CH 2

Transmission Lines
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vs (t )
+ ~
+
2.5 H 0.1 F
vC
vs (t ) = 50 sin(105 t ) V
l +
2.5 H 0.1 F 3
vs (t ) + ~
vC
What if this is 5 km ???

1 transmission lines
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transmission lines
Lumped Element Model
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transmission lines
Transmission lines transmit energy and signals from a source (generator) to a load Distinguishing characteristics of a transmission line:
- the devices to be connected are separated by distances comparable to or larger than the signal wavelength - the parameters of the circuit are distributed and are evaluated on a per-unit length basis: R' resistance per unit length, /m L' inductance per unit length, H/m G' conductance per unit length, S/m C' capacitance per unit length, F/m - transmission lines are circuit elements that have complex impedances, which are functions of line length and signal frequency R
g
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TEM transmission lines

- two-wire line - coaxial cable - parallel-plate line
u Vg + = p f
0.01
ZL
generator
transmission line
load
two wire line

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coaxial line
parallel plate
microstrip
transmission lines
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Notice:
L'C ' =
Power loss: due to non-ideal conductors and dielectrics

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Lossless transmission line model (R' = 0, G' = 0) Rg Vg +

L' z
C ' z
L' z
C ' z
L' z
C ' z
L' z
C ' z
ZL
Dispersion: due to frequency dependent properties of the materials
transmission lines
Examples:
1. Compute the line parameters for the following lossless transmission lines: A. A coaxial cable with diameters of the concentric conductors 2a = 0.4 mm and 2b = 3 mm employs polyethylene as insulator between the conductors.
R'= 0 G '= 0
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r 0 b 4 10 7 3 ln = ln L' = = 0.4 H/m 2 2 0.4 a

2 r 0 2 2.25 8.854 10 12 = C' = = 62 pF/m b 3 ln ln a 0.4
B.
The conducting wires of a two-wire line have 1.2-mm diameter and are a distance of 1 cm from one another. The two wires are in air.
d Assume >> 1 2a
2
R'= 0 G '= 0
r 0 d 4 10 7 10 L' = ln = ln = 1.1 H/m a 0.6

C' =
r 0
d ln a
8.854 10 12
10 ln 0.6
= 9.9 pF/m
transmission lines
Examples:
2. Compute the line parameters at 1 MHz for a coaxial air line with an inner conductor diameter of 0.6 cm and an outer conductor diameter of 1.2 cm. The conductors are made of copper. Assume the air has zero conductivity.
f 0 rc 106 4 10 7 Rs = = = 2.6 10 4 7 c 5.8 10
R R' = s 2
4 1 1 1 2.6 10 1 2 + + = = 2.08 10 /m 2 a b 0.003 0.006
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r 0 b 4 10 7 1.2 L' = ln = ln = 0.14 H/m 2 2 0.6 a

G ' = 0 due to = 0 2 r 0 2 8.854 10 12 = 80.26 pF/m C' = = 1.2 b ln ln a 0.6
Generalized Transmission Line

i(z,t) R' z L' z + v(z,t) z
Phasor notations:
G ' z
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i(z + z,t) +
C ' z
v(z + z,t)
For AC currents and voltages, using phasor notations and applying Kirchhoffs voltage and current laws to a section of the line:
Transmission line equations:
~ v( z , t ) = Re[V ( z ) e j t ] ~ i ( z , t ) = Re[ I ( z ) e j t ]

KVL, KCL
~ dV (z ) ~ = (R'+ j L')I ( z ) dt ~ d I (z ) ~ = (G '+ j C ' )V ( z ) dt

telegraphers equations
Upon uncoupling the telegraphers equations, two second order differential equations are obtained:
~ d 2V (z ) 2 ~ V (z ) = 0 2 dt ~ d 2 I (z ) 2 ~ I (z ) = 0 2 dt
complex propagation constant
wave equations
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= + j =
= Re[ ] = Im[ ]
(R'+ j L')(G '+ j C ')
attenuation constant, Np/m phase constant, rad/m
The general solution to the wave equation is a sum of two waves, one traveling from the generator toward the load and another one traveling from the load toward the generator:
~ V ( z ) = V0+ e z + V0 e z ~ + I ( z ) = I 0 e z + I 0 e z
Phasor notation :
~ V ( z ) = V0+ e z + V0 e z
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~ + j + z j z j z j z V ( z ) = V0 e e e + V0 e e e
Instantaneous function (time domain):
v( z , t ) = V0+ e z cos t z + + + V0 e z cos t + z +

incident wave, v
Zg
~ Vg
(t )
reflected wave, v
(t )
TL
Traveling waves parameters:
v (t )
+
v (t )
amplitude:
ZL
V0+ e z , V0 e z
f =
frequency:
0 z
2
up f
phase velocity on the line: u p = wavelength on the line:
Current in terms of voltage (using the solutions to the wave equations into the telegraphers equations):
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~ I (z ) =
(V R'+ j L'
+ z 0
V0 e z =
V0+ z V0 z e = e Z0 Z0
where
V0+ V0 R'+ j L' = = = + I0 I0 = R'+ j L' = Z0 G '+ j C '

