BIOL2323 Exam 4 (Spring 2010)

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1.

The figure below results when a normal chromosome is paired with a.....

A. B.

C,

CR E.

normalchromosome. deletion chromosome. duplication chromosome. invqmion ehroggffmer, translocation chrombsome-

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t\

2. How many different transcription

factors does the human genome aoproximatelv encode?

4.2 B. 20 c. 200 *@eoou't

E.
20,000

3.

Transcription factors ...,.

A.
C.
i

can only activate transcription, bind exclusively to enhancer elements. enhance or silence transcription by binding to both the basal transcription machinery and DNA-binding proteins bound at enhancer or silencer elements. are also referred to as enhancers because they enhance transcription of genes they are linked to.

can. boJh a gtrv"ptg,..qF C{g[ rgpr.?Ss trans gipJio S,,,,

rry

P E'

J)

4,

About half of our human genome consists of repeat DNA, mosily in the form of transposons and retroviral-like elements. Which is the dominating type of DNA element in the other half?

{N
B.

unique sequences found in intergenic regions (intergenic = between genes), Promoter and enhancer elements. c. Protein-coding regions (ORFs).
Intsorl's.P E.

k'n.

rRNA genes. supporting the existence of looped chromatin domains comes from.

5. Evidence
A. B,
r

C*

D. E.

electron-microscopic images of lampbrush chromosomes+; electron-microscopic images of puffs formed by metaphase chromosomes X-ray crystallography of whole chromosornes. light-microscopic images of detergent{reated polytene chromosomes. all of the above.

BIOL2323 Exam 4 (Spring 2010)

1.

The figure below results when a normal chromosome is paired with a.....

A. B.

C.

LR E.

normalchromosome. deletion chromosome. duplication chromosome. i4v.qpion.ehroggsorflel , qr translocation chromosome.

)

-Fs.:r!nr(

2. How many different

B. * c. 20 200

transcription factors does the human genome approxir-natelv encode?

A.2

--@aoos'o E. 20,000
3. *
Transcription factors .....

A.

iql E'
t\ v

can only activate transcription. Bi,,"can bpJh.Fg$y,ntg,end{pf r Bqess trgnsgipliorry C. bind exclusively to enhancer elements.' enhance or silence transcription by binding to both the basal transcription machinery and DNA-binding proteins bound at enhancer or silencer elements. are also referred to as enhancers because they enhance transcription of genes they are linked to. About half of our human genome consists of repeat DNA, mosfly in the form of transposons and retroviral-like elements. Which is the dominating type of DNA element in the other half? Promoter and enhancer elements.

4,

'(^) unique sequences found in intergenic regions (intergenic between genes). =

B

c. Protein-coding regions (ORFs).

Itp.
E.

Intsorl"s.r

rRNA genes. supporting the existence of looped chromatin domains comes from.

5. Evidence
trl

electron-microscopic images of lampbrush chromosomes*; electron-microscopic images of puffs formed by metaphase chromosornes. X-ray crystallography of whole chromosomes. rD. light'microscopic images of detergent{reated polytene chromosomes. E L. all of the above.

B|OL2323 Exam 4 (SPring 2010)

6.

A child shows symptoms of Down Syndrome, although a chromosome analysis with cells derived from a cheek swap does not indicate the presence of a third chromosome 21 in these cells. What might be an explanation for this result (an explanation suppoded by scientific evidence, not just a theoretical possibility)? A selective loss of one chromosome 21 in this particular cell type' The presence of a chromosome resulting from a fusion of chromosomes 14 and 21 in addition to two normal chromosomes 21. c. Mitotic non-disjunction during embryogenesis leading to a genetic mosaic of cells with or without a third chromosome 21. D. Both A and B are possible. EI:: BotEBendG}-.fff polsibls What are the functions of the Hox genes and their protein products in both invertebrates and vertebrates?

'4,

7.

To subdivide the embryo into segments by activating the transcription of segmentation A genes' -{&,.Tgspe$fy.$egfnefiEtlidentities,Seontrotling,thetranacriptisn of,gpacitiotarget gene* C. To produce structures at the wrong location by ac.tivating "leg genes' in the head for instance. D. To specify segmental identities by producing secreted signaling molecules. E. To specify segmental identities by providing unique protein tags for the cetl membrane.

A.

8.

