method of drug intake, the drug is administered either orally or by injection, with the expectation that the blood circulation will convey it to the site where it is required. This procedure is not the most efficient method of delivery because the drug is diluted by the blood of the entire body. This carries with it the risk of side effects if the drug concentration at the delivery site is to be high enough for optimal effectiveness. One method of overcoming these drawbacks is by implantation near the desired site of a wafer loaded with the medication. The drug is released at a controlled rate into the blood stream and conveyed by it to the affected organ. Consider the following case: A particular implant has been designed to release the drug at a constant rate of 0.5X10-6 g/(cm2.s). The drug has a solubility in blood of 10 g/L and a diffusivity of 10-6 cm2/s. The effective therapeutic concentration is one tenth of the solubility. What is the effective film thickness in the blood? Assume that dilute solution assumption is valid (10 marks). Solve Problem 6.2-9 except use ambient temperature of 31.8C and PA1 = 5.33 kPa (page 454, Geankopolis Text book) (20 marks) (a) For the equimolar counter diffusion, show that the concentration profile (yA = f (Z)) from the Z1 Z Z2 is given by (8 marks)

2.

3. 4.

z z1 y A = y A1 [ y A1 y A2 ] z2 z1
(b) For the case A diffusing through stagnant B show that the concentration profile (yA = f (Z)) from the Z1 Z Z2 is given by (10 marks)

(1 y A ) (1 y A 2 ) z2 z1 = (1 y A1 ) (1 y A1 )
(c) Using the profile in (a) show that (5 marks)

z z1

1 1 y A2 N A = CDAB ln ( z2 z1 ) 1 y A1

Hint: N A = N A1 = CDAB

1 dy A and take log on 1 y A dz z = z1 , y A = y A1

both sides of Equation in Part (b) before differentiating. (d) What is the evaporation rate in kg/h, into dry air (species B) flowing at 25C at the top of a narrow metal tube containing for chloropicrin(species A) (CCl3NO2) placed at the bottom of the tube (Arnolds cell) given the following conditions? Total pressure is 770 mm Hg, diffusivity 0.088X10-4 m2/s, vapor pressure 23.81 mm Hg, distance from liquid level to the top of the tube 0.12 m, and the surface area of liquid exposed to evaporation 2.29X10-4 m2. (10 marks) (e) Write equations for the profiles of yA and yB in Part (d) for 0 Z 0.12 m. Are the profiles really non-linear? (7marks)

ChE 318: Mass Transfer

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL & MATERIALS ENGINEERING (f) What is the velocity of VA at Z = 0.06 m for an external frame of reference? [Hint: Use NA in Part (d) and the equation for yA in part (e)] (10 marks)

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ChE 318: Mass Transfer

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL & MATERIALS ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT #2

Due: 100606

Instructor: Dr. H. A. Rangwala

1. (a) A tube with cross-sectional area of 6 mm2 and height of 60 mm has 0.003 g water at the bottom of the tube (see Figure (a) below). The air with water vapor is flowing at 40C at 1 atm. The partial pressure of water vapor at the bottom is 7370 Pa and at the top is 2950 Pa. Assuming only molecular diffusion, calculate the time required to evaporate the water completely. The diffusivity of water in air at 40C and 1 atm is 0.285X10-4 m2/s. Assume pseudo-steady state and neglect the change of path length as only very small depth of water is at the bottom of the tube compared to the total cell height. (10 marks). (b) Consider the above example but with the tube of cross-sectional area of 6 mm2 for the height of 40 mm, but a narrower cross-sectional area of only 2 mm2 for the top 20 mm of the tube height (see Figure (b) below). The other conditions of flow, temperature, total pressure and partial pressures of water vapor at the bottom and top of the tube, and the initial quantity of water (viz. 0.003 g) remain the same. Once again assume pseudo-steady state and neglect the change of path length as only very small depth of water is at the bottom of the tube compared to the total cell height but consider variable cross-sectional area. Assuming only molecular diffusion, calculate the time required to evaporate the water completely. (Hint: Use variable area method except now the area change with Z is a step function). (15 marks) (c) Compare and comment on the results in (a) and (b)(5 marks) air C.S.= 6 mm 2 water (a) h=60 mm water air h=20 mm, C.S.= 2 mm2 h = 40 mm, C.S.= 6 mm2 (b)

