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Metal Objects
AN42851
Author: Victor Kremin, Andriy Ryshtun, Vasyl Mandzij
Associated Project: Yes
Associated Part Family: CY8C21x34, CY8C24x94
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Software Version: PSoC Designer™ 4.4
Associated Application Notes: AN2352
Introduction
The ability to use proximity detection in white goods and 2. A grounded metal plane catches a part of the sensor
automotive applications is often essential. For example, electric field and reduces the added by palm
proximity detector is used to turn on the backlight in a capacitance.
kitchen stove or the internal lamp in a microwave oven Figure 1. CY3235 Proximity Detector Demonstration Kit
when the palm is close to the door. In various home
appliances a proximity sensor turns on the display when
the user tries to adjust some parameters.
Cypress provides a CY3235 kit that demonstrates
proximity sensing. The CY3235 kit has a detection range
of 30 cm when the sensor is located far away from
conductive objects such as metals. When a wire sensor is
placed on a metal surface, detection range dramatically
decreases from 30 cm to 2 cm. Most white good and
automotive applications have a metal frame or case that is
a challenge for proximity sensing devices.
This CY3235 kit contains a wired sensor and small PCB
with CY8C21434 chip on board, as shown in Figure 1.
The reasons why the proximity detection range reduces
dramatically when conductive objects are placed close to
the sensor are:
1. The sensor stray capacitance increases. Stray
capacitance reduces the proximity response value by
providing a higher full scale range. Larger stray
capacitance often requires operation frequency
reduction, causing the additional detection distance to
decrease.
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q
closed surface is equal to the algebraic sum of the
charges concluded into this surface divided by electric i
permanent(1): Cown i 1 (6)
1 n
E dS q
S 0 i 1
i
(2) Then intercapacitance between sensor and palm is equal
to:
S - Any closed surface that includes wire sensor. Cint Cmutual Cown (7)
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PCB Sensor
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Rb
CapSense PCB Ground to Metal Case
Ph2
Sw5
Ph2
Sw. cap
Sw3
Connection
Cx Cfilt
The PCB to metal case connection is very important for
Sigma-delta modulator proximity detector sensitivity. Some possible methods are
shown in Figure 9.
In the CSD User Module the same phase signal used for Figure 9. PSoC Board Ground to Metal Case Connection
the precharge clock is supplied to the shielding electrode.
The difference between the sensor signal and the shield PCB PCB
Via inductor 33 uH
Ph1, the switches Sw2 and Sw5 are on in phase Ph2. The
Css is discharged in phase Ph1 phase and is charged in
Ph2 phase. Therefore, the shield electrode always has
approximately the same potential as the sensor and
guards the sensor from the metal objects’ influence.
Electrode(Bottom) Sensor(TOP)
Electrode(Bottom) Sensor(TOP)
Proximity
Proximity
Using Wire as CapSense Sensor
Using a PCB plate as a capacitance sensor is described in
Figure 6. The PCB plate is easy to manufacture but it is
not optimal for sensitivity.
Shield
Shield
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30
25
Detection Distance, cm
0
0 5 10 15
Shield to Metal Distance (B), mm
Summary
A simple method of proximity sensing close to a solid metal sensitivity degradation. If a multilayer PCB is used, fill the
object is to use a shield electrode with a dedicated top layer by 20 to 25% hatched shield electrode copper
mechanical construction. This allows you to build a proximity pour; the internal layers can be used for ground and signals
sensor at the metal substrate. routing.
When a shield electrode is used as a conductive plane, the If the device has a plastic case, glue the wire sensor with a
shield to metal distance greatly influences sensitivity. shield electrode on the internal plastic case side to detect
Sensitivity increases linearly with distance, increasing in the distance maximization. The recommended wire length is 10
range of 1 mm to 30 mm. cm to 20 cm, the recommended distance between the shield
and the metal is 10 mm to 20 mm.
There are several ways of building a proximity sensor with a
shield electrode. One way uses a double sided PCB. In this Note Using CY8C24x94 with Second Order Sigma-Delta
case, the shield electrode is located at the bottom of PCB Modulator (CSDADC User Module) provides a larger
layer and the sensor is located at the top layer. The sensor detection range because of better SNR.
trace width must be around 1mm.
The proposed technique is implemented for turning on the
Another method is to place the proximity sensor on the PCB backlight lamp inside a microwave oven when you place a
where other components are installed. The best way is to palm close to front panel. Images of a microwave oven
place the sensing electrode on the board perimeter. The design example are shown in Appendix 2. For this device,
shield electrode must be located under the sensor at the the detection distance without a shield was 5 cm, with a
bottom of the PCB layer. Do not use the large ground fill shield electrode it increased to 15 cm.
area inside the proximity sensor because this causes
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Appendix 1
Note Sensor is connected to P0[2]. Shield electrode is connected to P2[6].
Figure 12. Single Sensor CSD Design Example Schematic
J1
Proximity Sensor
1
C1 VCC
0.1uF
R1
100
32
31
30
29
28
27
26
25
Vdd
P0[3]
P0[5]
P0[7]
P0[6]
P0[4]
P0[2]
1 Vss 24
P0[1] P0[0] J2
2 23 1
P2[7] P2[6]
3 U1 22
P2[5] P2[4] Shield electrode
4 CY 8C21634 21
P2[3] P2[2]
5 20
P2[1] P2[0]
6 19
P3[3] P3[2]
7 18
P3[1] P3[0]
8 17
P1[7] XRES
P1[5]
P1[3]
P1[1]
P1[0]
P1[2]
P1[4]
P1[6]
Vss
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
R2
20K
VCC
J3
1
C2 2
0.1uF 3
4
5
ISSP/I2C
R2 was selected for providing 70% raw counts value as recommended in CSD UM datasheet.
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Appendix 2
An example design of a microwave oven is shown here. Proximity sensing is limited because of the door’s metal grounded
surface. The proximity sensor inside the door turns on the lamp inside the oven. The oven door is made as a large grounded
metal surface.
Sensing
area
Microwave
Metal frame with
oven
conductive grid
Proximity
sensor PCB
under metal
Mounting
Door plastic
sensor PCB in
case
plastic case
Proximity
sensor PCB Shield
electrode
Relay
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