IMK-14 Research & Developement 18(2012)4, EN109-114 UDC 621 ISSN 0354-6829

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Influence of Cutting Parameters on the Specific Cutting Energy in Longitudinal Turning of AISI 1045 Steel
Miroslav Radovanovi* University of Ni, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering The paper presents an investigation of the specific energy in longitudinal turning of AISI 1045 steel with tool of TiN coated carbide. Cutting force components were experimentally measured for various cutting parameters and data was used to calculate the specific energy and its components. Component - specific cutting energy makes 99.8% of the specific energy. Influence of cutting parameters on the specific cutting energy was estimated using ANOVA. Regression analysis was used to model the correlation between specific cutting energy and cutting parameters. Regression model gives functional relationship between specific cutting energy and the tool cutting edge angle, depth of cut, feed and cutting speed. Keywords: : turning, specific cutting energy, cutting parameters, steel

0. INTRODUCTION Turning as machining process is extensively used in metalworking industry. It is a complicated process where performances depend on a number of cutting parameters. Researchers have focused on improving the performances of turning in order to reduce costs and increase productivity and quality. On the basis of accomplished research seems that the cutting energy to be an important performance that defines the process of cutting. Cutting energy provides a useful measure of how much energy is required for cutting, i.e. how much energy is required to remove a unit volume of material. It depends on the hardness of workpiece material and cutting parameters. The energy required for cutting is a measure of resistance of material to cutting. It also gives an indication of the effectiveness of the cutting conditions. Using cutting energy, different materials can be compared in terms of the energy required for machining. A typical value of the energy required for machining material makes it possible to estimate the necessary force and power of the machine tool. The energy consumed by the machine tool consists of two components, constant and variable. The constant component of the energy is the energy that is not consumed for machining of material and is independent of the cutting parameters. It is the energy consumed to operate machine tool, such idle. Variable component of energy is the energy that is consumed in the operation of the machine tool for machining of material by cutting, ie. the operation to remove material from the workpiece. This energy depends on the cutting parameters. Knowledge of the energy required for machining of material can help manufacturers of machine tools to estimate power required machine tool. In the production, use less energy for the process of cutting allows for better utilization of machine tool. Finding cutting parameters to optimize the energy consumption is an important task in the direction of increasing the efficiency of machine tool. Research of changes in energy consumption of machine tool with changing cutting parameters were performed by many researchers. Here are presented some

of the researches related to energy consumption for turning. Isakov in stady [1] was investigated the influence of the cutting parameters (depth of cut, feed, cutting speed) and hardness of workpiece material (AISI 4140 alloy steel with a hardness of 200 HB and 250 HB) on the cutting resistance, specific cutting energy and cutting power. Data of the tangential resistance, recorded at various values of cutting parameters, was used to calculate the specific cutting energy and cutting power. Ven et al. in study [2] was investigated the power consumption in turning of Al-SiC metal matrix composite with polycrystalline diamond cutting tool. Objective of this investigation was to determine the minimum power consumption in machining. Power consumption is measured experimentally and the specific power consumption is calculated. Abhang and Hameedullah in stady [3] were experimentally investigated the power consumption in turning EN-31 steel with tungsten carbide tool under different cutting conditions (cuttng speed, feed, depth of cut and tool nose radius). The data collected was statistically analysed using analysis of variance technique and power consumption prediction models were developed by using response surface methodology. Taha et al. in stady [4] were analyzed the specific energy consumption for various combination of cutting parameters (cutting speed and feed) in rough and fine turning of AISI D2. Radovanovic in study [5] was investigated the influence of cutting parameters on the specific cutting energy in turning of S235 G2T steel by coated carbide tool using Taguchi method. Three cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed and depth of cut) have been optimized with respect to the specific cutting energy. Guo et al. in stady [6] are presented solution which incorporates energy consumption for optimizing the cutting speed in finish turning of steel and aluminum with coated carbide tool. This paper aims to determine the specific energy and specific cutting energy in turning of AISI 1045 steel with tool of TiN coated carbide, analyze the influence of cutting parameters on specific cutting energy and

*University of Ni, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Aleksandra Medvedeva 14, 18000 Ni, Serbia, mirado@masfak.ni.ac.rs

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determine the functional dependence between the specific cutting energy and cutting parameters. 1. SPECIFIC ENERGY In machining operations mechanical energy is used for material processing. During machining of material by cutting mechanical energy is consumed to perform work on the removal of material from the workpiece. The drive motor provides the necessary mechanical energy for machine tool, where electricity is converted to mechanical energy. Energy required for machining plays an important role in evaluation the machinability of materials. However, often many parameters change during the cutting process so that there is a change in energy consumption. Therefore, the energy is normalized by dividing with the volume of material removed. Specific energy is defined as energy per unit volume.

