Linear Static and Dynamic Structural Analysis

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of Kragujevac
Laboratory for Engineering Software
Miroslav ivkovi
Rodoljub Vujanac
Sneana Vulovi
LINEAR STATIC AND DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

PRE- AND POST- PROCESSING EXAMPLES IN PROGRAM FEMAP FOR PROGRAM PACKAGE PAK
Kragujevac SERBIA
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering ENGINEERING SOFTWARE LAB Sestre Janjic 6, 34000 Kragujevac, SERBIA Tel: +381 34 300790 Fax: +381 34 300791 Mob: +381 64 8288777 e-mail: zile@kg.ac.yu
CONTENTS
EXAMPLE 1 (SE1_1) Spatial truss structure ...............................................1
EXAMPLE 2 Static analysis of 2D truss .....................................................17
EXAMPLE 3 Linear static analysis of roof truss ........................................39
EXAMPLE 4 (SE2_2) Cylinder under internal pressure ............................57
EXAMPLE 5 (SE2_3) Stress concentration in tension of plate with hole ..81
EXAMPLE 6 (SE2_5) Cook`s problem (cantiliver with variable crosssection)................................................................................105
EXAMPLE 7 (SE3_1) Cantilever subjected to triangular distributed loading.................................................................................125 EXAMPLE 8 (SE8_1) Clamped square plate loaded by concetrated force.....................................................................................147 EXAMPLE 9 (SE8_4) Cantilever of Tshape cross-section loaded by concentrated force ..............................................................163
EXAMPLE 10 (SE8_5) Cylindrical roof under gravity loading ...............185
EXAMPLE 11 - (SE8_6) Half of sphere with hole subjected to concentrated forces ..................................................................................203
EXAMPLE 12 (SE8_8) Cylindrical shell with rigid diaphragms, loaded by concetrated forces ...............................................................225
EXAMPLE 13 (SE8_9) Cantilever with rotated cross-section .................245
EXAMPLE 14 (SE8_13) Simply supported circular plate subjected to pressure.................................................................... ...........261
EXAMPLE 15 (SM3_3) Thermal loading of coaxial rings .......................287
LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE 1D (SD_1) Eigenvalue analysis of cantilever beam ..............313
EXAMPLE 2D (SD_3) Cylindrical pipe loaded by radial line impulse load......................................................................................335
PAK-S Examples
Linear Structural Analysis
EXAMPLE 1 (SE1_1) Spatial truss structure

Problem Description/Objective Symmetric three-dimensional structure consisting of four equal trusses is loaded by vertical concentrated force along the axes of symmetry. Boundary conditions are as follows: all nodes laying at the Oxy-plane (nodes 1, 2, 3 and 4) are fully restrained (in all three directions), and only loading point (node 5), common for all trusses is free, Fig. 1. This example illustrates use of the straight (two-node) truss elements with all necessary spatial transformations in the PAK-S program. Geometrical and boundary data for structure are given in Fig. 1. Trusses are placed at the edges of four-sided pyramid, with a squared base a x a, and height is a 2 / 2 . Cross-sectional area for trusses is A, Young modulus for material is E. The magnitude of the force is F. Poisson` s ratio is . Numerical values are given in Fig. 1. For this example, you will display deformed shape of the model with the rod axial forces and displacement of loading point. a=10cm A=1cm2 E=1x105NIcm2 F=100 N =0.3
Fig. 1 Suggested Exercise Steps: I Defining Materials and Properties II Generation of Nodes and Elements III Constraining the Model IV Loading the Model V Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis VI Postprocessing and Review the Results
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
If you have not already done, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap v8.1>Femap v8.1. All new models are named Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your model, type in the field File name: Example1, and press Save. Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move to the Save As command. File>Save As...
I Defining Materials and Properties

Model>Material...
1 2 3
4 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel to end command. Note: FEMAP automatically repeats any creation commands assuming that during the creation of most finite element models that each command will be required more than once. This behavior is designed to minimaze the number of times you will need to go into the menus or use the toolbox to acces commands. This feature can be turned off in the File>Preferences command.
Example 1
PAK-S Examples Model>Property...
7 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - ROD Element Type press Cancel. Example 1 3
PAK-S Examples
II Generation of Nodes and Elements

Model>Node... (Short-cut key Ctrl+N) Note: To create the required model you will enter manually coordinates of the nodes in the proper field in the dialog box.
1 2
1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Coordinates or Select with Cursor press Cancel. Press Ctrl+A or choose following command to autoscale the view: View>Autoscale>Visible
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
You can change the colors of model enteties (nodes) using next commands: Modify>Color>Node...
1 2
Display labelling of nodes and elements by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
1 4 3 6
Example 1
PAK-S Examples Model>Element...( Short-cut key Ctrl+E)
Note: You can select the proper nodes directly by the mouse from the screen, or enter their ID in the field as shown figures bellow.
1 2 3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define ROD Element - Enter Nodes or Select with Cursor press Cancel. Modify>Color>Elements...
1 2
Example 1
PAK-S Examples Let`s rotate the view so you can see the whole model. View>Rotate>Model... ( short-cut key F8)
You can turn off the workplane for the clarity of model picture. Tools>Workplanel... ( short-cut key F2)
1 2 Use the following command to regenerate the screen: View>Regenerate ( short-cut key Ctrl+G) On the Fig. 2 is shown finite element model (nodes and elements).
Fig. 2
Example 1
PAK-S Examples
III Constraining the Model

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any actual constrains. Model>Constraint>Set... (short-cut key Shift+F2)
Model>Constraint>Nodal... Note: There are 5 nodes in model, and, as described above, nodes 1, 2, 3 and 4 are restrained in all three directions, and node 5 is free. You have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of the nodes 1, 2, 3 and 4 on screen.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box EntetySelection - Enter Node(s) Select press Cancel. Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint Note: Degrees of freedom that corresponding to the rotations of nodes are restrained globally because only translational displacements are allowed for trusses.
1 2
3 4 Example 1 8
PAK-S Examples
IV Loading the Model

Note: Like constrains, loads are grouped in sets. Before creating any loads we must create a set to hold them. Model>Load>Set... (short-cut key Ctrl+F2)
Model>Load>Nodal Note: We will now apply a load in the negative z direction to simulate vertical concentrated force along the axes of symmetry. Select the node 5 moving the mouse on that node on the screen or enter its ID in the field ID in Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select dialog box.
4 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Example 1
PAK-S Examples The model is now complete and looks like one on the Fig. 3.
Fig. 3
We suggested you to save your work that you have done till now, using File>Save (short-cut F4)
Example 1
10
PAK-S Examples
V Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis

You should export your model as a FEMAP neutral file (*.NEU file ver.4.4). Then, using the PAK Translator you will translate your model into an input file for FEA program PAK-S that will analyze this model. File>Export>FEMAP Neutral
4 5
Example 1
11
PAK-S Examples
Run the PAK Translator by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the directory Paktr run the file Paktr.exe. 1
3 4
1 2
Example 1
12
PAK-S Examples
You should save your *. dat file in the same directory as you put a file Paks.exe. You need to run file Paks.exe and after start it, type Example1.dat in a DOS prompt (see the window below). Three files should be create during this process Example1. LST, Example1. UNV, Example1. NEU.
VI Postprocessing and Review the Results

After solution, FEMAP can read the output results for post-processing. Reading output results is similar like writing model for analysis. File>Import>FEMAP Neutral 1 2
5 Example 1 13
PAK-S Examples Viewing the rod axial forces in the truss as follows: View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
4 5
7 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcessing Data press OK. Example 1 14
PAK-S Examples
After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. Througout a few steps from Command Toolbar and View Toolbar shown bellow you can setup appropriate view of your results on the screen. Look Command Toolbar
Look View Toolbar 1
Example 1
15
PAK-S Examples
On Fig. 4, FEMAP displays on the screen the deformed model with color representation of the rod axial forces.
Fig. 4 Rod axsial force Displacements of the loading point (node 5) you can view in the Messages and List Window using command: List>Output>Query...
1 2
3 4 5
To turn the 3 lines of the text of the Messages and List Window into a complete window simply double click in the area at the bottom of the Main Window.
Numerical results obtained by program are exactly the same as analytical solution.
Example 1
16
PAK-S Examples
EXAMPLE 2 Static analysis of 2D truss

Problem Description/Objective Determine the member forces and reactions of the supports of the truss described in the figure bellow subjected to the concentrate forces at the nodes 3, 6 and 8. Geometrical (coordinates of nodes) data; boundary conditions and magnitude of the forces are given in Fig. 1. All rods have the same cross-sectional area, A, and the same Young modulus, E. Poisson` s ratio is . Numerical values are given in Fig. 1.
4 (2,6)
8 (6,6) 6 (4,6)
2 (0,4)
3 (2,4) 5 (4,4)
Material S355
7 (6,4)
A=0.01 [ m2] E=2.1e11 [N/m2] =0.3
1 (0,0)
x
Fig. 1 Suggested Exercise Steps: I Defining Materials and Properties II Generation of Nodes and Elements III Constraining the Model IV Loading the Model V Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis VI Postprocessing and Review the Results VII Propose of Infinitesimal Displacements (determine the reactions of supports)
Example 2
17
PAK-S Examples
If you have not already done, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap v8.1>Femap v8.1. All new models are named Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in the field File name Example2, and press Save. Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move to the Save As command. File>Save As...
Tools>Advanced Geometry... 1 2

Model>Material...
1 2 3
4 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel to end command. 18 Example 2
7 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - ROD Element Type press Cancel. Example 2 19
PAK-S Examples
II Generation of Nodes and Elements

Model>Node... (Short-cut key Ctrl+N ) Note: To create the required model you will enter manually coordinates of the nodes, Fig. 1, in the proper field in the dialog box. 1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Coordinates or Select with Cursor press Cancel. Example 2 20
PAK-S Examples To autoscale the view press Ctrl+A or choose command: View>Autoscale>Visible Model>Element...(Short-cut key Ctrl+E)
Note: You can select the proper nodes directly by the mouse from the screen, see Fig. 1, or enter their ID in the field Nodes as shown figures bellow.
1 2 3
1 ...
Enter the following data (see Table 1.) into proper fields Nodes of previous dialog box when pop up: Table 1. Elements Element 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1. node 2 2 3 3 4 4 6 5 5 5 7 2. node 3 4 4 5 6 5 8 6 8 7 8
After the last element 13 between the nodes 7 and 8 has been created and FEMAP displays again dialog box Define ROD Element - Enter Nodes or Select with Cursor press Cancel to end command. Display labelling of nodes and elements by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
Example 2
21
PAK-S Examples
1 4 3 6 On the Fig. 2, finite element model (nodes and elements) is shown.
Fig. 2
Example 2
22
PAK-S Examples
III Constraining the Model