characteristic impedance of the line,
Examples:
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3. Compute the characteristic impedance of the transmission lines from examples 1 and 2. A lossless coaxial cable with diameters of the concentric conductors 2a = 0.4 mm and 2b = 3 mm employs polyethylene as insulator between the conductors.
From before: R'= 0
Z0 =
L' = 0.4 H/m
G '= 0
C ' = 62 pF/m
R'+ j L' L' = = 80.3 G '+ j C ' C'
The conducting wires of a two-wire lossless line have 1.2-mm diameter and are a distance of 1 cm from one another. The two wires are in air.
d Assume >> 1 2a
2
From before: R'= 0

Z0 =
L'= 1.1 H/m
G '= 0
C ' = 9.9 pF/m
R'+ j L' L' = = 333 G '+ j C ' C'
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Signal frequency of 1 MHz, a coaxial air line with an inner conductor diameter of 0.6 cm and an outer conductor diameter of 1.2 cm. The conductors are made of copper. Assume the air has zero conductivity.
From before: R' = 2.08 10 2
L' = 0.14 H/m G '= 0 C ' = 80.26 pF/m
2.08 10 2 + j 2 106 0.14 10 6 R'+ j L' = = Z0 = G '+ j C ' j 2 106 80.26 10 12 2.08 10 2 + j 0.88 = = 4 j 5 10 0.88e j 88.65 = 42 1.35 4 j 90 5 10 e
Lossless Transmission Line

R' = 0
Z0 =
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G' = 0
L' C'
(real quantity)
Characteristic impedance:
Complex propagation constant: Attenuation constant: Phase constant: Phase velocity:
= 2 L ' C ' = j L ' C '
= Re[ ] = 0
= Im[ ] = L' C ' =

up =
Wavelength:
1 1 = = L' C ' 2 2 2 = = = L' C '
Lossless TEM Transmission Lines coaxial line parameter two wire line parallel plate
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(d >> 2a )
L'[H/m] C '[F/m]
b ln 2 a
2 ln (b a )
d ln a
ln (d a )
d w w d
L' Z0 = [] C'
=
b ln 2 a
d ln a
d w
intrinsic impedance of the dielectric
material between the two conductors
L'C ' =
Examples:
4. Design a parallel-plate transmission line according to the following requirements: (a) characteristic impedance of 50 ; (b) capacitance per unit length of 100 pF/m. You have at your disposal three dielectric materials, namely, teflon, polyethylene, and polystyrene, in the form of 1.9-mm thick strips. Assume the insulating materials are perfect dielectrics and the metal plates are perfect conductors.
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Z0 =
L' d = C' w
L' Z0 = C'
L' = r 0
C' =
w d
12 2
L' =
d w
= r 0 = 0 = r 0
r = ?
size?
material? 1
L' =
2 C' Z0
= 100 10
50 = 0.25 H/m
d d 0.0019 w = 0 = 4 10 7 = 9.6 mm 6 w L' 0.25 10
w=?
w C' d 100 10 12 0.0019 C ' = r 0 r = = = 2.25 d 0 w 8.854 10 12 0.0096
teflon : r = 2.1
polyethylene : r = 2.25
polystyrene : r = 2.6
The dielectric material must be polyethylene and the plates must be 9.6 mm wide.
~ V ( z ) = V0+ e j z + V0 e j z V0+ j z V0 j z ~ I (z ) = e e Z0 Z0
Generalized impedance on the line:
+ Z in
z=l
Z (z )
ZL
0
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~ V0+ e j z + V0 e j z V (z ) Z (z ) = ~ = Z 0 + j z V0 e V0 e j z I (z )
V0+ + V0 At z = 0, load impedance: Z L = Z (0 ) = + V V Z0 0 0 At z = l, input impedance: Z in = Z ( l )
Reflected wave amplitude in terms of incident wave amplitude:
Z Z0 + V0 = L Z + Z V0 0 L
Note:
No reflected wave ( V0
= 0 ), when Z L = Z 0 !!!
V0+ e j z + V0 e j z Z (z ) = Z 0 + j z V0 e V0 e j z
0
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Z L Z0 + Relating the reflection coefficient to the load impedance through V = Z + Z V0 0 L and using Eulers identity and some trigonometry:
Z L + j Z 0 tan ( z ) Z (z ) = Z 0 Z 0 + j Z L tan ( z )
A distance
l = z from the load:
Z + j Z 0 tan ( l ) Z in = Z 0 L Z 0 + j Z L tan ( l )
Voltage reflection coefficient at the load:
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V0 e j z = + j z V0 e
Z Z0 + V0 = L Z + Z V0 0 L
z =0
V0 = + V0
Z L Z0 = Z L + Z0
reflection coefficient in terms of load impedance
Generally, the load impedance is a complex number, therefore the reflection coefficient is also a complex number:
= e j
Note:
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Voltage and current in terms of reflection coefficient:
~ V ( z ) = V0+ e j z + V0 e j z = V0+ e j z + e j z
) )
V0+ j z V0 j z V0+ j z ~ I (z ) = e e = e e j z Z0 Z0 Z0
Impedance in terms of reflection coefficient:
~ V0+ e j z + e j z 1 + e j 2 z V (z ) Z (z ) = ~ = Z 0 + j z = Z0 j z 1 e j 2 z e I (z ) V0 e
At z = l,
( (
) )
~ 1 + e j 2 l V ( l ) = Z0 Z in = Z ( l ) = ~ 1 e j 2 l I ( l )
Examples:
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5. A 75- transmission line is terminated in two different loads: (a) ZL = 75 , and (b) open circuit. Find the corresponding reflection coefficients at the load.
Z L Z0 Z L + Z0 75 75 = 0 matched line 75 + 75 1 Z0 Z L Z L 1 1 + Z0 Z L
a) =
b) =
Examples:
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6. The reflection coefficient at the load is measured when a 75- transmission line is terminated in three different loads. The corresponding values of are as follows: (a) = j0.5, (b) = 1, (c) = 0.5. Find the load impedances.
Z L Z0 = Z L + Z0
a) Z L = 75 b) Z L = 75 c) Z L = 75
Z L = Z0
1+ 1
1 j 0.5 = 75e j 53.13 = 45 j 60 1 + j 0.5 1 1 = 0 short circuit 1+1 1 + 0.5 = 225 1 0.5
Power flow:
~ V (z ) = V0+ e j z + e j z V0+ ~ I (z ) = Z0
j z
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~ Vg
( (e
j z
) )
+
l
P i (t )
P r (t )
0
2
ZL z
Instantaneous incident power at the load (z = 0):
P (t ) = v (t )i (t ) = Re[V
i + +
+ 0
j +
e j t
V0+ V0+ j + j t Re e e = cos 2 t + + Z0 Z0
Instantaneous reflected power at the load (z = 0):
P (t ) = v (t )i (t ) = Re e
r