2. (a) Estimate diffusivity of benzene in dilute solution with toluene at 100C (6 marks) (b) Estimate diffusivity of toluene in dilute solution with benzene at 100C (6 marks) (c) Compare and comment on the results in (a) and (b) (3 marks) Data: at 100C for benzene and toluene are 0.00024 kg/m.s and 0.00026 kg/m.s, respectively. 3. Solve Problem 6.2-10 but for a square conduit i.e the edge of the square is 0.0610 m at Z=0 and 0.0305 m at Z=1.22 m. All other data are same as in the text book (25) . 4. The diffusivity of acetone in air was determined using the Arnolds cell method. The cylindrical cell was operated at 293 K and 750 mm Hg. The height change for 8h was from Z1 = 1.1 cm to Z2=3.15 cm. Also the density of acetone at 293 K is 792 kg/m3 and vapor pressure at 293 K is 180 mm Hg.

ChE 318: Mass Transfer

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL & MATERIALS ENGINEERING

(a) Derive the relationship to obtain Dacetone-air using Arnolds cell method based on change of path length. (5 marks) (b) Determine the Dacetone-air at 293K and 750 mm Hg. from above data (5 marks) (c) Use Fullers Equation to predict Dacetone-air at 750 mm Hg and 293K.(5 marks) (d) Use modified Chapman-Enskog relation to predict Dacetone-air at 750 mm Hg and 293K. Tb normal BP of acetone is 56.5 C. (10 marks). (e) The experimental value of diffusivity Dacetone-air at 273 K and 101.3 kPa is 1.09X10-5 m2/s, hence, determine the value at conditions in this example (5 marks). (f) Compare and comment on the values of Dacetone-air from parts (b), (c), (d) and (e) (5 marks).
x

Note:

(a + bx)
0

dx

= [

1 1 1 x ]o = [ ] b(a + bx) ab b(a + bx)

ChE 318: Mass Transfer

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL & MATERIALS ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT #3

Due: 101306

Instructor: Dr. H. A. Rangwala

1. Solve Problem 6.3-4 (Geankopolis text book) (20 marks) 2. A cylindrical tube with inside diameter D = 2 cm is coated on the inside with naphthalene. Air at 45C and 1 atm is flowing through the tube at a bulk velocity of v = 4 m/s. Assume steady state, plug flow and no radial variation in naphthalene concentration, and the wall mass transfer rate, in kmol/m2s = kc (CAS CA), where kc = 0.0124 m/s = wall mass transfer coefficient at v=4 m/s and CAS is the concentration at the wall (saturation value), CA is the concentration at any length z=z. [Note: (CAS CA) is the driving force term at z=z]. (a) Derive the relationship between the concentration at any point z from the entrance of the tube as a function of z. (5 marks) (b) If the inlet air contains no naphthalene, what are the lengths required to reach 50% and 90% saturation in naphthalene concentrations? (10 marks) (c) Show that the average naphthalene flux, (NA)avg., is given by (NA)avg = kc (CAS CA)LM where, (NA)avg = (volumetric flow).(CAL CA0)/(total wall area, DL) and (CAS CA)LM is the log-mean of the driving force terms at the entrance and exit. CA0 and CAL are naphthalene concentrations at z=0 and z=L (exit), respectively. (10 marks) Note: (CAS CA)LM = [(CAS CA1) (CAS CA2)]/ln[(CAS CA1)/(CAS CA2)] 3. Estimate diffusivity of TNT (2,4,6-trinitotoluene) in benzene at 15C. Given viscosity of benzene = 0.705 cp, v A = 140 cm3/mol for TNT, MB = 78.11 for benzene. Compare and comment with experimental value of 1.39X10-9 m2/s (15 marks) (Hint: use quantities in correct units) 4. NaCl is diffusing at 18C through a stagnant film of water 1 mm thick when the concentrations are 20 and 10% (by weight) respectively on either side of the film. (a) Calculate the rate of diffusion. (10 marks) (b) Justify the use of DAB given below. (5 marks) Data: Densities of 20% and 10% solutions at 18C are 1150 kg/m3 and 1070 kg/m3, respectively. DAB = 1.36X10-9 m2/s at 18C and about 3 kmol/m3 concentration. 5. A capillary tube length L and diameter d is closed at one end. The closed end is coated with a catalyst. The open end is exposed to a gas mixture of A and B. Component A diffuses along the tube to the closed end. At the surface, the decomposition reaction A 2B (reversible reaction with equilibrium constant K) occurs. [Note: The equilibrium constant is given by K = (yB)2/yA, use this to find yA2 at the end.] The binary mixture can be assumed to be at equilibrium at the catalyst surface. Component B diffuses back towards the open end of the tube (25 marks). Show that