Model>Constraint>Nodal...
Note: First, you have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of the node 1 on screen and restrain it in x and y direction.
Now, select the node 7 on screen and restrain it in and y direction as following:
After FEMAP displays again dialog box EntetySelection - Enter Node(s) Select press Cancel. Example 2 23
PAK-S Examples Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint
Note: Degrees of freedom that corresponding to the rotations of nodes are restrained globally because only translational displacements are allowed for trusses. Also, because of 2D problem only two translational displacements are allowed in x and y directions.
1 2
3 4 The model should look like the one below on the Fig. 3.
Fig. 3
Example 2
24
PAK-S Examples
IV Loading the Model

Note: Like constrains, loads are grouped in sets. Before creating any loads we must create a set to hold them. Model>Load>Set... (short-cut key Ctrl+F2)
Model>Load>Nodal... Note: We will now apply a load to the model as shown on Fig. 1. First, select the node 3 moving the mouse on that node on the screen or enter its ID in the field ID in Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select dialog box. Next, applay concentrate forces at nodes 6 and 8.
Example 2
25
PAK-S Examples
10
11
12 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Example 2
26
PAK-S Examples On the Fig. 4 you will see the loads and constarints on your model.
Fig. 4
Example 2
27
PAK-S Examples

You should export your model as FEMAP neutral file (*.NEU file ver.4.4). Then, using the PAK Translator you will translate your model into an input file for FEA program PAK-S that will analyze this model. File>Export>FEMAP Neutral
4 5
Example 2
28
PAK-S Examples
Run the PAK Translator by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the directory Paktr run the file Paktr.exe. 1
3 4
1 2
Example 2
29
PAK-S Examples
VI Postprocessing and Review the Results

After solution, FEMAP can read the output results for post-processing. Reading output results is similar like writing model for analysis. File>Import>FEMAP Neutral
1 2
5 Example 2 30
4 5
7 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcessing Data press OK. Example 2 31
PAK-S Examples
After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. Througout a few steps from Command Toolbar and View Toolbar shown bellow, you can setup appropriate view of your results on the screen. Look Command Toolbar
Look View Toolbar 1
Example 2
32
PAK-S Examples
FEMAP displays on the screen the deformed model with color representation of the rod axial forces, Fig. 5.
Fig. 5 To show reactions of the supports you have to change your model throughout next few steps: First, you should delete previous results from your model using following commands: Delete>OutputSet..
1 2
3 Use the following command to regenerate the screen: Example 2 33
PAK-S Examples
View>Regenerate...( Short-cut key Ctrl+G) FEMAP can display all enteties using Quick options of View Toolbar, see following picture: Look View Toolbar 1
Now, your model is looking like one at the Fig. 4. Note: To show reactions of supports in FEMAP you must remove restraints in the x and y directions at node 1 and in the y direction at the node 7 and instead of them you have to propose infinitesimal displacements at these nodes (1e-10 m) in the equivalent directions. Delete>Model>Constraint - Set...
1 2
3 View>Regenerate...(Short-cut key Ctrl+G) Note: Your model now loses restraints in the x and y directions at node 1 and in the y directions at the node 7 that is shown on screen. Example 2 34
PAK-S Examples
VII Purpose of Infinitesimal Displacements (to the determine reactions of supports)

Model>Load>Nodal...
Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of the nodes 1 and 7 on screen or enter their ID.
7 Example 2 35
PAK-S Examples
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel. On the Fig. 6 you can see the model with loads and displacements.
Fig. 6
We need to repeat steps V and VI on same way that we have done before (until page 18. before Delete> OutputSet...) and submit the model for linear static analysis and post procesing and reviewing the results in the FEMAP. Also, we suggest to save your model and all new files (*.NEU, *.dat) using new names, for instance Example2a. After you went through all necessary steps you should show reactions of supports as follows: View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
Example 2
36
PAK-S Examples
2 3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK FEMAP displays on the screen the deformed model with color representation of the reactions of supports, Fig. 7.
Example 2
37
PAK-S Examples
Fig. 7Constraint force Reactions of supports (at nodes 1 and 7) you can view in the Messages and List Window using command: List>Output>Query... 1 2 3 4 3 5
To turn the 3 lines of the text of the Messages and List Window into a complete window simply double click in the area at the bottom of the Main window.
Example 2
38
PAK-S Examples
EXAMPLE 3 Linear static analysis of roof truss

Problem Description/Objective Determine the rod axial forces for bellow roof truss. Because of model and load symmetry we will use only one half of this part. Geometrical and boundary data for structure is given in Fig. 1. Cross-sectional area for trusses is A, Young modulus for material is E. The magnitude of the force is F. Poisson` s ratio is .
x
D
y
4 3 2 A
0.3
F=200N
1 7 8 9 10
Material S355 E=2.1e11 [N/m2] =0.3 A=0.01 [m2]
B5
Fig. 1.
Table 1. Coordinates of nodes in the plane Oxy Node 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Suggested Exercise Steps: I Defining Materials and Properties II Creating the Geometry III Generation of Nodes and Elements IV Constraining the Model V Loading the Model VI Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis VII Postprocessing and Review the Results Example 3 39 x [m] 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 y [m] 0 0 0 0 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 -0.3 z [m] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
PAK-S Examples
Tools>Advanced Geometry...
1 2

Model>Material...
1 2 3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel to end command. 40 Example 3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - ROD Element Type press Cancel. Example 3 41
PAK-S Examples
II Creating the Geometry

Create Points
Geometry>Point...
Note: To create the required geometry you should enter manually coordinates of the points in the proper field in the following dialog box that are given in the Table 1.
2 ...
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate - Enter Coordinates or Select with Cursor enter the data points given in Table 1. To autoscale the view after press short-cut key Ctrl+A or choose command: View>Autoscale>Visible You can turn off the workplane for the clarity of model picture. Tools>Workplane... (short-cut key F2)
1 2
Create Lines Between the Points
Geometry>Curve-Line>Points...
Note: To create the required geometry you should select the first point by moving the mouse on the first point in a line and then move to the point at the other end of the line.
2 ...
Be sure to create all 17 line segments. There is a geometry of 17 lines in the Fig. 2. Example 3 42
PAK-S Examples
Fig. 2 These lines will be copied in the z direction to create the other side of the truss. Since we will be working in 3-D, let`s rotate the view so we can see the new lines that will be generated behined the ones you just created. View>Rotate>Model... (short-cut key F8)
2 1
Geometry>Copy>Curve...
1 2
To autoscale the view use command: Example 3 43
PAK-S Examples View>Autoscale>Visible (short-cut key Ctrl+A) On the Fig. 3 is shown part of 3-D geometry.
Fig. 3
Connect the Two Sides
We will now create new lines that connect the corresponding points from the two sides of the truss. You should create 10 lines. Geometry>Curve - Line>Points...
Note: To create the required geometry you should select the first point by moving the mouse on the first point in a line and then move to the point at the other end of the line, see Fig. 1.
1 ...
You have completed the geometry section of this example as shown on Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 Example 3 44
PAK-S Examples
III Generation of Nodes and Elements

Note: The first thing we need to do is to set the mesh sizes for the curves (actually lines in this example) to an appropriate value; appropriate in that it will keep the total number of nodes generated small enough to work in the demo version of FEMAP.
Mesh>Mesh Control>Size Along Curve...
1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entety Selection - Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel. Mesh>Geometry>Curve...
1 2
3 4
View>Regenerate (short-cut key Ctrl+G) To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Quick Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
1
Example 3
45
PAK-S Examples
2 4
Note: Each line in the model now has rod element along its length. Since they were generated independetly, there will be multiple nodes at the end of every line coincident with the nodes generated for the other lines that also ended in the same point. In the world of FEA, these structural members will not be connected. To effectively link the model we will use FEMAP`s ability to check and optionally merge coincident nodes of model.
Tools>Check>Coincident Nodes...
1 2
Since coincident nodes have been merged with connecting all rod elements of this example together, you should performe their renumber because their number are less now. Modify>Renumber>Node...
1 2
Example 3
46
PAK-S Examples
On the Fig. 5 finite element model (nodes and elements) is shown.

H G E A F B
Fig. 5
Example 3
47
PAK-S Examples
IV Constraining the Model

Note: Since Constraints are Set based, you must create an empty Constrain Set before defining any actual constrains.
Model>Constraint>Set... (short-cut key Shift+F2)
To simulate the simmetry of this part, we will constrain the four nodes that are the halfway point of our structure. In this model, we are defining symmetry across the x plane through these points. By imposing this type of constrain condition, we are actually introducing a stiffness exactly equal to the structure modeled, just mirrored about the x plane. Model>Constraint>Nodal...
Note: You have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of these 4 nodes (nodes E, F, G and H) on screen, Fig. 5, and restrain them as following.
FEMAP automatically prompts you for more nodes to constrain. Select nodes A and B at the left end of the truss and fix these nodes, Fig. 1.
Example 3
48
PAK-S Examples
After FEMAP displays again dialog box EntetySelection - Enter Node(s) Select press Cancel. Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint
Note: Degrees of freedom that corresponding to the rotations of nodes are restrained globally because only translational displacements are allowed for trusses. Since we will be loading this part in the negative y direction this part will be also require constraint against movement in the z direction.
1 2
3 4
V Loading the Model

Note: We will now apply a load in the negative y direction to simulate something hanging from this truss. Like constrains, loads are grouped in sets. Before creating any loads we must create a set to hold them.
Model>Load>Set... (Short-cut key Ctrl+F2)
Model>Load>Nodal...
Note: Select two nodes E and F moving the mouse on those nodes on the screen, Fig. 5. Next, applay concentrate forces at these nodes.
Example 3
49
PAK-S Examples
Due to simmetry of model enter half value of force (-100) in the FY field.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel. The model shown on the Fig. 6 is now complete and ready for analysis.
Fig. 5 We suggested you to save your work that you have done till now, using File>Save (short-cut F4) Example 3 50
PAK-S Examples
VI Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis

4 5
Example 3
51
PAK-S Examples
Run the PAK Translator by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the directory Paktr run the file Paktr.exe.
1
1 2
Example 3
52
PAK-S Examples
VII Postprocessing and Review the Results

1 2
Example 3
53
4 5
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcessing Data press OK. After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. Example 3 54
PAK-S Examples
Througout a few steps from Command Toolbar and View Toolbar shown bellow, you can setup appropriate view of your results on the screen. Look Command Toolbar
Look View Toolbar

1
Example 3
55
PAK-S Examples
FEMAP displays on the screen the deformed model with color representation of the rod axial forces, Fig. 7.
Fig. 7 Rod axial force
Example 3
56
PAK-S Examples
EXAMPLE 4 (SE2_2) Cylinder under internal pressure