V0+
j +
e j t
=
+ 2 V 2 0
Z0
cos 2 t + + +
V0+ j + j t Re e j e e = Z0
Time-average incident power at the load (z = 0):
1 i Pav = P i (t ) d t = T0 2Z 0
Time-average reflected power at the load (z = 0):
r Pav =
+ 2 V0
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1 P r (t ) d t = T 0
1 ~ ~* Pav = Re V I 2
+ 2 V 2 0
2Z 0
i = Pav
The same result can be obtained easier using phasors. The average value of a product of two time-harmonic quantities is:
Power delivered to the load:
i r Pav = Pav + Pav
Percentage of the incident power delivered to the load:

i r r Pav Pav + Pav Pav 2 = = 1+ i = 1 i i Pav Pav Pav
Note:
Pav 1 i Pav
Examples:
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7. A load impedance ZL = 80 j100 terminates a 50- line. The operating frequency is 100 MHz and the wavelength on the line is 2 m. Find (a) the phase velocity of the wave on the line, and (b) the percentage of power absorbed by the load.
a) u p = b) =
2 f = = f = 100 106 2 = 2 108 m/s 2

Z L Z 0 80 j100 50 = 0.637e j 35.7 = Z L + Z 0 80 j100 + 50 Pav 2 = 1 = 1 0.637 2 = 0.594 = 59.4% i Pav
= 0.637
8. Consider the transmission line from the previous example and find what percentage of the incident power is delivered to the load when the line is terminated in a load impedance ZL = Z0 = 50 .
= Z L Z0 =0 Z L + Z0 Pav 2 = 1 = 1 = 100% i Pav
Examples:
9.
A voltage generator v g (t ) = 220 sin (120 t 90) V with internal impedance Zg = 100 is connected to a /8-long 50- transmission line. A load impedance ZL = 50 + j50 terminates the line. Find
Zg
~ Vg
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(a) the input impedance,
Zin
Z0 0
ZL z
Z + j Z 0 tan ( l ) Z in = Z 0 L = Z 0 + j Z L tan ( l )
2 50 + j 50 + j 50 tan 8 = 50 50 + j 50 + j 50 = 100 j 50 = 50 50 + j (50 + j 50) 50 + j (50 + j 50) tan 2 8
(b) the reflection coefficient at the load,

= Z L Z 0 50 + j 50 50 = = 0.2 + j 0.4 Z L + Z 0 50 + j 50 + 50
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(c) the phasor of the input voltage

~ Vg
Zg
+ Zin
+ ~ Vi
l 0 z
ZL
~ Vg Z in ~ ~ Vi = V ( l ) = = Z g + Z in =
220 (100 j 50) = 119.3e j12.5 V 100 + 100 j 50
(d) the average power delivered to the load.