Main cutting resistance (tangential force) F c acts on the rake face of the tool in the direction of motion of the workpiece. Feed resistance (axial force) F f acts on the tool in the direction of tool movement. Passive resistance (radial force) F p acts on the tool in the radial direction, normal to the machined surface. Of the three cutting resistance components, the main cutting resistance is the greatest. The total amount of work done in cutting process is the sum of the work of cutting resistance components. Energy expended to work for overcoming the cutting resistance components is:

W = WFc + WFf + WFp .

(3)

u=

E. V

(1)

where is: u - specific energy, E energy consumed to form chip, V volume of chip. Transformation equation (1) gives

where is: W - energy to work for overcoming the cutting resistance, W Fc - energy to work for overcoming the main cutting resistance, W Ff - energy to work for overcoming the feed resistance and W Fp - energy to work for overcoming the passive resistance. Dividing the equation (3) with volume of chip V, and according equations (1) and (2), specific energy in turning can be expressed as [7]:

u = uc + u f + u p .

(4)

u=

E W P t P F v F . = = = = = V V MRR t MRR A v A

(2)

where is: W work done by cutting force, P power, t time, MRR material removal rate, F - cutting force, v speed, A - cross-sectional area of the cut. According equation (2) synonyms of the specific energy are specific power (specific power consumption, unit power) - power per unit material removal rate, and specific force (specific pressure) - force per cross-sectional area of the cut. The units are: for specific energy J/mm3, for specific power W/m3/s, for specific force N/mm2.

where is: u - specific energy, u c - part of the specific energy related to the main cutting resistance, u f - part of the specific energy related to the feed resistance, u p - part of the specific energy related to the passive resistance. Specific energy components can be determined by measuring the components of the cutting resistance using three-component dynamometer and then calculating the equations:

uc =

WFc P Fv F = c = c c = c . V MRR Avc a p f

(5)

uf =

WFf V

Pf MRR

Ff v f Avc

Ff

a p f vc

vf

(6)

up =

WFp V

Pp MRR

Fp v p Avc

Fp

a p f vc

vp

(7)

where is: F c - main cutting resistance, F f - feed resistance, F p - passive resistance, a p - depth of cut, f - feed, v c =Dn - cutting speed, v f =nf - feed speed, v p - radial speed. Speed in F p direction, radial speed, is v p =0, so the specific energy can be calculated as: Fig. 1. Cutting resistance and components in turning Machine tool with its power provides the force that acts tool to the workpiece, or vice versa. The force by which tool acts on the workpiece called the cutting force. The force by which workpiece acts on the tool called the cutting resistance. When turning is measured the force by which workpiece acts on the tool, i.e. the cutting resistance. When turning cutting resistance can be decomposed in coordinate system of the machine into three components, Fig. 1: F c main cutting resistance, F f feed resistance, and F p passive resistance.

u = uc + u f =

Ff v f Fc + . a p f a p f vc

(8)

Part of the specific energy related to the main cutting resistance u c is called the specific cutting energy. Specific cutting energy is defined as cutting energy per unit volume of removed chip. Synonyms of the specific cutting energy are the specific cutting power and the specific cutting force. Value of the specific cutting energy varies from material to material of the workpiece. With the more difficult to machine materials is characterized by higher value. Specific cutting energy varies from variety of cutting parameters. Value of the specific cutting energy tends to be constant at the higher speeds and feeds at which it can be