Problem Description/Objective Cylinder of thick walls shown in Fig. 1 is loaded by internal pressure. It is considered that axial deformation is restrained. Geometrical and material data are shown in Fig. 1, with cross-section of cylinder segment. Finite element model should consist of 4 finite elements with 8 nodes per element. Boundary conditions are such that only all radial displacements are free. Pressure loading on axial axisymmetric surface is employed in PAK-S.
The objective is to find displacements, stresses and strains in an axisymmetric body loaded by axisymmetric loading using 2D elements.
Fig. 1
Suggested Exercise Steps: I Defining Material and Properties II Creating the Geometry III Generation of Nodes and Elements IV Constraining the Model V Loading the Model VI Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis VII Postprocessing and Review the Results
Example 4
57
PAK-S Examples
1 2

Model>Material...
1 2 3
To define finite elements with 8 nodes per element you must pick options Parabolic Elements in the following dialog box.
5 7
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property AXISYMMETRIC Element Type press Cancel. Example 4 59
PAK-S Examples

Geometry>Surface>Corners
Note: Corners of surface have been defined in order to get 4 equal elements on created surface.
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter First Corner of Surface press Cancel. To autoscale the view press Ctrl+A or choose command: View>Autoscale>Visible You can turn off the workplane for the clarity of model picture. Tools>Workplane... (short-cut key F2)
1 2
Use the following command to regenerate the screen: View>Regenerate (short-cut key Ctrl+G)
Example 4
60
PAK-S Examples Display labelling of curves and surfaces by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
1 4
3 6
You have designed the geometry of surface as shown on Fig. 2.
Fig. 2
Example 4
61
PAK-S Examples

Note: The first thing we need to do is set the mesh size for the surface.
Mesh>Mesh Control>Mapped Divisions on Surface...
1 2
3 4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel. Mesh>Geometry>Surface
1 2
3 4
Four finite elements with 9 nodes per element have been generated. You should solve the problem by using 8-node 2D axisymmetric elements, so ninth node in the middle of the each element must be deleted. Delete>Model>Node...
1 2
Example 4
62
PAK-S Examples You will see in the Messages and List Window following message:
To see effect of deleting use the following command to regenerate the screen: View>Regenerate (short-cut key Ctrl+G) To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Quick Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
1
2 3
1 4 3 6
Example 4
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PAK-S Examples
Since 4 nodes were deleted you have to performe the renumber of nodes. Modify>Renumber>Node
1 2
Finite element model is shown in the Fig 3.
Fig. 3
Example 4
64
PAK-S Examples

Note: since boundary conditions are such that only all radial displacements are free, you can constrain the model as following:
Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint
1 2
3 4
Example 4
65
PAK-S Examples
V Loading the Model

Model>Load>Set... (short-cut key Ctrl+F2)
Model>Load>Elemental
Note: Select element 1 moving the mouse on that element on the screen, Fig. 5.
4 Note: Select left edge of element 1 moving the mouse on that edge when FEMAP prompts you for Face, Fig. 5. 6
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Element(s) to Select press Cancel. Example 4 66
PAK-S Examples The model shown on the Fig. 4 is now complete and ready for analysis.
Fig. 4 We suggested you to save your work that you have done till now, using File>Save (short-cut F4)
Example 4
67
PAK-S Examples

4 5
Example 4
68
PAK-S Examples
1
3 4
1 2
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PAK-S Examples Viewing the total translation and stresses: View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
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Look View Toolbar

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FEMAP displays on the screen the deformed model with color representation of the total translation, Fig. 5.
Fig. 5 Total translation field View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. FEMAP displays on the screen the deformed model with color representation of the equivalent stress, Fig. 6
Fig. 6 Effective stress field 74
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PAK-S Examples On the next page drawing diagram is shown. View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
Example 4
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5 7
9 8 11 10
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On the Fig. 7 FEMAP displays radial displacements distribution.
Fig. 7
View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
Example 4
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2 5
If you want to display distribution of radial stress xx and after that circular stress zz, you will select in a dropdown menu Output Vector instead of 2. T1 TRANSLATION PLATE options 7020..SOLID X NORMAL STRESS and 7022..SOLID Z NORMAL STRESS respectively in the dialog box Select XY Curve Data. On the Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 radial stress distribution and circural stress distribution are shown respectively.
Example 4
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Fig. 8
Fig. 9 Good agreeement between the numerical and the analytical solutions is observed.
Example 4
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Example 4
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EXAMPLE 5 (SE2_5) Stress concentration in tension of plate with hole

Description/Objective Plate of unit thickness with a hole shown in Fig. 1 is exposed to a uniform tension at two sides. Stress concentration develops in the hole region. Geometrical and material data are shown in Fig. 1. Due to symmetry in geometry, boundary conditions and loading, only onequarter is modelled using PAK 8-node 2D plane stress elements. Plate is loaded by distributed loading (pressure). Boundary conditions take in account symmetry conditions: ux=0 along line AB, uy=0 along line CD. Finer mesh is used around hole due to high gradients in displacement, strain and stress fields in that region. This approach in meshing provides good results with a small number of finite elements.
The objective is to find stress distribution around a hole using 2D plane stress elements and to show deformed and undeformed model.
L
Y
p A B
X
C D E
L= 56 m m b= 20 mm d= 10 mm 4 E= 7.0 10 MP a = 0.25 p= 25.0 Mpa = 1 m m
Fig. 1
Suggested Exercise Steps: I Defining Material and Properties II Creating the Geometry III Generation of Nodes and Elements IV Constraining the Model V Loading the Model VI Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis VII Postprocessing and Review the Results
Example 5
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Model>Material...
1 2 3
2 3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property MEMBRANE Element Type press Cancel. 83 Example 5
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Create the Arc Among Points C and A, Fig. 1. Geometry>Curve-Arc>Center-Start-End
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Center of Arc press Cancel. View>Autoscale>Visible (short-cut key Ctrl+A) The designed arc you should divide on two equal parts in order to create fine mesh. Modify>Break... (short-cut key Ctrl+K)
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entety Selection Select Curve(s) to Break press Cancel. View>Autoscale>Visible (short-cut key Ctrl+A) You will now create three curves that are necessary to get three surfaces. Geometry>Curve-Line>Project Points
2
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter First Location for Projected Line press Cancel. View>Autoscale>Visible (short-cut key Ctrl+A) Display labelling of curves and surfaces by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
1 4
3 6
You can turn off the workplane for the clarity of model picture. Tools>Workplanel... ( short-cut key F2)
1 2
Use the following command to regenerate the screen: Example 5 86
PAK-S Examples View>Regenerate ( short-cut key Ctrl+G) You can see the created lines on the Fig. 2.
Fig. 2 Create three surfaces among cuves 1 and 3, 2 and 4, 4 and 5 that will represent quarter of model. Geometry>Surface>Ruled
Note: You can select the proper curves directly graphically by the mouse from the screen, or enter their ID in the field as shown figures bellow.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Ruled Surface press Cancel.
Note: Since the surfaces were generated independetly, there will be multiple curves at the edge of every surface coincident with the curve generated for the other surface that also lie in the same edge. In the world of FEA, these geometrical members will not be connected. To effectively link the model we will use FEMAP`s ability to check and optionally merge coincident curves of model.
Tools>Check>Coincident Curves
Example 5
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1 2
To see effect of merging use the following command to regenerate the screen: View>Regenerate (short-cut key Ctrl+G) You have completed the geometry section of this example as shown on Fig. 3.
Fig. 3
Example 5
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Note: The first thing we need to do is to set the mesh size for the all three surfaces and set the dense mesh in the hole vicinity using options Bias as following.

Note: You may graphically pick the location of these 3 surfaces on screen, Fig. 3.
2 3
2 3
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel.
Example 5
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PAK-S Examples Mesh>Geometry>Surface
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3 4
Finite elements with 9 nodes per element have been generated. You should solve the problem by using 8-node 2D elements, so ninth node in the middle of the each element must be deleted. Delete>Model>Node...
1 2
You will see in the Messages and List Window following message:
To see an effect of deleting use the following command to regenerate the screen: View>Regenerate (short-cut key Ctrl+G)
Note: Since the surfaces were generated independetly, there will be multiple nodes at the edge curve of every surface coincident with the nodes generated for the other surface that also lie in the same edge. In the world of FEA, these structural members will not be connected. To effectively link the model we will use FEMAP`s ability to check and optionally merge coincident nodes of model.
Example 5
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PAK-S Examples Tools>Check>Coincident Nodes
1 2
Since 10 nodes were deleted (see Messages and List Window) you have to performe the renumber of nodes. Modify>Renumber>Node
1 2
View>Regenerate (short-cut key Ctrl+G)
Example 5
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To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Quick Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
1
2 3
1 4
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Now, you should check elements direction (orientation of nodes must be in the positive mathematical direction). Activate option Off>Element on the Status Line and then you may graphically pick the location of every element on screen to check its direction. You will see pop-up window with written orientation of nodes as you see on the figure bellow. After you finished, press the button Off in the Status line again.
2 1
You can update element direction as following: Modify>Update Elements>Reverse
1 2
Fig. 5 Example 5 93
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Model>Constraint>Nodal
2 1 Note: You have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curve 7 on screen, Fig. 3, and set symmetry conditions, restrain it in x direction.
Note: Now, you can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curves 8 and 10 on screen, Fig. 3, and set symmetry conditions, restrain them in y direction.
Example 5
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2 1
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Note: Because of 2D plane stress elements only two translational displacements are allowed in x and y directions.
1 2
3 4
Example 5
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V Loading the Model

Note: Like constrains, loads are grouped in sets. Before creating any loads we must create a set to hold them.
Model>Load>On Curve
Note: You have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curve 5, Fig. 3.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Curve(s) to Select press Cancel.
Example 5
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1 2
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Now you must change your Example5.dat file, because it is necessary to set up Newton-Cotes numerical integration. To do that, open your Example5.dat file in some program editor (for example Ultra Edit). In card /13/ on position 10 and 15 you need to change NGAUSX and NGAUSY. C /13-2/ DATA FOR 2D ISOPARAMETRIC ELEMENTS C a) First card with basic data for the element group (4I5,F10.0,I5,3F10.0,I5) C IETYP,NGAUSX,NGAUSY,MSET,BETA,MSLOJ,CPP1,CPP2,CPP3,IALFA 0 13 13 0 0.000000 0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 You should save your *. dat file in the same directory as you put a file Paks.exe. You need to run file Paks.exe and after start it type Example5.dat in a DOS prompt (see the window below). Three files should be create during this process Example5. LST, Example5. UNV, Example5. NEU.

