RULES OF INFERENCE AND RULES OF REPLACEMENT1 1. Modus Ponens PQ _P_ :. Q 3. Hypothetical Syllogism PQ Q R :. PR 5.

Constructive Dilemma (PQ) o (RS) PVR :.QVS 7. Destructive Dilemma (PQ) o (RS) ~Q V~S :. ~P V~R 9. Conjunction P Q_ :.P o Q RULES OF REPLACEMENT: 10. De Morgans Rule 11. Commutation 12. Association 13. Distribution 14. Double Negation 15. Transposition 16. Material Implication 17. Material Equivalence 18. Exportation 19. Tautology 2. Modus Tollens PQ ~Q_ :. ~P 4. Disjunctive Syllogism PVQ _~P_ :. Q 6. Simplification PoQ :.P :.Q 8 Addition P_ :.P V Q

10. Absorption P Q :. P ( P o Q) Within a context of a proof, logically equivalent expressions may replace each other ~(P o Q) (~PV~Q) ~(PVQ) (~P o ~Q) (PVQ) (QVP) (P o Q) (Q o P) [PV (QVR)] [(PVQ) VR] [Po (Q o R)] [(P o Q) o R] [Po(QVR)] [(P o Q) V (P o R)] [PV (Q o R)] [(P V Q) o (PVR)] P ~~P (PQ) (~Q~P) (PQ) (~PVQ) (P Q) [(P Q) o (Q P)] (P Q) [(P o Q) V (~P o ~Q)] [(P o Q)R)] [P(QR)] P (PVP) P (P o P)

Condensed by Roland L. Aparece, MA from Dan Magat, A First Book in Logic (Manila: Felta, 1991) p.60 and Patrick Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic.(Belmont: Wadswoth/Thompson Learning, 2000) pp. 370,379-380,389-390,399-400.

STRATEGIES FOR APPLYING THE RULES OF INFERENCE AND RULES OF REPLACEMENT TO PROVE 1. A statement letter or the negation or a sentence letter 2. A o B 3. ~(A o B) 4. A V B 5. ~A V ~B 6. A B 7. ~(A B) 8. A B STRATEGY Use Modus Ponens, Modus Tollens, Disjunctive Syllogism Work for A and work for B, then use conjunction Work for the equivalent disjunction ~ A V ~B then apply De Morgans rule Work for A and infer A V B by Addition or use Constructive Dilemma Work for the equivalent conjunction ~A o ~B then apply De Morgans rule Use any strategy for 1, or conditional proof. Work for the equivalent ~A V B then apply Material Implication. Sometime Hypothetical Syllogism will do also. Work for the equivalent ~(~A V B) then apply Material Implication. Work for A B, and B A separately and derive the conjunction (A B) o (B A). Or work for [(A o B) V (~A ~B)] by Disjunctive Syllogism or constructive Dilemma. Note if AB occurs as a premise then the first step which you need is to break or translate the equivalence to (A B) o (B A), or (A o B) V (~A o ~ B). Work for (A B) (B o ~A) using the strategies outlined above for implications and conjunctions. To derive (A A), or any tautology, the best strategy is to use conditional proof or indirect proof)

9. ~(A B) 10. A A

1. Always begin by attempting to find the conclusion in the premises. Given ~J JVK KL Prove L Let us examine the above argument in detail. The conclusion is L. Upon inspection, we can find K L in the premises wherein K is the antecedent of the consequent L. More so, K is found in another premise, a disjunctive statement, J V K. In this case, the partner or other disjunct of K is J. Lastly, we have a single letter ~J. To solve this argument, one could simply infer mentally the flow of the solution: J V K and ~J, by applying disjunctive syllogism to the two premises, one could get K. Now we have K L and K, by applying Modus Ponens to the two premises, one could get L. Thus, the argument is valid as demonstrated and the key to this solution is by starting to find the conclusion in the premises. JVK given ~J K Disjunctive Syllogism K L given K above L Modus Ponens