~ ~ Analysis: Pav = 1 Re VL I L* 2
}
)
~ ~ VL = V (0 ) = V0+ (1 + ), V0+ = ~ Vi + e j l
V0+ ~ ~ (1 ) I L = I (0 ) = Z0
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~ Vi = V0+ e j l + e j l
Computation: 1.
e jl
V0+
Compute V0+ ~ Vi
jl
+ e
jl
= e
j
119.3 e j12.5
+ (0.2 + j 0.4)e
119.3 e j12.5 = = 85.2 e j 49.4 V 1.4 e j 36.9
2.
Plug in V0+ into the expressions about VL and I L
~ VL = V0+ (1 + ) = 85.2e j 49.4 (1 + 0.2 + j 0.4 ) = 107.4 e j 31 V 85.2e j 49.4 (1 0.2 j 0.4) ~ V0+ (1 ) = IL = = 1.5e j 76 A Z0 50
Take the complex conjugate of I L
3. 4.
~ I L* = 1.5e j 76 A
Plug in VL and I L into the expression about the average power
Pav =
1 1 Re 107.4e j 31 1.5e j 76 = Re 161.1e j 45 = 57 W 2 2
Standing Waves
The interference of the incident and the reflected voltage waves gives rise to a pattern called standing wave, that is, a wave-like spatial distribution of the voltage magnitude on the transmission line.
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~ V (z ) ~ V (z ) ~ V (z )
max
This wave does not travel along the transmission line, it is frozen. Two neighboring maximums (or minimums) are spaced by a halfwavelength. A similar pattern is formed by the interfering current waves. The two patterns are in phase opposition.
min
lmax
z
~ I (z ) ~ I (z ) ~ I (z )
max
lmin
min
lmin lmax
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Standing wave on a string

disturbance amplitude
Mathematically, the voltage standing wave pattern is described by
~ ~ ~ EE 330 2 + V ( z ) = V ( z )V (z ) = V0 1 + + 2 cos(2 z + ) ~ V ( z ) = V0+ (1 + ) when cos(2 z + ) = 1 max 2 z + = 2n + 2n n n = 0,1, 2... if 0 , z = lmax = = + 2 4 2 n = 1, 2... if < 0 ~ V ( z ) = V0+ (1 ) when cos(2 z + ) = 1 min 2 z + = (2n 1) n "+" if lmax < 4 z = lmin = + = lmax , 4 2 4 4 "" if lmax 4
Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR):
~ V (z ) 1+ max S= ~ = 1 V (z )
min
S 1
The extrema in the pattern are related to the magnitude of , and their positions are related to the phase of . Therefore, from the standing wave pattern, the reflection coefficient can be constructed and then the load impedance and the power delivered to the load can be found.
Computing from the standing wave pattern:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
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Compute the VSWR by taking the ratio of the maximum and minimum values of the voltage Compute the magnitude of from VSWR. Determine the distance from the load in wavelengths of the nearest maximum or minimum. Find the phase of , , using the result from step 3. Construct the reflection coefficient in polar form from the results from steps 2 and 4.
Plotting the standing wave pattern from :

1. 2. 3. 4. Compute VSWR from the magnitude of . If the amplitude of the incident wave is given, compute the actual values of minimum and maximum voltage on the line. Determine the distance from the load in wavelengths of the nearest maximum or minimum from the phase of . If the signal wavelength on the line is given or can be determined from the data, compute the actual physical distance from the load. Draw a coordinate system in which the load is placed at z = 0 and the transmission line occupies the negative values of z. Plot the standing wave pattern starting from the load and moving to the left where z < 0. In steps of /4 mark the positions of several minimums and maximums starting from the position determined in step 2 and altering maximums and minimums. Make sure your pattern goes up to the maximum voltage value at the positions of the maximums and down to the minimum voltage value at the positions of the minimums. Note: If you do not know the amplitude of the incident voltage wave and the wavelength on the line, draw a normalized pattern, i.e., in terms of incident voltage amplitude and wavelength.
Examples:
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10. Determine the reflection coefficient at the load from the measured voltage standing wave pattern.
~ V (z ) 6 S = ~ max = = 1.5 4 V (z )
min
V [V] 6 4
S 1 1.5 1 1 = = = 0.2 S + 1 1.5 + 1 5
83.5 33.5 z[cm]
lmax = 0.335 m, lmin = 0.835 m
= 0.5 m = 2 m
lmax =
n + 4 2
4 n lmax = 0.67 = 120.6 2
= e j = 0.2e j 0.67
Examples:
11. Plot the normalized voltage standing wave pattern if a 50- line is terminated in a load ZL = 40 + j50 .
=
~ V (z )
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Z L Z 0 40 + j 50 50 = 0.495e j1.26 = Z L + Z 0 40 + j 50 + 50
= V0+
= 0.495, = 1.26 rad