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Display stress xx distribution: View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcessing Data press OK. After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. Througout a few steps from Command Toolbar and View Toolbar shown bellow, you can setup appropriate view of your results on the screen. Look Command Toolbar
Look View Toolbar

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FEMAP displays on the screen the deformed model with color representation of the stress distribution, Fig. 7.
Fig. 7 Stress xx field Good agreement between the numerical and the analytical solutions for stress is observed even with a coarse finite element mesh. In Newton-Cotes numerical integration nodes and integration points on element boundary coincide Example 5 103
PAK-S Examples Deformed and undeformed configurations are shown on Fig. 8. View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
Look Command Toolbar
Fig. 8 Orginal and deformed configurations Example 5 104
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Liner Structural Analysis
EXAMPLE 6 (SE2_5) Cook`s problem (cantiliver with variable cross-section)

Description/Objective Cantilever with variable cross section is loaded by distributed loading on the right side as shown in Fig. 1. Geometrical and material data are given in Fig.1. Boundary conditions are shown in the same figure. Loading is applied on the right side as distributed tangential load. The FE model use 16x16 mesh of 2D 4-node plane stress elements. The objective is to show displacements in y direction of model.
E=1 N/mm2; =0.333333; =1 mm; p=1 N
Fig. 1
Suggested Exercise Steps: I Defining Materials and Properties II Creating the Geometry III Generation of Nodes and Elements IV Constraining the Model V Loading the Model VI Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis VII Postprocessing and Review the Results
Example 6
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1 2

Model>Material...
1 2 3
Example 6
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel to end command. Model>Property...
Example 6
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - MEMBRANE Element Type press Cancel.

Note: You can create two vertical lines of cantiliver and then surface among them, Fig. 1.
Geometry>Curve-Line>Project Points
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate - Enter First Location for Projected Line press Cancel. View>Autoscale>Visible... (short-cut key Ctrl+A) Geometry>Surface>Ruled...
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Ruled Surface press Cancel. You can turn off the workplane for the clarity of model picture. Tools>Workplanel... ( short-cut key F2)
Example 6
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1 2
Use the following command to regenerate the screen: View>Regenerate ( short-cut key Ctrl+G) Display labelling of curves and surfaces by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
1 4
3 6
You have completed the geometry as shown on Fig. 2.
Example 6
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Fig. 2

Note: The first thing we need to do is set the mesh size for surface.
Mesh>Mesch Control>Size Along Curve...
1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection -Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel. Mesh>Geometry>Surface... Example 6 110
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1 2
3 4
1
2 3
Display labelling of nodes by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
Example 6
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Example 6
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Now, you should check elements direction (orientation of nodes must be in the positive mathematical direction). Activate option Off>Element on the Status Line and then you may graphically pick the location of every element on screen to check its direction. You will see pop-up window with written orientation of nodes as you see on the figure bellow. After you finished, press the button Off in the Status line again.
2 1
You can update element direction as following: Modify>Update Elements>Reverse
1 2
Example 6
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PAK-S Examples Your model looks like as shown on Fig. 3.
Fig. 3
Turn off labelling of nodes by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
Example 6
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2 1 Note: You have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curve 1 on screen, Fig. 3, and set boundary conditions, restrain it in all direction and all rotation.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Nodes to Select (On Curves) press Cancel.
Note: Because of 2D plane stress elements only two translational displacements are allowed in x and y directions.
Example 6
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PAK-S Examples Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint...
1 2
3 4
On the Fig. 4 is shown constraint model.
Fig. 4
Example 6
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V Loading the Model

Model>Load>Nodal...
Note: You have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of the nodes A and B on curve 2 (firs and last) on screen, Fig. 3, and set vertical loads in positive y direction as following.
5 Note: Now, You will graphically (using mouse) pick all the other on curve 2 (between A and B) on screen, Fig. 3, and set vertical loads in positive y direction as following. You must pick 15 nodes.
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Nodes to Select press Cancel. The model shown on the Fig. 5 is now complete and ready for analysis.
Fig. 5 We suggested you to save your work that you have done till now, using File>Save (short-cut F4) Example 6 118
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4 5
Example 6
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1 2
Example 6
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1
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Example 6
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PAK-S Examples FEMAP can display displacements in y direction of model as following: View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
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Look View Toolbar
On the Fig. 6 displacements in the y direction are shown. 123
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Fig. 6 Field of displacement in y direction
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EXAMPLE 7 (SE3_1) Cantilever subjected to triangular distributed loading

Description/Objective cantilever is subjected to distributed loading of triangular shape, as shown in Fig. 1. Geometrical, material data and loading conditions are given in Fig. 1. Five 3D solid elements, with 20 nodes per element, are used in FE model. Boundary conditions at the clamped edge (plane yz) are as follows: ux=0 for all nodes; uy=0 for the mid-nodes on z-axis; uz=0 for midnodes on y-axis. These conditions provide no rotation of the clamped edge, and no through-thethickness stresses. Loading is considered as surface-pressure loading. Determine deflection at the free end of cantilever and distribution of deflection along the cantilever axis (x axis).
Fig. 1
Example 7
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Model>Material...
1 2 3
Example 7
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel to end command. Model>Property...
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - SOLID Element Type press Cancel.
Example 7
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Note: First, you will create a surface in the yz plane.
Geometry>Surface>Corners...
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate - Enter First Corner of Surface press Cancel. Since we will be working in 3-D, let`s rotate the view so we can see the generated surface. View>Rotate>Model... (short-cut key F8)
2 1
You can turn off the workplane for the clarity of model picture. Tools>Workplanel... (short-cut key F2)
1 2
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Use the short-cut key Ctrl+G to regenerate the screen. View>Autoscale>Visible... (short-cut key Ctrl+A) On the Fig. 2 created surface is shown.
Fig. 2 Creating the 3D console. Geometry>Volume>Extrude...
1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Select Surface(s) to Extrude press Cancel. Example 7 129
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View>Autoscale>Visible... (short-cut key Ctrl+A) Display labelling of curves by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
You have completed the geometry as shown on Fig. 3.
Fig. 3
Example 7
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Note: The first thing we need to do is set the mesh size for volume.
Mesh>Mesch Control>Size Along Curve... Select curves 9,10,11 and 12
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection -Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel. Mesh>Geometry>Volume...
1 2
3 4
View>Regenerate (short-cut key Ctrl+G) To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Quick Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
1
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2 3
1 4 3 6
Five finite elements with 21 nodes per element have been generated. You should solve the problem by using 20-node 3D solid elements, so 21st node in the middle of the each element must be deleted. Delete>Model>Node...
1 2
Example 7
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PAK-S examples You will see in the Messages and List Window following message:
To see effect of deleting use the following command to regenerate the screen: View>Regenerate (short-cut key Ctrl+G) Since 31 nodes were deleted you have to performe the renumber of nodes. Modify>Renumber>Node...
1 2
Fig. 4 Example 7 133
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Note: You have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of nodes 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 on screen, Fig. 4, and restrain them in x direction.
Note: Now, you have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of node 4 as a mid-node at z axis on screen, too, Fig. 4, and restrain it in x and y directions.
Example 7
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Note: Now, you have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of node 5 as a mid-node at y and z axis on screen, too, Fig. 4, and restrain it in x, y and z directions.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel. Set the global constraints. Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint...
1 2
3 4
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V Loading the Model

. Model>Load>Elemental...
1 2
Note: Surface-pressure loading is defined as variable value by formula: 0.2e6*Xel(!i)
1 2
6 5
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Elements to Select press Cancel. Example 7 136
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You can turn off the labelling of nodes and elements by ID and display load value for the clarity of model picture. View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
1 4 3 6
7 9
Example 7
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PAK-S examples The model shown on the Fig. 5 is now complete and ready for analysis.
Fig. 5
Example 7
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1 2
Example 7
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PAK-S examples Viewing the deflection as following: View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
4 5
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Look View Toolbar

1
FEMAP displays on the screen the deformed model with color representation of deflection of the free end, Fig. 6. Example 7 143
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Fig. 6 Field of displacement in y direction Distribution of deflection along the cantilever axis could be displayed: View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
Example 7
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5 7
Example 7
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8 11
On the Fig. 7 FEMAP displays distribution of deflection along the cantilever axis.
Fig. 7
Example 7
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EXAMPLE 8 (SE8_1) Clamped square plate loaded by concetrated force

Description/Objective A square plate is clamped along edges and subjected to concentrated force at the plate centre. A view of the plate is shown in Fig. 1(a). Structural view, geometrical, material and loading data are given in Fig. 1(b). One quarter of the structure is modelled by 4-node shell elements, due to symmetry in geometry, loading and boundary conditions. All displacements, including rotations, are restrained along clamped edges AB and BD; while along lines AC and CD, are applied symmetry boundary conditions: no displacement normal to the symmetry plane (v=0 along AC, u=0 along CD), and no rotation around symmetry line (1=0 for AC, and 2=0 for CD). Five d.o.f. per node are used, with rotations 1 and 2 around local element axes V1 and V2, shown in Fig. 1(b). One quarter of concentrated plate force F is taken to load on the part of the plate used in the FE model. Display field of plate deflection and deflection of plate centre.
a)
b) Fig. 1
Example 8
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1 2

Model>Material...
1 2 3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - PLATE Element Type press Cancel.

Geometry>Surface>Corners..
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate - Enter First Corner of Surface press Cancel. View>Autoscale>Visible... (short-cut key Ctrl+A) Example 8 149
PAK-S Examples You can turn off the workplane for the clarity of model picture. Tools>Workplanel... (short-cut key F2)
1 2
Use the short-cut key Ctrl+G to regenerate the screen. Display labelling of curves and surfaces by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
1 4
3 6
You have completed the geometry section of this example as shown on Fig. 2.
Example 8
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Fig. 2

Note: The first thing we need to do is set the mesh size for surface.

Note: You have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of surface on screen, Fig. 2.
2 3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel. Example 8 151
PAK-S Examples Mesh>Geometry>Surface
Note: You have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of surface on screen, Fig. 2.
2 3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Select Surfaces to Set Mesh press Cancel.

