No.

52

T H E UKRAINIAN WEEKLY

SUNDAY, DECEMBER 26,1993

1993: THE YEAR REY1EW

terms with Ukraine's new currency regulations, which paper they are printed on. By the end of the year, the required exporters to change 50 percent of currency karbovanets to dollar exchange rate had hit almost earnings at a fixed National Bank rate. 40,000 to one. "Ukraine is on the verge of economic collapse and its Mr. Kuchma was left by himself to try one last-ditch effort, proposing an anti-crisis program, which included independence is in danger," said Mr. Pynzenyk in the total restructuring of the government, it included a November, explaining that economic crises may lead to "Take a big country (52 million people), give it an request for special powers, but did not promote the dec civil war. "Nobody will have any serious business with atrocious government, watch the economy go to pot, laration of a state of economic emergency. Ukraine in the nearest future. We have an unstable polit throw in nuclear weapons and a restless Russian neigh Unfortunately, Mr. Kuchma's words were not heeded ical and economic situation," he said. bor and start to worry." and he was out by the fall. Building a democratic state? The Economist, November 27, 1993. Thousands of demonstrators picketed Ukraine's Parliament building on September 21, emerging victori "Nobody in this country needs an economic program. That brief sketch tells the story of Ukraine for 1993. ous as deputies accepted Prime Minister Kuchma's res This is all a game for the nomenklatura, " said Mr. But the question is, what happened? ignation, voted no confidence in the Cabinet of Pynzenyk during a November press conference. On December 1, 1991, the people of this rich, expan Ministers and charged President Leonid Kravchuk with The nomenklatura, or the "party of power," was a sive, proud nation, which was suppressed by Big the task of naming a new government. term widely used in 1993 to describe President Brother for more than 70 years, voted overwhelmingly The following day, Mr. Kravchuk named Yukhym Kravchuk, his apparat, his presidential representatives for independence. Zviahilsky, a conservative, as acting prime minister; in the regions, his ministers and his advisers in They now had their freedom from Moscow, but not within the next two weeks, Mr. Kravchuk issued a short, his buddies from the good old, bad old from a totalitarian regime and socialist lifestyle. decree giving himself full control of the executive Communist Party days, it was the party of power that Although many of Ukraine's leaders insisted that a branch of government. brought about the demise of democratic reforms, mar democracy could not be built in a day, few, it turned A presidential spokesman noted: "The president will ket-oriented programs, it also swallowed up such out, were committed to building such a state. decide strategic issues, such as the direction of market leading reformers as Messrs. Kuchma and Pynzenyk, By December 1993, Ukraine's enemies viewed the reforms, while their realization and execution will be as well as such democratic leaders as ihor whole issue of independence as a temporary phenome the direct responsibility of the acting prime minister." Yukhnovsky, who resigned as deputy prime minister non," while many of Ukraine's citizens were question This one-two punch became detrimental to Ukraine's in March, and Gen. Kostyantyn Morozov, who quit ing why they had voted for independence. future as a market-oriented state. By early November, his post as minister of defense in early October, stat The second anniversary of this event came and went; President Kravchuk had tightened central planning, ing that he did not want to be part of any "political most of Ukraine's citizens worried about putting meat ordering firms to gear their production to supplying games." on their tables and heating their homes, no one found goods ordered by the state. Some leading democrats note that Gen. Morozov had the time or the reason to celebrate Ukraine's indepen He also issued two decrees, which signalled a danger been too critical of decisions reached at Massandra (see dence. ous return to the Soviet-style command administrative below) and was forced to resign. He had often been Ukraine's woes in 1993 were great and their reper system. One, "On Promoting the Development of a attacked by pro-Communist forces in Ukraine as being cussions were felt on both domestic and foreign fronts. Currency Market and Stabilizing the Ukrainian "ultra-nationalistic." Currency," basically abolished the market method of The democrats suffered quite a few political blows in Economically speaking setting the currency's value; the second, "On Measures 1993. They were constantly blocked by the Communist to Stop the Pace of Rising Prices," was aimed at con- majority in Parliament; they were often paralyzed in it was a period of turmoil on the economic front, as an emergency economic state loomed in Ukraine. trolling prices in the business sector. their actions and it soon became very clear that this Although the year started optimistically with Prime By early December, the government dealt another Parliament, elected during the existence of the Soviet Minister Leonid Kuchma forging the way toward mar blow to its already demoralized populace by sharply Union, had nowhere to go but out. ket reforms, by the end of the year, few believed that the increasing prices on food, energy and transportation. On June 17, succumbing to pressure from miners in eighth revised government plan could save the country Prices for-energy increased threefold at a time when cit the Donbas regioiri who demanded political and eco from hyperinflation, which had surpassed the 70 percent izens were experiencing one of the coldest winters of nomic reforms, the Parliament voted to hold a national mark by November, and unemployment, which unoffi the century. The cost of such staples as bread and milk, referendum, a vote on confidence in the president and in cially was close to 10 percent by the end of the year. eggs and meat, also tripled, while wages were not the Parliament. But, two months later, the referendum had been can "in order for things to get better, sometimes you have scheduled to be raised until January 1994. to endure a period of pain," said Deputy Prime Minister At present the minimum wage is 54, while 10 eggs celed (due to a technical detail Parliament missed the deadline required by the Central Election Committee for of the Economy viktor Pynzenyk at the beginning of cost over S1. the year, hoping to work with market-oriented reformers Although every few weeks a rumor is circulated filing its forms), and miners were once again threaten in the government to get inflation down to 3 percent by throughout the country that the national currency, the ing to strike if their political demands were not met. "We expect at the first session of the Parliament the end of 1993. hryvnia, is to be introduced (the latest rumor was in Mr. Kuchma began the year with an ambitious pro- December), this would be an absurd move in a country (after summer recess) to set a date for pre-term elections and stop leading the populace by the nose with silly gram of reforms, which included the development of a that has not stabilized its economy and does not have middle class, and asked that the government be given the necessary stabilization fund of S2 billion. The year polls, the results of which are already evident," said 1993 saw the introduction of karbovantsi notes in Oleksander Mryl, head of the independent Miners' the opportunity to rule with a strong hand, which would lead the people out of a command administrative system denominations of 2,000, 5,000, 10,000, 20,000, 50,000 Union. Although the democrats finally did succeed in having and 100,000. As the saying goes, they are not worth the into the 21st century of market reforms. in early 1993, the government under Mr. Kuchma set its priorities: halt the fall in production; stop cor ruption and organized crime in the state sector; devel 7" . f"t^tj op mutually beneficial economic ties with other coun tries; renew the administration of the state's economic sector; ensure that the government's authority is effec tive and viable; implement anti-inflationary measures; develop market infrastructures for resources, products and capital; privatize and commercialize trade, food supply and the service sector; and incorporate state enterprises. And the people were willing to endure, at first. But by November, ex-Deputy Prime Minister Pynzenyk (he resigned in August) and ex-Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma (he resigned five times - the last and final time in September) were totally disillusioned by the country's leadership. Both said they found it impossible to work in the political and economic chaos prevalent in Ukraine by mid-1993. Both felt that their hands were tied; they wanted to be reformers in a government that did not want reforms. Mr. Kuchma first offered his resignation in late May, when a power struggle that would last throughout the summer between President Leonid Kravchuk and the prime minister erupted. The prime minister was not given an extension of special powers by the Parliament; the president's bid to take responsibility for the govern ment also was rejected. Throughout the summer, parliamentary games con tinued. Reforms were halted and no one wanted the burden of leading Ukraine out of economic chaos at a time when its budget deficit had already surpassed 10 trillion karbovantsi. Mr. Pynzenyk resigned on August 27, stating that he had exhausted his possibilities and could not come to Press conference following the Massandra summit: Did Kravchuk tell out to Yeltsin?

Ukraine: crises on many fronts

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THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY

SUNDAY, DECEMBER 26,1993

No. 52

1993: THE YEAR 1N REYlEW

pre-term elections scheduled for March 1994 for the Parliament, and for June 1994 for president, their victo ry was a dubious one. An election law, finally passed on November 10, was one advocated by Communists and Socialists, providing for 450 single mandates on the basis of absolute majority. The new law cannot be considered a democratic one, because it is not based on a multi-party system and does not introduce the system of political parties into the Parliament As in Communist times, it allows workers' collectives to nominate candidates for office, and thus gives the Communist forces, which still hold power in densely populated eastern regions of the country, a dis tinct advantage. Communists in Ukraine also scored a victory in the fall, as their party, banned since the failed antiGorbachev coup of August 1991, was allowed to regis ter, bringing the list of political parties in Ukraine to 31. The democrats also were not able to move matters of the Constitution along. Thus, after two years of indepen dence, Ukraine still is guided by the Constitution of the Ukrainian SSR, and it does not look like there will be a new constitution soon. Whereas in 1992 Ukraine had witnessed a fundamen tal realignment of political forces, resulting in the divi sion of democratic forces into two camps (both were committed to independence, but some were pro Kravchuk, while others were more restrained), by the end of 1993, the national democrats decided to unite for the March 1994 parliamentary elections. Motivated by the slogan promoted by Yegor Gaidar in Russia: "Democrats unite two hours before execu tion" and wary of the surprising victory by the quasifascist Zhirinovsky camp, Ukraine's democrats seemed to be ready to learn from the mistakes of their neigh bors. in early December, centrist democrats pledged to unite for parliamentary elections, forming a Permanent Council of Democratic Parties and Organizations, encompassing seven parties and nine civic organizations and a Ukrainian World Coordinating Center, to act as a liaison for contacts with democratic centers throughout the world. They stated that their guiding principle is: "The interests of Ukraine take precedence over particu lar party interests." Energy problems Relying on Russia as its main energy supplier, Ukraine suffered devastating cutbacks in natural gas and oil, as Russia set world prices for these resources. By January 1, 1994, Ukraine is scheduled to begin paying world prices with money it does not have. Already some estimates say it owes Russia over 9 billion rubles for energy supplies. Perhaps this crisis can be resolved if Ukraine and Russia can come to some agreement for tactical weapons compensation. The energy crunch has affected most aspects of life: city streets are darker, transportation runs irregularly, some schools have been closed and people often sit at home in winter costs and mittens, or huddle around the stove as dinner is being cooked. Although Kyyiv has not yet been affected, most other areas experience brown-outs for a few hours every day. Motivated by Ukraine's energy crisis, lawmakers abandoned safety concerns and voted on October 21 to keep the Chomobyl nuclear power station open and to lift a moratorium on the construction of new nuclear power reactors. Ukraine derives 33 percent of its energy from its nuclear power plants; if all of its reactors were brought on line that number would go up to 40 percent. Ukraine's environmental lobby condemned the decision, calling it irresponsible and arguing that lawmakers have plunged Ukraine into an even greater economic crisis because in order to make atomic energy safe, giant sums had to be spent money that Ukraine just doesn't have. Relations with the C1S, Russia As the year progressed, the Commonwealth of independent States became less and less of a real entity for Ukraine, as each of the republics of the former Soviet Union tried to deal with its own political and economic realities. During the first days of January, President Kravchuk emphasized his opposition to a new O S Charter, char acterizing it as a means of recasting the O S as a new union on territory once belonging to the USSR. When he traveled to Minsk a few weeks later, he was one of three leaders who did not sign the O S Charter, along with the Moldovan and Turkmen representatives, instead he emphasized economic integration as the prin cipal aim of the OS. Later in the year, Ukraine agreed to become an "associ ate member" of the Commonwealth of independent States economic treaty, in an attempt to appease some political forces insisting on economic integration. However, until the end of the year, the OS Charter, just like the OS eco nomic union, remained a flimsy framework that had not set any policies into motion; the idea of Ukraine's "associ ate membership" remained vague and undefined. By the end of the year (December 22-23), a Ukrainian delegation was set to travel to Ashhabad for the next OS summit. Ukraine's relations with Russia intensified in a num ber of areas, including the energy crisis, as noted above, matters of the Black Sea Fleet and territorial claims on Sevastopil, as well as questions concerning nuclear dis armament, including ecological safety and national security guarantees. 1993 began with Ukraine and Russia reaching agree ment on assets and liabilities of the former Soviet Union during a Moscow summit in January. Ukraine was given 16.37 percent of the former empire's assets and agreed to pay its share of the foreign debt. Yet by February, President Boris Yeltsin had issued an ukase in which he claimed all assets of the former Soviet Union as the sole property of Russia. Russia continues to consider itself the sole successor to the former Soviet Union and its only rightful heir. Ukraine has continued to dispute these claims, having sent a diplomatic note to over 160 countries asking that they recognize the properties of the former Soviet Union as such until Russia and Ukraine come to a final agreement on the division of property. Since Ukraine proclaimed its independence, Russia has set its sights on the Black Sea Fleet, Sevastopil and ultimately the Crimea. At the end of 1992, Russia's con servative lawmakers laid claims on Sevastopil, calling it a Russian city, but in the summer of 1993, the United Nations Security Council condemned this claim, label ing it an "act of aggression" and a blatant disregard for international law. ( ,,, Although it seemed that the "territorial claims" issue would be put to rest after the U.N. denounced the Russian move and President Yeltsin said he was "ashamed of his Parliament's manipulations," by the end of the year, even Russia's so-called democratic Foreign Minister Andrei Kozyrev was saying: "Sevastopil was, is and will be a Russian city." So, the Sevastopil saga was far from over in 1993. Just as unclear was the future of the Black Sea Fleet, which had been divided, put up for sale or lease, or scrapped in 1993. Moscow's first plan in 1992 had been to assign the fleet to the OS joint forces: four summits followed that agreed to various plans, in June 1992, at Dagomys, it was decided that the fleet would be split; in August 1992 in Yalta: the fleet would come under the joint con trol of one commander; in June 1993: the fleet would be split 50-50, with joint use of Sevastopil. The last sum mit, the disastrous Massandra meeting, saw Ukraine giving up the fleet in return for Russia writing off Ukraine's debt for oil, gas and electricity, estimated at S2.5 billion. But, as the year was coming to a close, the future of the Black Sea Fleet, with 70,000 personnel, about 40 rusting warships, 18 submarines and some 250 other vessels and aircraft, still was uncertain and a thorn in the side of Ukrainian-Russian relations. A joint commis sion, led by Russia's Yuriy Dubinin and Ukraine's Borys Tarasiuk, continues to meet to resolve these prob lems. Perhaps the biggest disaster in bilateral relations for Ukraine this year was.the Massandra summit during which President Kravchuk was accused of selling out to Russia, promising to sell half the fleet and giving up Ukraine's nuclear warheads to its aggressive northern neighbor. Later President Kravchuk would tell reporters that the summit did not agree to anything concrete, just the fea sibility of a sale, and that the two sides differed on the future of the nuclear weapons as well. He warned: "We could well have lost both the fleet and the Crimea," if he had not agreed to Russia's proposals. Throughout the year, Ukraine and Russia continued playing a game of diplomatic ping-pong as Russia attempted to isolate Ukraine from the rest of the world, accusing it of dirty political games, and Ukraine was forced to continue defending itself and its independence in the West. Nukes, nukes and less nukes Ratifying START 1 (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a top priority for Ukraine as 1992 drew to a close, but 11 months would pass before Ukraine's Parliament, chaired by ivan Pliushch, actually ratified the treaty on November 18, setting forth 13 conditions before the accord could begin to be implemented. Ukraine, with its 1,240 warheads on SS-19s and SS"-24s, and 564 warheads on heavy bombers, has the third largest nuclear arsenal in the world. The West, spurred on by Russia, accused Ukraine of "nuclear blackmail" and questioned its intentions to give up its nuclear arse nal. From the very start, Ukraine said it would need compensation for the weapons, financial and technical assistance in disarmament, and guarantees of national security. As the last 1993 Weekly issue was going to press, high-level delegations representing Ukraine, Russia and the United States had begun holding three-way meetings to move the disarmament process along, and Ukrainian officials were hopeful that some progress was being made. Although in 1993 the Ukrainian president and the government insisted that Ukraine would keep to its pledge of becoming a non-nuclear state and honor its international agreements, throughout the year more and more legislators in the Parliament saw the nuclear weapons Ukraine had inherited after the demise of the Soviet Union as a guarantor of its national security and a boost to its international stature. increasingly worried about aggression from its northem neighbor, Ukraine's lawmakers straddled the fence on their country's nuclear status. "Ukraine has made its move, its move has been very significant. Now, it's time for the West to make a move," said opposition leader Serhiy Holovaty. in the spring and'in the summer, Ukraine reaffirmed its intention to be nuclear-free, but the Parliament insist ed that Ukraine owns the nuclear weapons on its soil. President Kravchuk called this status "temporary ownera ship." " "v"' "'' "Ukraine has found itself in a very delicate situation; it is not a nuclear state, but it does have nuclear weapons," said a Foreign Ministry spokesman in the summer. Ukraine felt pressure from all sides concerning nuclear politics and although the United States would not admit it, it sent such high-ranking U.S. officials as Strobe Talbott, ambassador-at-large to Russia and the N1S (May), Defense Secretary Les Aspin (June), and Secretary of State Warren Christopher (October) to help move START ratification along. But Ukrainian leaders made it very clear that the ulti mate decision rested with the Parliament, which over whelmingly ratified START 1, but said that in the nation's current economic and political situation imple mentation of the treaty could not begin until its condi tions were met. Members of Parliament rightfully noted that at this point in time Ukraine does not have the economic capa bility of dismantling its nuclear arsenal. Nor does it have any guarantees of its security. However, during the last days of the year, govern ment officials, including President Kravchuk and Deputy Prime Minister Shmarov, said Ukraine was going to deactivate at least 20 of its modem SS-24 missiles by the end of the year (see front page story), unbeknownst to parliamentary legislators. . Although very few details were available at press time, it seems this move was a good-will gesture to the West from Ukraine's leaders. So, as the year drew to a close, the situation in Ukraine was bleak, but hopeful. Most political ana lysts said that only after Ukraine fell into political and economic crises, could it move on to the next phase of its development. By the end of the year, things couldn't get much worse. But with spring ahead and parliamentary elections on the agenda, political leaders began publishing their party platforms, trying to appeal to the citizens of Ukraine, offering alternatives and working in the interest of their people. As social classes began to emerge in Ukraine, people were waking up,realizingthat only they can help them selves. Slowly they are learning a lesson that is the basis of a democratic, civic society: the state is for the people and not vice-versa.

