CHAPTER 10

PHOTONS & QUANTIZED ENERGY

CHAPTER 10: QUANTUM PHYSICS ( PHOTONS & QUANTIZED ENERGY) LECTURE HOURS: 4 HOURS SCOPE: 10.1 Plancks Quantum Theory 10.2 Photons and Electromagnetic Waves Energy 10.3 Emission and Radiation Of Photons 10.4 The Photoelectric Effect 10.5 Quantization Of Light OBJECTIVES: At the end of this lesson, student should be able to 1. Explain briefly on Plancks Quantum Theory and state that is difference from the classical theory 2. Describe photons and electromagnetic waves according to the order of wavelength, frequency and energy. 3. Understand the process of emission and radiation of photons 4. Understand the process of photoelectric effect 5. Describe the important observation in the photoelectric effect experiment; the photons energy is dependent on the frequency of light ( E = hf ), the photoelectric current is dependent on the photons intensity (I = nhf), work function and threshold frequency is dependent on the types of surface, (W= hfo) and the maximum velocity of electrons can be determine from the stopping potential ( mv2 = eV) 6. Use Einsteins Equation for photoelectric effect, hf = W + mv2max 7. Explain the properties of photoelectric emission using the concept of quantization of light which cannot be explained by classical wave theory.

This chapter will describe the nature at the atomic level. We will consider the basic ideas of quantum physics and show that they lead to a deeper understanding of microscopic system- in much the same way that relativity extend physics in the realm of high speed. Relativity and quantum physics provide the basis for what we refer to today as modern physics

INTRODUCTION 1. In Classical Physics (Oscillation & Waves) a) Energy in oscillation system ( example: simple pendulum) is not depend on the frequency. b) Energy in oscillation system is continuously and can take any value at all. 2. The oscillating of dipoles molecules of hot body will emit electromagnetic wave with a threshold frequency, fo. 3. Classical physics failed to explain about the observation on radiation emitted by a blackbody. Classical physics predicts a blackbody radiation curve that rises without limit as the f increase (refer to Figure 10 a)

Figure 10 a) Classical physics predicts a blackbody radiation curve that rises without limit as the frequency increases. By assuming energy quantization, Planck was able to derive a curve in agreement with experimental result. Blackbody is an object which has a cavity with a small opening to the outside world. Light that enters the cavity through the opening is reflected multiple times from the interior walls until it is completely absorbed

Figure 10 b) In an ideal blackbody, incident light is completely absorbed. In the case shown here, the absorption occurs as the result of multiple reflections within a cavity.

10.1 : Plancks Quantum Hypothesis. 1. This theory was first introduced by German Physicist, Max Planck. 2. The hypothesis are:

a) Energy in a blackbody (or any other oscillation system) can have only the discrete value; that is the energy is quantized. b) Energy in a blackbody (or any other oscillation system) with a threshold frequency, fo must be an integer multiple of the constant, h; that is E= nhfo Where h= Plancks constant = 6.63 x 10 34 J n= 0, 1, 2, 3, fo = threshold frequency The greater the frequency, the greater the quantum of energy, hfo c) Because of the quantization, it follows that the energy can change only in quantum jumps of energy no smaller than h fo as the system goes from one quantum state to another.

10.2 : PHOTONS AND ELECTROMAGNET WAVES ENERGY 1. The energy of electromagnetic waves is quantized. That is E= nhf Where h= Plancks constant = 6.63 x 10 34 J n= 0, 1, 2, 3.., f = frequency

2. Albert Einstein proposed that light comes in bundle of energy, called photons, that obey

Plancks hypothesis of energy quantization, Light of frequency f consists of photon with an energy given by the following relation E = hf, wave length. Thus, E= hc unit : J

Noting the relation h c = , we can also express the energy of a photon in terms of it

Where = wave length (m)

Example 10. 2 : Photons Energy Calculate the energy of a photon of blue light , = 450 nm. Solution: Since f = c/, we have E= h f = = hc

(6.63 x10 34 J .s )(3.0 x108 m / s) 4.5 x10 7 m

= 4.4 x 10-9 J

10.3 EMISSION AND QUANTIZED ENERGY

1. Photons are emitted from atoms or molecules within short of time, that is 10 -9 after a metal being emitted with light rays. 2. Atoms from an electromagnetic waves source will emit photons with various directions. 3. The electromagnetic waves consists photons with the speed of light, c

10.4 THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

1. The photoelectric effects occur when photons of light eject electrons from the surface of a metal. 2. The photoelectron is an electron ejected due to photoelectric effect. 3. The effect can be measured using a device like that pictured in Figure 10.4

Figure 10.4a) The photoelectric effect can be studied with a device like that shown. Light shines on a metal plate, ejecting electrons, which are then attracted to a positively charge collector plate. 4. Note that incoming light ejects a photoelectron from a metal plate called the emitter (E). The electron is then attracted to a collector plate (C) which is at a positive potential relative to the emitter. The result is an electric current that can be measured with an ammeter. 5. The minimum amount of energy necessary to eject an electron from a particular metal is referred to as the work function, Wo for the metal.