Note: You can select curves 1 and 4 on screen, Fig. 2.
2 1
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Note: To simulate the symmetry conditions you should graphically (using mouse) pick, first the location of curve 2 and then 3 on screen, Fig. 3, and restrain: no displacement normal to the symmetry plane (x direction for curve 2 and y direction for the curve 3) and no rotation around symmetry line (rotation around y axis for the curve 2 and x rotation for the curve 3) as following:
2 1
Example 8
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2 1
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select ( On Curves) press Cancel. Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint...
1 2
3 4
Example 8
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V Loading the Model

Model>Load>Nodal
Note: You have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of node at the plate centre on screen, point D, Fig. 1.
Example 8
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1
2 3 4
The model shown on the Fig. 3 is now complete and ready for analysis.
Fig. 3
Example 8
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Example 8
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1 2
Example 8
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PAK-S Examples The FEMAP can display field of plate deflection: View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
4 5
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Look View Toolbar

1
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PAK-S Examples On the Fig. 4 field of plate deflection is shown.
Fig. 4 Field of displacement in z direction (deflection) Deflection of clamped plate centre FEMAP can display in the Messages and List Window using command: List>Output>Query...
Note: You may graphically pick the location of node at plate centre, Fig. 1.
2 1 3 4
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EXAMPLE 9 (SE8_4) Cantilever of Tshape cross-section loaded by concentrated force

Description/Objective A cantilever, shown in Fig. 1, with T-shape cross-section, is loaded by vertical concentrated force in the symmetry plane. A view of the structure, geometrical and material data are given in Fig. 1. The cantilever is modelled by 4-node shell elements. Nodes where the horizontal shell (lying in x, y plane) is connected to the web (vertical shell) have six d.o.f., with rotations in the global coordinate system, while all other shell nodes have five d.o.f. - with rotations around local element axes. At the clamped end all displacements and rotations are restrained. Determine the deflection of the free end of cantilever.
Fig. 1
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1 2

Model>Material...
1 2 3

Creating the horizontal part of cantilever in xy plane, Fig. 1. Geometry>Surface>Corners
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate First Corner of Surface press Cancel. View>Autoscale>Visible... (short-cut key Ctrl+A) Example 9 165
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To create the vertical part of cantilever in yz plane, Fig. 1, first you have to set workplane as following: Tools>Workplane (short-cut key F2)
Let`s show workplane on the screen. View>Rotate>Model... (short-cut key F8)
Creating the vertical part of cantilever in yz plane. Geometry>Surface>Corners
1 2
1 2
1 2
Example 9
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1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate First Corner of Surface press Cancel. Since we will be working in 3-D, let`s rotate the view so we can see the complete geometry. View>Rotate>Model... (short-cut key F8)
View>Autoscale>Visible... (short-cut key Ctrl+A) You can turn off the workplane for the clarity of model picture. Tools>Workplanel... (short-cut key F2)
1 2
Example 9
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1 4
3 6
You have completed geometry section of this example as shown on Fig. 2.
Fig. 2
Example 9
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Note: The first thing we need to do is to set the mesh size for surfaces defining by size along curve.

Note: You have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curves 1, 3, 6 and 8 on screen, Fig. 2.
Note: Now, you have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curves 2 and 4on screen, Fig. 2.
\
Note: At the end you have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curves 5 and 7 on screen, Fig. 2.
Example 9
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Select Curve(s) to Mesh Size press Cancel. Mesh>Geometry>Surface
1 2
3 4
Note: Since the surfaces were generated independetly, there will be multiple nodes at the edge curve of surface coincident with the nodes generated for the other surface that also lieing in the same edge. In the world of FEA, these structural members will not be connected. To effectively link the model we will use FEMAP`s ability to check and optionally merge coincident nodes of model.
Tools>Check>Coincident Nodes
1 2
Example 9
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Since 11 nodes were merged (see Messages and List Window) you have to performe the renumber of nodes. Modify>Renumber>Node
1 2
To see an effect of merging use the following command to regenerate the screen: View>Regenerate (short-cut key Ctrl+G)
Example 9
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1
2 4
1 4
3 6
Example 9
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PAK-S Examples Finite element model is shown in the Fig 3.
Fig. 3
V Constraining the Model

Note: Restrain all displacements and rotations at the clamped end of cantilever.
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2 1 Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curves 4 and 5 on screen, Fig. 2.
Note: Nodes where the horizontal shell (lying in xy plane) is connected to the web (vertical shell) have six d.o.f., with rotations in the global coordinate system, while all other shell nodes have five d.o.f. - with rotations around local element axes.
2 1 Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curves 1, 3 and 6 on screen, Fig. 2.
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V Loading the Model

Model>Load>Nodal...
Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of node 16, Fig. 3.
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel. To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Quick Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
1
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FEMAP can display deflection of the free end of cantilever. View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
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Look View Toolbar

1
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PAK-S Examples On the Fig. 6 is shown field of deflection of the free end of cantilever.
Fig. 6 Field of displacement in z direction (deflection)
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EXAMPLE 10 (SE8_5) Cylindrical roof under gravity loading

Description/Objective Cylindrical roof, with rigid diaphragms, schematically shown in the Fig. 1, is subjected to its own weight. Geometrical and material data are given in Fig. 1(b). Due to symmetry in geometry, boundary conditions and loading, only one quarter of the structure is modelled by PAK-S 16x16, 4-node shell elements. Boundary conditions are shown in the Fig. 1(b). Five degrees of freedom per node are employed, and boundary conditions for rotations are used in local shell coordinate system V1, V2, as indicated in the Fig. 1. Gravity loading is taken as massproportional loading in negative z-direction. The objective is to find deflection of the point B.
a) Fig. 1
b)
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If you have not already done, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the Windows Start menu, pick Start>P.1>Femap v8.1. All new models are named Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in the field File name Example10, and press Save. Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select rograms>Femap v8 File from the menu, and then move to the Save As command. File>Save As...
1 2

Model>Material...
1 2 3 4

To create an arc in xz plane first you must set the workplane, Fig. 1. Tools>Workplane... (short-cut key F2)
2 1
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Note: Coordinates of point B are: xB=Rsin400=193cm, yB=L/2=300cm, zB= Rcos400=230cm. First, you will create the arc in Oxz plane.
Geometry>Curve-Arc>Radius-Start-End...
1 2
3 4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel. View>Autoscale>Visible... (short-cut key Ctrl+A) Now, you will create the arc of point B. Geometry>Copy>Curve...
Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curves 1 on screen or press Select All button.
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Since we will be working in 3-D, let`s rotate the view so we can see the complete geometry. View>Rotate>Model... (Short-cut key F8)
1 2
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3 6
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PAK-S Examples Geometry>Surface>Ruled...

Note: You can select graphically (using mouse) arcs 1 and 2 on screen.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Ruled Surface press Cancel. You have completed geometry section of this example as shown on Fig. 2.
Fig. 2

Note: The first thing we need to do is to set the mesh size for surfaces.
Mesh>Mesh control>Mapped Divisions on Surface...
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Surface(s) to set Mesh Size press Cancel. Example 10 190
PAK-S Examples Mesh>Geometry>Surface...
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2 4
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Finite element model is shown in the Fig 3
Fig. 3
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2 1 Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curve 1 on screen, Fig. 2.
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2 1 Note: Graphically pick the location of curve 4 on screen, Fig. 2.
2 1 Note: Graphically pick the location of curve 2 on screen, Fig. 2.
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel. Modify>Update other>Perm Constraint...
1 2
3 4
Use the short-cut key Ctrl+G to regenerate the screen. The model with constraints is shown on the Fig.4.
Fig. 4 Example 10 195
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V Loading the Model

Model>Load>Body
Fig. 5 We suggested you to save your work that you have done till now, using File>Save (short-cut F4). 196 Example 10
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PAK-S Examples FEMAP can display deflection of the point B. View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcessing Data press OK and after FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. Example 10 200
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On the Fig. 5 field of deflection of the roof under gravity loading. Example 10 201
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Fig. 6 Field of displacement in z direction (deflection) Deflection of point B, FEMAP can display in the Messages and List Window using command: List>Output>Query...
Note: You have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of node at plate centre, Fig. 1.
2 1 3 4
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EXAMPLE 11 - (SE8_6) Half of sphere with hole subjected to concentrated forces

Description/Objective Half of sphere with hole is subjected to concentrated forces, shown in Fig. 1(a). Geometrical and material data are given in Fig. 1(b).Due to symmetry in geometry, boundary conditions and loading, one quarter of the structure will be modelled. Symmetry conditions along edges AB and DC allude that there is no rotation along tangents to these lines; also, there is no displacement normal to plane of symmetry (u= 0 along AB, and w= 0 along DC). In order to prevent rigid body motion in y-direction, it is taken vE= 0, as shown in the figure. Four-node shell elements are employed (mesh 16x16). Determine value of displacement w at the point A and display field of displacement of sphere.
R=10 cm h=0.04 cm E=6.825107 N/cm2 =0.3 F=1.0 N
a) Fig. 1
b)
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Model>Material...
1 2 3

To create an arc AD in xz plane first you must set the workplane, Fig. 1.
Tools>Workplane... (short-cut key F2)
2 1 Create the arc AD, Fig. 1, in xz plane. Example 11 205
PAK-S Examples Geometry>Curve-Arc>Radius-Start-End...
1 2
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel. View>Autoscale>Visible (short-cut key Ctrl+A) Now, you will create the arc BC which lieing in the plane parallel to xz plane. Coordinates of point B, Fig. 1: xB=0, yB=Rcos =10cos(18o)=9.51cm, zB=Rsin =10sin(18o)=3.09cm Lets set the proper workplane. Tools>Workplane... (short-cut key F2)
2 3 4
Create the arc BC, Fig. 1. Geometry>Curve-Arc>Radius-Start-End...
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel. You can turn off the workplane for the clarity of model picture. Tools>Workplanel... (short-cut key F2)
1 2
1 4
3 6 On the Fig. 2 are shown arcs AD and BC. Example 11 207
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Fig. 2 Now, you will create arc AB in the plane yz and arc CD in the plane xy. Coordinates of point C are: xC=Rsin =10sin(18o)=3.09cm, yC=Rcos =10cos(18o)=9.51cm, zC=0 First, set the workplane to create the arc AB. Tools>Workplane... (short-cut key F2)
2 3 4
Lets show workplane on the screen. View>Rotate>Model... (short-cut key F8)
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1 2
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel.
Since we will be working in 3-D, let`s rotate the view so we can see the complete geometry. View>Rotate>Model... (short-cut key F8)
1 2
View>Autoscale>Visible (short-cut key Ctrl+A) Now, let`s set the workplane to create the arc CD. Tools>Workplane... (short-cut key F2)
2 3 4
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1 2
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel. You have created edge curves of surface as shown on Fig. 3.
Fig. 3 You will now create the surface between these edge curves. Geometry>Surface>Edge Curves...
Note: Now, you have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curves 1, 4, 2 and 3 on screen, Fig. 3.
1 2
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Edge Surface press Cancel. You have completed the geometry section of this example as shown on Fig. 4.
Fig. 4


Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of all curves on screen or press Select All, Fig. 2.
1 2
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel. Mesh>Geometry>Surface...
1 2
3 4
To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Quick Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q): 1
2 3
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3 Finite element model is shown in the Fig 5.
Fig. 5 We suggested you to save your work that you have done till now, using File>Save (short-cut F4).
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2 1
Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of arc 3 (AB) on screen, Fig. 1 and Fig. 4.
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2 1
Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of arc 4 (DC) on screen, Fig. 1 and Fig. 4.
Note: Graphically pick the location of node E (middle point of arc BC) on screen, Fig. 1 and Fig. 5.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
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1 2
3 4
V Loading the Model