= V0+ (1 ) = 0.505 V0+
max
(1 + )
= 1.495 V0+
~ V (z )
min
n n 1.26 n lmax = + = + = 0.1 + , n = 0, 1, 2, K 4 2 2 4 2 n lmin = lmax + 0.25 = 0.35 + , n = 0, 1, 2,K 2
~ V (z ) V0+
1.495 0.505
0.85
0.6
0.35
0.1
Examples:
12. When a transmission line is terminated in load A, the voltage standing wave ratio is S = 5.8. When the same line is terminated in load B, it is S = 1.5. What percentage of the incident power is delivered to load in these two cases?
Pav 2 S 1 = 1 = 1 i Pav S +1
2
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P 5.8 1 Load A : av = 1 = 0.5 = 50% i 5.8 + 1 Pav P 1.5 1 Load B : av = 1 = 0.96 = 96% i Pav 1.5 + 1
2
Probing Question
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A transmission line is used to deliver signals to a load.

1 j The reflection coefficient at the load is = e 2 3
What is the voltage standing wave ratio on the line?
A. B. C. D. E.
2 1 1/2 0.8 + j0.6 0.8 j0.6
1+ 1+1 3 1 = S= = =2 3 1 11 3
Special Cases
Short-circuited line:
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Z0
= 1, =
+ 0
ZL = 0
n z max = lmax = + = V (1 + ) = 2 V , 4 2 max n ~ + zmin = lmin = V ( z ) = V0 (1 ) = 0 , 2 min

~ V (z )
+ 0
Z L Z0 = 1 Z L + Z0
2V0+
S=
1+ 1
Pav 2 = 1 = 0 i Pav
All the power is reflected back toward the generator.
The impedance at any point on the line is pure imaginary, i.e., reactive (either inductive or capacitive):
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Z sc ( z ) = j Z 0 tan( z ) = j X
X = 0, short circuit X > 0, inductive
X
X = , open circuit
X < 0, capacitive
Open-circuited line:
Z0
= 1, = 0 n zmax = 2 n = + 4 2
ZL =
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1 Z0 Z L =1 1 + Z0 Z L
max
~ V (z ) ~ V (z )
= V0+ (1 + ) = 2 V0+ , = V0+ (1 ) = 0 , zmin
min
2V0+
S=
1+ 1
Pav 2 = 1 = 0 i Pav
All the power is reflected back toward the generator.
The impedance at any point on the line is pure imaginary, i.e., reactive (either inductive or capacitive):
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Z0 Z (z ) = j = jX tan ( z )
oc
X = , open circuit
X > 0, inductive
X
X = 0, short circuit
X < 0, capacitive
Matched line:
Z0
= 0, = 0
Z L = Z0
There is no reflected wave.
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Z L Z0 = =0 Z L + Z0
~ 2 + V ( z ) = V0 1 + + 2 cos(2 z + ) = V0+ S= 1+ 1 =1
V0+
Z in = Z ( z ) = Z 0 the impedance at any point on the line is resistive

and equals the characteristic impedance.
Pav 2 = 1 = 1 i Pav
All the power is absorbed by the load.
Examples:
13. The input impedance of a 75- open circuited transmission line is Zin = j25 . Determine the length of the line in terms of the signal wavelength.
l oc Z in = j Z 0 cot ( l ) = j Z 0 cot 2
oc Z in 2 = cot j Z + n 0
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oc 1 1 n 1 n j 25 n 1 1 Z in n + = cot j cot 1 j cot 1 + = 0.2 + , n = 0, 1, 2,K = + = Z 2 2 2 2 3 2 75 2 2 0
The line length can be any length that satisfies the above expression, the shortest being 0.3 for n = 1.
Examples:
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14. The input impedance of a transmission line is j25 when it is short circuited and j100 when it is open circuited. Determine the characteristic impedance line.
sc Z in = j Z 0 tan ( l )
oc Z in = j Z 0 cot( l )
sc oc 2 Z in Z in = [ j Z 0 tan( l )][ j Z 0 cot( l )] = Z 0
sc oc Z 0 = Z in Z in =
j 25 ( j100) = 50
Examples:
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15. An air-filled 2-m long lossless coaxial cable is short circuited. Determine what type of load (capacitive, inductive, resistive, short circuit, open circuit) this cable is to a source generating signals of frequency (a) 18.75 MHz, (b) 37.5 MHz, (c) 56.25 MHz, (d) 75 MHz.
2 l 2 l f sc Z in = j Z 0 tan( l ) = j Z 0 tan = j Z 0 tan c 2 2 18.75 106 sc = j Z 0 tan = j Z 0 inductive (a) Z in (18.75 MHz ) = j Z 0 tan 3 108 4
(b)
sc Z in
2 2 37.5 106 = j Z 0 tan = open circuit (37.5 MHz ) = j Z 0 tan 3 108 2 2 2 56.25 106 3 = j Z 0 tan (56.25 MHz ) = j Z 0 tan = j Z 0 capacitive 3 108 4 2 2 75 106 = j Z 0 tan ( ) = 0 short circuit (75 MHz ) = j Z 0 tan 8 3 10
(c)
sc Z in
(d)
sc Z in
Smiths Chart
What is Smiths chart?
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A graphical tool.
Purpose of introducing Smiths chart: To avoid heavy math and speed up the process of analyzing and designing transmission line circuits. How is it constructed?
On the basis of the reflection coefficient plane.
= e j = r + j i , where r = Re{} and i = Im{}