The homeobox is a.....

cqq.Sp1ry9C,rB,l1l.fiplemerttof homeotic.anC,qthel,$ovQlopmental.genesthat
D

aD
B.
D, E.

encoqss.s

DNA-binding domain exclusively found in the gene products of the homeotic genes.
atom.

trlA+ indifi $'donieirr*""

c. DNA-binding domain that contains an essential Zn

DNA-binding motif exclusively found in fungi, plants, and flies. C and D are correct,

9.

A Robertsonian translocation results from which of the following?

breaks at or near.the centromeres of two acrocentric chrorneomes fqllgyeg. py fusio*of a part of one chromosome becomes attached to a homologous chromosome unequal crossing over during meiosis fusion of two small chromosomes end-to-end such that a double centromere is formed meiotic non-disjunction
P elements are transposons used .....
a

(G)
B, D
E.

10.

r.

foreign DNA rnto the genome of fruit flies. B. to mutate genes in the fruit fly genome. as vectors in gene therapy (e. g. to treat cystic fibrosis). -C. A and B are correct.e A* r E.r'All of the above is correct.

A. to introduce

B|OL2323 Exam 4 (Spring 2010)

11.

PolycistronicmRNAs.
eukaryotes, more than one protein and are typicalfor prokaryotes. are frequent in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and represent mRNAs to which several ribosomes are bound at the same time. are formed by posttranscriptionalfusion of mRNAs derived from different genes. produce different proteins by alternative splicing.

n tl Y

*@en"ode -e.
D. E.

A- encode more than one protein and are typicalfor

12. Many eukaryotic genes have complex temporal

patterns are specified

by.........

and spatial expression patterns. These

* A. multiple independent enhancers. B. different types of RNA polymerase, Pol l, Pol ll, and Pol lll. C. different o factors that associate with the RNA polymerase.
cell and.developmental stage-specific combinations of transcription factors.
13.

Proteins with different but similar (related) amino acid sequences can be produced by
B.

--4,

-c

expression of separate, but homologous genes. translational regulation. expression of one and the same gene as a result of alternative splicing.
B and C is correct.

14.

The /ac operon of E. coliis controlled by two small molecules, allolactose and cAMp. How do they act? Allolactose and cAMP

f \-'

A. binds as repressor of the /ac operon to the lac repressor; activates the lac operon by binding to CAP. B. activates B-galactosidase; represses the /ac oppqgr;r by bindingto lactpse. @Hff6lFtttffllduocr of tha'laoopwonto.thetao,repreiior acfivateg-'tfto,hg;p,gr'Un bf \/ blndlhg to CAtu* D. inhibitJ the /ac operon (product inhibition); activates the the /ac operon by binding to lactose. E. is broken down into glucose which inhibits the /ac operon; inhibits the production of
glucose.

15.

Constitutive heterochromatin is

and can for instance be found

formed by repetitive DNA; at the telomere only condensed in interphase; in the Barr body. always condensed; at actively transcribed genes gene-rich; at the centrornere decondensed in interphase; at the centromere

BlOL2323 Exam 4 (SPring 2010)

16.
C

Reverse transcriPtase......

A. transcribes an amino acid sequence into an RNA sequence' B. transgibes DNA into RNA. /c) is, * protein encodqd, W.refsviruseqt *6. is used in PCR to amplify DNA fragments. E. is used in DNA sequencing by the chain termination method'
17. All genes with significant sequence
similarity that have evolved from a common ancestor arose by duplication events while evolution are any time during genes in different species that arose from the within the same species, and sam6 gene in the immediate ancestor of the two species-

_are

.'=

@,
B.

c.
D.

E.

homoldgsir paralogE orthologsr orthologs; homologs; paralogs orthologs; paralogs; homologs paralogs; orthologs; homologs homologs; orthologs; paralogs recombination by crossing over is called a ..,..

-,

^ \-

18. A chromosome that suppresses A. PolYtene chromosome. B. tetrade.

@neir*"q
D. E.
stabilizer.

metaphasechromosome.
translocation is often associated with . ,...

19. Heterozygosity for a reciprocal A. lethality.

C
,CC*-

mitotic non-disjunction.

D. E.
ZO.

oemisterilitf
dosagecomPensation. suppression of genetic recombination.

How does the /ac repressor inhibit transcription by RNA polymerase in the lac operon of E.
colf?

A* (EJ C. D. E.
21.
,

By binding to and inactivation the catabolite Activator Protein (cAP). AV binding to the operator and blocking passags of the RNA polym6rs$B; By binding to and inactivating RNA polymerase' By activating the /acZ gene. By deacetylation and heterochromatin formation
.

The term genome refers to

all

.. ..