Model>Load>Nodal...
Note: Graphically pick the location of node A, Fig. 1.
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7 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel. The model shown on the Fig. 6 is now complete and ready for analysis.
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FEMAP can display field of displacement of sphere. View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
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7 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcessing Data press OK and after FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. Througout a few steps from Command Toolbar and View Toolbar shown bellow, you can setup appropriate view of your results on the screen. Look Command Toolbar
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Look View Toolbar 1
On the Fig. 7 is shown field of displacements.
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Fig. 7Displacement field Deflection of point A, FEMAP can display in the Messages and List Window using command: List>Output>Query...
Note: You may graphically pick the location of node A, Fig. 1.
2 1 3 4
To turn the 3 lines of the text of the Messages and List Window into a complete window simply double click in the area at the bottom of the Main window:
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EXAMPLE 12 (SE8_8) Cylindrical shell with rigid diaphragms, loaded by concetrated forces
Description/Objective A cylindrical shell, with rigid diaphragms, is loaded by two concentrated forces, as shown in Fig.1 (a). Geometrical and material data are given in Fig. 1(b). Due to symmetry in geometry, boundary and loading conditions, one-eight of the structure will be modelled, as shown in Fig. 1(b). Boundary conditions at edge in xz plane assume rigid diaphragm that allows rotation 1 around local tangent directions V1. Symmetry planes x,y; y,z; and y=L/2 imply boundary conditions shown in the figure: no rotation around line in the symmetry plane, and no displacement normal to plane of symmetry. Quarter of force acting on the structure is taken in the model, due to symmetry. Four-node shell elements are employed (mesh 16x16). Determine displacements of point under the force and show deformed configuration.
R=300 cm L=600 cm h=3 cm

E = 3 10 6 daN cm 2
=0.3 F=4.0 daN
a) Fig. 1
Suggested Exercise Steps: I Defining Materials and Properties II Creating the Geometry IIIGeneration of Nodes and Elements IV Constraining the Model V Loading the Model VI Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis VII Postprocessing and Review the Results
b)
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Model>Material...
1 2 3

To create an arc in xz plane first you must set the workplane, Fig. 1. Tools>Workplane... (short-cut key F2)
2 1
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PAK-S Examples Now, create the arc in xz plane. Geometry>Curve-Arc>Radius-Start-End...
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel. View>Autoscale>Visible (short-cut key Ctrl+A) Now, you will create the cylindrical surface by extruding creating curve. Geometry>Surface>Extrude... Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of created curve on screen.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Select Curve(s) to Extrude press Cancel. Since we will be working in 3-D, let`s rotate the view so we can see the complete geometry. View>Rotate>Model... (Short-cut key F8)
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1 2
1 4
3 6
You have complet geometry section of this example as shown on Fig. 2.
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Fig. 2


Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of all curves on screen or press Select All, Fig. 2. 1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel. 230 Example 12
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1
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2 1 Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curve 4 on screen, Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, to simulate x symmetry.
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2 1 Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curve 2 on screen, Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, to simulate y symmetry.
2 1
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Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curve 3 on screen, Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, to simulate z symmetry.
2 1 Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curve 1 on screen, Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, to assume rigid diaphragm.
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel. Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint...
1 2
3 4
Finite element model with constraints is shown in the Fig 4.
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Fig. 4
V Loading the Model

Model>Load>Nodal...
Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of loaded point (node 289), Fig. 3.
Note: Quarter of force acting on the structure is taken in the model, due to symmetry.
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entitu Selektion-Enter Nodes to Select press Cancel. The model shown on the Fig. 5 is now complete and ready for analysis.
Fig. 5 We suggested you to save your work that you have done till now, using File>Save (short-cut F4). Example 12 238
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1
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PAK-S Examples FEMAP can display original and deformed configurations of shell. View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
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1
Original and deformed configurations for 16x16 mesh are shown in the Fig. 6. Example 12 243
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Fig. 6 Original and deformed configurations Deflection of loaded point T3 TRANSLATION (node 298), FEMAP can display in the Messages and List Window using command: List>Output>Query...
Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of loaded point, Fig. 1.
2 1 3 4
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EXAMPLE 13 (SE8_9) Cantilever with rotated cross-section

Description/Objective Cross-sections of thin cantilever (shell) are continuously rotated around axial axis z, so that the cross-section at free end is rotated with respect to the clamped cross-section for angle =90, as shown in Fig. 1. Loading case a) with force in shell plane is considered as shown in the figure. Geometrical and material data are given in Fig. 1. Four-node PAK-S shell elements (E4) are used to model the structure (mesh 4x24). The boundary conditions correspond to the clamped cross-section: no displacements and no rotation. Determine displacement uy=v of central point of the free-end cross-section and show original and deformed configurations.
N cm 2
E = 2.9 10 7
=0.22 L=12 cm b=1.1 cm h=0.05 cm F=1.0 N = 90 0
Fig. 1
Suggested Exercise Steps: I Defining Materials and Properties II Creating the Geometry

IV Constraining the Model V Loading the Model VI Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis VII Postprocessing and Review the Results
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Model>Material...
1 2 3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel to end command. 246 Examples 13
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - Plate Element Type press Cancel.

Note: Create the curve in xy plane, Fig. 1.
Geometry>Curve-Line>Project Points
2 1 3
4 5
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate Enter First Location for Projected Line press Cancel.
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Note: You have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curve on screen.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel. Mesh>Geometry>Curve
1 2
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PAK-S Examples Mesh>Revolve>Curve...
1 2
3 4
8 9
10
Since we will be working in 3-D, let`s rotate the view so we can see the complete geometry. View>Rotate>Model... (short-cut key F8)
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1 2
Use the short-cut key Ctrl+G to regenerate the screen. To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Quick Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
1
2 3
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A
Fig. 2

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PAK-S Examples Model>Constraint>Nodal...
1 Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curve 1 on screen, Fig. 1, to set boundary conditions correspond to the clamped cross-section.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Nodes(s) to Select press Cancel. Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint
1 2
3 4
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V Loading the Model

Model>Load>Nodal...
Note: Graphically (using mouse) pick the location of the nodes A and B (firs and last), Fig. 2, and set loads in positive y direction as following.
5 Note: Now, you will graphically (using mouse) pick all the other nodes between A and B, Fig. 2, and set loads in positive y direction as following. You must pick 3 nodes.
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1
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1 2

After solution, FEMAP can read the output results for post-processing. Reading output results is similar like writing model for analysis. 256 Examples 13
PAK-S Examples File>Import>FEMAP Neutral

1 2
The FEMAP can display original and deformed configurations of cantilever. View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
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Look View Toolbar

1
Original and deformed configurations for 4x24 mesh are shown in the Fig. 3.
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Fig. 3 Orginal and deformed configurations Deflection of cantilever in the force direction T2 TRANSLATION (node A), FEMAP can display in the Messages and List Window using command: List>Output>Query...
Note: You may graphically pick the location of loaded point, Fig. 1.
2 1 3 4
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EXAMPLE 14 (SE8_13) Simply supported circular plate subjected to pressure

Description/Objective A simply supported circular plate is loaded by uniformly distributed pressure, as shown in Fig. 1. Material is elastic, and pressure causes small plate deflection. Geometrical, material data and pressure loading data are given in Fig. 1. Mesh 16x16 using 4-node shell element is employed. One quarter of the structure is modeled, with symmetry boundary conditions shown in Fig. 1: no displacement normal to the symmetry plane (u=0 for plane y,z; v=0 for plane x, z), and no rotation around axis in the symmetry plane (x=1=0 along x-axis, y=2=0 along y-axis). Simple support condition along the plate edge is enforced by the condition uz=w=0. Five d. o. f. per node are used, and rotations 1 and 2 around local element axes V1 and V2, shown in the figure, are used. The three regions of shell element are established, as can be seen from the figure. Show field of plate deflection and determine deflection of centre point of plate.
Fig. 1
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Model>Material...
1 2 3

Note: First, ccreate the arc in xy plane, Fig. 1.
Geometry>Curve-Arc>Radius-Start-End...
1 2
3 4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate - Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel. View>Autoscale>Visible (short-cut key Ctrl+A) Created arc have to be broken in order to defining proper mesh. Modify>Break... (short-cut key Ctrl+K)
Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of arc on screen or press Select All, Fig. 1.
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2
Note: You may again graphically (using mouse) pick the location of arc on screen to do step 4.
4 5
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Curve(s) to Break At press Cancel. View>Autoscale>Visible (short-cut key Ctrl+A)
Note: Now, you will create horizontal and vertical curve that connected orign with end points of arc. 2 Geometry>Curve-Line>Project Points...
1 Example 14 264
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3 4
5 6
Vertical curve:
1 2
3 4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate - Enter First Location for Projected Line press Cancel. You can turn off the workplane for the clarity of model picture. Tools>Workplanel... (short-cut key F2)
1 2 Use the short-cut key Ctrl+G to regenerate the screen. Display labelling of curves and surfaces by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
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1 4
3 6 Current geometry of model is shown on Fig. 2.
A Fig. 2 Now, connect points A and B. Geometry>Curve-Line>Points...

Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of points A and B on screen, Fig. 2.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Line from Points press Cancel. Example 14 266
PAK-S Examples On Fig. 3 are shown three new created curves.
Fig. 3 Now, you should break curves 3, 4 and 5 at their midpoint. Modify>Break... (short-cut key Ctrl+K)
Note: First, select horizontal curve 3 on screen, Fig. 3.
2
Note: Again, graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curve 3 on screen, Fig. 3.
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4 5
Note: Now, you will select vertical curve 4 on screen to break it, Fig. 3.
2 3
Note: Now, you will select curve 5 on screen to break it, Fig. 3.
2 3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Curve(s) to Break press Cancel.
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Using command Break, three new curves were generated 6, 7 and 8, Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 You have to delete curve 5 from above geometry, Fig. 4. Delete>Geometry>Curve...
Note: Select on the screen location of curve 5, Fig. 4.
2 Use the short-cut key Ctrl+G to regenerate the screen.
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PAK-S Examples Your geometry looks like one bellow, Fig. 5.
C B
Fig. 5
Let`s create two curves to connect points A & B, and B & C, Fig. 5. Geometry>Curve-Line>Points...
Note: You may graphically (using mouse) pick the location of points A, B and C on screen, Fig. 5.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Line from Points press Cancel.
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PAK-S Examples All created curves are shown on the Fig. 6.
Fig. 6 Now, you should create 3 surface. Geometry>Surface>Edge Curves...