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used as a parameter to estimate the force and power required to machining the material. Table 1. Machining conditions Machine Universal lathe Potisje PA-C30 tool Workpiece Material AISI 1043 steel Tensile strength, R m 650 N/mm2 Hardness 206 HB Diameter 50 mm Length 500 mm Cutting Tool holder PCLNR3225P12 tool Tool insert CNMG120408P35(435) Material TiN coated carbide Tool cutting edge 95 (degrees) angle, Tool normal rake, -6 (degrees) Tool cutting edge -6 (degrees) inclination, Tool nose radius, r 0.8 mm Machining Turning Longitudinal method Dry cutting Cutting Tool cutting edge 75, 85, 95 (degrees) parameters angle, Depth of cut, a p 0.75, 1, 1.5 mm Feed, f 0.124,0.249,0.499mm/r Spindle speed, n 600, 740, 910 rpm (Cutting speed, v c ) (94, 116, 143 m/min) 2. DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS In order to investigate the influence of cutting parameters (tool cutting edge angle, depth of cut, feed and cutting speed) on specific energy and its components in longitudinal turning, the experiment was carried out on the universal lathe Potisje PA-C30 with power of 11 kW. This

lathe has a spindle speed ranging of 20 to 2000 rpm and a feed ranging of 0.04 to 9.136 mm/rev. Workpiece specimen in the form of cylindrical bar, 50 mm in diameter and 500 mm in length, was clamped on a lathe with the chuck and centre so as to achieve maximum rigidity. Workpiece material is carbon steel AISI 1045, tensile strength of R m =650 N/mm2 and hardness of 206 HB. TiN coated carbide cutting insert has an ISO designation CNMG 120408 P35 (435). Cutting insert is mechanically clamped to the tool holder designation PCLNR 3225 P12. Cutting tool has the following geometry: tool cutting edge angle =95 (degrees), tool normal rake =-6 (degrees), tool cutting edge inclination =-6 (degrees), and tool nose radius r =0.8 mm. Tool cutting insert style, geometry, carbide grade and cutting conditions (depth of cut, feed and cutting speed) are appropriate for the material and hardness of workpiece. Experiment was performed with a sharp cutting edge. Turning operation was carried out as a dry cutting. Machining conditions are listed in Table 1. The cutting parameters were set as: three levels of the tool cutting edge angle = 75, 85, 95 (degrees), three levels of cutting speed v= 94, 116, 143 m/min (spindle speed n= 600, 740, 910 rpm), three levels of the feed f= 0.124, 0.249, 0.499 mm/rev, and three levels of the depth of cut a p = 0.75, 1, 1.5 mm. Levels of the tool cutting edge angle are realized by rotation of the tool carrier on the lathe. Levels of the parameters are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Levels of the parameters A B C v f Level m/min mm/rev degree Low (-1) 75 94 0.124 Medium (0) 85 116 0.249 High (+1) 95 143 0.499 D ap mm 0.75 1 1.5

Code No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 A 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 1 1 1 1 -1 0 1 1 B 1 1 -1 1 1 -1 0 1 0 -1 1 0 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 0 -1 1 C -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 0 -1 0 1 1 0 1 -1 1 -1 -1 0 1 1 D -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 0 1 0 1 -1 0 1 1 1 -1 1 0 -1 -1

Table 3. Experimental data Input parameters v f ap degree m/min mm/r mm 95 143 0,124 0,75 75 143 0,124 0,75 75 94 0,124 0,75 75 143 0,499 1,5 95 143 0,124 1,5 75 94 0,499 0,75 85 116 0,249 1 75 143 0,124 1,5 85 116 0,249 1 75 94 0,499 1,5 75 143 0,499 0,75 85 116 0,249 1 95 94 0,499 1,5 95 94 0,124 1,5 95 143 0,499 1,5 95 94 0,124 0,75 75 94 0,124 1,5 85 116 0,249 1 95 94 0,499 0,75 95 143 0,499 0,75

Output parameters Fc Ff Fp N N N 300 178 158 282 206 106 286 217 110 1460 690 328 535 356 182 847 459 346 628 387 233 492 359 118 644 381 233 1567 886 401 801 390 311 639 401 226 1663 765 523 575 394 185 1671 702 475 330 205 153 511 367 109 630 371 230 837 317 413 840 294 338

Influence of Cutting Parameters on the Specific Cutting Energy in Longitudinal Turning of AISI 1045 Steel

