The History of Jordan starts with evidence of human activity in Jordan in the Paleolithic period (c.

90,000 BC), continues with the Muslim empires starting in the 7th century, the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century, the Great Arab Revolt and the British mandate of Transjordan in the early 20th century, and goes on to the present day with the establishing of the independent Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in 1946. Ancient kingdoms located in Jordan, such as the Roman-era Nabatean kingdom, which had its capital in Petra, left particularly dramatic ruins popular with tourists and film crews. Roman era Roman rule in the region began in 63 BCE, when the general Pompey declared Judea a Roman protectorate. Over the years, the amount of Roman power over the Judean kingdom increased. Among the voices of opposition were John the Baptist, whose severed head was allegedly presented at the fortress ofMachaerus to Herod. In 66 CE, the forces behind the First Jewish Revolt took control of Machaerus, and held it until 72 CE, when a siege ensured the defeat of the local Jewish forces. After the end of the last attempts at Jewish independence and the destruction of Judea, the Romans joined the province of Judea (which already included Samaria) together with Galilee to form a new province, called by the familiar name of Syria Palaestina.[5] Following Roman conquest, the lands surrounding both banks of the Jordan River with its Jewish inhabitants came under the control and decrees of subsequent empires. Over the centuries, the Jewish population within present-day Jordan gradually declined, until none were left. Ottoman rule See also: History of the Jews in Turkey Under Ottoman rule (1516 - 1917 CE) the name "Palestine" disappeared as the official name of an administrative unit, as the Turks often called their (sub)provinces after the capital. Since its 1516 incorporation in the Ottoman Empire, it was part of the vilayet of Damascus-Syria until 1660, next of the vilayet of Saida (Sidon), briefly interrupted by the 7 March 1799 - July 1799 French occupation of Jaffa, Haifa, and Caesarea. On 10 May 1832 it was one of the Turkish provinces annexed by Muhammad Ali's shortly imperialistic Egypt (nominally still Ottoman), but in November 1840 direct Ottoman rule was restored. British Empire

British Mandate of Palestine, borders during the majority of the mandate period. The British Balfour Declaration of 1917 endorsed the idea of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The World Zionist Organization submitted to the Paris Peace conference of 1919 a memorandum specifying boundaries of Palestine, to be put under British Mandate and eventually to become an "autonomous Commonwealth". According to the document: "The fertile plains east of the Jordan, since the earliest Biblical times, have been linked economically and politically with the land west of the Jordan. The country which is now very sparsely populated, in Roman times supported a great population. It could now serve admirably for colonisation on a large scale. A just regard for the economic needs of Palestine and Arabia demands that free access to the Hedjaz Railway throughout its length be accorded both Governments."[6] From as early as 1917, the land to the east of the Jordan River, known as Transjordan, was treated separately by the British administration, who saw it as a future Arab state. [7] A formal decision to restrict the Jewish homeland to west of the Jordan was made at the Cairo conference in March 1921, and accordingly a new article was added to the draft mandate text allowing the British government to administer Transjordan separately.[7] The mandate was approved by the League of Nations in July 1922, and in September 1922 the League approved a memorandum spelling out in detail the exclusion of Transjordan from the Jewish homeland provisions.[7]

he foreign relations of Jordan have consistently followed a pro-Western foreign policy and traditionally Jordan has had close relations with the United States and the United Kingdom. These relations were damaged when Jordan proclaimed its neutrality during the Gulf War and maintained relations with Iraq. In public, Jordan continued to call for the lifting of UN sanctions against Iraq within the context of implementing UNIC resolutions. Since the end of the war, Jordan has largely restored its relations with Western countries through its participation in the Middle East peace process and enforcement of UN sanctions against Iraq. Jordan signed a nonbelligerency agreement with Israel (the Washington Declaration) in Washington, DC, on July 25, 1994. Jordan and Israel signed a historic peace treaty on October 26, 1994, witnessed by President Clinton,

accompanied by Secretary Christopher. The U.S. has participated with Jordan and Israel in trilateral development discussions during which key issues have been water-sharing and security; cooperation on Jordan Rift Valleydevelopment; infrastructure projects; and trade, finance, and banking issues. In 1996, the United States added Jordan to their major non-NATO ally agreement. Jordan also participates in the multilateral peace talks, and recently Jordan has signed a free trade agreement with the United States. Jordan is an active member of the UN and several of its specialized and related agencies, including the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO),International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and World Health Organization (WHO). Jordan is a member of the World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), Non-Aligned Movement, and Arab League. Within the context of the European Union's "European Neighbourhood Policy" the EU and Jordan have jointly adopted an Action plan to reinforce their political and economic interdependence, and further implement their current Association Agreement. This Action Plan covers a timeframe of three to five years and will encourage and support Jordans national reform objectives and further integration into European economic and social structures. Israel captured Jerusalem in 1967, which is located at the West Bank of Jordan. Since 1967 Pakistan has been demanding its vacation at the international level. Jordan together with Pakistan is playing an effective role in the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).

Fruit Carving is an ancient tradition followed in the Asian countries of China, Japan, Thailand and others. Legend has it that is was a Chinese art that spread to other countries and was taught and practiced in royal palaces. It gained attention in Thailand when about 700 years ago, when during the Thai Floating Lantern Festival known as Loi Krathong, a floating lantern was displayed that featured lovely birds, flowers, swans and other animals intricately carved from vegetables and fruits. The King was so impressed that it was decided that this lovely art be taught to everyone so that the beauty could be enjoyed by all rather than just royalty. Now fruit carving is a commonly practiced art in Thailand. It has also gained popularity in India, Mexico, Spain, Poland and many other countries. People throughout the world are usually very impressed when they see the exquisite beauty of fruit carvings.

Paringknife Paring knife is most important tool to be considered. You can use this paring knife possibly to give up shape, which is also entitled, a "bird's beak" knife. This knife has a sharp edge that bend inward. You must see to that these types of knife sense fine in your hand. The extended backwards part of the knife blade supposes to go off deep into the grip, and anything should not feel unstable. Peel Zester Further there are some very important tools which you might get helpful. These tools comprise the type of peel zester that permits you to depart grooves and formulate strips such as a "v" formed cutter and melon baller. If you want to connect special pieces of fruit simultaneously than you would also require wood skewers and tooth picks. Melon baller This melon baller made to scrape melon into absolutely tiny round balls. With the help of this melon baller you could create easy carvings of cube by using two types of melon.

'U' shaped garnishing tool These tools are Ideal for carving out internal soft tissue or fragmenting away at the

outer skin of fruits. With the help of these fruits carving tools strawberry slits are cut to create the strawberry's fleshy tissue unwrap out like petals of flower. This look like a strawberry rose. You can really enhance your carving skills with the help of these carving tools. "V" formed cutter You can start carving with some typical fruit designs, which have already undergone because they are simple to imitate. With the help of the fruits carving tools like "v" cutter, you can make apple swan. This "v" cutter cuts into whichever side is possible of a bisect apple to create wings by pushing back each slice.