Note: You may graphically (using mouse) pick the location of proper curves to create surfaces, Fig. 5.
1 2
1 2
1 2 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Edge Surface press Cancel.
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Fig. 7


Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of all curves on screen or press Select All, Fig. 7.
1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel. Example 14 272
1 2
3 4
Note: Since the surfaces were generated independetly, there will be multiple nodes at the edge curve of surface coincident with the nodes generated for the other surface that also lieing in the same edge. In the world of FEA, these structural members will not be connected. To effectively link the model we will use FEMAP`s ability to check and optionally merge coincident nodes of model.
1 2
4 Since 26 nodes were merged (see Messages and List Window) you have to performe the renumber of nodes. Modify>Renumber>Node...
1 2
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To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Quick Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q): 1
2 3
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3 Finite element model is shown in the Fig 8.
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Now, you will set boundary conditions defined in description of this example, Fig. 1. Model>Constraint>Nodal...
2 1
Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curves 3 and 6 on screen, Fig. 7, and simulate y symmetry.
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2 1
Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of all curves 4 and 7 on screen, Fig. 7, and simulate x symmetry.
2 1
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Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of all curves 1 and 2 on screen, Fig. 7, and simply supported condition along plate edge.
6 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Node(s) to Select press Cancel. Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint...
1 2
3 4
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V Loading the Model

Let`s loading the plate by uniformly distributed pressure. Model>Load>Elemental... 1 2
5
Note: Graphically pick front face of anybody elements on screen, Fig. 7.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Enter Element(s) to Select press Cancel. Example 14 279
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To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off labels), use the FEMAP Quick Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q): 1
3 2 The model shown on the Fig. 9 is now complete and ready for analysis.
Fig. 9
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Example 14
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After solution, FEMAP can read the output results for post-processing. Reading output results is similar like writing model for analysis. File>Import>FEMAP Neutral 1 2
5 Example 14 283
PAK-S Examples You can now display field of plate deflection. View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
4 5
7 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Select PostProcessing Data press OK. After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. Example 14 284
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Look View Toolbar 1
Example 14
285
PAK-S Examples Field of plate deflection is shown on Fig. 10.
Fig. 10 Field of displacement in z direction (deflection) Deflection of cantilever in the force direction T2 TRANSLATION (node A), FEMAP can display in the Messages and List Window using command: List>Output>Query...
Note: You may graphically (using mouse) pick the location of centre point of plate, Fig. 1.
2 1 3 4
Example 14
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Linear Structural analysis
EXAMPLE 15 (SM3_3) Thermal loading of coaxial rings

o Description/Objective Two rings are tight axially Fig. 1. At reference temperature Tref=70 C there is an overlapping of external radius of inner ring and inner radius of the outer ring. The outer ring o is heated up to uniform temperature T=970.9 C. Both rings are free to expand in z direction. After the montage, external ring is cooled down to the reference temperature, and according to the thermal deformation, the pressure p at the contact surface of rings develops, producing stresses in both rings. Geometrical and material data are given in Fig. 1. In the FE model only one quarter of the joint rings is discretized by 2D 4-node plane stress elements. The contact surface is modelled by nodes common for both rings. Geometry of the external ring corresponds to the temperature T when overlapping is eliminated. Thermal loading is actually modelled by cooling of the external ring to o o the temperature of T=70 C and taking Tref=970.9 C . Determine distribution of xx stress and radial displacement field in radial direction ux.
2 - Heated
E1=E2=E=27.6x106 N/cm2
Fig. 1
Example 15
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2 3
1

Model>Material...
Note: Although both rings are made from the same material, you have to propose two types of material with different reference temperature.
1 2 3 4 6 5
Example 15
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1 2 3 4 6 5
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel. Model>Property...
Example 15
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Example 15
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - MEMBRANE Element Type press Cancel.

First, you will create three arcs of rings, Fig. 1. Geometry>Curve-Arc>Radius-Start-End...
1 2
3 4
1 2
3 4
Example 15
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate - Enter Location at Start of Arc press Cancel. To autoscale the view after press short-cut key Ctrl+A or choose command: View>Autoscale>Visible You can turn off the workplane for the clarity of model picture. Tools>Workplane... (short-cut key F2)
1 2
Display labelling of points by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
Example 15
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PAK-S Examples Your geometry looks like one on the Fig. 2.
Fig. 2
Note: Now, lets create two horizontal and two vertical curves to complete edges of surfaces, Fig. 1.
Geometry>Curve>Points...
Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of points to create proper curves, Fig. 2.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Create Line from Points press Cancel. Now, you should generate surfaces between edge curves. Geometry>Surface>Edge Curves...
Example 15
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Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of edge curves counter clockwise, Fig. 2.
1 2
1 2
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Edge Surface press Cancel. Now, turn off labelling of points and display labelling of curves and surfaces by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
Example 15
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Fig. 3
Example 15
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Note: Select the arcs 1, 2 and 3 on screen, Fig. 3.
Note: You have to graphically (using mouse) pick the location of curves 4, 5, 6, and 7 on screen, Fig. 3.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel.
Note: First, you have to graphically (using mouse) pick surface 1 on screen, Fig. 3, because of different property and then surface 2 to set mesh.
Example 15
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2 3
Mesh>Geometry>Surface...
2 3
Note: Since the surfaces were generated independetly, there will be multiple nodes at the edge curve of every surface coincident with the nodes generated for the other surface that also lie in the same edge. In the world of FEA, these structural members will not be connected. To effectively link the model we will use FEMAP`s ability to check and optionally merge coincident nodes of model.
1 2
Example 15
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Since 19 nodes were deleted (see Messages and List Window) you have to performe the renumber of nodes. Modify>Renumber>Node
1 2
Example 15
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1
2 3
Example 15
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PAK-S Examples Finite element model is shown in the Fig 4.

Note: One quarter of the structure is modeled, with symmetry boundary conditions: no displacement normal to the symmetry plane (u=0 for plane y,z; v=0 for plane x, z), and no rotation around axis in the symmetry plane (x=1=0 along x-axis, y=2=0 along y-axis). Also, degrees of freedom corresponding to the rotations of nodes and translation in z direction are restrained globally because only translational displacements in x and y direction are allowed for 2D plane stress elements. 300 Example 15
PAK-S Examples Model>Constraint>Nodal...
2 1 Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of vertical curves 6 and 7 on screen, Fig. 3.
2 1 Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of horizontal curves 4 and 5 on screen, Fig. 3.
Example 15
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel. Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint...
1 2
3 4
V Loading the Model

Model>Load>On Surface...
Note: You can graphically (using mouse) pick the location of surface 2, Fig. 3.
Example 15
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After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection Enter Surface(s) to Select press Cancel. To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off labels), use the FEMAP Quick Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
1
The model shown on the Fig. 5 is now complete and ready for analysis. Example 15 303
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Fig. 5

Example 15
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1
Example 15
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1 2
1 2
Example 15
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1 2
Example 15
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Now, you should display distribution of xx stress using following commands: View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
4 5
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Look View Toolbar

1
Example 15
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PAK-S Examples Distribution of xx stress is shown on the Fig. 6.
Fig. 6 Stress xx field
Now, you should display radial displacement field in radial direction ux. View>Select... (short0cut key F5)
Example 15
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4 5
After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK. Radial displacement field in radial direction ux is shown on the Fig. 7.
Fig. 7 Radial displacement field Example 15 311
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Example 15
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Dynamic Analysis
EXAMPLE 1D (SD_1) Eigenvalue analysis of cantilever beam

Description/Objective Cantilever beam of rectangular cross-section shown in Fig. 1 is analysed in order to determine eigenvalues and mode shapes of free vibration. Geometrical and material data are shown in Fig. 1. The cantilever beam is modelled by using 10 beam elements, as shown in Fig. 1. Boundary conditions, shown in Fig. 1 for FE model: the left end is fixed with allowed in plane deformation, while all other displacements are free. The objective is to determine eigenvalues and mode shapes of cantilever beam using beam finite element models.
Z Z
X y
L=1m h=0.1 m b=0.05 m E=21011 N/mm2 =0.3 =7800 kg/m3
Fig. 1
Suggested Exercise Steps: I Defining Material and Properties II Creating the Geometry III Generation of Nodes and Elements IV Constraining the Model V Prepare and Submit the Model for a Dynamic Analysis VI Postprocessing and Review the Results
Example 1D
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Dynamic Analysis
If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap v8.1>Femap v8.1. All new models are named Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in the field File name Example1d, and press Save. Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move to the Save As command.
File>Save As...
1
2
Model>Material...
1 3 2 4
5 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel to end command. Example 1D 314
Dynamic Analysis
Note: The default property type is Plate. You have to change it to the Beam property, so first press the Elem/Property Type button.
Note: FEMAP now returns you to the Define Property - BEAM Element Type dialog box. You should now define the shape of the cross-section.
Example 1D
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Note: Scroll down the Shape drop-down list and select the type of beam as Rectengular Bar.
7 8
10
Note: FEMAP orients the y axis of the cross-section as orientation vector. Press OK and FEMAP will calculate the section properties. FEMAP now returns you to the Define Property BEAM Element Type dialog box which now includes the calculated values.
Example 1D
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Dynamic Analysis
11 After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - BEAM Element Type press Cancel.
Example 1D
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Dynamic Analysis
Note: Only one curve is necessary to crete model of beam. Geometry>Curve-Line>Project Points...
1 2
3 4
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate - Enter First Location for Projected Line press Cancel.
To autoscale the view press Ctrl+A or choose command:
View>Autoscale>Visible
You can turn off the workplane for the clarity of model picture.
Tools>Workplane... (short-cut key F2)
1 2
Use the following command to regenerate the screen:
Example 1D
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PAK-S Examples Display labelling of points and curves by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
Dynamic Analysis
3 6
You have designed the geometry of your model as shown on Fig. 2.
Fig. 2
Example 1D
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III Generation of Nodes and Elements Note: The first thing we need to do is set the mesh size for the curve.
Dynamic Analysis

Note: You may graphically pick the location of curve on screen, Fig. 2.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entity Selection - Select Curve(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel. Mesh>Geometry>Curve...
Note: You may graphically pick the location of curve on screen, Fig. 2.
2 3
Note: Now, FEMAP prompts you to define orientation vector that defines the y axis of the beam. It is important that this vector be identical to the one used to define the cross-section properties, otherwise analysis results may be incorrect. Use the orientation vector along the y axis. 320
Example 1D
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Dynamic Analysis
To see beam with cross-section, let`s rotate the view.
View>Rotate>Model... (short-cut key F8)
2 3
Example 1D
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PAK-S Examples Display labelling of nodes and elements by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
Dynamic Analysis
1 4
3 6
To view Beam elements with their cross-section use View Options, too.
Viewe>Options... (short-cut key F6)
1 3
Your model looks like one on the Fig. 3.
Example 1D
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Fig. 3
Use the View Tool Bar across the top of the screen and FEMAP View Style options to set your model in the render mode.
Note: If you want to back your model to the wireframe view choose the option Wireframe from above drop-down menu.
Example 1D
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Dynamic Analysis
Fig. 4
Example 1D
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Dynamic Analysis
Note: You may graphically pick the location of node 1 on screen, Fig. 3.
Fig. 4 Example 1D 325
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Dynamic Analysis