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Components of cutting resistance were measured with a three-component force dynamometer Kistler type 9441, mount on the lathe via a custom designed adapter for the tool holder. The charge signal generated at the dynamometer was amplified using amplifier Kistler type 5007A. The amplified signals are processed by using computer Hewlett Packard HP 9000/300. With defined cutting parameters, according to their levels, 20 experiments were performed. Main cutting resistance, feed resistance and passive resistance were measured and recorded. Experimental data is shown in Table 3. Measured values of the cutting resistance components were used to calculate values of the specific energy and its components, Table 4. In the Table 4 is calculated and the percentage contribution of the components in the specific energy. Table 4. Values of the specific energy and components Code u uc uf u c /u u f /u No. A B C D J/mm3 J/mm3 J/mm3 % % 1 1 1 -1 -1 3228 3226 1,51 99,94 0,05 2 -1 1 -1 -1 3034 3032 1,75 99,93 0,06 3 -1 -1 -1 -1 3077 3075 1,85 99,94 0,06 4 -1 1 1 1 1954 1951 2,93 99,85 0,15 5 1 1 -1 1 2878 2876 1,51 99,93 0,05 6 -1 -1 1 -1 2267 2263 3,91 99,82 0,17 7 0 0 0 0 2524 2522 2,47 99,92 0,10 8 -1 1 -1 1 2647 2645 1,52 99,92 0,06 9 0 0 0 0 2588 2586 2,43 99,92 0,09 10 -1 -1 1 1 2098 2094 3,77 99,81 0,18 11 -1 1 1 -1 2143 2140 3,31 99,86 0,15 12 0 0 0 0 2569 2566 2,56 99,88 0,10 13 1 -1 1 1 2225 2222 3,25 99,87 0,15 14 1 -1 -1 1 3093 3091 1,68 99,94 0,05 15 1 1 1 1 2235 2232 2,98 99,87 0,13 16 1 -1 -1 -1 3550 3548 1,74 99,94 0,05 17 -1 -1 -1 1 2749 2747 1,56 99,93 0,06 18 0 0 0 0 2532 2530 2,37 99,92 0,09 19 1 -1 1 -1 2239 2236 2,70 99,87 0,12 20 1 1 1 -1 2247 2244 2,50 99,87 0,11 According the data presented in Table 4 we can do some conclusions. Part of the specific energy related to the main cutting resistance - specific cutting energy is the most part of the specific energy, with percentage contribution more than 99.8%. Part of the specific energy related to the feed resistance is a very small, with percentage contribution less than 0.2%. To analyze the effects of the cutting parameters on specific cutting energy a main effects plots were generated. Main effects plot for specific cutting energy with respect to the factor levels is presented in Fig. 2. Interaction effects plot for specific cutting energy is presented in Fig. 3. Specific cutting energy depends on the tool cutting edge angle, cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. Verticality of the line indicates that the feed is parameter which has more influence on the specific cutting energy. Specific cutting energy slightly increases as the tool cutting edge angle increases, considerably decreases as the feed increase, and slightly decreases as the cutting speed and depth of cut increase.

Main Effects Plot for C9

Data Means
A 3000 2800 2600 2400 B
Point Ty pe Corner Center

Mean

2200 -1 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 -1 0 1 -1 0 1 0 C 1 -1 0 D 1

Fig. 2. Main effects plot for specific cutting energy

Interaction Plot for C9
Data Means
0 1 -1 0 1 -1 -1 0 1 3000 A 2500 2000 3000 B 2500 2000 3000 C 2500 2000

A -1 0 1 B -1 0 1 C -1 0 1

Point Ty pe Corner Center Corner Point Ty pe Corner Center Corner Point Ty pe Corner Center Corner

Fig. 3. Interaction plot for specific cutting energy In Fig. 4 is shown normal plot of the standardized effects and in Fig. 5 is shown Pareto chart of the standardized effects for significance level =0.05%. From Fig. 4 and 5 it is seen effect type of parameters (significant and not significant).
Normal Plot of the Standardized Effects
(response is C9, Alpha = 0,05)
99 A CD A BC BC A CD Effect Ty pe Not Significant Significant
F actor A B C D N ame A B C D

95 90 80

Percent

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 C D B

AC

-60

-50

-40

-30 -20 -10 Standardized Effect

10

20

Fig. 4. Normal plot of the standardized effects Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a statistical technique, which is used to estimate the relative significance of each parameter. It is also required for estimating the variance of error. In ANOVA, Fishers value (F) is used to determine whether the parameter has a significant effect on the process performance by comparing the test F-value of the parameter with the standard table F-value (F ) at the % significance level. Greater the F-value means that a more significant effect of parameter. For the same purpose uses and p-value. The

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parameter has a significant effect on performance if p <. The ANOVA show which parameters and interactions have significant effect on the specific cutting energy. In Table 5 is shown analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Pareto Chart of the Standardized Effects
(response is C9, Alpha = 0,05) 3,18
C D A CD B AC ABC BC ACD AD ABD ABCD AB BCD BD
F actor A B C D N ame A B C D