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No. 52

T H E UKRAINIAN WEEKLY

SUNDAY, DECEMBER 26,1993

1993: THE YEAR REYlEW

resources from Metropolitan Filaret, formerly Church: divisiveness dating back Church,11th century,the its seat.of the Russian Orthodox it claims Sobor of St. Sophia, to the as Mstyslav in Ukraine and abroadAlthough Patriarch by a former was wary of an Orthodox Church headed Russian Orthodox As religion began to find its place in Ukraine's postSoviet society, at least three Orthodox Churches began to vie for the attention of more than 30 million believers who consider themselves part of the Orthodox Church. And by the end of the year, two of those Churches had elected new patriarchs. The Ukrainian Orthodox Church, which gained autonomy but not independence from Moscow in 1992, is led by Metropolitan volodymyr Sobodan. it has over 6,200 congregations (over 6 million faithful according to the press office), 4 .600 churches and 25 bishops in 28 eparchies in Ukraine. As the successor Church to the Russian Orthodox Church, the only officially recognized Church in the Soviet Union, it still enjoys immense popularity, as many of the "babushkas" never bothered to change alle giance and feel themselves a part of "one great Russian Orthodox Church, one great Slavic Church," which dates back a thousand years; The seat of their Church is in the Monastery of the Caves (Pecherska Lavra) in Kyyiv. '" .' When he arrived in Ukraine from Moscow last year, Metropolitan volodymyr told reporters he planned to gain full independence from the Moscow Patriarchate, but he was willing to do so only via canonical means at the next Holy Synod, scheduled for 1995. The second Orthodox Church in Ukraine today is the Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Kyyiv Patriarchate, which claims 3,000 congregations (15 million faithful, accord ing to the press office), 2,500 churches and 19 bishops. The Church inherited parish buildings and material Church official, namely Metropolitan Filaret, the faith ful of the Kyyiv Patriarchate regarded Patriarch Mstyslav as their leader. The 94-year-old patriarch had often repeated that he does not recognize the figures of Filaret and Antoniy, nor the Ukrainian Orthodox Church-Kyyiv Patriarchate, which he said was created without his knowledge. According to UOC-KP activist and member of Parliament Oles Shevchenko, a controversy that unfor tunately may never be resolved developed surrounding the UOC-KP and the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church. Mr. Shevchenko said there are two documents attributed to Patriarch Mstyslav. in one, the patriarch declined to accept the decisions of the unifying sobor that created the UOC-KP; in another he blessed the changes in UAOC statutes that form the basis of the UOC-KP's existence. Nevertheless, just weeks after the patriarch's death, the faithful of the UOC-KP observed the first anniver sary of the unifying sobor of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church, which brought together a faction of the UOC Moscow Patriarchate with the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and named a locum tenens of the patriarchal throne. That was Metropolitan volodymyr, who in October was named patriarch during the Church's sobor. Metropolitan volodymyr, known among the laity as vasyl Romaniuk, 67, is a former political prisoner persecuted for his religious beliefs during decades of Soviet repression. The UOC-KP enjoys the support of the Ukrainian government, which on October 19 sent its envoy. Deputy Prime Minister Mykola Zhulynsky, to meet with the ecumenical patriarch of Constantinople, Bartholomew, and delivered a letter asking the primate to recognize the independent Ukrainian Orthodox Church. The UOC-KP hopes to unite all branches of Ukrainian Orthodoxy into one under the aegis of the Kyyiv Patriarchate, but as of 1993, the three Orthodox Churches had yet to begin discussions on such topics. The smallest of the three Churches is the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, which is regarded as uncanonical by the other two, but which has a strong following in western Ukraine. The UAOC on September 7 elected Archbishop Petro Yarema, 77, of Pereyastav and Sicheslav to the post of patriarch and successor to Mstyslav 1. He took the name of Patriarch Demetriy to lead a Church that claims 1,500 parishes in eight eparchies, with five bishops and 300 priests. "This is the fourth rebirth our Church is undergoing. We have gathered here to cleanse our Church, to free it from dictatorship," said Patriarch Demetriy. The Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church continued to promote its teachings in western Ukraine, however, it still experienced resentment and misunderstanding in central and eastern Ukraine. Today, the UGCC, which was legalized in 1989 after 45 years in the catacombs, thrives in western regions of the country, numbering close to 3,000 congregations, more that 4 million faithful and over 2,200 churches in six eparchies. To date, it has not been officially rehabili tated. "The Ukrainian Catholic Church's wounds are heal ing with time," said Cardinal Myrosiav ivan Lubachivsky, who relocated from Rome to Lviv in 1991. However, it did not seem that Church was getting closer to being granted a Patriarchate, despite the fact that a Patriarchal Curia was named in the summer. 'Today our Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, with its canonically recognized major archbishop, already has the rights of a patriarchal Church. The only thing we are still waiting for is the declaration of the title of patri arch," said a Church spokesmen. "That may come when the Church celebrates the 400th anniversary of the Treaty of Brest (in 19961," said Cardinal Lubachivsky during a recent interview. Right now he is dealing with grass-roots problems such as finding priests for the people (there is a shortage of ,OOO) and contending with a lack of funds. Church-state relations are generally getting better, as are Catholic-Orthodox relations on western lands. Unfortunately, there have been a few problems in 1993, including a clash in Kyyiv in the summer, when the leaders of the UGCC arrived in the capital for the

Patriarch Mstyslav 1,1898-1993. groundbreaking of a Greek-Catholic parish in Kyyiv. A planned liturgy at the Church of St. Kirill did not take place because all entrance gates to the church had been chained and blocked by approximately 100 elderly Orthodox women, who were later identified as members of the UOC-Moscow Patriarchate. To date, the Greek-Catholic community in Kyyiv does not have its own church to hold services in, but in the eastern regions, the UGCC has close to 40 parishes, including congregations in Yalta, Sevastopil, vinnytsia, Kamianets-Podilski and Donetske. Meanwhile, the Roman Catholic Church has three parishes (two churcb.es) in Kyyiv and 374 churches throughout Ukraine, as well as 517 congregations in such areas as Zhytomyr, Kamianets-Podilski, vinnytsia, the Lviv region and other areas. The vatican also has a representation in Kyyiv. Also, Cardinal Achille Silveslrini, prefect of the congregation for Eastern Churches, toured Ukraine in October, the first such visit of a prefect to newly independent Ukraine. Other confessions also flourished in Ukraine, includ ing Evangelical Baptists (1,297 congregations), Pentecostals (790 congregations), Jehovah's Witnesses (409 congregations) and Seventh Day Adventists (326 congregations). The Hebrew faith also flourished in Ukraine but as The Weekly was going to press, no statistics on these congregations were available. in the diaspora, too, there was news on the Church front as Patriarch Mstyslav 1 of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church passed away and new bishops were consecrated for the Ukrainian Catholic Church -^ one of them amid much controversy. Mstyslav 1, patriarch of Kyyiv and all Ukraine, died on June 11 in Grimsby, Ontario, at the home of rela tives. Born Stefan ivanovych Skrypnyk on April 10, 1898, in Poltava, he was consecrated a bishop in May 1942. He served Ukrainian Orthodoxy in his native Ukraine, and in exile in western Europe, then Canada and the United States. He was responsible for the estab lishment of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church's worldwide center in South Bound Brook, N.J., and worked toward unifying Ukrainian Orthodox faithful around the globe. On November 16, 1990, he was enthroned as the first patriarch of the reborn Ukrainian Orthodox Church in Ukraine. Patriarchal funeral rites were offered in South Bound Brook on June 21-23 with Metropolitan Constantine, pri mate of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the U.S.A., as the principal celebrant. Some 3,000 hierarchs, clergy and laity from around the world came to offer their last respects. Among the mourners wererepresentativesfrom Ukrainian and non-Ukrainian Orthodox Churches as well as the Ukrainian Catholic Church. The patriarch's body was entombed in the crypt of St. Andrew's Memorial Church, an edifice he had built in memory of the victims of the 1932-1933 Great Famine in Ukraine. Patriarch Mstyslav's testament, read at the memorial tryzna after the religious rites were concluded, was an exhortation to unity "for the sake of God, the martyrs of the Church and the people" to achieve the goal of a sov ereign Church dependent on no one.

White Brotherhood grabs headlines

Ukraine was showered with Western media atten tion in 1993, not because of its political or economic woes, but because of prophesies promoted by a doomsday cult known as the Great White Brotherhood. Journalists from Europe and North America flocked to Kyyiv as a modern-day Armageddon loomed. Maria Devi Khrystos, 33, the self-proclaimed messiah, and her husband, Yuriy Kryvonohov, the cult's reput ed mastermind, predicted that the end of the world would come in November 1993. At first, the apocalypse and mass suicide were to take place on November 24, but as the White Brotherhood followers many of them teenagers and children gained the attention of Ukrainian authori ties and the media, the leaders moved the end of the world up to November 14. They also modified theitmass suicide plan and later Kyyiv's interior Ministry officials said that only the messiah was to be crucified, but would resurrect three days after her death. Cult followers even distributed literature that identified President Leonid Kravchuk as Pontius Pilate. But, much to the disappointment of the 150,000 fol lowers from all parts of the former Soviet Union, the world failed to end in 1993. As the year ended, the cult leaders, who had been arrested on November 10, still were jailed, awaiting trial on 'charges of hooliganism and seizure of state property, which carries a penalty of three tofiveyears' imprisonment. Some of their victims who were allegedly given drugs by the cult founder, Mr. Kryvonohov, a cyber netics engineer who was involved in developing mindaltering drugs for the Soviet army for psychological warfare have already gone home with their parents, who are hoping to "de-program" their "zombie-like robots." This bizarre episode in Ukraine's post-Soviet histo ry underscored the lack of religion and organized activities brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union. in Ukraine, cult leaders have found fertile ground for sects and quasi-religious groups to breed. With Ukrainian officials puzzled by this situation, and Ukrainian religious and youth leaders unprepared to deal with the moral decay prevalent in this society today, what will 1994 bring?

THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY

SUNDAY, DECEMBER 26,1993

No. 52

1993: THE YEAR 1N REY1EW

in Canada, the Ukrainian Orthodox Church this year marked its 75th anniversary. The Church dates its beginnings back to July of 1918 in western Canada, when SO lay delegates gathered in Saskatoon organized the Ukrainian Greek-Orthodox Brotherhood of Canada, in 1990 the UOC was received into eucharistic commu nion by the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Today the Church has over 120,000 faithful in 275 parishes served by 100 clergy under the leadership of Metropolitan Wasyly Fedak. Also in Canada, but within the Ukrainian Catholic Church, there was a changing of the guard as Metropolitan Maxim Hermaniuk was succeeded by the very Rev. Michael Bzdel, a fellow Redemptorist, as pri mate of the UCC in Canada. Metropolitan Hermaniuk became the first Ukrainian Catholic metropolitan in Canada in 1956. Now 81, he had announced his retire ment. The very Rev. Bzdel, 62, was consecrated a bish op and installed as metropolitan in ceremonies at Ss. viadimir and Olga Cathedral on March 9. He is the first Canadian-born metropolitan for that country's Ukrainian Catholics. it was a double consecration ceremony as the Rev. Peter Stasiuk, too, was elevated to the episcopate. The Rev. Stasiuk, 49, director of St. viadimir's College in Roblin, Manitoba, had been chosen to serve as bishop of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Australia to succeed Bishop lvan Prasko, 78, that country's first Ukrainian Catholic bishop, who was retiring due to ill health. Bishop Prasko had been tapped to head the exarchate of the UCC in 1958; in 1982 the exarchate was upgraded to an eparchy. Bishop Stasiuk's territory covers not only Australia, but New Zealand as well as the South Pacific. Episcopal succession in Toronto, however, was not as smooth. On December 29, 1992, the Rev. Roman Danylak was appointed apostolic administrator for the Toronto Eparchy. With this move, the vatican effectively stripped the incumbent eparch. Bishop lsidore Borecky, 82, of his authority by transferring it to an administrator. The Rev. Danylak told The Weekly in January that his appointment stemmed from Rome's resolve to implement the manda toryretirementage of 75 for bishops. Previously, in 1989, an unsuccessful attempt had been made to remove Bishop Borecky from his position at the helm of the Toronto eparchy. Bishop Borecky had claimed at that time that he never submitted his resignation and that he was not bound by the Canon Law for the Eastern Catholic Churches until a co-adjutor was named. in May 1992, Bishop Borecky had requested that the Synod of Ukrainian Bishops name an auxiliary bishop, not a replacement or a successor, and thus the appoint ment of an administrator was considered by many observers to be in direct contravention to those wishes. A group of clergymen from the Toronto Eparchy in late January deplored the Rev. Danylak's appointment as "a serious breach of normal channels of protocol and rela tionship between the Roman Apostolic See and the par ticular Patriarchal Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church." in late January, the Rev. Danylak sent a circular to all clerics and religious of the eparchy to inform them of his episcopal ordination on March 25 and to assert that all the eparchy's official business would henceforth be handled from the office of the apostolic administrator. Bishop Borecky, meanwhile, continued to act as eparch of Toronto, ordaining priests, calling meetings of the clergy, etc. He refused all press interviews, however. Some parishioners made known their displeasure with the vatican's moves, noting that the situation in Toronto seems to parallel damaging policies of Rome toward the Ukrainian Catholic Church in Ukraine and Poland. On March 24, approximately 110 protesters picketed outside St. Michael's Cathedral in Toronto, site of the Danylak ordination, to protest the vatican's appoint ment of an apostolic administrator and its apparent dis respect for the traditions of the Pomisna (Particular) Ukrainian Catholic Church. The next day the Rev. Danylak was consecrated as the titular bishop of Nyssa amid a boycott by some of the eparchy's clergy and Bishop Borecky himself. There was no formal protest action, though one had been threatened. During the summer. Bishop Borecky attempted to name his own Eparchal Curia. Meanwhile, Bishop Danylak remained in confrontation with many members of the eparchy's clergy, threatening at least one with excommunication for his protests against the vatican's actions and accusing another of "heretical notions" and of encouraging schism in the eparchy. Thus, at year's end, the situation in the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Toronto is far from resolved.

A year of victories for John Demjanjuk

For John Demjanjuk, 1993 was a year of victories, as israel's Supreme Court acquitted him of all war crimes charges and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 6th Circuit reversed its own extradition order and ruled that the Office of Special investigations, the Justice Department's Nazi-hunting unit, had committed fraud upon the court by withholding exculpatory evidence in the case. Mr. Demjanjuk returned home a free man on September 22. The homecoming was marred, however, by protests of Jewish groups insisting that Mr. Demjanjuk was a Nazi war criminal and demanding that the U.S. deport him. The U.S. Justice Department, in turn, vowed to pursue the case and to see to it that Mr. Demjanjuk is deported from this country. The year began with Mr. Demjanjuk awaiting the israeli Supreme Court's ruling on his appeal, while for mer U.S. government lawyers defended their work on the case in testimony before Judge Thomas A. Wiseman of the Federal District Court in Nashville, Tenn. Judge Wiseman had been appointed special master to hold hearings on whether there had been prosecutorial misconduct on the part of the OS1. On January 14 and 15, Norman A. Moscowitz and John Horrigan both said they never doubted that John Demjanjuk was "lvan the Terrible" of Treblinka. Mr. Moscowitz, an OS1 attorney, conceded there was infor' mation from other war crimes inquiries and testimony of guards taken in the USSR, Poland and Germany that raised questions about survivors' identification of Mr. Demjanjuk as the notorious "lvan." But, he said, some what disingenuously, "1 didn't have the feeling then or at any other time that we were sitting on information that would hurt our case and would help the Demjanjuk defense." Mr. Horrigan, an assistant attorney general in Cleveland at the time the denaturalization case against Mr. Demjanjuk was being heard, said he first saw some of the potentially exculpatory documents in the posses sion of the OS1 after Mr. Demjanjuk had already been stripped of his citizenship. He testified that he didn't think he read those documents, "because the case was over for me." Both lawyers said they felt the Demjanjuk case, as a civil proceeding, was not subject to the same rules of disclosure as criminal cases. As a result, if defense lawyers were not able to pinpoint a document when ask ing for evidence in the OSl's possession, they were not shown it, or if a document did not specifically mention John Demjanjuk, though it did deal with Treblinka or "lvan the Terrible," it was not turned over to the defense. it was Allan A. Ryan's turn to be grilled on January 29 in Judge Wiseman's court. During four hours of questioning, the former director of the OS1 denied any knowledge of the withholding of exonerating evidence from the Demjanjuk defense. He stated and restated his contention that he did not see certain protocols, did not receive letters from the Demjanjuk defense, and did not recall meetings held to discuss the case. He further stat ed that he did not receive a 1980 memorandum written by OS1 attorney George Parker, which raised serious doubts about evidence in the Demjanjuk case and raised the question of ethics in proceeding with a case in which the OSl's own evidence showed contradictions. He went on to say that he did not recall a meeting with Mr. Parker and another former director of the OS1, Walter Rockier, at which Mr. Parker said the issues noted in his memo were discussed. in general, Mr. Ryan said that as director of the Nazihunting unit he did not have time to concern himself with each and every detail of the Demjanjuk case despite the fact that this was the most celebrated case pursued by the office and that he had full confidence in his staff attorneys. Despite pointed questioning from Mr. Demjanjuk's attorney, Michael Tigar, who noted that documents proving that the OS1 was concealing exonerating evidence had been found in the Justice Department's trash, Mr. Ryan stuck to his story. Judge Wiseman concluded the hearing by staring: "O.K. We have a credibility issue." Soon thereafter, on February 5, another OS1 attor ney, Bruce Einhorn, also denied knowledge of any exculpatory documents that were withheld from the Demjanjuk defense. He was the final OS1 employee called to testify before the special master. Meanwhile, in Washington, Rep. James Traficant, the lone voice speaking out about the Demjanjuk case in

Congress, on February 2 announced that an investiga tion by his staff had found that the real "lvan the Terrible," how in his 80s, was alive in Eastern Europe. The Ohio congressman said he hoped to bring lvan Marchenko to justice and released two hew documents: recently obtained statements by two women who had been prisoners at Treblinka who said Marchenko was the brutal guard known as "lvan the Terrible." in early March, John Demjanjuk, Who still was awaiting the israeli Supreme Court's ruling on his appeal of the 1988 conviction and death sentence harid ed down by an israeli District Court, went on a threeday hunger strike to protest further delays in his case and focus attention on his situation. The beginning of his hunger strike, March 1, also marked the seventh anniversary of his extradition to israel.. , 1 On April 7, Mr. Demjanjuk was visited in his ceil at Ayalon Prison by Dr. Yuriy Shcherbak, Ukraine's ambassador to israel. Mr. Demjanjuk said he would appeal for restoration of his Ukrainian citizenship in addition to seeking reversal of the U.S. denaturalization order. --". .:";,," .. At about the same time, the U.S. Justice Department announced its new theory regarding the identity of "lvan the Terrible." in an 80-page documentsummariz ing Demjanjuk case documents, which had been requested by Judge Wiseman as he was preparing his report to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals, the depart ment said there were two Ukrainian "lvans!! who took turns running the gas chambers at Treblinka: John Demjanjuk and lvan Marchenko. Apparently, said the Justice Department document, Marchenko filled in when Mr. Demjanjuk had the day off. John Demjanjuk Jr. reacted thusly: "it's really stretching. Nobody has ever said there were two 'ivans' before. My God, three operators of the gas chambers, and two of them were 'lvan.' (The third is alleged to be a guard named Nikolai.J That's preposterous." On April 30, Judge Wiseman concluded his fact-find ing hearings in Nashville, culminating eight months of investigations, in his final arguments before the court, Mr. Demjanjuk's attorney Mr. Tigar said the OSl had purposefully concealed evidence that could be helpful to the defense, sarcastically noting at one point that the OSl "had a distressing habit of filing its documents in the alley dumpster." He said the government's respons es to discovery requests were "disclosures calculated to mislead not to inform." He also questioned the cred ibility of OSl staffers' testimony, particularly that of OSl Director Ryan, commenting that it was "incredible to believe that he just lay back and did nothing," while his senior legal staff decided how to present the most important OSl case by themselves. The U.S. government countered by stating there was no "clear and convincing" evidence of any deliberate misconduct or fraudulent intent. Surprisingly the gov emment's attorney stated that the U.S. did not challenge the authenticity of the Parker memo, admitting that the memo existed. Judge Wiseman seized the moment: "How do you rationalize the differences in testimony between Parker and Moscowitz without concluding that one of them is lying?" Parti Stemler, the govem ment's attorney, could reply only that all OSl attorneys were "conscientious and acting in good faith." Sensing that they were fighting a losing battle, two former OSl attorneys sought a Supreme Court order halting the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals investigation into alleged prosecutorial misconduct. The Washington Times reported on May 25 that Messrs. Parker and Moscowitz argued that the Circuit Court had no juris diction once Mr. Demjanjuk was extradited to israel in 1986. They further noted that even if the Circuit Court had such authority it should have sent the Demjanjuk case back to a federal judge in Cleveland. The Supreme Court, however, refused to halt the inquiry. Soon afterwards, on June 8, it was reported by The New York Times that the judge who had ordered the investigation into the OSl's conduct of the Demjanjuk prosecution. Chief Judge Gilbert S. Merritt of the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals, was among the three or so candidates being considered by President Bill Clinton for appointment to the Supreme Court News of that possibility drew fire from at least one Jewish organiza tion, the Simon Wiesenthal Center, which severely criti cized Judge Merritt for reopening the case. Finally, on June 30, Judge Wiseman released his report to the 6th Circuit Court, concluding that there is "substantial doubt" that John Demjanjuk was lvan the Terrible." Judge Wiseman noted: T h e statements of former Treblinka guards and laborers recently obtained from the Soviet Union constitute an harmonious chorus