You should export your model as a FEMAP neutral file (*.NEU file ver.4.4). Then, using the PAK Translator you will translate your model into an input file for FEA program PAK-S that will analyze this model.
File>Export>FEMAP Neutral
4 5
Example 1D
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Dynamic Analysis
1 2
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1 2
3 4 5 6
Example 1D
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Dynamic Analysis
In the step 6, Time Periods dialog box will appear. After you put all data in the proper fields and press OK in the Time Periods dialog box, you will back in General options dialog box and press OK.
1 2
You should save your *. dat file in the same directory as you put a file Paks.exe. You need to run file Paks.exe and after start it, type Example1d.dat in a DOS prompt (see the window below). Three files should be create during this process Example1d.LST, Example1d.UNV, Example1d.NEU.
Example 1D
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Dynamic Analysis

After solution, FEMAP can read the output results for post-processing. Reading output results is similar to writing model for analysis. File>Import>FEMAP Neutral
1 2
Example 1D
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Dynamic Analysis
FEMAP can display initial and deformed configuration at time t=310-4s mode shapes of cantilever beam and determine eigenvalues as following: View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
1 2
5 6 7
After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK.
Example 1D
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Dynamic Analysis
Look View Toolbar 1
Example 1D
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Dynamic Analysis
You can see on the Fig. 6 mode shape 1 and proper eigenvalue in the left down corner.
Fig. 6 Mode shape for the first mode To show the other 9 mode shapes and proper eigenvalue, you can repeat command View>Select... and in the dialog box PostProcessing Data from the drop-down list Output set instead of output option 1..CASE 1 EIGV 4.0821E+01 choose 2..CASE 2 EIGV 8.1760E+01 or next one. Better way to do this is to select next option from Command Toolbar:
Example 1D
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Dynamic Analysis
You can see on the Fig. 7 mode shapes 2 , 3, ... with proper eigenvalues in the left down corner.
Fig. 7 Mode shape Example 1D 333
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Dynamic Analysis
Example 1D
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Dynamic Analysis
EXAMPLE 2D (SD_1) Cylindrical pipe loaded by radial line impulse load

Description/Objective Long cylindrical pipe shown in Fig. 1 loaded by radial line impulse load is analysed in order to obtain dynamic response of the structure. Geometrical and material data are given in Fig. 1. Radial line pressure p as function of time is shown in the same figure. Due to symmetry of loading and boundary conditions, one half of pipe wall is modelled using eigth 8-node 2D axisymmetric finite elements. Problem is solved using 60 equal time steps of length t=110 5 s. Concentrated load is input as distributed load per unit length in circumferential direction. Program automatically calculates force over arc length at load action corresponding to one radian. In this example one half of F is taken in the FE model, due to the fact that half of the structure is analysed. Determine initial and deformed configuration at time t=310-4s and radial displacement at point under load.
L=18 cm D=6 cm h=0.3 cm E=3107 N/cm2 =0.3 =3.66310-2 kg/cm3 p=1103 N/cm
Suggested Exercise Steps: I Defining Material and Properties II Creating the Geometry III Generation of Nodes and Elements IV Constraining the Model V Loading the Model VI Prepare and Submit the Model for a Dynamic Analysis VII Postprocessing and Review the Results
Example 2D
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PAK-S Examples
Dynamic Analysis
If you have not already done so, start FEMAP by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the Windows Start menu, pick Start>Programs>Femap v8.1>Femap v8.1. All new models are named Untitled. The command File>Save As... allows you to change the model filename. The Windows Common File Save As dialog box will be display. Using this box, you can navigate around your local computer. Move to or create a directory where you wish to store your FEMAP model, type in the field File name Example2d, and press Save. Throughout this example, all commands that you will select from the FEMAP menu will be shown in the following style File>Save As... Which means, first select File from the menu, and then move to the Save As command.
File>Save As...
1
1 2 I Defining Materials and Properties
Model>Material...
1 2 4 3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Isotropic Material press Cancel to end command. 336 Example 2D
PAK-S Examples
Dynamic Analysis
Model>Property...
5 7
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Define Property - AXISYMMETRIC Element Type press Cancel.
Example 2D
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Dynamic Analysis
C Note: Due to symmetry, you will create one half of the right side of longitudinal cross-section of the pipe wall.
Geometry>Surface>Corners...
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 8
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Locate - Enter First Corner of Surface press Cancel. To autoscale the view press Ctrl+A or choose command: View>Autoscale>Visible You can turn off the workplane for the clarity of model picture. Tools>Workplane... (short-cut key F2)
1 2
Example 2D
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PAK-S Examples Display labelling of curves by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)
Dynamic Analysis
You have designed the geometry of your model as shown on Fig. 2.
PAK-S Examples
Dynamic Analysis

Mesh>Mesh Control>Mapped Division on Surface...
Note: You may graphically pick the location of surface on screen, Fig. 2.
2 3
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entety Selection - Select Surface(s) to Set Mesh Size press Cancel. Mesh>Geometry>Surface...
2 3
Eigth finite elements with 9 nodes per element have been generated. You should solve the problem by using 8-node 2D axisymmetric elements, so ninth node in the middle of the each element must be deleted. Delete>Model>Node...
1 2
Example 2D
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Dynamic Analysis
You will see in the Messages and List Window following message:
To see effect of deleting use the following command to regenerate the screen: View>Regenerate (short-cut key Ctrl+G) To reduce the amount of information displayed (turn off geometry), use the FEMAP Quick Options (short-cut key Ctrl+Q):
1
2 3
Example 2D
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Dynamic Analysis
1 4 3 6
Since 8 nodes were deleted you have to performe the renumber of nodes. Modify>Renumber>Node
1 2
Finite element model is shown in the Fig. 3 a). Zoom of upper side of model is shown on Fig. 3 b).
Example 2D
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Dynamic Analysis
a) Fig. 3
b)
Example 2D
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Dynamic Analysis

Note: First, you should restraint nodes that lying on the curve 1 to simulate y symmetry.
2 1 Note: You may graphically pick the location of curve 1 on screen, Fig. 2.
Note: Now, restrain node 43 in the upper right corner in the x direction as above shown, Fig. 1. Also, you may graphically pick the location of node 43 on screen, Fig. 2.
Example 2D
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Dynamic Analysis
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entety Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel. Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint
Note: Degrees of freedom corresponding to the rotations of nodes and translation in z direction are restrained globally because only translational displacements in x and y direction are allowed for axisymmetric elements.
1 2
3 4
Example 2D
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V Loading the Model

Model>Load>Nodal...
Note: You may graphically pick the location of node 3 on screen and put half of load due to symmetry, Fig. 3.
After FEMAP displays again dialog box Entety Selection - Enter Node(s) to Select press Cancel.
Example 2D
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Dynamic Analysis
Fig. 4
Example 2D
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Dynamic Analysis

4 5
Example 2D
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Dynamic Analysis
Run the PAK Translator by double-click the icon on your Desktop or in the directory Paktr run the file Paktr.exe. 1 1
1 2
11
8 9
7 10
Example 2D
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Dynamic Analysis
In the step 5, Dynamic analysis options dialog box will appear. After you put data 1 in the field IMASS and press OK in this dialog box, you will back in General options dialog box and press button Time Periods. Time Periods dialog box will appear. After you put all data in the proper fields and press OK in this dialog box, you will back in General options dialog box and press OK to accept all input and end the command.
1 2
You should save your *. dat file in the same directory as you put a file Paks.exe. You need to run file Paks.exe and after start it, type Example2d.dat in a DOS prompt (see the window below). Three files should be create during this process Example2d.LST, Example2d.UNV, Example2d.NEU.
1
Example 2D
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Dynamic Analysis

After solution, FEMAP can read the output results for post-processing. Reading output results is similar to writing model for analysis. File>Import>FEMAP Neutral
1 2
Example 2D
351
PAK-S Examples Now, you should display initial and deformed configuration at time t=310-4s. View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
Dynamic Analysis
5 6
After FEMAP displays again dialog box View Select press OK.
Example 2D
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Dynamic Analysis
Look View Toolbar

1
Example 2D
353
PAK-S Examples Deformation configuration of pipe in time t=310-4s is shown on the Fig. 4.
Dynamic Analysis
Fig. 5 Displacement field Drawing diagram of displacement of point under load in the radial direction. View>Select... (short-cut key F5)
Example 2D
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3 1
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8 10
On the Fig. 6 FEMAP displays displacement of point under load in the radial direction.

Linear Static and Dynamic Structural Analysis

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Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of Kragujevac

Laboratory for Engineering Software

LINEAR STATIC AND DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE 1 (SE1_1) Spatial truss structure ...............................................1

EXAMPLE 2 Static analysis of 2D truss .....................................................17

EXAMPLE 3 Linear static analysis of roof truss ........................................39

EXAMPLE 4 (SE2_2) Cylinder under internal pressure ............................57

EXAMPLE 5 (SE2_3) Stress concentration in tension of plate with hole ..81

EXAMPLE 6 (SE2_5) Cook`s problem (cantiliver with variable crosssection)................................................................................105

EXAMPLE 10 (SE8_5) Cylindrical roof under gravity loading ...............185

EXAMPLE 13 (SE8_9) Cantilever with rotated cross-section .................245

EXAMPLE 14 (SE8_13) Simply supported circular plate subjected to pressure.................................................................... ...........261

EXAMPLE 15 (SM3_3) Thermal loading of coaxial rings .......................287

LINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

EXAMPLE 2D (SD_3) Cylindrical pipe loaded by radial line impulse load......................................................................................335

Linear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 1 (SE1_1) Spatial truss structure

Linear Structural Analysis

I Defining Materials and Properties

PAK-S Examples Model>Property...

Linear Structural Analysis

Linear Structural Analysis

II Generation of Nodes and Elements

Linear Structural Analysis

Display labelling of nodes and elements by ID View>Options... (short-cut key F6)

PAK-S Examples Model>Element...( Short-cut key Ctrl+E)

Linear Structural Analysis

Linear Structural Analysis

Linear Structural Analysis

III Constraining the Model

Linear Structural Analysis

IV Loading the Model

Linear Structural Analysis

Linear Structural Analysis

V Prepare and Submit the Model for a Linear Static Analysis

Linear Structural Analysis

Linear Structural Analysis

VI Postprocessing and Review the Results

Linear Structural Analysis

Linear Structural Analysis

Look View Toolbar 1

Linear Structural Analysis

Linear Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 2 Static analysis of 2D truss

A=0.01 [ m2] E=2.1e11 [N/m2] =0.3

Linear Structural Analysis

I Defining Materials and Properties

PAK-S Examples Model>Property...

Linear Structural Analysis

Linear Structural Analysis

II Generation of Nodes and Elements

Linear Structural Analysis

Linear Structural Analysis

1 4 3 6 On the Fig. 2, finite element model (nodes and elements) is shown.

Linear Structural Analysis

III Constraining the Model

PAK-S Examples Modify>Update Other>Perm Constraint

Linear Structural Analysis

Linear Structural Analysis

IV Loading the Model

Linear Structural Analysis

Linear Structural Analysis

Linear Structural Analysis