Only a circle of radius 1 has a meaning since 1 Any point within the unit circle represents certain reflection coefficient. Smiths chart works with normalized impedances and admittances:
z (z ) =
Z (z ) Z0
The normalized load impedance has positive resistive part and reactive part that can be either positive or negative: Z 1+
zL =
Z0
= rL + j xL
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Equating the real and the imaginary parts on both sides of the upper equation, two parametric equations are obtained:
1 rL 2 r + i = 1+ r 1 + rL L 1 1 2 (r 1) + i = xL xL
2
These two parametric equations describe two families of circles: The first family consists of circles centered on the r axis and represent the value of the normalized resistance, rL. The second family consists of circles centered on vertical line at r = 1 and represent the value of the normalized reactance, xL.
EE 330 The load impedance can be represented on the Smiths chart by a point, at which two circles intersect: the circle corresponding to rL and the circle corresponding to xL.
Examples:
15. Determine the load impedance denoted by the red star on the chart if this load terminates a 50- transmission line.
The point represents zL = 0.4 j0.8 Then
Z L = z L Z 0 = 20 j 40
Probing Questi
A
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B D E
C
Which one of the points on the Smith's chart represents the load impedance of an open-circuited transmission line?
If a generalized reflection coefficient at an arbitrary point on the transmission line is defined as (z ) = e j ( r + 2 z ), then the normalized impedance at that point can be expressed through the generalized reflection coefficient the same way the normalized load impedance is expressed in terms of the reflection coefficient at the load:
Z ( z ) 1 + e j 2 z 1 + ( z ) z (z ) = = = Z0 1 e j 2 z 1 ( z )
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This observation suggests that Smiths chart can be used to represent the impedance at any point on the line.
The reflection coefficient along a particular transmission line maintains its magnitude; only its phase changes. Therefore, the normalized impedance at any point on the transmission line must lie on a circle with radius . Also, it is obvious that the impedance on the line repeats itself every /2 length of the line. Therefore, the Smith chart represents a /2-long section of a transmission line.
||
How to find the impedance at a point on the line that is a certain distance l from the load?
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
EE 330
Normalize the load impedance. Normalize the distance, i.e., express l in terms of : ln = l/ Mark on the chart the point representing the load impedance. Draw the ||-circle through that point. Draw a line through the load impedance point and the center of the chart. Read the relative position of the load on the outer scale of the chart. Move along the outer scale in clockwise direction (toward the generator) a distance of ln and draw a line through that point on the outer scale and the center of the chart. 8. Mark the point at which the line intersects the ||-circle. 9. Read the resistive and the reactive parts of the impedance using the corresponding families of circles. The result is the normalized impedance a distance of l from the load. 10. To obtain the actual impedance value, multiply by the characteristic impedance.
How to find the impedance at a point on the line that is a certain distance l from the line input?
Perform the same steps as above with the following differences: 1. Start from the input impedance instead of the load impedance. 2. Move along the second outer scale in counterclockwise direction (toward the load).
relative position of the point of interest
EE 330
Examples:
z( ln)
16. Consider the load impedance from the previous example. Determine the impedance 20 cm away from the load if the signal wavelength on the line is 1 m.
zL = 0.4 j0.8
||
Rel. pos. load = 0.385
ln zL
0.2 = 0.2 1 Rel. pos. z = 0.385 + 0.2 = 0.585 l = 20 cm ln = =
Z ( l ) = Z 0 z ( ln ) = 15.5 + j 27.5
relative position of the load
z(ln) = 0.31 + j0.55
How to find the admittance that corresponds to certain impedance?