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1993: THE YEAR 1N REviEW

John Domjanju!; at home in Seven Hills, Ohio, with hie wife, vera. which inculpate a man named ivan Marchenko as the ivan who worked at the gas chambers, and thus excul pate Mr. Demjanjuk from those specific crimes." Judge Wiseman also reported that U.S. government prosecutors had "failed to challenge the evidence they possessed, and this led them to abandon leads which contradicted their interpretation of the evidence." He noted the OSl's neglect in not releasing evidence to the defense: "The government ... did little or nothing to ensure that the materials it received from the Soviet Union on Mr. Demjanjuk's behalf represented what the government itself had received and had withheld." However, Judge Wiseman said federal prosecutors did not break the law or intentionally conceal evidence that would have cleared Mr. Demjanjuk. He recommended that the orders issued in the Demjanjuk case stand and that the appeals court close the case. While the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals was still reviewing Judge Wiseman's report before issuing its own ruling, there was a stunning reversal in lsrael. The Supreme Court on July 29 unanimously acquitted John Demjanjuk of all war crimes charges and ordered the 73year-old former Clevelander set free. The five-judge panel said Mr. Demjanjuk is not "ivan the Terrible," thus supporting his steadfast claim that he was a victim of mistaken identity, and overturned his 1988 death sen tence. The court said there is "reasonable doubt" that Mr. Demjanjuk was "ivan" due to recently unearthed evi dence that implicates Marchenko as the brutal wach mann. Mr. Demjanjuk was acquitted also of all other charges, including allegations that he was a guard at other Nazi camps. The court ruled that these were not the main charges and that Mr. Demjanjuk had not had a chance to defend himself against those accusations. However, the court did find the controversial Trawniki 1D card to be authentic and determined that Mr. Demjanjuk belonged to a Nazi guard unit "whose purpose was murder." Nonetheless, the court rejected the option of ordering a new trial, since that would mean "an additional extension of the hearings beyond an acceptable limit" Reacting to the decision, John Demjanjuk Jr. said he was "glad to see that they fthe judgesj actually had the courage to stop the injustice." He commented angrily, however, on the court's determination that his father had been a Nazi camp guard: "This nonsense should stop right now. Our family has been through hell... it would be unthinkable to say that now, after 16 years of proving his innocence, he should be left with a label that has never been tried in a court of law." The August 2 issue of Der Spiegel, a German weekly newsmagazine, carried an article about the Trawniki 1D card, the central piece of evidence used by the Demjanjuk prosecution. The article traced the origins of theand concluded that it is an outright forgery. Though he was ordered freed, it remained unclear where Mr. Demjanjuk, a stateless person, having been stripped of his U.S. citizenship in 1981, would go. His family insisted he would come home to Seven Hills, Ohio. "The U.S. has a moral obligation to restore his citizenship and to allow him to return," said his son. The Wiesenthal Center and other Jewish groups

reacted quickly, sending messages to U.S. Attorney General Janet Reno to demand that Mr. Demjanjuk be barred from returning to this country. New Jerseybased UNCHA1N (Ukrainian National Center History and information Network) promptly sent telegrams to President Clinton, Attorney General Reno and Sens. Bill Bradley and Prank Lautenberg, to argue that Mr. Demjanjuk be allowed to return home. Five days after the acquittal in lsrael, the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals in Cincinnati held a hearing on August 3 on whether Mr. Demjanjuk should be allowed to reenter the U.S. The U.S. Justice Department had argued that Mr. Demjanjuk's acquittal should have no bearing on whether he should be allowed toreturnto the United States inasmuch as there is evidence he had been a Nazi guard at Sobibor and other camps. Mr. Tigar argued that all prior U.S. proceedings against his client are now thrown into question because they were based primarily on accusations that he was "ivan the Terrible." Ten minutes after it heard arguments, the Court of Appeals issued its ruling that Mr. Demjanjuk must be allowed to return to this country. The court also ques tioned how Attorney General Reno could have support ed the legal position that Mr. Demjanjuk should be barred from the U.S. even as federal courts were recon sidering their earlier decision to denaturalize him. The court, which had reopened the Demjanjuk case in 1992 based on what it said was its power to grant relief for "after-discovered fraud," ruled that: "Our previous order in this case (extradition) was expressly subject to the understanding that Demjanjuk was to be tried only for the changes in the warrant against him and under which he was extradited, that is, charges based upon the alle gation that h t was ivan the Terrible of Treblinka." Clearly imtotevTwith^the Justice Department's attempt to end its inquiry and with the Clinton administration's position that it alone should decide Mr. Demjanjuk's fate, Judge Pierce Lively said the Justice Department should "put no obstacle in the way of Mr. Demjanjuk's return to this country." The court's opinion also stated that international law "forbids him from being tried on any other charges" in lsrael. Meanwhile, in lsrael, the far-right Kach' party and Holocaust survivors, as well as the World Jewish Congress, were filing petitions arguing that Mr. Demjanjuk should be prosecuted for allegedly serving at the Sobibor death camp. On August 1, just two hours before Mr. Demjanjuk, his son and son-in-law, Edward Nishnic , were to board an Air Ukraine flight for Kyyiv, the family learned about a 10-day delay in Mr. Demjanjuk's release due to a hearing on the aforementioned petitions set for August 11. On August 11, lsrael's attorney general recommend ed to the Supreme Court that Mr. Demjanjuk should not face new charges as proposed by eight separate petitions filed with the court. Attorney General Yosef Harish said there could not be a new trial unless there was a new extradition order from the U.S. and that in any case there is a "public interest" in avoiding a new trial because it is not certain that Mr. Demjanjuk would be convicted. The Supreme Court, however, delayed its decision on whether to try the former U.S. citizen. On August 18, a three-judge panel of the court rejected 10 appeals for a new war crimes trial and ordered Mr. Demjanjuk deported. Then on Thursday, August 19, Chief Justice Meir Shamgar ordered a 15-day delay in issuing his decision on whether there should be a new trial. Speaking before the chief justice, Mr. Demjanjuk's lawyer, Yoram Sheftel, said, "eight judges of this honorable Supreme Court have decided there is no point in putting the defendant on trial again. There is no precedent in the State of lsrael where five judges on the Supreme Court have acquitted a person and he is still sitting in prison three weeks later, and there is no indictment pending against him." in the United States, Holocaust survivors attempted to file a lawsuit with the federal court in New York City to bar Mr. Demjanjuk's return. However, District Judge Leonard Sand dismissed the suit during an emergency session, saying his court had no jurisdiction over the higher Appeals Court in Cincinnati, which had found Mr. Demjanjuk must be permitted to return. Jewish leaders requested Attorney General Reno to ask the Supreme Court to prevent Mr. Demjanjuk's return. A delegation that included representatives of the American and World Jewish congresses, the AntiDefamation League and the Wiesenthal Center and was led by New York City Comptroller Elizabeth Holtzman, who as a congresswoman authored the law that paved the way for the OSl's creation, met with the solicitor general to ask him to file an emergency request with the highest court in the land to bar Mr. Demjanjuk.

At the same time, a Sobibor survivor was reported to have identified Mr. Demjanjuk as a guard at that death camp, but just one day later, the AP reported that Esther Raab's testimony would not stand up in court as she had previously failed to identify Mr. Demjanjuk. Next came allegations from the Wiesenthal Center that it had evi dence linking Mr. Demjanjuk to the Maidanek death camp. in Ukraine, Demjanjuk supporters picketed the israeli Embassy for several days during August and September to protest continued delays in his release. Finally on September 1, the Justice Department announced it was dropping its fight to keep John Demjanjuk out of the U.S. However, the department pledged to continue its fight to have Mr. Demjanjuk deported on the grounds that he was a war criminal and lied on his immigration application. The New York Times reported that the Justice Department had been sending letters almost daily to all 14 judges on the Cincinnati Court of Appeals in an attempt to have the full court overturn the previous ruling by its three-judge panel. On August 31, the court announced it would not reverse the order permitting Mr. Demjanjuk to return. On September 3, the three-judge panel of the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals convened to hear arguments of the Demjanjuk defense and the U.S. government con cerning the inquiry concluded by Judge Wiseman. Each side repeated its earlier arguments, and the Justice Department's lawyer was subjected to some intense questioning about the "disappearance" of certain docu ments and the failure to provide exonerating materials to the defense. As the defense awaited the 6th Circuit Court's ruling, Mr. Demjanjuk returned to the United States on September 22 amid extremely tight security. His return to the U.S. followed the israeli Supreme Court's ruling on September 19 rejecting all appeals for a new trial. Upon disembarking a regularly scheduled El Al flight to New York, Mr. Demjanjuk was whisked away to an undis closed location aboard a privately chartered airplane. His arrival was met with angry protests in New York and Cleveland. During an exclusive interview with The Weekly at John F. Kennedy international Airport, Mr. Nishnic, spokesman for the Demjanjuk family and presi dent of the John Demjanjuk Defense Fund, said the fami ly was elated to be welcoming Mr. Demjanjuk back home and that a private reunion was planned. He also was asked: How did Mr. Demjanjuk hold up in prison in lsrael for seven years? He replied: "Mr. Demjanjuk is a survivor," who endured the Great Famine, World War 11, forced repatriation. "He's got the typical survivor mental ity. That cell became his world. And the worst thing we could do is go in there and bring family pictures, because then you've intruded on his world as he knows it. And it was so painful that we just stopped it after a while. We talked, but it was always case, case, case, case, case. That was his world. That cell and the case." The Demjanjuk case came full circle less than two months later, on November 17, when the 6th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that U.S. prosecutors had perpe trated fraud on the court and "acted with reckless disre gard for the truth" in their handling of the John Demjanjuk case. "The attitude of the OS1 attorneys toward disclosing information to Demjanjuk's counsel was not consistent with the government's obligation to work for justice rather than for a result that favors its attorneys' preconceived ideas of what the outcome of legal proceedings should be," said the decision. As well, the ruling cited the OSl's "win-at-any-cost attitude" and its interest in maintaining "very close relationships with various interest groups because their continued exis tence depended on it." The court unanimously decided to overturn the 1986 extradition order that permitted Mr. Demjanjuk to be tried, convicted and sentenced to hang in lsrael. The three-judge panel found that its order had been a mistake because the Office of Special investigations had concealed exculpatory evidence from both the defense and the court. (it was truly fitting then, and a foreshadowing of what was to come in 1993, that the National Law Journal of December 28, 1992, had cited the Demjanjuk case among its "Great Moments in the Law Awards for 1992." "The Ollie North Abuse of Power Award" went to outgoing Attorney General William Barr and his pre decessor, Richard Thornburgh, "for serious lack of lead ership in three cases," including "the investigation of John Demjanjuk, wrongly accused by the Justice Department of being the infamous Nazi death camp guard ivan the Terrible."l The Circuit Court's ruling did not vacate the 1981 denaturalization order against Mr. Demjanjuk, but its finding of prosecytorial misconduct paves the way for

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Mr. Demjanjuk, now 73, to regain his citizenship, which family spokesmen said was indeed the next step, in addition. Mr. Nishnic stated, "We are trying to get these cases brought by the OSl against suspected war crimi nals criminalized not just for John Demjanjuk but so that no one else will have to face the same nightmare." He added, "These 17 years have shattered the lives of the Demjanjuk family." The Justice Department said it was nonetheless deter mined to "effect Demjanjuk's prompt removal from the United States as soon as his legal status is resolved." And, demonstrators in the Cleveland area continued to demand Mr. Demjanjuk's deportation by demonstrating near the family home in the suburb of Seven Hills, where Mr. Demjanjuk has now returned. At year's end, a judge of the Common Pleas Court ruled on December 16 that the ban on picketing in resi dential areas imposed by the city of Seven Hills was unconstitutionally broad. The judge did leave in place a limit on picketing hours and reduced the number of protesters allowed from 30 to 25. Rabbi Avi Weiss, leader of the demonstrators, commented: "This for us has been a great victory because Demjanjuk is imprisoned within his own home." All hopes of a shift in U.S. policy toward Ukraine were dashed when during confirmation hearings to become sec retary of state, Warren Christopher was asked "What steps should the United States government take to assuage Ukrainian fears regarding its national security?" Mr. Christopher responded: "When Ukraine keeps its promise to President Bush to join the NPT as a non-nuclear state, it will be eligible for security assistance that the U.S., U.K. and Russia have given other non-nuclear signatories." visiting Washington in February, Rukh Chairman vyacheslav Chomovil joined Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski in a panel discussion about Ukraine at the Center for Strategic and international Studies (CS1S). March brought both Foreign Minister Anatoliy Zlenko and Deputy Prime Minister for Economic Reform viktor Pynzenyk to Washington. After meeting with President Clinton, Secretary of State Christopher, and Secretary of Defense Les Aspin, Minister Zlenko sounded optimistic about the encounters despite Mr. Clinton's statement that ratification of START 1 "is a precondition to a long-term successful relationship" between the U.S. and Ukraine. Meanwhile, Minister Pynzenyk met with Secretary of the Treasury Lloyd Bentsen and officials of the World Bank and international Monetary Fund (1MF) to discuss Ukraine's market reform. U.S.-Ukrainian relations took a nosedive, however, when the Clinton administration rebuffed Ukraine's request for a meeting between Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma and President Clinton. When the administra tion refused to invite the Ukrainian Prime Minister, Rep. E. ( K i k a ) de la G a r z a , c h a i r m a n of the H o u s e Agriculture Committee, invited him. U.S. Ambassador Strobe Talbott then issued the word that senior adminis tration officials were not to meet with the Ukrainian leader. The story was then leaked by the administration to T h e New York T i m e s , p r o m p t i n g a denial by Kuchma that he even intended to visit the U.S. Throughout the year numerous articles and editorials in The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Times, Foreign Affairs, Army Times and The Ukrainian Weekly began questioning the wisdom of U.S. policy on nuclear weapons in Ukraine. A school of thought began to emerge that it is not only in Ukraine's interest, but in U.S. interest, for Ukraine to gain operational control of nuclear weapons and be in a position to stem Russian expansionism into CentralTEastem Europe. After almost a year of relative inactivity, the East European Coalition assembled by the Washington Office of the Ukrainian National Association (UNA) in 1991 became reactivated. Polish and Hungarian national organizations joined the charter organizations from the Ukrainian, Armenian, Russian, Latvian, Lithuanian and Estonian communities. The coalition focused on foreign assistance for the nations of Central and Eastern Europe and more effective means of delivering that assistance. in April, a high-ranking U.S. Congressional delegation led by House Majority Leader Richard Gephardt (D-Mo.) and Minority Leader Robert Michel (R-lll.) visited Ukraine and Russia. Other members of Congress in the delegation included Majority Whip David Bonior (D-Mich.) and Chairman of the House Foreign Affairs Committee Lee Hamilton (D-lnd). After meeting with top officials in Ukraine, including President Kravchuk, the attitude of the members toward Ukraine changed considerably. During the House Foreign Affairs Committee's consid eration of the foreign assis tance bill. Chairman Hamilton added report lan guage that stated: "The United States must make a greater effort to treat Ukraine as a separate and important entity. The U.S. must initiate a larger, more effective assis tance program for Ukraine that promotes political and economic reform and is spe cific to Ukraine." By late spring and early summer, rumors that U.S. A m b a s s a d o r to U k r a i n e Roman Popadiuk would be recalled spread through Washington and the Ukrainian American com munity. it was not until mid-summer, however, that the a d m i n i s t r a t i o n officially announced that Mr. Popadiuk, who com pleted his assignment on July 30, would be replaced by William Miller. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee held a hear ing on Mr. Miller's nomination on September 9 and, in extraordinarily swift action, favorably reported the nomi nation five days later. The following day, September 15, Mr. Miller was confirmed as the new ambassador to Ukraine. He took the oath of office on October, 13 and presented his credentials to President Kravchuk on October 20. in May, the Clinton administration shifted its policy toward Ukraine. During a visit to Kyyiv, Ambassador Talbott stated that "one of the important points that we tried to make is that issue (nuclear weapons) is not the only i s s u e . " T w o w e e k s later, at a m e e t i n g with Ukrainian American community leaders, the ambas sador stated that relations between the two nations are "multi-dimensional" and the U.S. will not focus solely on nuclear issues. The community leaders, however, were disappointed to hear that the U.S. had not shifted its position on the weapons or security guarantees. During a June 24 hearing by the Senate Foreign R e l a t i o n s Subcommittee on European Affairs, Ambassador Talbott stated that the government of the United States wishes to broaden relations with Ukraine and presented five general principles that are intended to achieve that goal. Undersecretary of Defense Walter Slocombe then discussed "confidence-building mea sures" that the administration was undertaking as well as closer military ties with Ukraine, in a follow-up panel, however, Dr. Yaroslav Bilinsky challenged convention al thinking by arguing that Ukraine and lsrael have the greatest moral right to possess nuclear weapons. Former Deputy Undersecretary of Defense Lewis Libby then argued that Ukraine cannot feel secure in the absence of a soundly articulated U.S. policy in Europe. On June 1, Ukrainian Americans commemorated the 60th anniversary of the 1932-1933 famine in Ukraine. Ukraine, however, waited until September to commem orate this sad episode in its history, in commemoration of the event, the U.S. Senate passed Senate Concurrent Resolution 42, introduced by Sen. Donald Riegle (D Mich.), on September 10. A copy of the findings and conclusions of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine was presented to the Ukrainian government during its commemorative program as required by the resolution. An identical resolution. House Concurrent Resolution 140, introduced by Rep. Sander Levin (D-Mich.), was passed by the House on October 12. U.S. foreign assistance to Ukraine dominated the political debate throughout the year. For the administra tion and Congress the issue was passage of a S2.5 bil lion aid package for the newly independent states (N1S) of the former Soviet Union; for Ukrainian Americans the issue was a greater percentage of the package for Ukraine, in an article in The Ukrainian Weekly, UNA Washington Director Eugene iwanciw pointed out that during fiscal years 1992-1993, of the S2.3 billion of assistance to the N1S, Ukraine received less than 6 per cent of the assistance though it contains over 18 percent of the population of the N1S. The UNA's and Ukrainian Congress Committee of America's (UCCA) Washington offices began a grassroots and lobbying effort to insure that Ukraine received

in the United States: lobbying, aid programs

Just days before the new year, Ukraine purchased the Forrest-Marbury Court, at 3350 M St., NW, in the his toric Georgetown district of Washington as its new Embassy in the United States. The building is one of only six buildings in private ownership in Washington that has been designated a "building of great importance to the National C u l t u r a l H e r i t a g e " by the Joint Committee on Landmarks of Washington. Within days, the Embassy staff transferred from its previous location in a downtown office building on L Street to their new home. On February 24, Ukrainian Americans joined with representatives of the Ukrainian and U.S. governments in the official ceremonies estab lishing the new Embassy. in mid-January, Ukraine also signed a three-year contract, with an option to buy, for a building on East 49th Street in New York to house its General Consulate. With a new administration arriving in Washington in January, Ukrainian Americans began the year with high hopes for improved U.S.-Ukrainian relations. Prior to Bill Clinton taking the oath as president of the United States, however, the Bush administration took one last shot at Ukraine. Summoning Deputy Foreign Minister Borys Tarasiuk and Deputy Defense Minister General lvan Bizhan to Washington on January 5, administration officials then, once again, rebuffed Ukraine's request for security guarantees and financial assistance. Leaking a story to The Washington Post, a senior U.S. official stated that "Washington would not engage in a bargaining process to persuade Ukraine's legisla ture to ratify its c o m m i t m e n t to r e m o v e n u c l e a r weapons from its soil." Even so, Ukraine tried to put a positive spin on the meetings; Minister Tarasiuk stated that "no pressure was exerted." One bright spot in the closing days of the Bush administration was the establishment, by the voice of America () and Worldnet Television, of a 30minute, Ukrainian-language news and features televi sion show for Ukraine titled "Window on America." it first aired on January 9 and covered, as one of its sto ries, the Tarasiuk visit. One month later, under the spon sorship of the U.S. information Agency (US1A), person nel from Ukraine's television joined the Worldnet staff to work on two programs of "Window on America." in June, Worldnet invited representatives of the Ukrainian American community to review the progress of the show and to offer comments for its improvement. January 20 saw the inauguration of the 42nd president of the United States, Bill Clinton. Participating in the inaugural festivities were Tanya Osadca and Aka Pereyma, who demonstrated the art of pysanky at one of the inaugural pavilions. While relations between the Clinton administration and the Ukrainian American com munity began on a high note, they soon deteriorated. For the first few months of the new administration, Ukraine's nuclear weapons again dominated relations. Ukraine continued insisting on security guarantees and the United States held to its position that guarantees would be forthcoming only after ratification of START and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).

Remnants of another era: former Defense Minister Kostyantyn Morozov and former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell at areceptionnon orlng Gen. Morozov at Ukraine's Embassy in Washington.