10

20 30 40 Standardized Effect

50

60

Fig. 5. Pareto chart of the standardized effects

Standard F table value, at significance level =0.05%, degree of freedom of parameter DF p =1, degree of freedom of error DF e =4, is F 0.05; 1;4 =7.71. From the ANOVA, it can be seen that cutting parameters, tool cutting edge angle, cutting speed, feed and depth of cut, as 2-way interactions between tool cutting edge angle and feed, cutting speed and feed, feed and depth of cut, as 3way interactions between tool cutting edge angle, cutting speed and feed, and tool cutting edge angle, feed and depth of cut have a strong (clearly statistically significant) effect on specific cutting energy. Percent contribution variance of parameter to the total variance defines influence of parameter on the specific cutting energy. Tool cutting edge angle, cutting speed, feed and depth of cut affect the specific cutting energy with percentage contribution of 94.79%. Feed is the most significant parameter affecting the specific cutting energy with percentage contribution of 81.78%, followed by the depth of cut with percentage contribution of 6.32%, tool cutting edge angle with percentage contribution of 5.19%, and cutting speed with percentage contribution of 1.50%.

Term

Table 5. ANOVA Source of variation DF SS MS F p %C Effect type Main effects 4 3407243 851811 935.37 0.000 94.79 A 1 186624 186624 204.93 0.001 5.19 Significant B 1 54056 54056 59.36 0.005 1.50 Significant C 1 2939510 2939510 3227.87 0.000 81.78 Significant D 1 227052 227052 249.33 0.001 6.32 Significant 2-Way interactions 6 132819 22136 24.31 0.012 3.69 A*B 1 729 729 0.80 0.437 0.02 Not significant A*C 1 35721 35721 39.23 0.008 0.99 Significant A*D 1 3600 3600 3.95 0.141 0.10 Not significant B*C 1 11772 11772 12.93 0.037 0.33 Significant B*D 1 56 56 0.06 0.820 0.00 Not significant C*D 1 80940 80940 88.88 0.003 2.25 Significant 3-Way interactions 4 42278 10570 11.61 0.036 1.18 A*B*C 1 28561 28561 31.36 0.011 0.79 Significant A*B*D 1 2209 2209 2.43 0.217 0.06 Not significant A*C*D 1 11236 11236 12.34 0.039 0.31 Significant B*C*D 1 272 272 0.30 0.623 0.01 Not significant 4-Way interactions 1 1296 1296 1.42 0.319 0.04 A*B*C*D 1 1296 1296 1.42 0.319 0.04 Not significant Error 4 10852 9031 0.30 Total 19 3594488 100 DF-degree of freedom, SS-sum of squares, MS-mean square, F-value, p-value, %C-percentage contribution In order to mathematical model dependency between specific cutting energy and cutting parameters (tool cutting edge angle, cutting speed, feed and the depth of cut) regression analysis was used. Regression model for the specific cutting energy has form:
Percent

Normal Probability Plot

(response is C9)
99

95 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20

u c = 2601.4 + 108 58.1vc 428.6 f 119.1a p 47.3f + 27.1vc f + 71.1 fa p + 42.2vc f + 26.5fa p

. (9)

Coefficient of determination is R2=0.9970. It is evident that regression model gives a good correlation between the specific cutting energy and the cutting parameters. In Fig. 6 is shown normal probability plot.

10 5

-50

-25

0 Residual

25

50

Fig. 6. Normal probability plot

Influence of Cutting Parameters on the Specific Cutting Energy in Longitudinal Turning of AISI 1045 Steel