Consider the normalized impedance and admittance a distance l from the load:
EE 330
Z ( l ) 1 + e j 2 l 1 + e j 4 ln z ( ln ) = = = j 2 l Z0 1 e 1 e j 4 ln
1 1 e j 2 l 1 + e j ( 2 l + ) 1 + e 1 = = = y ( ln ) = = z ln + j 2 l j ( 2 l + ) 1 j 4 l n + z ( ln ) 1 + e 1 e 4 4 1 e
Notice that the admittance at certain point on the line equals the impedance a quarter wavelength away. Then, admittances also can be represented by points on Smiths chart by simply adding a quarter wavelength to the actual position of interest. That is, the impedance and the admittance at the same position on the transmission line are represented by two points that are diametrically opposite to each other on the ||-circle. To summarize, Smiths chart can be used to display normalized admittances. In that case, the r-circles play the role of normalized conductance circles (g-circles), and the xcircles are considered normalized susceptance circles (b-circles).
1 j 4 l n + 4
EE 330
Examples:
yL
17. Consider a 50- transmission line. Determine the load admittance if the load impedance is denoted by the red star on the chart.
zL
y L = 0.5 + j YL = yLY0 = y L = 1 = Z0
0.5 + j = 0.01 + j 0.02 1 50
Single-Stub Impedance Matching
EE 330
The power absorbed by the load is maximum (100% of the incident power) when the transmission line is matched, i.e., the load impedance equals the characteristic impedance, ZL = Z0. Unfortunately, often Z L Z 0 Fortunately, there are means to match the load to the transmission line via impedance-matching network. One of the possibilities is: Single-stub matching using a short-circuited section of a transmission line. Essentially, a short-circuited section of the same type transmission line as the feeding (main) line is connected in parallel to the main line at a position that is relatively close to the load. The point of connection and the length of the shortcircuited stub can be chosen in such a way so that to ensure an input impedance Z( d) = Z0 of the matching network that contains the load.
d
feeding line Z 0
Z ( d )
ZL
matching network
l
Single-stub matching network: Analysis
EE 330
To use Smiths chart, we must work with normalized quantities. Then, what is needed is z( d) = 1. Because the stub is connected in parallel to the feeding line, it is easier to work with admittances instead of impedances. The required normalized input admittance is also equal to one: y( d) = 1 Note that the required admittance is entirely real and a short-circuited line has a pure imaginary admittance. Then, the shorted stub can be used to compensate for the non-zero susceptance of the feeding network. What must be done? Find a point on the feeding line where yd = 1 + jb. Then, at that point, connect in parallel a shorted piece of line that has input admittance ystub = jb . Eventually, the total admittance at the point of connection becomes y( d) = yd + ystub = 1
Single-stub matching network: Analytical solution
EE 330
Examples:
18. Design a single-stub matching network for a 50- transmission line transmitting signals with = 2 m on the line to a (20 j40)- load.
zL = 20 j 40 = 0.4 j 0.8 50 yL = 1 1 = = 0.5 + j z L 0.4 j 0.8
2 d 0.5 + j + j tan y + j tan ( d ) 0.5 + j (1 + tan ( d )) 2 = y ( d ) = L = = 1 + j y L tan ( d ) 1 tan ( d ) + j 0.5 tan ( d ) 2 1 + j (0.5 + j ) tan d 2 [0.5 + j (1 + tan( d ))][1 tan( d ) j 0.5 tan( d )] = 1 + jb = (1 tan ( d ) + j 0.5 tan( d ))(1 tan( d ) j 0.5 tan( d ))
Re{y ( d )} =
0.5(1 tan ( d )) + 0.5 tan ( d )(1 + tan ( d )) =1 2 2 2 (1 tan( d )) +0.5 tan ( d )
0.75tan 2 ( d ) 2 tan ( d ) + 0.5 = 0 tan ( d1 ) = 2.387, tan ( d 2 ) = 0.279 d1 = 1
tan 1 (2.387 ) = 0.374 m = 37.4 cm, d 2 =
tan 1 (0.279) = 0.087 m = 8.7 cm
2 d 0.5 + j + j tan y + j tan ( d ) EE 330 2 = y ( d ) = L = 1 + j y L tan ( d ) 2 1 + j (0.5 + j ) tan d 2 [0.5 + j (1 + tan( d ))][1 tan( d ) j 0.5 tan( d )] = 1 + jb 0.5 + j (1 + tan ( d )) = = 1 tan ( d ) + j 0.5 tan ( d ) (1 tan ( d ) + j 0.5 tan ( d ))(1 tan ( d ) j 0.5 tan ( d ))
0.52 tan ( d ) + (1 + tan ( d ))(1 tan ( d )) Im{y ( d )} = =b 2 2 2 (1 tan( d )) +0.5 tan ( d ) ystub ( l ) = j b For d1 ,
y L , stub =
y stub ( l ) = 1 + j y L , stub tan ( l ) y L , stub + j tan ( l ) = j j 1 1 = l = tan 1 y ( l ) 2 tan ( l ) stub l j tan 2 For b2 , l2 = 0.18 m = 18 cm
ystub,1 ( l1 ) = j1.58,
For d 2 ,
ystub, 2 ( l2 ) = j1.58
For b1 , l1 = 0.82 m = 82 cm,
To summarize, there are two distinct solutions to the line-matching problem: (1) A shorted stub of length 82 cm connected in parallel to the feeding line 37.4 cm away from the load. (2) A shorted stub of length 18 cm connected in parallel to the feeding line 8.7 cm away from the load.
The above extremely involving math analysis can be avoided by an approximate graphical solution using Smiths chart.
Single-stub matching network design: Step by step using Smiths chart
EE 330
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.
Mark the normalized load impedance, zL, on Smiths chart Draw the ||-circle. Find the relative position of the normalized load admittance, yL, on Smiths chart. Mark the two points where the ||-circle intersects the (g = 1)-circle. Choose one of the above points to be your point of connection. Usually, the better choice is the point that is closer to the load. Find the relative position of the point of connection. Compute its normalized distance from yL. Compute the actual distance of the connection point from the load, d. Read the susceptance at the point of connection, b. The stub must have an admittance ( jb). Find the circle corresponding to susceptance ( b). Mark the point where the ( b)-circle intersects the ||-circle. This point is the input of the stub, ystub. Read the relative position of ystub. The stub is short-circuited, therefore its load admittance is yL, stub = . Find its relative position on the chart. Determine the normalized distance from yL, stub to ystub. This is the normalized length of the stub. Compute the actual length of the stub.
dn
Examples:
EE 330
yL y( d)
18. Design a single-stub matching network for a 50- transmission line transmitting signals with = 2 m on the line to a (20 j40)- load.
20 j 40 = 0.4 j 0.8 50 y L = 0.5 + j , rel.pos. y L = 0.1347 zL =
yL, stub
Relative positions of the two possible connection points: 0.1787 and 0.3213. Choosing the point at 0.1787
y L , stub = , rel.pos. y L , stub = 0.25
zL ystub ln
ystub = j1.6, rel.pos.ystub = 0.339