6. If an electron is given an energy E by the beam of light that is greater than Wo, the excess energy goes into kinetic energy of the ejected electrons. The maximum kinetic energy (K) a photo electron can have, that is

Kmax = E - Wo
7. Just as with blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect exhibits behavior that is odds with classical physics. Three of the main areas of disagreement are the following: Classical physics predicts that a beam of light of any color (frequency) can eject electrons, as long as the beam has sufficient intensity. That is, if a beam is intense enough, the energy its delivers to an electron will exceed work function and caused it to be ejected. Classical physics also predicts that the maximum kinetic energy of an ejected electron should increase as the intensity of a light beam delivers to the metal, the more energy that any given electron can have as it ejected. Classical physics predicts that there should be some delays to emit electrons from a metal surface. 8. The experiments show the following behaviors: To eject an electron, the incident light beam must have a frequency greater than a certain minimum value, referred to as the threshold frequency, no matter how intense the beam. If the frequency of light is greater than the threshold frequency, fo, the effect of increasing the intensity is to increase the number of electrons that are emitted per second. The maximum kinetic energy of the electrons does not increase with the intensity of the light, the kinetic energy depends only on the frequency of the light. The electrons are ejected as soon as the incident light beam hits the surface of a metal.

Example 10.4 a: Photoelectric Effect (conceptual) Consider a photoelectric device as shown in Figure 10.4. A beam of light with a frequency greater than the threshold frequency shines on the emitter. If the frequency of this beam is increased while the intensity is held constant, does the number of electrons ejected per second from the metal surface a) increase b) decrease or c) stay the same? Reasoning and Discussion Increasing the frequency of the beam means that each photon carries more energy; however, we know that the intensity of the beam remains constant. It follows; then, that fewer photons hit the surface per time otherwise the intensity would increase. Since fewer photons hit the surface per time, fewer electrons are ejected per time. Answer The number of electrons ejected per second decreases.

THRESHOLD FREQUENCY
To eject an electron, a photon must has an energy at least as great as Wo, thus the minimum , of the threshold frequency to eject an electron is

f o=

Wo h

 If the frequency of a photon is greater than f o, the ejected electron has a finite kinetic energy.

Current

fo

Frequency

Figure 10.4b: The threshold frequency . The value is depends on the materials

Example 10.4 b: Threshold frequency The work function for a gold surface is 4.58 eV. Find the threshold frequency, fo for a gold surface Wo h 1.60 x1019 ) (4.58eV )( = 1eV 34 6.63 x10 J .s = 1.11 x 10 15 Hz.

Solution: fo =

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STOPPING POTENTIAL (Vs)

The potential value to stop the fastest electron (with maximum kinetic energy) to reach the collector plate. This can be done by using variable voltages and reversing terminals in photoelectric device. Thus, K max can be measured by the formula

K max = e Vs mv2 max = e Vs

If V= Vs, I = 0 A

Current High Intensity

Low Intensity

Vs

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MAXIMUM KINETIC ENERGY

The maximum kinetic energy of an electron ejected from a metal by a photon of frequency f > fo

K max = mv2max
unit: Joule ( J )

or

K max = e Vs
unit : electron volt (e V)

-19 ) where 1 e V= (1.6 x 10

( 1 V)

or
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1J =

1 1.6 x10 9

eV

Work Function
The minimum energy required to eject an electron from a particular metal

W= h fo
Where

W = work function h = Plancks constant = 6.63 x 10-34 J fo= threshold frequency

or hc max

W=

If the energy of light is less then work function, no electrons are ejected.

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EINSTEINS PHOTON THEORY

If the frequency of the light is increased, the maximum kinetic energy of the electrons increases linearly.

The equation is

K max = hf - Wo

Where

K max = The maximum kinetic energy of an electron ejected from a metal by a photon of the frequency hf = The energy of a photon

Wo = Work function

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APPLICATION OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT

1.Photocell
Burglar alarms and automatic door openers often make use of the photocell circuit as shown in photoelectric device. When a person interrupts the beam of light, the sudden drop in current in the circuit activates a switch- often a solenoid- which operates a bell or open the door. UV or light is sometimes used in burglar alarms because of its in visibility. Many smoke detector use the photoelectric effect to detect tiny amounts of smoke that interrupt the flow of light and so alter the electric current 2. Solar energy panel Photocells are also the basic unit in the solar energy panel that converts some of the energy in sunlight into electrical energy. A small version a solar energy panel can be found of many pocket calculators. These panels are efficient enough to operate their calculators with nothing more than dim indoor lighting. Large outdoor panels can operate billboard and safety light in remote areas far from commercial power lines.

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Graf Current Versus Frequency

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