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a greater share of the aid destined for the N1S. When the House of Representatives considered the foreign aid authorization and appropriations bills on succeeding days in June, a number of representatives including Jon Kyi (R-Ariz.), Louise Mclntosh Slaughter (D-N.Y.), Sander Levin (D-Mich.), Mr. Bonior and Dana Rohrabacher (R-Calif.) argued for more assistance to Ukraine. The bill, however, did not allocate money to any particular nations but left it to the discretion of the administration. The battle then shifted to the Senate. Prior to Senate consideration of foreign aid, Sen. Mitch McConnell (R-Kyl), the ranking minority mem ber of the Senate Appropriations Foreign Operations Subcommittee, traveled to Kyyiv to assess the situation. After meeting with a range of Ukrainian officials including President Kravchuk, Sen. McConnell articu lated his support for a new policy toward Ukraine. Ukrainian Deputy volodymyr Yavorivsky visited Washington during this period and met with numerous members of Congress on the general issue of aid to Ukraine and the specific issue of aid to the victims of Chornobyl. Ukrainian Defense Minister General Kostyantyn Morozov also traveled to Washington for a series of discussions about Si75 million of pledged U.S. assistance for, the retirement of nuclear missiles. During his visit, the general visited with Sen. McConnell to discuss the status of the Ukrainian military at which time he stated that funding for military housing would be welcomed. Just before the summer recess, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee's Subcommittee on international Economic Policy marked up the foreign assistance autho rizauon bill. During its consideration. Sen. Harris Wofford (D-Pa.) surprised his colleagues by offering an amendment requiring that Ukraine receive its per capita share of the assistance. While the subcommittee agreed in principle to the amendment, formal adoption was put off to the full committee so that technical aspects could be worked out. When the full committee met in September, adminis tration arm-twisting of committee members precluded the expected adoption of the Wofford amendment. Sen. Wofford retreated and offered a modified amendment calling for a "fair share" of the assistance for Ukraine. Despite the setback in the Foreign Relations Committee, the UNA and UCCA offices continued work ing on the appropriations bill. When the Appropriations Subcommittee presented its draft of the foreign aid bill, it already included "at least S300 million" of assistance for Ukraine due to the efforts of Sen. McConnell. The bill sailed through subcommittee, full committee and the Senate without any voiced opposition. The administration did, however, try to kill the provi sion during the House-Senate conference on the appro priations measure. Rep. David Obey (D-Wis.) led the fight for the administration, arguing that the earmark "would be an insult to Yeltsin." Sen. McConnell led the fight for aid to Ukraine and was joined by Sens. Patrick Leahy (D-vt.), chairman of the Senate Subcommittee, and Frank Lautenberg (D-N.J.), as well as Rep. Bob Livingston (R-La.). After a minor modification, the provision survived and was signed into law. Joining in the celebration of Svoboda's centennial anniversary were five U.S. senators and 10 representa tives, all of whom made statements on the floor of their respective chambers about the contribution Svoboda has made to the United States and to Ukraine's indepen dence. The celebration was less complete than hoped for when the White House refused to issue any statement or letter of congratulations. At the request of President Yeltsin at the vancouver Summit, President Clinton proposed legislation to revise Cold War provisions in U.S. law. Titled the Act For Reform in Emerging New Democracies and Support and Help for improved Partnership (FR1ENDSH1P) with Russia, Ukraine, and Other New independent States, the act immediately stirred controversy. Even prior to introduction of the proposal. Sen. Claiborne Pell (D-R.l.) introduced legislation that would effectively gut the Captive Nations Resolution. Sensing the negative reaction to that proposal, the administration did not attempt to amend Captive Nations but encoun tered opposition when it included a disclaimer about the resolution. After negotiations, the FR1ENDSH1P Act was enacted with an amendment authorizing the con struction of a monument in Washington to honor the victims of communism. in a related development, the Clinton administration followed the path of the Bush administration in trying to close down Radio Free EuropeyRadio Liberty (RFE7RL), including its research institute, early in the year. When the proposal met opposition, the effort turned toward folding the two radio stations into YOA. Since even this tactic sparked serious Congressional opposition, the administration agreed to consolidate all the radio stations under an independent board. Sen. Joseph Biden (D-Del.) supported the consolidation but opposed the new organi zational structure, arguing that it should be independent of the U.S. government While the negotiations continued, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) continued to slash the budget of the Board for international Broadcasting (), the parent organization of RFEflRL, forcing major personnel cutbacks. As the administrationreachedagree ment with Sen. Biden, a new problem arose when Sen. Russell Feingold (D-Wis.) voiced opposition to any agreement that would retain RFE7RL in any form. Already close relations between the Department of Defense and the Ukainian Defense Ministry were strengthened even more when the Pentagon dispatched a military medical mission to Ukraine during late September. The mission consisted of physicians, den tists, optometrists, public health specialists, nurses, and lab technicians who brought with them a military transport filled with medical supplies. The year ended on the same note with which it began: the nuclear issue, in October, Assistant Secretary of Defense Graham Allison traveled to Ukraine to again per suade it to unilaterally disarm. He stated that the United States believes that Ukraine has a genuine security problem that will be solved once it gives up its nuclear arsenal. A few weeks later. Secretary of State Christopher vis ited Kyyiv arid added his voice to the call for disarma ment. During his visit, he committed 5330 million of assistance for Ukraine, which included the already com mitted Si75 million in Nunn-Lugar money. This left Ukraine with only S155 million of economic assistance despite the legislation that committed "at least 5300,000,000" in U.S. assistance. The Department of State defended its interpretation of the law in a December meeting between Ambassador Talbott and leaders of the Ukrainian American community. On November 18, the Ukrainian Parliament over whelmingly ratified the START 1 treaty, but with a series of conditions concerning its national security and financial assistance for the dismantlement of the mis siles and warheads. The United States reacted negative ly to the conditions and President Clinton, in a phone conversation with President Kravchuk, "expressed his,.,unhappiness with the Ukrainian parliaments's action." in addition, Kyyiv was knocked off vice President Al Gore's itinerary for December, and President Clinton's foreign travels in January. Many saw this as just another step in an effort to isolate Ukraine and force unilateral disarmament. The year ended on a positive note when the East European Coalition in Washington was called to action and expanded to include the Czechs, Slovaks, Romanians and Bulgarians. The group unanimously agreed that Russian aggression and U.S. failure to oppose Russian expansionism were the greatest threat to the peace and stability of Europe. Reacting to concern in all the nations of Central and Eastern Europe about Russian aggression, the group with its membership of 14 national organiza tions representing 11 ethnic groups initiated a concerted effort to change U.S. policy, vowing to oppose "Yalta 11," the coalition inaugurated a grass-roots effort aimed at the president's mid-January visit to Moscow. As regards the Ukrainian community in the United States, throughout 1993, organizations continued to support a multitude of programs aiding Ukraine and its people. Diaspora assistance came in various forms, ranging from fund-raising efforts to support of educa tional exchanges to assembly and delivery of medical and diagnostic equipment in critically short supply in Ukraine. Some highlights of these continuing assistance efforts follow. The consequences of the Chornobyl nuclear disaster continue taking their deadly toll on the population of Ukraine. One of the largest providers of relief to the vic tims, the Children of Chornobyl Relief Fund, continued its relentless efforts in 1993. On June 12-13, this orga nization, which has airlifted and shipped over 700 tons of medical aid to Ukraine since 1989, held its second convention. Speaking at the gathering. Sen. Bill Bradley(D-NJ), praised the CCRFs work: "This is the kind of work that 1 believe, in a real sense, is God's work." in addition to shipping aid to Ukraine, the CCRF sponsors a number of hospitals in Ukraine, among them the Lviv Regional Pediatric Center for Chornobyl Problems, which was recently cited as the best-equipped hospital in that city. One of the most important functions of Ukrainian organizations in the U.S. has been to facilitate the "reeducation" of many Ukrainian parliamentarians. Many of Ukraine's current parliamentarians relish the prospect of observing U.S. political processes and bodies in action. The U.S.-Ukraine Foundation's parliamentary exchange program has brought over, since 1992, many of Ukraine's better and less well-known members of Parliament for brief visits to the U.S. Congress and other legislative bodies, in conjunction with lndiana University's School of Public Affairs and the US1A, the program offers the parliamentarians the opportunity to take part in seminars and discussions with U.S. legisla tors, political analysts and academicians. The high point of this year's program was a Washington seminar on legislative affairs, which included a meeting with Sens. Dennis DeConcini (D-Ariz.) and Richard Lugar (R ind.). This year's program was especially useful, according to foundation president Nadia McConnell, because of the upcoming parliamentary elections in Ukraine. The foundation has also been active in Ukraine. During the past year it has organized or expanded a number of initiatives there, among them the Pylyp Orlyk institute for Democracy. Supporting the current Ukrainianization of Ukraine's school system, as well as the expansion of educational opportunities for Ukrainian students, headed the agenda of the Coordinating Committee to Aid Ukraine (CCAU), as it held its second annual convention in East Hanover, N.J., on April 24-25. Among the accomplishments noted were the organization's achievement of tax-exempt status. Dr. Bohdan Burachinsky, president of the CCAU, noted that the organization had grown to include 20 branches and six affiliated groups, and that it had a bright future. Since September 1992, the Fund to Aid Schools in Ukraine, founded by the CCAU and administered joint ly with the Ukrainian Ministry of Education, has col lected over 5500,000 and targeted these funds towards the publication of new and up-to-date elementary and high school textbooks for Ukraine. Among major con tributors to the fund were the Ukrainian American Association of Seniors (S250,000), the "Thoughts of Faith" Lutheran ministry (Si00,000) and the Ukrainian National Association(S50,000). in the coming year, CCAU plans to aid the Ministry of Education start up a series of scholarly journals aimed at Ukrainianizing teachers in post-Soviet Ukraine. As other organizations have sought to aid institutions in Ukraine by sending assistance there, the Ukrainian American Professionals and Businesspersons Association of New York and New Jersey this year con tinued its efforts to bring young, successful humanities students to this country. Doors of unprecendented edu cational opportunity were opened to a small group of highly qualified Ukrainians through the Ps and Bs Scholarship Program. This year, five students selected from a large initial applicant pool attended courses at Harvard University's Ukrainian Summer institute. Some of these individuals have pursued graduate work at vari ous U.S. and Canadian institutions. Dr. Bohdan vitvitsky, initiator of the program, noted that, "We have opened for some of Ukraine's best and brightest stu dents the kinds of doors, opportunities and vistas that had been closed for much of this century." The Foundation in Support of Diplomatic Missions in Ukraine furthered Ukraine's goals of establishing strong diplomatic representation in the U.S. its fund-raising efforts allowed for the purchase of a building for the General Consulate of Ukraine in New York City. The midtown Manhattan structure, which cost over S1.2 million, is undergoing extensive renovations. The General Consulate of Ukraine in Chicago was the focus of fund-raising by Club 500. This ad hoc com mittee's raison d'etre is to enlist 500 "subscribers," who then each contribute S20 per month for a two-year peri od. The proceeds go towards alleviating operational expenses at the General Consulate, as well as towards the purchase of a permanent site for the Consulate. Club 500 has enlisted a large number of subscribers through concerts and benefit banquet balls, the most successful of which took place on May 1 at the Ukrainian Cultural Center in Chicago. Among the luminaries present was Ukraine's ambassador to the U.S., Dr. Oleh Bilorus. 1993 was an important year for the Ukrainian American Coordinating Council (UACC). The organization, formed in 1981 as a result of a split within the Ukrainian Congress Committee of America (UCCA), held its third quadrennial convention on October 2-3. Greetings werereceivedfrom President Bill Clinton, vice-President Al Gore and Bishop Basil Losten, among others. Ulana Diachuk was re-elected president, while John Oleksyn was electedfirstvice-presi dentoftheUACC. in the past several years, the UACC has met with

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U.S. government officials on issues of concern to the Ukrainian American community. Together with the UCCA and the UNA Washington Office, the UACC has lobbied both the executive and legislative branches. Most recently, it has actively promoted a better understanding by the U.S. of Ukraine's security, political and economic needs. The UACC convention passed a number of resolu tions, reflecting among other things, the following ideas: Ukrainian diaspora financial institutions should increase their activities in Ukraine; and the U.S. com munity should work towards creating a unified political representationTlobby in Washington. in commemorating the 60th anniversary of the Great Famine of 1932-33, many Ukrainian communities held public remembrances, in the New York City area, June 1 was set aside as a day of remembrance. There was a solemn memorial service at St. Patrick's Cathedral, in which Ukrainian Catholic and Orthodox clergy and laity joined with local Roman Catholics and others in commemorating the genocidal famine, in attendance were members of Ukraine's diplomatic corps, various community leaders and several thousand persons from within and without the Ukrainian community. in Washington, services were held on September 12, Famine Sunday. At the Ukrainian Catholic National Shrine a liturgy and panakhyda were he-id, with Ambassador Bilorus present. Deacon Theophil Staruch delivered a sermon, in which he stated that Soviet com munism collapsed, because it was built on the mass destruction of innocent people and thus went against the very nature of God himself. Following the services, the Ukrainian community delivered a donation of food, in memory of the famine victims, to the Capital Area Community Food Bank. in Parma, Ohio, at St. viadm;ir's Ukrainian Orthodox Cathedral. over 600 people gathered on Sunday, October , for the blessing of a memorial monument dedicated to the victims of the famine. Archbishop Antony of Washington and New York cele brated the hierarchical liturgy, vitalyj Sobko, first sec retary at Ukraine's Embassy, and members of the parish Famine Committee unveiled the monument, it is 11 feet tail in the form of a tryzub (trident), its position along State Road ensures that it is viewed by thousands of people every day. in this manner the Ukrainian commu nity in Parma has contributed to raising Americans' awareness of Ukraine's difficult history. The Ukrainian community in the Chicago area also commemorated the Great Famine, with the dedication of a monument to the Famine victims. On Saturday, December 4, a memorial service was held at St. Andrew's Ukrainian Orthodox Church in Bloomingdale, ill. During the observance, the monument was unveiled. Attendance was high, as over 500 people joined in solemn remembrance of the famine victims. Youth and veteran's organizations were present, as was the Ukrainian Consul General Anatoliy Oliynik. illinois Gov. Jim Edgar, Rep. Henry Hyde, as well as Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley sent greetings.

A changing of the guard at Ukraine's Embassy in Ottawa: Levko Lul ko is returning to Ukraine, while viktor Batiouli, formerly ambassador to the United Nations, is to take over as envoy to Canada. which was later revealed to be incomplete, instead, Mr. Weiner offered them an "omnibus apology" without financial compensation. The Canadian government would also erect a "National Builders Hall of Record" as a tribute to multiculturalism in the country. Unsatisfied, the UCC, along with fellow National Redress Alliance members, the Chinese Canadian National Council and the National Congress of italian Canadians, planned to petition the United Nations' Human Rights Commission to intervene. By October, Mr. Weiner proposed a formal apology to the Ukrainian Canadian community in the House of Commons, the placement of commemorative plaques in national parks where internment camps were located, and the creation of an interpretive center in Banff National Park, site of the Castle Mountain internment Camp. Mr. Bardyn's committee said no thanks to the proposed ethnocultural Hall of Record. At year's end, the future of the UCC redress claim became the responsibility of newly elected Liberal Prime Minister Jean Chretien. But where the Canadian government refused to cough up cash for historic compensation, it seemed more than willing to help the Ukrainian government get on its feet. in February, Southam News reported that the Conservative government planned to shift its 52.7 bil lion overseas aid program away from some of the 136 recipient countries to newly formed East European countries, including Ukraine. After all, Canada was the first Western country to recognize Ukraine's indepen dence in 1991. it has also been one of the few to be gen erous to Ukraine. Canada's three-year, 530 million technical assistance program continued, with a 5772,000 project to the Ukrainian Canadian Professional and Business Federation (UCPBF) almost complete. The UCPBF program sent Canadian consultants, like Dr. Bohdan Krawchenko, to set up such programs as the institute of Public Administration and Local Government (1PALG) in Ukraine, it also involved short-term training for mid dle and senior-level Ukrainian civil servants.' The first group of deputy ministers from Ukraine 80 in all are expected attended workshops and met with their Canadian counterparts in Ottawa in December. More than 2,500 Ukrainian students attended 1PALG seminars in 1993. The institute, funded by the Canadian government until 1996, will also admit 100 Ukrainians each year into its one-year master in public administration certificate program. The 1PALG announced it would open a satellite campus in Dnipropetrovske in the new year. The 53.7 million "Partners in Progress" initiative kicked into high gear in 1993, offering the Ukrainian government assistance in government administration, health, agriculture and human resource development. Through the program, Edmonton's Lubomyr Markevych opened a Canadian Cooperation. Office in

in Edmonton, yet similar missions in Toronto and Montreal had yet to be opened. Across the Atlantic, the Canadian Embassy in Kyyiv faced as difficult a time in opening its S3.5 million offices, once occupied by the East Germans. Because of renovations delays, Canadian Ambassador Francois Mathys was forced to officially open the Embassy on Canada Day, July 1, while on a tourist cruise boat on the Dnipro River. in September, Ambassador Lukianenko told The Weekly, in an exclusive interview, that he had submit ted his resignation to President Leonid Kravchuk after only 18 months in office. The former presidential candi date was angered over the Ukrainian government's agreement to transfer 1,800 nuclear warheads to Russia and exchange its half of the Black Sea fleet as partial payment for its 52.5 billion debt (later annulled follow ing President Boris Yeltsin's dissolution of the Russian Parliament and Ukrainian Prime Minister Leonid Kuchma's own resignation). Ambassador Lukianenko planned to help ready the Ukrainian Republican Party, of which he is a former leader, for next March's parlia mentary elections. Second-in-command Andrij vesselovsky became act ing head of the Ukrainian Embassy in Ottawa until a new ambassador was named on December 17. He is viktor Batiouk, Ukraine's ambassador to the United Nations. But delays weren't exclusive to Ukrainian-Canadian diplomatic relations. The UCC's redress committee, already challenged by the breakaway Ukrainian Canadian Civil Liberties Association's (UCCLA) own redress council, made no further inroads in having a five-year-old claim for compensation resolved. in Canada, 1993 was the best of times and the worst Prime Minister Brian Mulroney had promised to of times. resolve the request for the World War 1 internment of Ukraine's first ambassador to Canada, Levko between 3,300 and 5,000 Ukrainian Canadians before he Lukianenko, carried his real estate woes into the new left office, in May, UCC redress committee chairperson year. Toronto businessman Erast Huculak, who donated ihor Bardyn released a confidential report to The Weekly. the embassy building to the Ukrainian government last The study, prepared by Price Waterhouse in January 1992 for an undisclosed sum,reportedthat Ukrainian-Canadian fall, was linked to a deal with the former deputy head of the Ukrainian mission, Oleksiy Rodionov. The rumor internees suffered economic losses anywhere from 521.6 involved the pair having owned the 5615,000 building, million to 532.5 million (1991 dollars). That included the then selling and re-purchasing it for the embassy. Real confiscation of property and the loss of between 51.9 and estate agent Tony Rhodes provided details to dispel the 52.8 million in 1917 dollars of employment Among the charges and, in turn, accused the Ukrainian Canadian UCC's demands: 510 million in compensation for monies Congress of bungling a leasing arrangement for confiscated and another 535 million for lost wages. Ambassador Lukianenko's residence. But that trump card failed to move Mr. Mulroney or The UCC, which had raised money in support of the his successor, Kim Campbell, to action. Nor did a visit Ukrainian embassy, eventually bought a 5668,000 to Parliament Hill by Mary Haskett, 84, honorary chairhouse to serve as the ambassador's residence, but person of the UCCLA's redress council and the only known survivor of the 1914-1920 internment camps. 5450,000 of that came from a private estate. in May, former Multiculturalism Minister Gerry in March, Ambassador Lukianenko visited Edmonton for three days, where he met with Premier Weiner met with representatives.from five ethnic Ralph Klein. The Alberta government agreed to help groups, all seeking compensation for historic discrimi Ukraine develop its food-processing industry, oil explo nation. They hoped the federal government would ration and extraction, and telecommunications. match its 1988 5300 million package to the Japanese Promises were also made to open a Ukrainian Consulate Canadian community for World War H internment.

in Canada: expanded contacts with Ukraine

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Kyyiv to handle (lelivery,oT6anada's technical assis tance, Also,"work began on assembling the collection for the "Treasures of Ukraine" exhibit, scheduled to travel lto Toronto, Edmonton and vancouver in 1994. The OCPBF also hosted a four-day conference look ing at trade opportunities with Ukraine, during its bien nial meeting in Winnipeg in early July. The signing of a trade deal between Ukraine and the Province of Manitoba was forestalled when viktor Pynzenyk. then Ukraine's deputy prime minister for economic reform, requested more time to study the terms. He also called for more Canadian assistance, telling delegates that among the 1,200 active joint ven tures in Ukraine, only 29 were Canadian based. in other developments at the conference. Dr. Louis Melosky, a Winnipeg orthodontist, was elected UCPBF president, succeeding Toronto lawyer Eugene Zalucky. The federation also announced that, in addi tion to holding its next biennial conference in Montreal, plans were under way to hold a special meeting in Kyyiv in 1994. Yet while many Canadians had traveled, or at least plan to travel to Ukraine this,year to offer their exper tise, fewer Ukrainians came to Canada. Although the federal department of Citizenship and immigration claimed Ukrainian immigration to Canada increased over the past year, the Canadian Ukrainian immigrant Aid Society disagreed. The society hoped for 10,000 Ukrainians passing through Canada's mission in Kyyiv annually, in 1993, only 98 Ukrainians arrived in Canada and the Canadian Embassy only processed for mal applications and issued 121 immigrant visas between January 1, 1992, and August 31,1993. Canadian Friends of Rukh, meeting on April 10 in Toronto, adopted a name change and altered the organi zation's statutes to broaden its work a walkout by its Toronto branch notwithstanding. The group's new name, Canadian Association for the Development of Ukraine, reflects its status as an organization that will work not only with Rukh, but with every group in Ukraine that supports democratic and free-market reform, victor Pedenko was elected president of the CADU. Previously, CFR was headed by Mr. Huculak. in Alberta, Liberal Leader Laurence Decore led his party to 32 seats in the 83-seat provincial legislature. Although the former mayor of Edmonton wiped the New Democratic Party off the political map, Mr. Decore had to settle for official opposition status to Premier Klein's re-elected Progressive Conservative government. Meanwhile in Ontario, suspended Provincial Court Judge Walter Hryciuk found himself on the other side of the bench, when he faced a public inquiry into allega tions of his own misconduct. Ontario's Attorney General Marion Boyd ordered the hearing after two female assistant crown attorneys charged the 58-yearold judge with sexual misconduct. One, Kelly Smith, accused Judge Hryciuk of forcibly kissing her. The other, Susan Lawson, claimed the judge made sexually suggestive comments to her. in late November, after hearing from more than 35 witnesses, Justice Jean MacFarland recommended Judge Hryciuk's removal from the bench. His lawyer has since called for a judicial review of that decision and a new inquiry headed by a new commissioner. On a brighter note, two Ukrainian Canadians were awarded the Order of Canada, the country's highest civilian honor. Dr. Jaroslav Rudnyckyj, former prime minister of the Ukrainian national government-in-exile and founding head of the Slavic studies department at the University of Manitoba, was inducted as an officer (the second-highest in the three-tiered system) in April. He was joined in the fall by Metropolitan Wasyly Fedak, primate of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of Canada. Governor General Ray Hnatyshyn made the presentations at Rideau Hall in Ottawa. And in Ottawa, Canada's former ambassador to Portugal, Raynell Andreychuk, was named a senator by Mr. Mulroney in March. The Saskatoon-bom former provincial court judge now represents her province in Canada's Upper House for the Tories. Beyond politics and diplomacy, Toronto's CFMT Tv was given the green light by the Canadian RadioTelevision Telecommunications Commission to transmit its multilingual programming signal to the Ottawa market. Next September, that means a weekly offering of "Svitohliad" for Tv viewers in the nation's capital. continued need for the WCU's existence, in a signifi cant development, Ukrainian delegations from Poland and Romania were officially represented for the first time in the congress' history. The main themes of the congress were the commem oration of the 1932-1933 famine, work with newly inde pendent Ukraine, and a new definition of the term "dias pora" as the focus of WCU activity, it was significant that there was a marked lack of the party line divisions so often seen at previous conclaves of the WCFU. Perhaps this lack of ideological conflict was related to the lack of any concrete action taken on virtually every important issue facing both Ukraine and the diaspora. The congress was also marked by the near total absence of young delegates. The few that did attend were cheifly from Ukraine and Eastern Europe. The past year saw Ukraine making substantial progress in establishing a network of diplomatic repre sentations. As of June 17, the Ukrainian Embassy in Bonn, Germany, is located in its own building. Until that day, Ukraine's diplomatic corps in Germany worked out of the old Soviet, now Russian Embassy. Now the staff of 12 is based in a small structure on the outskirts of the city. But this move is just a temporary one, for once Berlin reassumes its status as the German capital, Ukraine's Embassy will be transferred and the building in Bonn will likely become a trade mission or consulate. in a related development, Ukraine's Embassy to France was officially opened on September 15. Ukrainian troops have been part of the United Nations humanitarian aid and peacekeeping effort in Croatia and Bosnia since early 1992. They have been one of the most effective contingents stationed on the territory of the former Yugoslavia, according to outside observers. There have also been some,'allegations of Ukrainian troops engaging in black market activi ties with Serbian Chetnik guerrillas, it was against this mixed background that Ukraine's Parliament voted to increase the troop contingent from 800 to 1,220 sol diers by year's end. The legislature acted after a request from U.Ni Secretary General Boutros Boutros Ghali, who cited the Ukrainians' linguistic and reli gious similarities to the local inhabitants and their consequent ability to carry out their mission most effec tively. Staying on the topic of former Yugoslavia, it has become apparent that the Ukrainian diaspora communi ties throughout the war-tom lands of Croatia, Serbia and especially Bosnia have been gravely damaged. Of the approximately 25,000 Ukrainians and several thousand Rusyns living there before the war, the majority have become refugees. Estimates of Ukrainian deaths number in the thousands. Ukrainians have fought on all three sides, either having been drafted, or having volunteered, to serve in the armed forces of the warring Serbs, Croats and Bosnian Muslims. At an April meeting with the Ukrainian American community in Washington, survivors of the Balkan war

