HEAT TRANSFER FORMULAE Conduction Resistances in series:  Q= Ti To xm 1 + + hc A kA Plane Walls

1 hco A 1 hc0 r0 hc S kA

 Q=

2 ( Tio ) r 1 1 + n n +1 + hci ri kn rn

Cylinders

Temperature along a fin:

= c1e mx + c2e mx
Heat flux at the base of a fin:  Q0 = 0 (hc SkA)
1 2

where m 2 =

1 hc S 2 tanh kA

Convection

Transport Groups Reynolds' No. Grashof No. Nusselt No. Friction Factor

ud gL3 ( T ) Gr = 2 h d Nu = c k 2d 1 f = p. . 2 L u
Re =
Cp k

State Groups
Prandtl No. Mach No.
Pr =

u M= a

Combined Groups
Stanton No. Peclet No. Rayleigh No.

St =

Nu Re. Pr

Pe = Re. Pr
Ra = Gr. Pr

HEAT TRANSFER FORMULAE

Convection along Plates and Tubes

FORCED Plate Laminar Turbulent
Nu =
1 0 664 Re 2 1 Pr 3 1 Pr 3

Tube  Nu = 4 364 Q = const . Nu = 3 658 Tw = const .

Nu = 0 023 Re =
1 3 Re Pr 0 8 1 3 Pr

Nu = 0 036 Re

08

FREE Laminar Vertical Plate: Vertical Tube:

1 4
1 0 902 Pr 2

4 Gr Nu = L g. Pr 3 4
Horizontal:

Nu =

( 0 861 + Pr )
Horizontal:
1 3 1 4

1 4

Gr 4 4

Nutop = 0 14( Gr. Pr ) Nubot . = 0 27( Gr. Pr )

Turbulent Vertical:
Nu = 0 54( Gr Pr )
1 4

Nu = 0 53( Gr Pr )

1 4

HEAT EXCHANGERS

Tm = LMTD =

T1 T2 ln T1 T2

C (Ti To ) Cmin T T i i

=
Radiation

UA / Cmin ) 1+ C / C 1 e ( min max ) ( 1 + Cmin / Cmax

A1 12 =

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 + 1 + A1 1 A2 2 A1F12
x + Ak

 Qcomb =

T1 T2

1 A(hc + ha )