N A = (

{( K + 4) ( K ( K + 4)} cDAB ) ln[ ] 2(1 + y A1 ) L

ChE 318: Mass Transfer

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL & MATERIALS ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT #4

Due: 102006

Instructor: Dr. H. A. Rangwala

1. Solve Problem 7.2-3, Geankopolis Text book. (10 marks) 2. A circular metal pipe is coated with a layer of bitumen. The inner diameter is D and length is L. It was decided to use a pure solvent to clean the tube under turbulent flow conditions at a velocity vM m/s. Assume dilute system and no axial mixing and no radial concentration gradient. [Note: Wall mass transfer rate = kc(CAS-CA) in kmol/m2.s] (a) Derive the relationship between CAL and the L using mass balance. State all assumptions. (10 marks) (b) Assuming that the bitumen concentration (saturation value in the solvent) at the surface CAS = 2.5 mol/m3, and the exit concentration CAL = 1.2 mol/m3 under a certain velocity vM m/s, what would be the exit concentration CAL if the velocity is doubled? (10 marks) (c) What would be the exit concentration CAL if we replace the solvent with another solvent of same solubility and other characteristics except with bitumen diffusivity half of the original solvent. Assume all other conditions remain the same as in the original case where exit concentration was CAL = 1.2 mol/m3 (10 marks). Note: Assume that under turbulent conditions the mass transfer coefficient kc, from wall to fluid is proportional to [(vM)0.83][(DAB)2/3] and kc will change in both cases.

3. Gas A diffuses from point 1 to a catalyst surface at point 2, where it reacts as follows: 4AB. Gas B diffuses back a distance to point 1. (a) Derive the equation for NA using mole fraction units xA1 and xA2 starting from Equation 6.2-14 (10 marks) (b) Using Part (a) derive the equations for NA for the instantaneous reaction at point 2. (5 marks) (c) Using Part (a) derive the equations for NA for a slow reaction, where k1 is the reaction rate constant. (5 marks) (d) For DAB = 0.2X10-4 m2/s, xA1 = 0.97, P = 101.325 kPa, = 1.3 mm and T = 298 K, solve for NA for the case of instantaneous reaction at point 2. (5 marks). (e) Calculate NA and xA2 for part (c) where k1 = 0.53X10-2 m/s. Other data as in part (d). (15 marks) Hint: Follow Example 7.5-2. Use goal seek in Excel to solve Part (e) or any other trial & error method. Recheck the solution in Part (e) to confirm. 4. Using the instantaneous rate of mass transfer

Ri = (C Ai C A0 )

DAB and () = 1 * for Higbie's model and () = se-s for Danckwert's model (a) Derive equation for average rate of mass transfer R based on Higbies model (6 marks). (b) Derive equation for average rate of mass transfer R based on Danckwerts model (8 marks) (c) For concentration as driving force, R = kc * (C Ai C A0 ) , hence using the values of R in Part (a)
and (b) what are the values of kc based on Higbies and Danckwerts models ? (4 marks) (d) What is the equivalent value of kc based on film model for film thickness ? (2 marks).
*

Hint:

For Part (a) R =

R ()d , and
i 0

for Part (b) R = Ri ()d .