Ternopil orphans: Diaspora activities global controversy elsewhere in the world

The Ukrainian government's May moratorium on adoption of Ukrainian children by foreigners was both a consequence of and an impediment to the res olution of the case of 54 Ternopil orphans. Brought to the United States from Ternopil, Ukraine, by the "Thoughts of Faith" Lutheran min istry of Wisconsin in January 1992, the original 124 children were placed with Chicago-area Ukrainian American and Lutheran families for four months of warm environment during the winter. American sponsor-families were led to believe that the children were true orphans and that after the four-month period they could be adopted, in fact, two-thirds are wards of the state while the remaining one-third have either a parent, grandparent or legal guardian. While the majority of the children were eventual ly returned to Ukraine, 54 have remained in the cus tody of their American sponsor families who are try ing to adopt them. Two commissions from Ukraine, numerous documents, meetings with Ukraine's Consul General to Chicago Anatoliy Oliynyk and 23 months later, some 40 families continue to pursue the adoption of their Ukrainian foster child. The battle for the Ternopil orphans had taken on epic proportions as the Ukrainian government attempts to mediate between the adopting families and the raion councils responsible for deciding the children's fate. After close to two years of conflict, Ukraine's Minister for Humanitarian Affairs Mykola Zhulynsky in November gave the 54 adoptions carte blanche, but the raion councils have stymied their processing for political reasons. For its part, the American government permits the adoption of any child who has been in the legal custody of or resided with the adopting parents for at least two years. The two-year anniversary of the Ternopil chil dren's.arrival to the United States is less than a month away. The World Congress of Free Ukrainians dropped the "Free" from its name during its sixth congress, held November 3-7, and elected Dr. Dmytro Cipywnyk, for mer president of the Ukrainian Canadian Congress, as its president. The congress was the first since the decla ration of Ukraine's independence. Ukraine's Deputy Prime Minister Mykola Zhulynsky addressed the con gress, as did parliamentary deputies. They stressed the

1993 marked the 60th anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine. The somber occasion was commem orated at the World Congress of Free Ukrainians in Toronto with a dramatic "famine ballet" staged by Danovia Stech!shln's Ukrainian Academy of Dance.

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1991 and 1992 bore fruit in 1993. The American international Health Alliance (), a partnership program initiated in 1992 between hospitals in the United States and the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, concluded the year with 22 part nerships, four with hospitals in Ukraine. Funded by the United States Agency for international Development (USA1D) and participating hospitals in the U.S., the AlHA's goal is to counter the economic dislocation and breakdown of centralized health care in former Soviet republics by facilitating exchanges between senior hospital administrators, physicians, nurses and technical specialists in the U.S. with their counterparts in the newly independent states. The largest of Ukraine's partnerships, between Kyyiv's Ukrainian State Medical University and the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center (including the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania and the School of Medicine), focuses on combating high infant mortality, neonatal asphyxia, problem pregnancies, low levels of pre and post-natal care and ways to improve family planning. The Kyyiv-Philadelphia partnership includes the two hospitals' affiliates: in Kyyiv, Children's Hospital No. 2 and Obstetrical Hospital No. 3, in Philadelphia, the School of Nursing of the University of Pennsylvania and Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. The Odessa Oblast Hospital and the Coney island Hospital and Maimonides Medical Center partnership targets the areas of emergency services, hospital man agement and health care financing as well as new diag nostic and treatment technologies in urology, neonatalo gy, ophthalmology and orthopedic surgci The pairing of Lviv Oblast Hospital v. ah Henry Ford Health Systems of Detroit and Kaisci Foundation Health Plan of Ohio focuses on the prevention and treat ment of rheumatic heart disease. The Lviv Railway Oblast Hospital-Millard Fillmore Hospital of Buffalo, N.Y., partnership emphasizes improving performance in immunology, obstetrics and the prevention of asphyxia among the newborn. The program for the newly independent states has been funded by Congress until the middle of 1994 and in the future will expand to former East-Bloc coun Ukraine's Honorary Consul in Australia Zina Botte tries. (right) with Phil Honeywood, parliamentary secre Throughout the year, Elwyn inc., in conjunction with tary on ethnic affairs (left), and Yasuhori Kikuchi, the Fund of Ukraine for the Protection of invalids and consul general of Japan. Ukraine's Ministry of Social Welfare, laid the groundwork for its two-year Early intervention Model in Australia, the Consulate of Ukraine held its first Demonstration Program in Mykolayiv. official celebration of Ukraine's independence on Elwyn, the nation's oldest, private non-profit organi August 24 in Melbourne. The event, which took place in the Mayoral Hall of Essendon Civic Center, was hosted zation for people with disabilities, will employ speech, physical and occupational therapists and a psychologist by Zina Botte, honorary consul of Ukraine. More than 100 members of the consular corps, members of the state to identify children with physical and mental disabili and federal parliaments,representativesof strategic mili ties, provide them and their families with education and tary and air command, trade union leaders, as well as therapeutic support, and initiate an education program local officials, scholars, businesspersons and the news to help encourage community-wide understanding and media attended the gala, which was Ukraine's first con acceptance of children with disabilities in order for them to reach their fullest potential. sular reception on Australian soil. Honorary Consul Funded in part by USA1D, the demonstration proBotte said: "Ukrainians are proud and grateful to God that, after long years of bitter oppression, they have gram will develop a system of evaluation and diagnosis repossessed Ukraine's ancient rights achieving free of newboms, provide classroom instruction to 450 chil dom and independence by means of a bloodless revolu dren, deliver parent and home training for 92 families and train 120 Ukrainian professionals to replicate the tion." Phil Honeywood, parliamentary secretary on eth nic affairs, also addressed the festive gathering, noting program, beginning in early 1994. The Medical Clinic on Wheels, conceived in 1991 by the significant contributions the Ukrainian community has'made to Australia and raising a toast to Ukraine's Dr. Stephen Dudiak and his wife, Lusia, of Madison, Wis., and funded by the "Thoughts of Faith" Lutheran president, Leonid Kravchuk. ministry, continued to roll in Ternopil Oblast during 1993. The two mobile units providing medical and den tal services to Chomobyl children and patients in rural and urban regions are staffed by health practitioner vol unteers from the United States, who train local physi cians to staff the mobile clinics and use the equipment and supplies. The project also provides medical equipment and Whereas previous years saw the Ukrainian communi supplies, educational tools, books, videotapes and ty galvanizing assistance projects to Ukraine, in 1993 instructors to pediatric and obstetric hospitals. government-sponsored programs and the private sector Yarema Harabatch and his organization, UkraineAid, dominated in the aid to Ukraine arena. With the diaspo continued to facilitate shipments of medical supplies to ra's leading community organizations and Ukraine-aid Ukraine via chapters of the Bavarian Red Cross for the foundations loosing steam in the face of Ukraine's over- second year running. This year, three deliveries of med whelming number of needs, new, smaller organizations, icine, hospital equipment, dry food and clothing were and organizations not previously bitten by the aid to delivered to Truskavets, a western Ukrainian city Ukraine bug, cropped up to pursue narrowly defined known for its health spas, via truck convoys organized projects. Some organizations, like the Sabre by the Miltenberg-Obemburg chapter of the Bavarian Foundation, The Project on Economic Reform in Red Cross. Ukraine (PERU) and the Soros Foundation expanded Economic hardships and the publicized plight of their assistance repertoire, while others dropped off into Ukraine's overwhelmed orphanage system gave rise to obscurity. two orphan aid groups in 1993. The Orphan Aid in the medical sphere, assistance programs set up in Society, coordinated by Raisa Hotz of the Ail-Ukrainian spoke of Ukrainians rounded up and shot by Serb Chetnik guerrillas at vukovar, Croatia, and of Ukrainians forcibly drafted into the Bosnian Serb forces. Many Ukrainian Catholic churches have been burned in Serbia. Apparently, Russian U.N. peacekeep ers helped Serbs evict Ukrainians from parts of Bosnia. The remnants of the community look to the onset of winter with fear and despair. Women's Hromada based in Kyyiv and Maria Yowyk of New York, sponsors a Ukrainian orphan for 515 per month. Conceived in 1992, the sbeiejy sponsored its first child in September of this year andro date sponsors over 100 children. . "Help Us Help the Children...We Are Their Future," organized under the auspices of the Children of Chomobyl Canadian Fund earlier this year, made a three-year commitment to assist Ukraine's orphanages and children's hospital by donating medical supplies, vitamins, vaccines, food, clothing and toys, in the spring Help Us Help the Children donated Si00,000 worth of humanitarian goods to Ukrainian orphanages. Having raised an additional S500,000, the group returned to Ukraine in the fall, delivering nine tons of supplies donated mostly by Canadian pharmaceutical companies to 16 orphanages, in May 1994 Help Us Help the Children, which has expanded to include med ical professionals, plans to return to Ukraine with 50 tons of medical and humanitarian supplies valued at S5 million (Canadian) for 10,000 children living in 60 orphanages. The Massachusetts-Ukraine Citizens Bridge launched its "Bridging Families" program in the fall, which assists Ukrainian families with donations of non-perish able items while developing relationships between Ukrainian and American cultures. Participants include family information and a photo in their package; shipping costs cover response card postage for Ukrainian families to write back to their American sponsors. Sister-city relationships between Ukraine and the U.S. thrived in 1993, solidifying ties between Bohodukhiv and Boyertown, Pa.; Cherkasy and Santa Rosa, Calif.; Kaniv and Sonoma, Calif.; Kharkiv and Cincinnati. Ohio; Ternopil and Yonkers. N.Y.; Kolomyia and El Cajon, Calif., and Poltava and lrondequoit, N.Y. Ukraine's farmers got a leg up through two different agricultural assistance programs in the U.S. and Canada, in April 100 American farmers traveled to Ukraine as part of Operation Farm Ukraine '93 to assist their Ukrainian counterparts with spring planting on approxi mately 1,000 farms totaling 500,000 acres, in addition to farming instruction, Operation Farm Ukraine '93, a joint venture between Seeds of West Des Moines, iowa, and Zemlya and Lyudi, a Ukrainian agricultural firm and designated representative of Ukraine's Ministry of Agriculture, calls for a first year Ukrainian purchase of up to S70 million worth of U.S. technology and manufactured agricultural goods, including hybrid corn seeds and agro-chemicals from 1, and state of the art planters, sprayers and harvesters manufactured by leading America companies. Financing for the Ukrainian purchase was arranged by Citibank New York and guaranteed by U.S. Eximbank. The Saskatchewan Provincial Council of the Ukrainian Canadian Congress this year took over a farming work-study program begun by the Ukrainian Resource and Development Center at Grant MacEwan Community College in Edmonton in 1991. The program teaches Ukrainian farmers about the agricultural indus try in Canada for a six-month period, focusing on indus try tours of dairy plants, apiaries, abattoirs, wholesale distributors and agricultural equipment manufacturers. The program is funded primarily by George Soros through the Karl Popper Foundation of Switzerland. Small-scale instructional exchanges highlighted assistance to Ukraine programs in 1993. Two Ukrainian foresters traveled to the U.S. this summer as part of an ongoing exchange between the Ukrainian State Agricultural University and the Pennsylvania State College of Agricultural Sciences. Dr. Anatoly Strochinsky, a forest biometrician and dean of USAU's department of forestry, and vasily Ribak, director of the university's 45,000-acre Boyarska Experimental forest, visited Penn States' diverse forestry-related operations and learned about private enterprise, technological advances in wood processing and the marketing of secondary wood products. The exchange was sponsored by the Penn State Center for Ukrainian Agriculture, funded in large part through a donation of the Alex Woskob family of State College, Pa. Four Ukrainian museum professionals also traveled to the U.S. this summer to participate in a four-and-ahalf week series of museum-related activities and instruction in New York, Boston and Newark, Del. Sponsored by the Soros Foundation through its Kyyiv affiliate, the Renaissance Foundation, the four museum experts met with staff of the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Christie's Auction House in New York and the

Ukraine aid: private sector dominates

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Democracy, will tap avail- "Russian" Soviet empire in the two peoples. Closed to able resources on thou the public and journalists, the participants promised that sands of computer net- transcripts of the discussions would be published. works interconnected on Prof. Frances Swyripa, appointed in September 1992 internet and assist institu by the Canadian institute of Ukrainian Studies (C1US) tions already possessing e to teach in the areas of immigration history, ethnic set mail capabilities by pro viding information on how tlement, women's studies and others, participated in the to gain access to files, University of Alberta-Lviv University Academic texts, bibliographic entries, Exchange Program. Prof. Swyripa conducted archival lists of internet sites, lists research on the backgrounds of those who came to of directories and software Canada and established contacts with interested scholars available on internet. and students. Another aid to Ukraine High school students from Kyyiv spent two weeks in veteran, the Project on Baltimore classes in January, a culmination of'the Economic Reform in efforts of local teacher Peter Sugatt. The director of Ukraine, laid the ground- Kyyiv's High School No. 143, Liudmyla Kovalenko, work for the international Reform institute of accompanied the group. A group of 70 high-school-age students from Ukraine, a collaborative project between PERU, Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan arrived in Washington Ukrainian policymakers on January 25. They were ready to participate in a U.S. and academics funded by information Agency (US1A) program set up by legisla a grant from Citizens tion introduced by Sen. Bill Bradley (D-N.J.) supporting Corp., a for-profit holding exchanges of up to four weeks' duration. The plight of Ukraine's overwhelmed orphanage system came to the fore in company ownded by By late February, the U.S.-based Junior Achievement Citizens Energy. The 1993: a resident of the Kryvyi Rlh orphanage. institute, once fully opera education initiative had trained its first group of 24 teachers in "practical experiences in the competitive pri Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and participated in a tional, will place advisors in the Ukrainian government vate enterprise system, through a partnership with busi three-and-a-half week Collections Care Training to assist the development and implementation of eco ness and education communities," in accordance with nomic reform programs, teach intensive courses on top Program at the University of Delaware, a hands-on ics of reform to policymakers, support research on JA's principles. course for museum professionals working with histori Ukraine's economy and provide a library and informa The new political reality began to leave its imprint on cal collections. tion services. leading institutions in the U.S. Well positioned to bene Five Ukrainian interns studied the credit union move fit from this shift was Prof. Alexander Motyl of At the beginning of the year. The National Forum ment at Ukrainian credit unions in New York, Yonkers, Columbia University, who became the Harriman Rochester, Newark and Passaic, N.J., this summer under Foundation launched its American volunteers for institute's associate director, and who assisted in the international Development (AviD) program, which the auspices of the U.S. Department of Commerce establishment of a Ukrainian studies program, reflecting SAB1T program, the Ukrainian National Credit Union recruits qualified Americans to work with their profes that "it was finally understood that Ukraine has to be Association, the World Council of Credit Unions and sional counterparts in government and independent studied." Also reflecting the shift to a post-imperial media throughout Central and Eastern Europe and the Ukrainian government. world, students wishing to pursue a program at the insti Under the auspices of the Gund Foundation Ukraine. Funded by the National Endowment for tute would no longer need to master Russian, because international Law Center at Case Western Reserve Law Democracy, Pew Charitable Trusts and the Office of proficiency in another of the N1S region's languages School, an Ohio delegation representing the Ohio Citizen Exchanges of the United States information was now made acceptable. Supreme Court, the Cuyahoga County Common Pleas Agency (US1A), the program promotes the region's The new Ukrainian studies program, in which Court, the Ohio Judicial Conference, the Ohio State Bar transformation to a free political and economic system Ukrainian 1 was introduced in April, is to include ian Association, Case Western Reserve Law School and and is a natural extension of the NFF's Central and guage courses, courses in politics and economics, con members of the Ukrainian American legal community Eastern European internship Program. The pro- ferences, seminars by visiting scholars and policy mak traveled to Kyyiv, Lviv and Kharkiv this summer as an gram, which brings visiting fellows from former East- ers, and contacts with Ukrainian institutions such as the outgrowth of the Ohio-Ukraine Judicial Program thai Bloc countries and Ukraine, hosting two fellows from C1US at the University of Alberta, the Renaissance was started by a consortium of Ohio judges, law schools Ukraine earlier this year. Foundation in Lviv and the Harvard Ukrainian Research and organizations in 990. This summer's exchange fol The Citizens Democracy Corps based in institute (HUR1). lows last summer's visit to Ohio ofrepresentativesfrom Washington announced in early 1993 that it will begin The University qf Pennsylvania at Philadelphia Ukraine's Supreme Court, the law department of the implementing its assistance programs for Ukraine and established a summer study program in Kyyiv that will Secretariat of Ukraine's Parliament, the Union of appointed Steve Piwtorak, a Ukrainian American from emphasize Ukrainian language, culture and civilization. Lawyers of Ukraine and Ukrainian law professors. Troy, Mich., to establish and direct operations in Penn State University announced that it would be Through the Ohio-Ukraine Judicial Program, an Kyyiv. The CDC targeted three assistance programs publishing the works of Hryhoriy Skovoroda, edited by ongoing project to assist fledgling democracies of the for Ukraine: the Corporate Assistance Program, which Prof. Michael Naydan (Penn State) and Dr. Oksana former Soviet Union develop independent judicial sys will enlist executives of Fortune 500 corporations, Zabuzhko (Ukrainian Academy of Sciences), with tems. Case Western Reserve Law School will host Prof. non-profit organizations and universities to provide translations by the aforementioned and a team including Eugene T. Roulko of the institute of international long-term, high-level priority needs; the Business Agni editor Askold Melnyczuk. The first volume is Relations at Kyyiv University as a visiting professor in Entrepreneur Program, which will target business slated to appear in 1994, to coincide with 200th anniver the spring of 1994 and enroll two Ukrainian students needs to small and medium-size companies; and the sary commemorations of the wandering philosopher's Citizen volunteer Program, which recruits teams of next fall. death. The HUR1 celebrated its 20th anniversary (formally Ukrainian American veteran Post 27 of Brooklyn, volunteers to participate in long-term institution-buildr ing projects such as public administration and higher established in January 1973) by filling several vacant N.Y., joined the aid to Ukraine bandwagon in 993 by education. positions and announcing a major expansion of its prolaunching a training program for Ukrainian bankers and grams. Dr. Andrew Sorokowski became editor of the lawyers at the American institute of Banking of Greater Harvard Ukrainian Studies Journal in February, joining New York. The program proposes bringing 60 Dr. Lubomyr Hajda. appointed assistant HUR1 director, Ukrainians with experience in banking and finance to in August 1992. the U.S. for three weeks of intensive classroom study, Dr. Sorokowski oversaw the final stages of publica including meetings with officials from the largest U.S. tion of the 15th anniversary double issue of the HUSJ banks and visits to the New York and American Stock which, among other topics, featured discussions of Exchanges. The project is awaiting funding from the Ukrainian Modernism and the life, times and writings of The "reform impulse" felt in 1992 had all but dissi Eurasia Foundation, a privately managed, non-profit, 16th century monk and polemicist 1 van vyshensky. grant-making organization established in 1993 with pated after the shock of Prime Minister Leonid The Ukrainian Canadian School Board, Toronto Kuchma's resignation and under the weight of compla financing from USA1D. branch, continued its program of sponsoring visits of A veteran of assistance to Ukraine projects, the Sabre cent "red directors." The resulting economic crisis Ukrainian educators with the aim of acquainting them Foundation of Cambridge, Mass., launched two projects affected education in a very real way in 1993, forcing with southern Ontario's education system. This year's in 1993. The first, underwritten by the William H. many institutions to roll back staff and programs drasti program was organized by Nadia Luciw, principal of St. cally. Donner Foundation of New York, will translate and However, notwithstanding the deepening economic Sophia Ukrainian Catholic School, and Tania publish basic business books into the Ukrainian lan Onyschuk, principal of the C. Palijiw Ukrainian guage to assist the growing number of entrepreneurs and hardships and political fragmentation facing the country Cooperative School, and held February 19 to March 12. in its second year of independence, on the education small business people active in Ukraine. Sabre will Three participants in the program were interviewed coordinate the project and negotiate rights agreements front, Ukraine and Ukrainian studies experienced an by The Weekly in April, including Oksana Kurysh. an explosion of activity. with U.S. and British publishers while its Ukrainian Joint programs conducted by Ukraine's individual inspector for the Ternopil Oblast Board of Education: partner, Sabre-Svitlo, will beresponsiblefor translating, lvan Mytskaniuk, an alternative school principal from editing, printing and distributing the books throughout teachers, academics and institutions with their counterivano-Frankivske; and Svitlana Melnyk, principal of a Ukraine. The books will cover basic economics, market parts in neighboring states (including Russia) and the high school (gymnasium) in Odessa. They gave their ing, budgeting, finance and human resources and will be Western diaspora, flourished. views on topics ranging from teacher retraining to conOn January 9-, a handful of academicians and par published in 1994. liamentarians of Ukraine and Russia met in Kyyiv to tending with the aftereffects of Russiffcation, to their The second, the Scientific Assistance Project, will discuss topics such as the emerging trend of regionaliza fascination with North America. provide technical assistance and training in computer- tion in the two countries, the future of Ukraine's status in March, The Weekly carried a story about a course available resources for selected institutions in Ukraine. as a nuclear power, and the psychological legacy of the in oral history and archival organization given by the The project, funded by the National Endowment for