d n = 0.1787 0.1347 = 0.044 d = d n = 0.044 2 = 0.088 m = 8.8 cm ln = 0.339 0.25 = 0.089 l = ln = 0.089 2 = 0.178 m = 17.8 cm

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Transmission Lines

What if this is 5 km ???

Lumped Element Model

TEM transmission lines

two wire line

Power loss: due to non-ideal conductors and dielectrics

Lossless transmission line model (R' = 0, G' = 0) Rg Vg +

Dispersion: due to frequency dependent properties of the materials

r 0 b 4 10 7 3 ln = ln L' = = 0.4 H/m 2 2 0.4 a

r 0 d 4 10 7 10 L' = ln = ln = 1.1 H/m a 0.6

r 0 b 4 10 7 1.2 L' = ln = ln = 0.14 H/m 2 2 0.6 a

Generalized Transmission Line

~ dV (z ) ~ = (R'+ j L')I ( z ) dt ~ d I (z ) ~ = (G '+ j C ' )V ( z ) dt

(R'+ j L')(G '+ j C ')

attenuation constant, Np/m phase constant, rad/m

v( z , t ) = V0+ e z cos t z + + + V0 e z cos t + z +

Traveling waves parameters:

phase velocity on the line: u p = wavelength on the line:

V0+ V0 R'+ j L' = = = + I0 I0 = R'+ j L' = Z0 G '+ j C '

L' = 0.4 H/m

R'+ j L' L' = = 80.3 G '+ j C ' C'

From before: R'= 0

L'= 1.1 H/m

C ' = 9.9 pF/m

R'+ j L' L' = = 333 G '+ j C ' C'

Lossless Transmission Line

Complex propagation constant: Attenuation constant: Phase constant: Phase velocity:

= 2 L ' C ' = j L ' C '

= Im[ ] = L' C ' =

1 1 = = L' C ' 2 2 2 = = = L' C '

intrinsic impedance of the dielectric

material between the two conductors

d d 0.0019 w = 0 = 4 10 7 = 9.6 mm 6 w L' 0.25 10

w C' d 100 10 12 0.0019 C ' = r 0 r = = = 2.25 d 0 w 8.854 10 12 0.0096

l = z from the load:

Voltage reflection coefficient at the load:

reflection coefficient in terms of load impedance

Voltage and current in terms of reflection coefficient:

Instantaneous incident power at the load (z = 0):

V0+ V0+ j + j t Re e e = cos 2 t + + Z0 Z0

Instantaneous reflected power at the load (z = 0):

Time-average incident power at the load (z = 0):

Power delivered to the load:

i r Pav = Pav + Pav

Percentage of the incident power delivered to the load:

2 f = = f = 100 106 2 = 2 108 m/s 2

(a) the input impedance,

2 50 + j 50 + j 50 tan 8 = 50 50 + j 50 + j 50 = 100 j 50 = 50 50 + j (50 + j 50) 50 + j (50 + j 50) tan 2 8

(b) the reflection coefficient at the load,

(c) the phasor of the input voltage

220 (100 j 50) = 119.3e j12.5 V 100 + 100 j 50

(d) the average power delivered to the load.

119.3 e j12.5 = = 85.2 e j 49.4 V 1.4 e j 36.9

Plug in V0+ into the expressions about VL and I L

Plug in VL and I L into the expression about the average power

1 1 Re 107.4e j 31 1.5e j 76 = Re 161.1e j 45 = 57 W 2 2

Standing wave on a string

Mathematically, the voltage standing wave pattern is described by

Computing from the standing wave pattern:

Plotting the standing wave pattern from :

S 1 1.5 1 1 = = = 0.2 S + 1 1.5 + 1 5

83.5 33.5 z[cm]

lmax = 0.335 m, lmin = 0.835 m