Q tr.

C. D.

E.

the DNA (nuclear genetic information) as found in each cell of an organisrn all the protein-encoding (proteome forming) genes of an organism' the specific constellation of alleles of an individual. all the genes of an organism. all the euchromatic DNA as found in each cell of an organism.

B|OL2323 Exam 4 (Spring 2010)

22.

Assume that all histone H3 genes (there are multiple copies of these genes in the genome) are mutated such that a positively charged amino acid is substituted with a negatively charged one. What is the most likely result?

-f H3 will bind DNA better leading to changes in gene regulation (increased silencing). @ r\t there are other types of histones that can u.
D. E.

substitute for H3. The mutation will lead to somewhat weaker DNA bin4ing-oJ H3, but this marginal change will be without phenotypic effect. A and B are correc't

23. Nucleosomal chromatin with

a diameter of 11 nm supercoils into a 30 nm superhelix (solenoid). The histone that appears to be responsible for this compaction is:

M
H3

A.

B.

H4

E.

H5

24.

Which of the following distinguishes retroviruses from retrotransposons?

via formation of an RNA intermediate. repeats (LTRs) at both ends of their genomes, TheV carry long terminal

l4 \,1,

@muirarurirrlsdou#iiartilps-mirrsrx* -ffihey areofmobile genetic elements E. Nothing the above.

25. ln nucleosomes the DNA

-B:l

1A- They can move around in the host cell genome

wiilh6$$es *iJefp#'cenror

is wrapped around a protein complex consisting of ... ...

(j)
_

,t\

B. two molecules each of the histones H1, H2, H3, and H4. C. 4 molecules of a transcriptional co-activator and 4 molecules
D.

Wo molecules each of the histones..H2A, HzBr H3; and H4

of a transcriptional co-

E. 26.

repressor. different numbers of a diverse array of non-histone proteins. heterochromatin.

What does this EM picture show?

A. metaphasechromosome B. 30-nm chromatin fiber (solenoid) C. spliceosome

,.$

D.

enhanceosome t 1-nm chromatin flber consisting of nucleosomes

B|OL2323 Exam 4 (Spring 2010)

27.

Five recessive point mutations (a-e) are crossed over four deletions 1-4 to determine the relative order of the point mulations on the chromosome. The phenotype of the progeny doubly heterozygous for the point mutalion and the deletion is indicated by (+) (wild type) and (-) (mutant phenotype of the point mutation). Deletions:

++
What is the order of the point mutations?

+{-

;;

A. dbace B. dbeca
E.
order cannot be infened from these results, How do steroid hormones act? By binding to and activating RNA polymerase ll. By directly binding to enhancer elements. By binding to a membrane receptor. gV binding to a nuctear rceptor that acts as a ligand-dependent transcription factdn By increasing the production of the second messenger cAMp.

28.

A. B. @' E.
29,
/\

C,,

+l tl

uon*om)tl @ Trisomy B.

What is the specific term that describes the loss of a single chromosome (2n - 1)?

C. Monoploidy D. Diploidy E. Nullisomy

30. Unequal crossing f A. a deletion only.

over results in .....

\ B. a duplication (P
C. D.

only.

the suppression of genetic recombination, a reciprocal translocation. Uotn a deletion and a duplication.

BlOL2323 Exam 4 (Spring 2010)

31. A.
B.

What genetic process is occurring in a puff of a polytene chromosome? DNA replication heterochromatin formation splicing translation

c.

g$transcrlptionqr

D.

32.

On the right you see the data of sequencing reactions according to Sanger (chain termination method), What is the sequence of the strand being sequenced (the nontenlplate strand)? 5'.ATCGGAACG.3'

il

c. 5'-CGTTCCGAT.3'
D. E.

5'.TAGCCTTGC-3' 5'-GGGAJqATCC-3'

I I I I

+
33. Transcriptional co-regulators (co-activators and co-repressors), A. are transcription factors that directly bind to DNA and activate RNA synthesis.
,

C. E.

O.

qrg,r:ecruited by transcriptlofi factors and are ofien members of protein complexes that chemioally modifu the,nucleosomal histones. " recruit transcription factors to the DNA, which then directly activate RNA polymerase ll. are recruited by transcription factors and denature the DNA to facilitate transcription. control alternative splicing.

Bonus question:

34.
\\ -)/
.\

Which of the following compounds is/are used by organisms and viruses to store genetic information?
DNA.

,'i

C. Protein. D, Both A and B. - g) All of the above.

6. RNA.