Scholarship in 1993: explosion of activity

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director of the Toronto-based Ukrainian Canadian Research and Documentation Centre (UCRDC), lroida Wynnyckyj. Ms. Wynnyckyj organized two courses for the fall 1992 semester at Lviv University. An agree ment for a wide-ranging project, known as "The Social, Political and Cultural History of Ukraine in the 20th Century, on the Basis of Oral Testimony of Contemporaries," was signed by representatives of the UCRDC and the institute of Historical Studies at Lviv University. Work on the project will be conducted in 1993-1995. Ms. Wynnyckyj's stay in Ukraine while setting up the agreement enabled her to experience first-hand the great change in approach to oral, archival and physical evidence of historical events. She was given 32 docu ments found in Ukraine in a Ukrainian insurgent Army (UPA) hideout that was discovered in 1976. Ms. Wynnyckyj was also told that in 1993 all KGB archives were scheduled to be opened. in May, The Weekly carried an interview with Yaroslav Hrytsak, director of the aforementioned insti tute. He spoke about the establishment of his institute, whose mission of reform was put in motion and greatly abetted by (among others) Prof. Roman Szporluk (ini tially of the Center for Russian and East European Studies, CREES, at the University of Michigan, and now Mykhailo Hrushevsky Professor of History at Harvard) and Dr. Frank Sysyn (C1US and the Peter Jacyk.Center for Historical Reasearch). Mr. Hrytsak restated a position held by Prof. Motyl of Columbia, saying that interest in Ukrainian historical studies is becoming a factor in the post-Communist world. in April, in Montreal, Dr. Lawrence A. Mysak, pro fessor in the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Changes and founding director of McGill University's Center for Climate and Global Change Research, was elected to a three-year term as president of the 800member Academy of Science. This is the largest of the three academies making up the Royal Society of Canada (RSC), the country's national academy. A graduate of University of Alberta, Adelaide University and Harvard, Dr. Mysak was elected vice-president of the academy in 1991. On May 1, Stanford University's CREES hosted a conference on "Ukraine in the international Arena," attended by scholars from around the globe, including CREES Director Prof. Alexander Dallin, Dr. Sysyn and Prof. Olga Andriewsky from Canada, and Prof. Andrei Kortunov. formerly of the Russian Academy of Sciences, among others. This conference was also the launching pad for a paper delivered by Prof. John Mearsheimer, "Why Ukraine Needs a Nuclear Deterrent." in stating his case, Prof. Mearsheimer, a Harvard Ph.D. now at Chicago University, drew analogies between U.S. and Ukrainian security needs. With its divisive but fresh (from a U.S. scholar) argument that political instability was more likely if Russia was the sole owner of an atomic arsenal, the paper was subsequently published in the summer issue of the journal Foreign Affairs. The summer, usually a time of academic quiescence and student travels, in 1993 became a feverish hothouse. The Royal Society of Canada and Ukraine's Academy of Sciences (UAS) established a program entailing an annual "exchange of scholars, it will parallel Canada's existing bilateral relationships with the English, French, Polish, ltalian and lndian scholarly communities. After a four-year wait, the Sheptytsky institute of Eastern" Christian Studies was formally registered at St. Paul University in Ottawa on June l l . l t alsoreceiveda Si million (Canadian) endowment from Peter and Doris Kule of Edmonton. Qnjune 16, Rutgers University President Francis L. Lawrence and Kyyiv State University President viktor Skopenko signed a five-year scholarly exchange agree ment. Both institutions have a rich tradition. The eighth oldest post-secondary institution in the U.S., Rutgers was chartered as a college in 1766. initially conceived as an instrument for the Russification of the local school system, Kyyiv State became a hotbed of revolutionary activity and national awakening. Officials from both concurred that the partnership then formally esffib"fijshed was "natural." On June 22-27, the UAS co-sponsored an intemation al conference held at the Bogolyubov institute for Theoretical Physics, attended by over 200 delegates. Twenty of them were scholars from North America and Europe. Among the issues discussed were the develop ment of science at a time of economic hardship and reform (with many students opting for business cours es^, 'problems with the study of physics in Ukrainian (terminology, texts) and Ukraine's global standing in the discipline. in Cambridge, Mass., the HURJ conducted its 23rd annual Harvard Ukrainian Summer institute, featuring an intensive eight-week program of accredited universi ty instruction. As it has in recent years, this summer's experiences for students included a theater workshop led by Yara director virlana Tkacz, in which Ukraine's popular Nina Hagen analog vika vradiy also participat ed. Also at Harvard, on August 1-7, a one-week intensive seminar for professionals interested in working and investing in Ukraine was conducted at the HURl, with instructors from the Harvard faculty, the C1US, the RFE7RL Research institute, the Carnegie Endowment for Peace and other institutions. The Ukrainian American Educational Exchange Association set up a program under which, from June 20 to August 25, 12 Ukrainian youths (age 16-18) visited Washington and traveled to the Binghamton, N.Y., area for language, culture and economics courses. During the same period, 10 U.S. youths went to Cherkasy for a similar array of activity. Coordinated by UAEEA President Ronald Czebiniak, this program was made possible by the "Bradley bill." in Ukraine, the Kyyiv-Mohyla Academy conducted a language program cum archaeological field study from July 1 to August 20, as part of a summer program for international students. Sites visited included Scythian burial mounds in the Poltava region, Carpathian fortresses and ancient settlements in the Crimea. Thirteen students from the Sumy Oblast spent the summer at Siena College in Loudonville, N.Y., as par ticipants of the upstate New York school's English as a Second Language Teacher Training institute. Sponsored by the Sumy Board of Education, Siena College and Americans for Democracy in Ukraine, the program was initiated by Lydia Tarnavsky, associate professor of German at Siena College. in the fall, the University of Kansas introduced a master's program in Ukrainian language and area stud ies to complement its undergraduate curriculum, in place since 1989. visiting faculty includes professors from Lviv University. A group of MBA students from Lviv studying at Wayne State University (WSU) left for home in October after their UNA, Ukrainian Professional Society of Philadelphia", and WSU-sponsored sojourn. Ottawa University approved the creation of a Chair of Ukrainian Studies, and Canada's Governor General, Ramon John Hnatyshyn, agreed to become its honorary patron. To be established as an autonomous unit of the university's graduate school, the chair's basic endow ment was provided by Dr. Nadia iwachniuk and her husband, Antin. Without a doubt, the single most notable event in the field of Ukrainian education and scholarship in 1993 was the launching of the final three volumes of the Encyclopedia of Ukraine (EU) on September 25. The completed five-volume reference work represents a dis tillation of the work of at least three generations of scholars, it was initiated as a Ukrainian-language pro ject by Prof, volodymyr Kubijovyc and the Shevchenko Scientific Society (NTSh), and shepherded to its com pletion by Prof. Danylo Struk, the C1US and the Canadian Foundation for Ukrainian Studies (CFUS). The stately launch gala featured testimonials of ring ing praise for all involved from President Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine, Dr. Mykola Zhulynsky, deputy prime minister for humanitarian affairs, the president of the University of Toronto Press (the EU's publisher), the vice-president of the University of Toronto (host institution for the EU's editorial offices), the Ontario provincial ministerial secretary for education and train ing, and other dignitaries. it also brought together many who made it possible, including Prof. Manoly Lupul and Peter Savaryn of C1US (among the co-initiators of the English-language project), the directors of the CFUS, Dr. Arkadiy Zhukovsky and other NTSh officers and scholars, the extensive and impressive editorial board and the hardworking editorial staff. Those who did not attend were mentioned or mourned in gratitude. in New York, the NTSh in the U.S. conducted its fall lecture series with an array of scholars and activists from North America and Ukraine. On October 8-9, York University hosted the confer ence "Ukraine: Two Years of independence," which attracted over 125 participants who examined the crises and successes in Ukraine's economic, social and politi cal life. Among them were Ukraine's minister of cul ture, ivan Dzyuba, Major Gen. Nicholas Krawciw (for mer high-ranking NATO commander), former Deputy Prime Minister Prof, ihor Yukhnovsky and Levko Lukianenko, outgoing Ukrainian ambassador to Canada. During the November 3-7 World Congress of Ukrainians, a number of Ukrainian educators involved in virtually all of the activities listed above held their own conclaves, during which they discussed matters such as correct approaches in the diaspora's assistance to Ukraine and its changing nature, the function of Ukraine in providing aid for the diaspora's struggle against assimilation and the range of assistance that can be provided. in this way, consciously or not, they ushered in a new era of endeavor in the sphere of Ukrainian education and scholarship. As Dr. Sysyn put it during the press conference prior to the official publication date of the Encyclopedia of Ukraine, not only are Ukrainian studies a matter of truly bilateral concern for Ukraine and its diaspora, they are now a distinct field of interest that will increasingly beckon non-Ukrainian scholars and teachers.

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November 30. " Eighteen-year-old pianist Much ado in sphereNew York on1994 Young Concert Alex Slobodyanik opened the Artists Series on November 16 Tisch Center for of cultural activity the Arts, with at the 92nd Street Y's Mr. Slobodyanik his New York recital. inreviewingthe over-all cultural scene, while not ing marks of distinction in various areas, it is perhaps in the field of music that one continues to observe the highest level of performance and a marked sense of vitality. ' One of the finest choirs in the world, the Shchedryk children's choir from Kyyiv, under the direc tion of irena Sablina, was on its third North American tour, returning to Des Moines, lowa, for a series of concerts with performances in 15 other midwestern cities, in existence since 1971, the world-class choir has become noted for its sublime music, professionalism and diverse repertoire. Having won the grand prix in vancouver in 1992 in competition against 38 adult, chamber and youth choruses, Shchedryk also took the grand prize at the international children's choir competi tion held in Des Moines this year and previously, in 1991. The piano world took "instant notice" of the Kyyiv-born piano duo of valentyna Lysytsia and Oleksiy Kuznetsov as occasioned by the pianists' concert at the,Ukrainian institute of Modern Art on February 14. The concert received very favorable reviews by music critic John von Rhein of the Chicago Tribune. The duo-pianists, 1991 graduates of the Kyyiv Conservatory, have a string of competition victories in Ukraine and Western Europe and first prize and com mendations at the 1991 Dranoff international TwoPiano Competition in Florida. ' The Leontovych String Quartet's performance at The Frick Collection on February 7, in a program of works by Shostakovich, Tchaikovsky and Haydn, was reviewed favorably by The New York Times music crit ic Allan Kozinn. The quartet's musicians, who have been playing since 1971, are Yuri Mazurkevich and Yuri Kharenko, violinists; Boris Deviatov, violist; and volodymyr Panteleyev, cellist. ' Teodor Kuchar, a native of the U.S. of Ukrainian origin, was appointed principal guest conductor of the Ukrainian State Symphony Orchestra in Kyyiv. This marked a milestone in that country's musical history in that for the first time an individual from the West had been given a high-ranking post in the field. Mr. Kuchar's debut was at the Kyyiv Music Fest '92 as con ductor of the Kyyiv Opera Orchestra. Mr. Kuchar, artis tic director of the Australian Festival of Chamber Music, is a violist with positions with the Philharmonic Orchestra of Queensland in Brisbane, and the West Australian Ballet in Perth. ' The Ohio Boychoir, whose director, Alexander Musichuk, and five of the chorus's members are of Ukrainian background, performed along with world acclaimed singers and a select group of musicians and performing art groups in Paul McCartney's "Liverpool Oratorio" on May 28 at the Palace Theater in Cleveland. ' Two Ukrainian soloists, tenor volodymyr Hryshko of the Shevchenko State Theater of Opera and Ballet in Kyyiv and soprano Oksana Krovytska of the Lviv Philharmonic, appeared with the New York City Opera as debut artists this season. Mr. Hryshko (listed as viadimir Grishko) appeared as Ruggiero in "La Rondine" and as Rodolfo in "La Boheme." This fall, Mr. Hryshko appeared as Lykov in the Washington Opera's production of Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Tsar's Bride." in February, Ms. Krovytska sang Rossini's "Stabat Mater'vwith the Choral Arts Society of Washington at the Kennedy Center. ' The concert "Lviv: 100 Years of Music," featur ing a quintet of musicians from Ukraine Yuriy Laniuk, cello, Bohdan Kaskiv, violin, Anna Klymashivska, piano, and valeriy Buimister, a baritone - under the direction of composer Myrosiav Skoryk , was presented as part of the group's concert tour of the U.S. and Canada from August 22 to October 5. The concert program, dedicated to works by Lviv cornposers of the last 100 years, featured works by Nyzhankivsky, Barvinsky, Liudkevych, Kos Anatolsky, Kotessa, Sonevytsky, Skoryk and Laniuk. t The Odessa Philharmonic Orchestra, under the direction of Hobart Earle, was on its first tour of the U.S in November. Mr. Earle was the first U.S. citizen to be named music director and principal conductor of an orchestra in the former Soviet Union. The Odessa Philharmonic Orchestra's U.S. tour included two perfor mances on the East Coast: at Richardson Hall at Princeton on November 22, and at Carnegie Hall in will be presented as part of the series at the Kennedy Center in Washington on February 28. 1994. in 1990, at age 1S, Mr. Slobodyanik became the youngest pianist ever to win the Young Concert Artists international auditions. Of Ukrainian-Russian parentage, Mr. Slobodyanik started piano lessons with his mother, Natalia, at the age of 6. He is the son of renowned concert pianist Alexander Slobodyanik. ' The Kyyiv Chamber Orchestra, under the direc tion of Roman Kaufman, had its New York appearance at the Ukrainian institute of America on December 11. The 20 or so musicians, with pianist Daria Telizyn, appeared in concert in a program of works by Bach, Schnittke, Mahler, Bibyk and Rossini. ' "Famine-33," director Oles Yanchuk's full-length feature film, which recreates the horrors of the manmade famine of 1932-1933 in Ukraine, was shown dur ing the last two weeks of December in New York at the internationally famous Film Forum. - The Yara Arts Group's production of "Blind Sight" opened on April 15 at La Mama Experimental Theater Company in New York. Co-authored by Wanda Phipps, Yara director virlana Tkacz and Watoku Ueno, the play is based on the early life and travels of vasyl Yeroshenko, a blind world-traveling writer, virtually unknown in his own country, but celebrated in the Far East. ' The Kashtan School of Ukrainian Dance of Ukraine's antiquity: a Trypillian artifact Parma, Ohio, celebrated its 15th season this year under that 1993 was an unprecedented year in terms of the direction of its new artistic director, 21-year-old Ukraine's participation in international cultural life. James Basso. Mr. Basso replaced David Woznak, the Apart from acclaim accorded to talented young musi troupe's former artistic director under whose co-direc cians at international competitions, Mr. Dzyuba referred tion Kashtan has risen to distinction as one of to several very successful art exhibits, among them, the American's top Ukrainian dance ensembles. "Gold of Ukraine" exhibition held in vienna and ' The "Spiritual Legacy of Ukraine" exhibit, featur Edinburgh, and the "Ukrainian Avant Garde" exhibit ing the work of Leonid Mohuchov of Chemihiv, was on held in Munich, vienna and Toulouse. He also noted the tour March 25-May 11 with showings in Montreal. participation of the Pompidou Center in Paris in an Ottawa, Hamilton and Toronto. Mr. Mohuchov's water- upcoming centennial celebration of the birth of film color drawings of ancient churches and monasteries, as director Oleksander Dovzhenko. well as cultural and historical monuments, many of in Ukraine, President Leonid Kravchuk in which were destroyed in the period 1948-1986, consti November released a "Statement on the Return of tute a documentary history of Ukraine's rich cultural National Cultural Treasures." Addressing the issue of and spiritual heritage. The exhibit was sponsored by the thereclamationof cultural property, the statement notes Embassy of Ukraine in Canada and the Ukrainian that in light of Ukraine's independence spiritual revival, Society for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural and historical and national self-awareness, there is a Monuments. need to assess actual losses in the historical and cultural ' An exhibition of contemporary art from Ukraine, field, register architectural monuments and works of art, titled "The Steppes of Europe," was held at the Warsaw and historical, religious and cultural treasures found in Center for Contemporary Art, October 1-November 5. other countries, and most importantly, study the possi The exhibition, organized and curated by Jurij Onuch, bility of the return of cultural property illegally removed the Toronto-based performance artist who in the 1980s from Ukraine. The statement ends with the proposal that was an active member of the artistic avant garde in an international conference, under the aegis of Warsaw, included some 50 works, mostly paintings but UNESCO, be held in Kyyiv to address "the problem of also sculpture-installation, mixed media and video by 12 the return of national, cultural and artistic artifacts lost artists living and working in Ukraine. The exhibit was or replaced during World War 11." sponsored by the Polish Ministry of Culture and the Stepan Batory (Soros) Foundation in Warsaw. ' Contemporary art from Ukraine by 20 artists, all former members of the Artists' Union of Ukraine, was held October 6-28 at the Z Gallery in SoHo in New York. ' A unique archaeological exhibit "Ukraine images from 5000 to 4000 B.C.: Treasures of the Trypillian Culture," which premiered in Kyyiv at the Business in Ukraine increased, but at a slower rale Pavlo Tychyna Memorial Museum of Literature in May than in 1992 for several reasons. The value of the kar on the occasion of the centennial of the discovery of bovanets continued to sink, hitting a value of 40,000 Trypillian culture, subsequently traveled from Ukraine kbv to the U.S. dollar in mid-December before it to Washington, where it was on view at the international rebounded. Unlike 1992, the new Western enterprises Monetary Fund visitor's Center in September, it was on venturing into a young Ukraine slowed to a trickle. view also at The Ukrainian Museum in New York, Most companies just did not see a promising business where it opened on October 24. The exhibition fea environment in a country that could not organize its tured over 160 archaeological artifacts from the economy and dedicate itself to free-market principles. Trypillian culture. But the bolder investors did post their shingles and " The Ukrainian Museum in New York entered the claim their stakes, which in at least one case led to dis second phase of an intensified fund-raising campaign aster. Other stories, and there were several, were much with the goal of raising half of the estimated S3-3.5 mil- happier. lion needed for the building of a new spacious structure The first formal meeting of Junior Achievementto house the museum in its recently acquired East Sixth Street property. As a result of the community's positive Ukraine's newly elected board of directors in January signaled the successful beginning of the popujar organi response, the UM's building fund topped the Si million mark. The UM's "Year of Development" campaign cul zation's work in Ukraine exposing young people to minated with a gala luncheon at The Waldorf-Astoria on Western business practices. Two Ukrainian Americans, December 5, at which the guest of honor and keynote Oksana Kurowyckyj of New Y!ork and Orest speaker was ivan Dzyuba, minister of culture of Komarnyckyj of Phoenix, Arizona, were responsible for spearheading the effort to organize toe group in Ukraine. ' in a general assessment of the contemporary cul Ukraine, overcoming initial desires by JA international tural scene in Ukraine, Minister of Culture ivan Dzyuba to locate the center in Moscow as a central office for all noted (at The UM luncheon at The Waldorf-Astoria) of the former Soviet Union. Besides a good amount of