0

To evaluate the integral in Part (b) let s = x 2 i.e. d =

2 xdx . Also note that s

e
0

x2

dx =

ChE 318: Mass Transfer

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL & MATERIALS ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT #5

Due: 111006

Instructor: Dr. H. A. Rangwala

1. Based on Boundary Layer theory the local (NSh) = xkc/DAB, is given by the following relationship for a flat plate under laminar flow regime NSh = 0.332 (NRe)1/2(NSc)1/3 for NRe < 300000, where, NRe = xV/ (a) Develop an expression for (kc)mean using the relation (kc)mean = (1/L) (k'c ) dx where, L is the total length of the flat plate (5 marks)
0 L

(b) A beaker of ethyl alcohol was accidentally upset, covering the top smooth surface of the laboratory bench. The bench length L = 1 m. Air was gently blown at 4 m/s across the surface at 289 K and 1 atm. Determine the amount of alcohol evaporating from one square meter (1 m2) of the surface area each 60 seconds or in 1 minute. Vapor pressure of ethyl alcohol at 289 K is 4000 Pa and DAB = 1.35X10-5 m2/s at 298 K and = / = 1.48X10-5 m2/s at 289 K. (15 marks). (c) Also justify the use of (kc)mean expression in (a) in solving part (b). (5 marks) 2. A pipe of 25 mm inside diameter coated with benzoic acid is used to transport following fluid: (a) Water at 25C is flowing at 3 m/s in tube with smooth wall. DAB = 9x10-7 m2/s. Show that Reynolds Analogy can be used to estimate kc from f/2 (Figure 2.10-3). Estimate kc using Reynolds Analogy (10). (b) Same as (a) but for a wall tube roughness (/D) of 0.01 (5). (c) Same as in (a) but for DAB = 9x10-9 m2/s. Is Reynolds Analogy still valid? If not which one can be used in this case? Estimate kc using f/2 (Figure 2.10-3) and appropriate analogy between mass-heat-momentum transfer (15) 3. Solve Problem 7.3-3, but at 394.1 K and for air velocity of 4.5 m/s. (25) (Note: Water concentration in air is very small, hence dilute system assumption is valid) 4. A 6 mm diameter cylinder of UF6 (uranium hexafluoride) placed in an air stream of velocity 3 m/s. The surface temperature of the solid is 45C, and the vapor pressure of UF6 at that temperature is 400 mm Hg. The air is at 1 atm and at 45C ( = 4.1 kg/m3 and = 2.7x10-5 kg/m.s and DAB = 9.04x10-6 m2/s). Assume bulk concentration of UF6 in air to be negligible. Find the sublimation rate in kmol/m2.s (20 marks). (Note: NRe is based on diameter of the cylinder in this case and JD = 0.60 NRe -0.487).

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ChE 318: Mass Transfer

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL & MATERIALS ENGINEERING

ASSIGNMENT #6

Due: 111706

Instructor: Dr. H. A. Rangwala

1. Solve Problem 7.3-4. Find kg in both cases. [Note DABis given at different conditions than that of the problem. Assume dilute solutions so that PBM ;:::;P] (20) 2. Solve Problem 7.3-5. Derive the relationship used. (15) 3. S02 is absorbed from air into water in an absorption column operating at 10 atm and 30C. The equilibrium relation for air-S02-water under this conditions is approximated by PA = 25xA, where PAis in atm. At the inlet where pure water is entering the bulk vapor mole fraction of S02 is 0.01. The mass transfer coefficients are: k' x = 10 kmol/(h.m2.mole fraction) and k' y = 8 kmol/(h.m2.mole fraction). Assume dilute solutions. For equimolar counter diffusion, (a) (b) (c) (d) Determine interfacial concentrations: XAiand yAi(5 marks) Find K' x and % resistance in the liquid film (4 marks) Calculate the molar flux, NA (5 marks) For the case of A diffusing into stagnant B, find interfacial concentrations for the above conditions and using the same k'x and k'y values repeat all above parts (a)(5 mark), (b) Kx and K' x (10marks) and (c) using Kx and k' x (6 marks). [Hint: For part (d) use equation of the line PM to get interfacial concentrations].

= = 4. Rework Example 10.4-1 for a point in the column where YAG 0.280, XAL 0.100. All other data on ky' and kx' and assumptions are same as in the Example 10.4-1.
(a) Find yAi and XAi,the interfacial concentration for this case. Show graphical representation of your trials, indicating points M 1, M2, ... , final point M corresponding to the correct interfacial concentrations (20 marks) (b) Using the final interfacial concentrations at point M, calculate the flux NA, in kmol/m2s, using both ky' and kx' (10 marks)