Q.E.D. 2. If the conclusion contains a letter that appears in the consequent of a conditional statement in the premises, consider obtaining that letter via Modus Ponens. Given AB AB given A A Prove B Modus Ponens B Q.E.D 3. If the conclusion contains a negated letter and that appears in the antecedent of a conditional statement in the premises, consider obtaining the negated letter via Modus Tollens. Given C B AB AB ~B given ~B ~A Modus Tollens Prove Q.E.D ~A 4. If the conclusion is a conditional statement, consider obtaining it via Hypothetical syllogism. Given AC AC given CB CB Prove AB Hypothetical Syllogism AB 5. If the conclusion contains a letter that appears in a disjunctive statement in the premises, consider obtaining that letter via Disjunctive Syllogism. Given AVB AVB given ~A ~A Prove B Disjunctive Syllogism B Q.E.D 6. If the conclusion contains a letter that appears in a conjunctive statement in the premises, consider obtaining it via simplification. Given AoB AoB given Prove A Simplification A Q.E.D. 7. If the conclusion is a conjunctive statement, consider obtaining it via conjunction by first obtaining the individual conjuncts. Given A B A given A C C A o C Conjunction Prove Q.E.D AoC . 8. If the conclusion is a disjunctive statement, consider obtaining it via Constructive Dilemma or Addition. Given (AB) o (CD) (AB) o (CD) given BC AVC given AVC BVD Constructive Dilemma Prove Q.E.D

BVD Given AVC B Prove BVD

B BVD

given Addition Q.E.D

9. If the conclusion contains a letter not found in the premises, Addition must be used to obtain that letter. (See second example under strategy 8.) 10. Conjunction can be used to set up De Morgans Rule. ~A given ~B given ~A o ~B Conjunction ~(AV B) De Morgans Rule Q.E.D 11. Constructive Dilemma can be used to set up De Morgans Rule. (A ~B) o (C ~D) given AVC ~BV~D Constructive Dilemma ~(B o D) De Morgans Rule 12. Addition can be used to set up De Morgans Rule. ~A given ~AV~B Addition ~(A o B) De Morgans Rule 13. Distribution can be used in two ways to set up Disjunctive Syllogism (A V B) o (AVC) given ~A AV (B o C) Distribution BoC Disjunctive Syllogism A o (B V C) (A o B) V (A o C) ~(A o B) AoC given Distribution given Disjunctive Syllogism

14. Distribution can be used in two ways to set up Simplification. A V (B o C) given (A V B) o (A V C) Distribution (A V B) Simplification (A o B) V (A o C) A o (B V C) A given Distribution Simplification

15. If inspection of the premises does not reveal how the conclusion should be derived, consider using the rules of replacement to deconstruct the conclusion. (See the example above) 16. Material implication can be used to set up Hypothetical Syllogism ~AVB given ~BVC given A B Material Implication B C AC Hypothetical Syllogism

17. Exportation can be used to set up Modus Pones. (A o B)C) given A A(BC) Exportation A Above BC) Modus Ponens 18. Exportation can be used to set up Modus Tollens. A(BC) given (A o B)C Exportation ~C given ~(AB) Modus Ponens 19. Addition can be used to set up Material Implication. A Given AV~B Addition ~BVA Commutation B A Material Implication 20. Transposition can be used to set up Hypothetical Syllogism AB given ~C~B BC Transposition AB above AC Hypothetical Syllogism 21. Transposition can be used to set up Constructive Dilemma. Given (AB) o (CD) given (~B~A) (~D ~C) Transposition ~BV~D given ~AV~C Constructive Dilemma 22. Constructive Dilemma can be used to set up Tautology. (A C) o (B C) given AVB CVC Constructive Dilemma C Tautology 23. Material Implication can be used to set up Tautology. A~A given ~AV~A Material Implication ~A Tautology 24. Material Implication can be used to set up Distribution. A (Bo C) given ~AV (Bo C) Material Implication (~A V B) o (~AVC) Distribution