"Biznes" in Ukraine: growth slows down

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T H E UKRAINIAN WEEKLY

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No. 52

1993: THE YEAR 1N REviEW

satisfaction, the two also got a marriage out of the deal. A pizza purveyor went after Lviv's palates with the opening of the first pizza emporium in Lviv in April. Orest Jejna decided that the business he wanted to enter in Ukraine was pizza-making because he wanted pizza to be affordable to all. "We hope it's a bit of an exposure to Western living," he said. "How many times on a Saturday night did our parents say, 'Let's order a pizza"?" Mr. Jejna's company, Jemar international, bought 70 percent of a local sandwich shop and then sold 30 per cent of the shares to the six employees. He made his father his store manager. Another business venture in Lviv has met with sever al tragedies after initially experiencing success. The G r a n d Hotel was the first major i n v e s t m e n t by Ukrainian Americans in western Ukraine, its owner. Marta Fedoriw, had sunk 5600,000 into renovating a building in Lviv and turning it into a world-class luxury hotel. But then her relative and hotel manager, Bohdan Melnychuk, was shot dead walking the street with his wife, who was the hotel's chief accountant. She was injured. Some suspect investor problems with the hotel may have had something to do with the shootings. After the death, a libel suit was filed against Ms. Fedoriw in a Lviv court to add to her troubles. She has also faced problems with a partner who claims he is now the majority owner and at one point had moved into Ms. Fedoriw's offices in Lviv. Another controversy was stirred by the largest ever Ukrainian trade show on American soil in December 1992, held at the Sands Exposition and Conference C e n t e r in Las v e g a s . A t t e n d e e s and p a r t i c i p a n t s bemoaned the fact that much of the convention's business was carried out in the Russian language. Others ques tioned why the show was held in Las vegas, far from Ukrainian American enclaves generally found in the Midwest and the East. Comments were also made about the scant advertising in U.S. trade journals that some said was the reason for the lower-than-hoped-for turnout. More business news flowed from Lviv as 1993 wore on when on February 20 the post-Communist society of Ukraine witnessed its first ever privatization auction with the selling off of 17 small business at a total cost of S39O.000 (U.S.) - 20 times the amount the local authorities had expected. Nine of the 17 winners were employees or workers' collectives. Five days later the first large-scale privatization of a government-owned enterprise took place with the sell ing of an Odessa meat conglomerate. "We think that leasing and the collective form of ownership are not the most efficient; we've had this for many years in our society. Many enterprises have finally understood that the next step is corporalization," said v o l o d y m y r Priadko, c h a i r m a n of the State Property Fund of Ukraine. The effort never really gathered much momen tum and the collective form of ownership remains, and so does Mr. Priadko as chairman of the Property Fund. Ukraine's airline industry, although still governmentowned, did take-off, when Air Ukraine joined with the world's largest aircraft leasing company to expand its European market, and on April 9 secured a license to fly into the United States. Until then it had maintained rela tions with Russia's Aeroflot, allowing it entry into the U.S., although the two airlines had broken most links in December 1991. Guinness Peat Aviation is leasing two Boeing 737-400s and is a partner in the newly formed Air Ukraine international, considered Air Ukraine's offspring. GPA controls seven percent of Air Ukraine international. , By November, Air Ukraine had set up a New York r headquarters on posh Fifth Avenue in Manhattan for its marketing division and U.S. operation. - Giant agricultural conglomerate Archer Daniels Midland inc. announced on April 19 that it had signed a contract to deliver S100 million of soybean protein, soybased milk p o w d e r and other food i n g r e d i e n t s to Ukraine. The contract signed with ATON, a leading pri yate enterprise in the former republic that operates in the construction, agribusiness and retail food sectors. Called for delivery of the products through the first quar ter of 1994. Archer Daniels Midland is a leading multinational buyer, processor and exporter of grain. But while food in Ukraine was becoming more plenti ful, it was also increasingly more expensive, as was everything else. By June this included Ukraine's intema tional phone rates, which skyrocketed 5,000 percent on June 1. Calls to North America that until then had cost a mere 150 kbv a minute jumped to S2.50 per minute, - - while calls to Western Europe rose to S1.50 a minute. But the increasing cost of doing business in Ukraine did not stop the U.S. Chamber of Commerce from cele brating its first anniversary in Kyyiv on July 3, in the last year, the Chamber has hosted 16 American congres sional representatives, co-sponsored a benefit for the Ukrainian Art Museum and held seminars and monthly meetings on dozens of business-related topics, it also continued to make doing business in Ukraine a little easier for Americans. Several firms took the plunge into the Ukrainian mar ketplace, including Benetton or italy, famous for its knitwear, and Seagrams inc. of Canada, whose gilded Madison Avenue-like store became a must-see for Kyyivans soon after its summer opening. One person who believes privatization and free enterprise can take hold in Ukraine, but couldn't seem to convince his prime minister and was forced to resign before year's end as a result, spoke before the biennial convention of the Canadian Professional and Business Federation. Former Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Economy viktor Pynzenyk, who still held the post at the time of his Winnipeg appearance, said some privatization had taken place in Ukraine, including 19,000 plots of land. He said entrepreneurs could start up a business in Ukraine for as little as S19. But at least one U.S. educator. Dr. Myron Kuropas, an adjunct professor at Northern illinois University, dis agreed. He claimed that every business should have ade quate risk capital before investing in this economically underdeveloped country. For several weeks after, he and Dr. Bohdan Hawrylyshyn of Ukraine's international Management institute debated Ukraine's business cli mate on the pages of The Weekly. Several E u r o p e a n firms s h o w e d c o n f i d e n c e in Ukraine's business climate, signing a contract to bring high-tech toys into a country whose buying power was shrinking rapidly. The German telephone company, Deutsche Bundespost Telekom, joined Telekom Denmark and PTT Telekom of the Netherlands in a joint venture with Ukraine that would bring a mobile phone communication system into the country. The rates were to be set at 40 cents per minute and 80 cents at peak hours. The installation charge was set at S450. Another European joint venture was announced on September 14 to build an oil terminal in Odessa that would handle 40 billion tons of crude annually. The contract is believed to be worth Si30 million to Si50 million annually. A S 152,732 grant from the United States information Agency allowed Rensselaer P o l y t e c h n i c institute researchers to continue setting up business incubators in Kyyiv and Lviv, which will study how to expand busi ness in Ukraine. On September 25, an association which has the p o t e n t i a l for r e l e a s i n g m u c h - n e e d e d c r e d i t into Ukraine, held its inaugural conference in Kyyiv. The Credit Unions of Ukraine conference was attended by now ex-Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of the Economy Pynzenyk and bankers from Ukraine, the U.S. and Canada. There it was noted that President Leonid Kravchuk had recently issued a directive on credit unions that would give their efforts a legislative base.

- --- -'--

Bemedalled champion shotputter Oleksander Klymenko at the World University Games in Buffalo.
also won at the Ukrainian national championships on December 18, where European champion Dmytro Dmytrenko placed second. At the world gymnastics championships in April, Hryhoriy Misiutyn took the gold in the floor exercise, ihor Korobchynsky took silver in parallel bars. Tetiana Lysenko took gold in the vault, winning bronze in the over-all competition. 1993 was the first year that Ukraine's track and field athletes competed under their own flag as an indepen dent team in an international event. The first such event was the international Amateur Athletic Federation's World indoor Championships, held in Toronto on March 12-14. inessa Kravets of Dnipropetrovske brought the point home with a world record triple jump, leading a 13-member contingent that won five medals (her gold and four bronze). A fuller slate of athletes was fielded at the World University Games in Buffalo, held from July 8 to 18. P o w e r e d by U k r a i n e ' s great depth in m e n ' s and women's gymnastics and good showings in swimming, diving, fencing and athletics, the team's 26 medals (11 gold, six silver, nine bronze) earned it sixth place. Ms. Lysenko took gold in the over-all gymnastics competi tion and expressed satisfaction that she was able to do it for her newly independent country. Other standouts included Oleksander Klymenko in shotput and Serhiy Holubytsky in fencing. valeriy Borzov, Ukraine's minister of sport and for mer Olympic track star, accompanied the contingent and traveled to Atlanta to inspect the facilities being prepared for the 1996 Summer Olympiad. Mr. Borzov met with Larissa Barabash Temple, head of the Atlanta Ukrainian Olympic Committee, established in April and given formal status as a foreign representation of the Ukrainian Olympic Committee. Donetske's world-beating pole vaulter Serhiy Bubka had a relatively quiet year, but did set a U.S. outdoor record in May. He also won at the World Track and Field Championships in Stuttgart (August 12-22), his fourth world title, in itself a record. Zhanna Tarnopolska dominated the Grand Prix cir cuit in the 200 and 400 meters, consistently placing in the top five in every race, but at the Worlds did not make it past the semi-finals. However, v i t a l i y Kyrylenko took third in the long jump and Larysa Berezhnaya placed second in the event. The Ukrainian Olympic effort got another boost when Adidas, the German-based sporting equipment company, agreed in October to supply the team with gear at both the Winter and Summer Olympics. However, the effort suffered a potentially disastrous setback when Tetiana Dorovskykh, one of the world's greatest middle distance runners, and Liudmyla Dzhigalova, a 400-meter relay gold medalist at the Barcelona Olympics, were hit with bans for steroid use. Pennilessness is usually a considerable drawback in

Ukraine's rookie sports season

Since it had still not fully joined the world of intema tional sports in 1992 and because of a remarkable run of good luck, Ukraine's competitors enjoyed a very suc cessful rookie season in 1993. The most spectacular example of good fortune was the sudden and brilliant emergence of Oksana Baiul as the supernova of Figure skating. Essentially adopted by her coach, Odessa's Halyna Zmiyevska, Ms. Baiul's verve, fluidity, grace and an incredible ability to per form despite injuries and equipment problems, charmed judges and sportswriters alike, catapulting her into the world spotlight. After finishing third at the European championships in Helsinki in January, Ms. Baiul took the Worlds by storm with her performance in Prague in March and then toured North America with an exhibition slate of champions that included viktor Petrenko, the 1992 Olympic champion, who is also coached by Ms. Zmiyevska. Later in the year, with amateur status restored to Mr. Petrenko, the two skaters performed well in pre-1994 Olympic tune-ups, both placing first at the Skate America competition in Dallas on October 24. They

THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY

SUNDAY, DECEMBER 26,1993

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: THE YEAR REY1EW

yachting, a sport of kings, but in the Odessa's case, it seemed to bring Captain Anatoliy verba, the crew and the vessel a strange kind of charm, it was sufficient, at any rate, to draw sponsorship from Ted Turner Jr., the media magnate's son, and interest from the media in Florida and the widely read Sports illustrated and even NBC's "Good Morning America" program. Sufficient funds were raised in time for the Odessa to make the start of the Whitbread -round the world race, which began in England on September 25. it was joined at the starting line by another entry from Ukraine, giv ing the country two ships out of a field of 14, the Herman, captained by Yevhen Platon and plagued with similar financial difficulties. Ukraine's junior women's volleyball squad made waves around the world, placing second to Cuba at the international championships in Brasilia, and repeating the feat later in the year. in tennis, Greg Rusedski of Pointe Claire, a suburb of Montreal, Quebec, became the first Canadian player in 14 years to win a tournament on the Association of Tennis Professionals tour, when he captured the Newport Hall of Fame Championship in July. Andrei Medvedev, an ethnic Russian born in Kyyiv, rose as high as eighth in the world men's tennis ranking, reach ing the semi-finals of the French Open and sounding off, unfavorably, about the changes in his country and about his dislike for being referred to as "Ukrainian." viadimir Poulnikov put in a strong performance for the Carrera Jeans-Tassoni team in the Tour de France cycling competition, but sagged in the late going and finished 27th. Nevertheless, he enjoyed a strong season, and placed as high as 12th over-all during the race. Ukraine entered four competitors in the World Judo Championships held from September 30 to October 3 in Hamilton, Ontario. Mr. Mashurenko made it to the finals of a repechage round, which earned him fifth place in the 86 kg class. On the whole, Ukraine showed considerable promise in sports this year, but the storm clouds are gathering. Minister Borzov warned about "funding fatigue" that is sapping the country's strength in athletics and said the country's sports infrastructure faces many obstacles. After this year, Ukraine's fans should brace themselves for a sophomore slump. sional teachers, non-traditional and informal methods of Buffalo, N.Y.; S5.000 for Columbia University's planned teaching were often stressed, the fruits of which were expansion of Ukrainian language instruction. Arid mere most unusually displayed when, in one case, a second- were many more examples of the UNA's support forwor year instructor (a repeat from 1992) was presented with thy projects in North America and beyond The UNA has instituted new term and universal life a play (in English, naturally) composed by her 1992 stu dents, upon her return to Ukraine this year. All the insurance policies, many of which are proving quite popu instructor-participants sought to expose their pupils to lar. As of July 30, the UNA had paid out over Si million in different, critical ways of thinking, to imbue them with dividends in 1993 alone. This was the 61st consecutive a sense of Western individualism, to build trust between year of dividend payouts, a not unimpressive achievement, diaspora and "native" Ukrainians, according to Oksana considering the shoals and undertows of the U.S. financial Trytjak, program coordinator. Teaching English in services industry over the years. in the last week of May, the UNA Supreme Ukraine now heads into its third year with an excellent Assembly held its annual conclave at Soyuzivka. in the track record. midst of innumerable committee reports and discus The UNA was a co-sponsor with the George Sorosfunded Renaissance Foundation of a university-level sions, that deliberative body developed, and subsequent ESL program at the Kyyiv Pedagogical institute. Ten ly published a number of resolutions covering all facets highly qualified teachers from the U.S. taught two levels of UNA activity. Perhaps most important was the of courses to some 120 English teachers in Ukraine. The Supreme Assembly's approval of a draft of new b,y-laws program aimed to raise the teaching qualifications of the that will take the UNA into the 21st century. The draft students and to introduce them to the latest instructional will be acted upon by the UNA's centennial convention, methodologies. The UNA funded the program to the to take place next year in May in Pittsburgh. On a sad note. May 22 saw the passing of longtime tune of Si6,000 and the Renaissance Foundation provid ed a matching grant. Establishment of a special ESL UNA activist John Hewryk. Mr. Hewryk was the resource center is planned for the institute. This center supreme director for Canada, as well as a supreme audi will be available for use by other Ukrainian teachers, the tor. in his long years as secretary of Branch 445 in U.S. and British Embassies, the Peace Corps and other Winnipeg, Mr. Hewryk enrolled over 500 members into the UNA. John Hewryk was 75. foreign and Ukrainian organizations. The UNA Seniors gathered for their annual confer August 1-14 were busy days at Soyuzivka for those taking part in the Teachers' Seminar organized by the ence at Soyuzivka on June 13-18. Gene Woloshyn was re-elected to lead the group. The week featured both Educational Council of the UCCA. Dr. Eugene Fedorenko led the two-week refresher program for working meetings and informal get-togethers. The teachers at Schools of Ukrainian Studies throughout the emphasis was on the contribution of seniors to the U.S. The annual seminar has proven useful in updating Ukrainian communities of North America and on estab teaching methods and scholarship in the country's lishing new contacts among each other. The UNA Washington Office was bolstered by the "Ridni Shkoly." 1993 marked the 100th anniversary of the founding arrival of Xenia Ponomarenko. Ms. Ponomarenko, the of Svoboda, the UNA's Ukrainian-language daily. On new assistant director, graduated with a J.D. from the September 26 at the UNA Home Office, the staff of the Columbus School of Law at the Catholic University. paper, which was founded in 1893 by Ukrainian emigre Her legal education and experience have introduced a activist the Rev. Hryhoriy Hrushka to serve the new element into the workings of the office, which conUkrainian immigrant wave of the 1890s, hosted an ducts lobbying and political liaison between the : afternoon of reflection and celebration, various UNA Beltway and the Ukrainian community. At its June meeting, the Scholarship Committee con and community luminaries were present, as well as Ukraine's Consul General volodymyr Kryzhanivsky tinued the UNA'S long-standing tradition of supporting and Jersey City Mayor Bret Schundler. in addition to deserving college students. The committee approved congratulatory statements from within and without the Si 16,300 in scholarships. These were promptly dis Ukrainian community, the afternoon featured a musical bursed to 230 students. The scholarships ranged in value from S300 to Si,500. program, cocktails and, of course, a huge birthday cake. Last, but most certainly not least, Soyuzivka had yet The editors of Svoboda released the 83rd Almanac of the UNA, dedicated to the 100th anniversary of this pio another smashing season. This haven for Ukes hosted its neering newspaper. Edited by Svoboda's Editor-in- 40th anniversary season with aplomb and to-do, particu Chief Zenon Snylyk and Editor Liudmyla Wolanska, larly during the Fourth of July and Labor Day weekend the almanac contains a look back at Svoboda's history. festivities. August saw the crowning of Miss Soyuzivka Through the written word of all previous editors-in- 1994. The winner was Adrianna Melnyk of New Haven, chief and countless other employees and contributors, Conn, incidentally, Ms. Melnyk, a student at Columbia the tome provides a spotlight on the paper's role over University, took part in this year's Teaching English in the years as a leading voice of the Ukrainian American Ukraine program. She hopes to become a journalist. Thus, 1993 was a busy year for the UNA, All eyes and Ukrainian Canadian communities. The cover art for are now cast upon 1994 and the 100th anniversary of the almanac was executed by Bohdan Tytla. this venerable organization. More on that in the new The year also marked the 60th anniversary of The Ukrainian Weekly, the UNA's English-language newspa year. per though definitely not the "anhlomovna Svoboda" as some people mistakenly refer to it. The Weekly's anniversary was marked in a low-key fashion during 1993 (see section titled "Meanwhile, here at The Weekly"), as even the UNA Almanac forgot there was another anniversary to celebrate. But, look for a special Weekly anniversary section in that annual publication's 1994 edition. Several times throughout the year, the UNA Supreme Executive Committee met to review, assess and adjust various facets of UNA activities. The committee approved a large num ber of grants to what were deemed worthy endeavors. Among these were: a S5.000 grant for a project proposed by Col. ivan Bilas of Ukrainea book on Soviet politi cal terror, 1918-1950; S2,000 to support a conference of Ukrainian and U.S. political leaders, held under the auspices of LaSalle University and the University of Pennsylvania; 55,000 to support Ukraine's athletes competing at Gathered to mark the Svoboda centennial: editorial staff members of the World University Games in the pioneering newspaper.

The UNA: from one centennial to the next

The Ukrainian National Association was a regular beehive of activity this past year. The organization, which celebrates its 100th anniversary in 1994, contin ued its century-old tradition of working with Ukrainian communities throughout the North American continent. The year also saw the continuation of UNA efforts at helping Ukraine help itself. in the past several years the UNA has focused heav ily on expanding educational opportunities for Ukraine's people. Just as many U.S. leaders have lately preferred the concept of "empowerment" over tradition al forms of public assistance, so has the UNA proceed ed in directing assistance to the old country. The foremost example is the UNA'S "Teaching English in Ukraine" program, which over the past two years has exposed over 2,000 Ukrainians of varying ages and all walks of life to instruction in English. This year the program, conducted jointly with the Prosvita Society, sent 82 individuals from throughout the U.S. and Canada to 18 oblasts and 40 cities and towns in Ukraine to teach four, six and eight-week courses at all levels of ability. To underscore the diverse nature of the instructors, there was even a participant from the West African country of Ghana. Forty-four percent of the program's instructors were professional teachers on summer leave; the remaining instructors came from the ranks of col lege students, professionals, businesspersons and retirees. Some 21 percent of all instructors were under age 25, while 23 percent were second-year participants, having taught in summer 1992. Prior to their departure for Ukraine, many partici pants attended a preparatory seminar at the UNA Home Office in late April. There they took part in lectures and discussions with leading Ukrainian American ESL pro fessors concerning effective teaching methods, while Dr. Zirka voronka, the program director, provided a conceptual framework. As more than half of all instructors were not profes