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3. CONCLUSION Cutting energy is an important performance in defining the cutting process. To maximize machine tool productivity, it is necessary to have knowledge of the specific cutting energy for workpiece material. Experimental investigation of cutting energy and its components at various cutting parameters, when turning AISI 1043 steel by TiN coated cutting tool, shows that the specific cutting energy is the most component of the specific energy with percentage contribution more than 99.8%. Experimental results showed that the cutting parameters: tool cutting edge angle, cutting speed, feed and depth of cut have significant influence on the specific cutting energy. ANOVA show that feed is the most significant parameter affecting the specific cutting energy with percentage contribution of 81.78%, followed by the depth of cut with percentage contribution of 6.32%, tool cutting edge angle with percentage contribution of 5.19%, and cutting speed with percentage contribution of 1.50%. Specific cutting energy slightly increases as the tool cutting edge angle increases, considerably decreases as the feed increase, slightly decreases as the cutting speed and depth of cut increase. Using regression analysis obtained the correlation between the specific cutting energy and the cutting parameters. Regression model gives a good correlation between the specific cutting energy and the cutting parameters. 4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The paper is a result of the technological project TR35034 which is supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. 5. REFERENCES [1] Isakov, E., Power equations, Cutting Tool Engineering, May 2001, Vol. 53, No. 5, 66-71 [2] Venkatesh, R., Haritharan, A., Muthukrishnan, N., Machinability studies of Al/SiC/(20p) MMC by using PCD insert (1300 grade), Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering WCE 2009, London, U.K., July 1-3, 2009, Vol. II, 1649-1652 [3] Abhang, L., Hameedullah, M., Power prediction model for turning EN-31 steel using response surface methodology, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, 3 (1) (2010) 116-122 [4] Taha, Z., Kurniati, H., Aoyama, H., Ghazilla, R., Gonzales J., Sakundarini N., Linkage of power consumption to design feature on turning process, Proceedings of the International Conference ROCOM'10, Hangzhou, China, April 11-13, 2010, 74-78 [5] Radovanovic, M., Optimizing cutting parameters based on specific cutting energy in turning using Taguchi method, Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference FIT 2012, Sofia, Bulgaria, October 18-20, 2012, 227-232 [6] Guo, Y., Loenders, J., Duflou, J., Lauwers, B., Optimization of energy consumption and surface quality in finish turning, SciVerse ScienceDirect, Procedia CIRP 1 (2012) 551-556 [7] Chungchoo, C., Saini, D., The total energy and the total entropy of force signals new parameters for monitoring oblique turning operations, International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture 40 (2000) 1879-1897 [8] Dai, P., Petropoulos, G., Regresiona zavisnost parametara hrapavosti obraene povrine pri obradi struganjem reznim alatom od tvrdog metala, IMK-14 - Istraivanje i razvoj, 2002, vol. 8, br. 1-2, str. 93-98 [9] Radovanovi, M., Dai, P., Jankovi, P., Correlation Between Components of Cutting Force by Turning, Annals of the Oradea University, Volume V(XV), 1226-1231, 2006 [10] Marinkovi, V., Racionalizacija eksperimentalnih istraivanja primenom teorije viefaktornog eksperimenta, IMK-14 - Istraivanje i razvoj, 2007, vol. 13, br. 1-2, str. 23-36 [11] Radovanovi, M., Madi, M., Jankovi, P., Artificial neural network modeling of cutting force components by turning, Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference UNITECH'08, Gabrovo, Bulgaria, November 21-22, 2008, Vol II, 486-490 [12] Petkovi, D., Radovanovi, M., Primena genetskog algoritma za optimizaciju obradnih procesa na primeru struganja, IMK-14 - Istraivanje i razvoj, 2011, vol. 17, br. 3, str. 11-16 [13] Kramar, D., Krajnik P., Kopac J., Capability of high pressure cooling in the turning of surface hardened piston rods, Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 210 (2010) 212-218 [14] Radovanovi, M., Madi, M., Comparison of MRA and ANN Modeling of Cutting Force when Turning AISI 1043 Steel, Tehnologia Inovativa, Anul 62, Nr. 3, pp. 9-15, 2010 [15] Nedi, B., Globaki-Luki, G., Development model for control metal cutting process, Proceedings of the International Conference DEMI 2011, Banja Luka, Republic of Srpska, May 26-28, 2011, 309-314 [16] Radovanovi, M., Madi, M., Jankovi, P., Comparison of Regression Model and Artificial Neural Network Model for Predicting the Main Cutting Force by Turning, Buletinul Institutului Politechnic din Iasi, tom LIV (LVIII), fac.2, 95-104, 2008 [17] Nedi, B., Globaki-Luki, G., Friction coefficient for Al alloys and tool materials contact pairs, Tribology in Industry, Vol. 25, No. 3&4, 2005, 53-56 [18] Madi, M., Radovanovi, M., Savremene metode optimizacije obradnih procesa, IMK-14 - Istraivanje i razvoj, 2010, vol. 16, br. 4, str. 19-24 [19] Nikoli, R., Radovanovi, M., Kari, M., Pei, O., Simulation of cutting tools cooling by the system on the basis of thermoelectric modules, Metalurgia International, 2012, Vol. XVII, No. 9, 203-210

Radovanovi, M.