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1993: THE YEAR 1N REY1EW

Worth noting.
' The February 22 issue of Time magazine featured a story written by Lance Morrow about rape as an instru ment of war. !t caused quite a stir in the Ukrainian com munity and put much pressure on Time, which finally printed an explanation and a partial retraction. A Time photo editor had seen fit to include a photograph with the story that shows a crying adolescent girl sitting nude on a city street being embraced by an older woman. The caption, which read 'Traditions of atrocity: A Jewish girl raped by Ukrainians in Lvov, Poland, in 1945," angered Ukrainians and sent a deluge of protest mail flowing into Time headquarters. Diplomats, such as Counselor Andrij veselovsky of Ukraine's Embassy in Canada, scholars, such as Prof. Danylo Husar Struk, journalists and citizens vented their protests to the con jecture within and the inaccuracy of the caption. Finally on April 19, Time wrote that more than 750 pieces of mail had flooded the editorial offices of the magazine. The retraction went on to say, "there is enough confu sion about (the origin of the photo) for us to regret that our caption, in addition to misdating the picture, may well have conveyed a false impression." ' A guide to assist the curious who increasingly jetted to this newly independent and still mysterious country called Ukraine was published the first week of February. The section on Ukraine in "Birnbaum's Eastern Europe 1993" was written by New York-based free-lance jour nalist Roman Czajkowsky. Kyyiv, which receives 20 pages of coverage, and Odessa, with 12, are highlighted. The guide also provides a brief section on the Crimea. The Washington Post, The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times all gave it favorable reviews. ' The Ukrainian American Nautical Association was founded in 1993 after 13 Ukrainian American profes sionals spent a week sailing in the blistering heat of the British virgin islands. They came back with the idea that sailing could bring Ukrainian Americans closer together. The group hopes the bonds and closer ties developed through sailing might ultimately be put to service for the benefit of the Ukrainian American com munity at large. The group plans to organize a Caribbean regatta in 1994 and to publish a newsletter. - The World Federation of Ukrainian Women's Organization (WFUWO) received consultative status at the United Nations on March 23, the first-ever such Ukrainian organization to do so. The U.N. Economic and Social Council, which accepted the WFUWO, expressed its support for the work the group has done in Eastern Europe and Ukraine. The new status will allow the WFUWO a more active role at the U.N. and in the work of the ECOSOC, which comprises organizations such as the World Health Organization, the international Monetary Fund and UNESCO. ' Seven Ukrainian business7professional organiza tions held talks on April 3 regarding establishment of a nationwide federation. Representatives from groups in Boston, Chicago, Detroit, New York7New Jersey, Philadelphia. Rochester and Washington met in East Hanover, N.J., and listened to Eugene Zalucky, an exec utive of the National Council of Ethnic Canadian Business and Professional Associations. By the time of The Washington Group's Leadership Conference in October, Buffalo and Pittsburgh had decided to become involved. The target date for the launch of a national federation is February 1994. ' About 700 veterans of the World War 1 army divi 1 sion "Halychyna" along with family members and friends, gathered in Lviv beginning on August 14 for a - commemoration marking the 50th anniversary of its formation within the Waffen SS. Celebrants from the diaspora and Ukraine expressed vindication and satisfaction that the fight against Soviet communism finally had succeeded. The military unit had' been organized under the German General Government, which was the occupier in Ukraine at the time. Ukrainians who had agreed to form the Galicia Division had exacted several demands from the Germans, one being that they would fight only their Soviet oppressors and the other that they would not take an oath of allegiance to Germany. Earlier in the year, Wolf-Dietrich Heike's, "The Ukrainian Division 'Galicia,' 1943-1945" entered a sec ond printing in commemoration of the division's jubilee. r ' Historic Preservation, a publication of the National Trust for Historic Preservation in Washington, in its MarchSApril issue carried a feature article titled "lj^rainian Dawn" by architect Arnold Burke, executive of Historic Preservation News. The article described Ukraine's architectural heritage and offered

an overview on Ukraine's history and culture. ' Nashe Zhyttia (Our Life) celebrated its 50th anniver sary on April 4 at the Ukrainian National Home in New York. The magazine, published by the Ukrainian National Women's League of America, was first pub lished in Philadelphia and moved to New York in 1974. ' iryna Kurowyckyj was unanimously elected presi dent of the National Council of WomenAJ.S.A. She had been the representative of the Ukrainian National Women's League of America until her election and had served as first vice-president of the NCW. The National Council of Women is the oldest women's organization in the United States; one of its founders was suffragette Susan B. Anthony. ' Mir Lada, 25, of Toronto won the National Magazine Awards gold medal and Si,000 first prize for conceptual photography in April. His winning photograph, featuring a spike-haired, punk-affected boy scout, had first appeared with an article in Today's Parent magazine. ' The first leadership training course for Plast Ukraine was held in Donetske on June 12-13. it was cosponsored by Plast-Canada and Plast-Ukraine. Six members of the national executive of Plast-Canada were on hand for the "vyshkil," which attracted two groups of people: young people, mostly in their 20s, who were curious about the activities of the scouting group, and pedagogues interested in new activities for students who no longer had the Pioneer program toward which to channel their energies. ' The first Joint World Congress of Ukrainian Students, with more than 300 students in attendance, was held in Kyyiv on June 25-27. Three student groups, the Central Union of Ukrainian Students, the Ukrainian Student's Association and the Ukrainian Students Group, were present. The group announced the transfer of the Central Union of Ukrainian Students to Kyyiv from the U.S. and plans to open a worldwide information bureau. ' A new generation of community leaders was elected to take the helm of the Ukrainian National Women's League of America on May 28-30, among them Anna Krawczuk, elected president to succeed Maria Savchak, who had held the office for the last six years. Since 1984, Ms. Krawczuk had chaired the UNWLA's highly successful ScholarshirvStudent Sponsorship Program. ' A Ukrainian electronic mail news group was formed in early June after informal voting by e-mail users showed a need for such a service existed. The news group, which is found on internet, is called "SOC, culture. Ukrainian" and may be accessed in that manner. ' On June 28, Adrian Karatnycky became the new executive director of Freedom House, the non-profit, worldwide human-rights watchdog founded in 1941 by Eleanor Roosevelt and Wendell Wilkie. Before his appointment, he was the AFL-ClO's specialist on international affairs in President Lane Kirkland's office. ' Dr. Zbigniew Brzezinski spoke on the first night of The Washington Group's seventh annual conference, held October 8-. He said the task ahead for Ukrainian leaders is to fashion an image for Ukraine as an active member of the European community. Billionaire philan thropist George Soros was given the group's "Friend of Ukraine" award.

and weaving, in the 1960s, she was taken on at Pablo Picasso's ceramics workshop. Settling in Paris in 1948, she met volodymyr vynnychenko and his wife and was invited to live with them on their estate in Mougins in southern France. Ms. vynnykiv-Nyzhnyk bequeathed her assets, including the vynnychenko estate in Mougins, which she inherited upon Mrs. vynnychenko's passing, and her artwork to the Novakivsky Museum in Lviv . Mougins, France, January 10. ' Alex Holub, 44, cabaret singer, known professionally as Alex. During his brief but illustrious career since his coming to this country in 1981, he performed at numerous Ukrainian community events and venues, as well as in well-known New York City night clubs. His repertoire included Ukrainian songs, especially songs by the late volodymyr ivasiuk. A native of Rivne, Ukraine, he was a singer with the Ternopil Philharmonic. New York, March 9. ' Joseph Smindak, 77, past president of the Ukrainian Youth League of North America . Mr. Smindak headed UYLNA, the foremost youth organi zation of its day that focused its activity on cultural, education and sports activity, 953-1954. Manhasset, N.Y., March 29. ' Michael William Chepesiuk, 85, athlete. A native of Fort William, Ontario, Mr. Chepesiuk was winner of a gold medal in wrestling competition (174-lb. division) at the 1930 British Empire Games (forerunner of the Commonwealth Games), in 1930-1934, he played football at the guard position with the Toronto Argonauts. A member of the 1933 Grey Cup championship team, he was named to the league's all-star team in 1934. Kelowna, British Columbia, March 20. ' Pierre Beregovoy, former prime minister of France. A native of Normandy, the son of a Ukrainian immi grant, Mr. Beregovoy rose from humble working class origins to serve as France's minister of finance in 19841986 and again in 1988-1992, and as prime minister from April 1992 until his resignation in March 1993, following the defeat of his Socialist Party in parliamen tary elections. Burdened with the defeat of the Socialist party and with allegations about an interestfree loan to buy a modest Paris apartment, Mr. Beregovoy was led to commit suicide. Nevers, France, May 1. ' Dr. Stephen Mamchur, 84, sociologist. A secondgeneration Ukrainian, Dr. Mamchur received a doctorate from Yale in 1942 and was professor of sociology at Wayne State University for many years. He was one of the founders of the Detroit Graduates Club, the oldest Ukrainian professional and business society in the United States. A contributor to the Ukrainian Weekly, under the nom de plume Burma Capelin, he penned "Potpourri," an insightful column on acculturation, assimilation, group behavior and organizational devei opment. Detroit, February 16. ' Sviatoslav Hordynsky, 86, artist, iconographer, translator, art and literary critic. A student of the Oleksa Novakivsky Art School in Lviv, he continued his stud ies in Berlin and in Paris. A co-founder of the Association of independent Ukrainian Artists, Mr. Hordynsky edited its journal, Mystetstvo, and organized its art exhibitions. Upon emigrating to the U.S. in 1947, Mr. Hordynsky assisted in the founding of the Ukrainian Artists' Association, serving as its president from 1956 to 1963. Mr. Hordynsky is credited with the iconography of some 50 churches throughout North America and Europe. His most important contributions to the history of Ukrainian art are "Ukrainian Churches in Poland" (1969) and "The Ukrainian icon of the 12th to 18th Centuries" (1973). Mr. Hordynsky also served as the art subject editor and contributor to the Entsyklopediya Ukrainoznavstva and the Encyclopedia of Ukraine. verona, N.J., May 8. ' Stephen Juba, 78, former mayor of Winnipeg. Mr. Juba served as mayor of Winnipeg for 21 years, the longest tenure in the city's history. Mr. Juba became one of Canada's most flamboyant and well-known may ors. Elected to the Manitoba Legislative Assembly for Winnipeg Centre in 1953, he won the mayoral elections in 1956. Mr. Juba received the Order of Canada in 1970, thus breaking an Anglo-Saxon-only tradition that began in 1874. Winnipeg, May 5. ' ivan Honchar, 82, sculptor and ethnographer. A sculptor since the 1930s, Mr. Honchar's collection of over 3,000 historical and ethnographic artifacts gathered in the private museum which he set up in his home in 1960 attracted on the one hand, persecution by Soviet authorities and the attention of vandals, (his house being set ablaze on numerous occasions in the 1970s, and again

in memoriam
During 1993, the Ukrainian community mourned the passing of notable leaders and activists, artists, scholars, editors and athletes, both in the diaspora and in Ukraine. Among them were the following: ' Liudmyla Kovalenko Maniak, 57, a radio-journal ist, magazine editor and president of the All-Ukrainian Association of Researchers of the Genocidal Famine of 1932-1933 (AUARGF). During the perestroika period, Ms. Kovalenko Maniak joined her husband, volodymyr, in interviewing survivors of Nazi depreda tions and the Stalinist terror in Ukraine. The gathered testimonies and documentary material about the famine of 1932-1933 and other atrocities perpetrated by the Soviet regime were compiled and co-edited to form the first volume of the commemorative monograph, "Famine 33," published in 1990. Ms. Kovalenko Maniak was elected to replace her husband, following his death in a bus accident on June 23, 1992, as head of AUARGF. - Kyyiv, January 23. T ivanna vynnykiv-Nyzhnyk, 81, artist. A student of the noted Oleksa Novakivsky in Lviv in the 1930s, upon emigrating at the end of the second world war, Ms. vynnykiv-Nyzhnyk gained wide acclaim in the French artistic community for her work in painting, ceramics

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No. 52

THE UKRAINIAN WEEKLY

SUNDAY, DECEMBER 26.1993

21

^93: THE YEAR REY1EW

in the 1990s), and on the other, visitors from throughout Ukraine and the diaspora for whom Mr. Honchar's home became a cultural mecca. Mr. Honchar's petition of Ukrainian government officials to appropriate and secure facilities for his collection did not meet with a response. Mr. Honchar's 16 volumes of ethnographic material remain unpublished. Kyyiv, June 18. " Charles Mikolaycak, 56, illustrator of children's books and book designer. His illustrations, often inspired by his Polish and Ukrainian heritage, were widely acclaimed for their rich color and evocative design. Among his many honors were the American Library Association Notable Book Award (1975,1980), and The New York Times Best illustrated Children's Book Award (in 1984 for "Babushka: An Old Russian Folk Tale" (Holiday House), which he wrote and illus trated). - New York, June 25. ' Jaroslaw Dobrowolskyj, 50, attorney. Mr. Dobrowolskyj, president of the Ukrainian American Bar Association of Michigan, worked for Wayne County Legal Services and was in private practice specializing in criminal law. Since 1987, he worked tirelessly to uncover information that would clear the accused John Demjanjuk of war crimes charges. Warren, Michigan, July 5. ' Myron Levytsky, 79, painter, editor, journalist and educator. A prolific and varied painter, illustrator and graphic artist as well as noted iconographer, Mr. Levytsky has been credited with modernizing Ukrainian sacred art. A native of Lviv, he studied at the Novakivsky Art School in 1931-1933, and the Krakow Academy of Arts, in Lviv, he worked as illustrator, pub lisher and editor, as well as war correspondent of the 1st Galician Division's newspaper. Do Peremohy (19431944). He emigrated to Canada in 1949 and continued his work as illustrator. His sojourn in Paris (1956-1958) resulted in his first one-man show at the Galerie Ror valmar and considerable acclaim in the French press. Solo exhibitions followed throughout the 1960s to 1980s in Canada and the U.S., and in 1992 in Ukraine. Toronto, July 17. ' Atanas Figol, 85, prominent civic activist, Plast leader, editor, publisher..politician, a mathematician and economist by training. Dr. Figol served as the Ukrainian Central Committe's representative in Germany. He was a member of the Lisovi Chorty Plast fraternity and was president of the Union of Ukrainian Scouts in exile. He was director of Molode Zhyttia, publishers of Entsyklopedia Ukrainoznavstva, a project to which he dedicated the rest of his life, working with the late volodymyr Kubijovyc as business manager of the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Europe and editor of its bulletin visti iz Sarseliu (News from Sarcelles). -Munich, July 31. ' John Stashuk, 70, leading activist among British Columbia Ukrainians. A native of Winnipeg, Mr. Stashuk was president of the Ukrainian Professional and Business Association of vancouver, vice-president of the B.C. Ukrainian Professional and Business Federation, presi dent of the vancouver branch of the Ukrainian Canadian Congress, and initiator and president of the B.C. Provincial Council of the Ukrainian Canadian Congress since 1990. He was also a founding director and president of the Canadian Foundation of Ukrainian Studies (19831987). vancouver, August 7. ' Zenon Feszczak, 62, deputy director of the Port of History Museum in Philadelphia. A graduate of the University of Pennsylvania with an M.F.A. degree, Mr. Feszcsak worked as design director and later as deputy director of the Port of History Museum organizing and curating numerous exhibits. Since 1977, Mr. Feszczak contributed his talent over the years to design many of the most memorable exhibitions at The Ukrainian Museum in New York, among them: "Ukrainian Pysanky," "Traditional Design in Ukrainian Textiles," "Ukrainian Ritual Cloths," "Lost Architecture of Kiev," 'To Preserve A Heritage: The History of the Ukrainian immigration to the United States," and "Masterpieces in Wood: Houses of Worship in Ukrain." - Philadelphia, August 5. ' Walter Tamopolsky, 61, judge and rights scholar. A native of Saskatchewan, Justice Walter Tamopolsky of the Court of Appeals for Ontario was a graduate of the University of Saskatchewan as well as of Columbia University and the London School of Economics. A leading Canadian scholar on human rights and civil lib erties. Justice Tamopolsky held academic posts in lead ing Canadian law schools and was president of the Canadian Civil Liberties Association and chairman of the Civil Liberties Section of the Canadian Bar Association. Judge Tamopolsky was active also in the Ukrainian community in Canada, serving as head of the Canadian Committee for the Defense of Political Prisoners and as president of the Canadian Foundation for Ukrainian Studies. Mr. Tamopolsky served as advis er on Ukraine's new constitution and on the board of directors of the Ukrainian Legal Foundation in Kyyiv. Toronto, September 15. " Roman Danyluk, 67, UACC treasurer, Ukrainian Fraternal Association officer. He was president of the Ukrainian National Home in New York and vice-presi dent of the veterans of the 1 st Division of the Ukrainian National Army. He served as chief coordinator of com memorations marking the 50th anniversary of the Galicia Division. New York, September 26. ' Hanna Korenets, 86, prominent Plast leader and organizer. A pharmacist by profession, Ms. Korenets dedicated her life to Plast. in 1927, she joined the soror ity " Shcho Hrebli Rvut" which she subsequently headed for 50 years. Ms. Korenets remained active in Plast after it was banned and forced underground by Polish authorities in the 1930s and during World War H. With the re-establishment of Plast in Germany in 1945, Ms. Korenets served as leader of the Association of fimigre' Ukrainian Plast Members in Germany and as member of the Supreme Plast Command. Upon emigrat ing to the United States, she continued as member of the Supreme Plast Council and director of counselor train ing. Chicago, November 6. ' Anna Sten, 85, Hollywood's first Ukrainian-bom film star. Bom in Kyyiv, daughter of ballet master Petro Fesak and a Swedish actress, at age 15, Ms. Sten was discovered by Stanislavsky, who took her to Moscow's Russian Film Academy. She toured with the Moscow Art Theater to great acclaim and starred in four Soviet films in the late 1920s. Her role as Dostoyevsky's Grushenka in "The Murderer Dimitri Karamazov" (1931), a film directed by her husband, made her into a cult figure. Captivated by her professionalism and inten sity, Hollywood's Sam Goldwyn took her to the U.S. in 1932, hoping to create another Greta Garbo or Marlene Dietrich. Though critically acclaimed, Ms. Sten was not as successful at the box office in her American films. Mr. Goldwyn stuck by Ms. Sten until she became known as "Goldwyn's folly." Ms. Sten made films until 1962 and continued to appear in many stage produc tions. New York, November 16. The new Weekly flag was introduced also on our Weekly T-shirts (in reverse, i.e. white on black). Mr. Polishchuk, "Sid" to us, had been assigned to The Weekly late in 1992 to learn paste-up. This year our res ident computer genius7philosopher taught us quite a few things. Our trusty typesetter, Awilda Arzola (who is second in seniority at The Weekly) was out for much of the year, causing a near panic among the editorial staff. She broke her hip in March and did not return to work until September. But, when she did return, she didn't skip a beat. That's our Willy! in the meantime we were very ably assisted by Dana Rigalski, who usually typesets Svoboda, veselka and the various magazines printed on our premises, and our dependable temp, Randa Almasri. We'll be sad to see Randa leave in early 1994. it was a year of weddings for The Weekly crew as staff writerfeditor Andrij Wynnyckyj and assistant edi tor Khristina Lew tied the knot not with each other, though. Andrij's better half is Zirka Kudla of Toronto (formerly of Amherstburg, Ontario); Khristina's lucky groom is Adrian Gawdiak of Silver Spring, Md. Meanwhile, at our Kyyiv bureau, associate editor Marta Kolomayets found the right man and announced her engagement to Kyyivan Danylo Yanevsky. Stay tuned for the wedding in May. Roman Woronowycz, a staff writer7editor, joined Marta in Kyyiv on December 1, most fittingly on his name day. Marta is scheduled to return to New York on December 28, having served as our Kyyiv bureau chief since February. Mr. Woronowycz is assigned to the Kyyiv press bureau for six months. We wish him good luck. We could not neglect to mention our Kyyiv secretary, viktoria Hubsky, without whom, needless to say, life in the Ukrainian capital would be incredibly more difficult. On the home front. The Weekly's editor-in-chief, Roma Hadzewycz, was among Ukrainian community leaders who received certificates of merit from New York City Council President Andrew Stein, lka Koznarska Casanova, our part-time editorial staffer, was invaluable as always, filling in where needed to do interviews and news stories in addition to the feature she initiated way back when. Preview of Events. Yarema Bachynsky, a law student, was our summer intern. We were so pleased with his work we asked him to come help us with the yearender. Helen Smindak, a Weekly stalwart, returned to the newspaper's pages with her coverage of cultural events. Another returnee was our AWOL hockey writer, ihor Stelmach. Scores of others, correspondents, columnists, analysts, community activists, etc., contributed to The Weekly in 1993. in fact, there was so much information that 16-page issues this year became a rarity. Not to be forgotten (certainly not by those readers who continue to protest rather loudly) is the fact that 1993 was the year we took the big step and decided to spell "Kiev" Kyyiv (in accordance with National Geographic, the U.S. Board on Geographical Names and, perhaps most importantly, the Ukrainian Mapping Agency). We hoped for a quick resolution to the spelling problem, as there were several versions of the Ukrainian capital city's name, from Kiyev, to Kyiv, to Kylv (in exasperation, our editor-in-chief suggested Quayiv), but that was not to be as the long-awaited Kyyiv conference on toponyms came and went without a decision. So Kyyiv it shall be, for the time being, (incidentally. Rand McNally has now decided to adopt that spelling.) The Weekly continues to be used as a primary source of news from Ukraine, it is cited by researchers, and in numerous newly published books and other pub lications. in addition, information from The Weekly is used in East European regional newsbriefs columns appearing in the Prague Post and Budapest Sun, both English-language publications. in early 1993 we published the results of our ques tionnaire, via which our readers told,us exactly what they like, and what they don't. Some of the suggestions have been implemented. Others, well, perhaps if there's divine intervention... We are grateful for all your responses. ! To conclude. The Ukrainian Weekly in 1993 contin ucd to be what it was meant to be... Ukrainian. For the record, a typical 20-page issue contained the word "Ukrainian" 333 times, "Ukraine" 167 times, "Ukraine's" 50 times and "Ukrainians'' 22 times. Just in case you wanted to know. And that, dear readers, brings another year to a close. As always, we wish you nothing but the best and the fulfillment of all your wishes in 1994.

Meanwhile, here at The Weekly...

At The Weekly in 1993 we celebrated the 60th anniversary of our founding with a special issue pre pared for the occasion .that included a decade-by-decade overview of the newspaper's contents and articles focusing on the paper's editors and columnists through the years. The Weekly's six decades of service were highlight ed in a special feature carried by the Tv show "Kontakt," which airs in the New York and Toronto metro areas, as well as in interviews broadcast by the voice of America and Radio Liberty into Ukraine. A film crew from Ukraine also focused on our activity, but we don't know what ever happened to that piece... The Weekly received a certificate of recognition from the Ukrainian National Women's League of America. Numerous anniversary greetings came into our offices from officials in Ukraine, members of the U.S. Congress, community leaders, friends and others. Thank you for remembering us! This also was the year we computerized production of our newspaper. The transition to our Macintosh sys tem was smoother than we expected, but not without its glitches, such as a story on the Russian referendum that never ended, or typographical errors not picked up by our spellchecker. (The letter "1" seemed to be a particu lar problem: one time there was one too many; another time, well you know, it should'a been there... But, we were happy at least that the total number of "l's" was correct and thus the universe remained in synch.) For the record, the first issue of The Weekly to be complet ed in its entirety on our Mac system was No. 16, April 18, 1993. Afterwards there were changes in our design some subtle, some not. The long-awaited change in The Ukrainian Weekly's flag occurred this year; the new design was unveiled in our 60th anniversary issue dated October 10. Many thanks in the design department go to our newest co-worker, layout artist Serge Polishchuk.