Power System Control

Power Systems Control
Contents SCADA, EMS, DMS Control Room Technology Power Network Telecommunication
Page 7/27/5 7/67/10 7/117/24
SCADA/EMS/DMS
Introduction
The requirements on network control systems are growing as secure and economic energy management is becoming ever more important. Planning and implementation of SCADA systems (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), Energy Management Systems (EMS) as well as Distribution Management Systems (DMS) involve coordinating a wide range of engineering tasks. Siemens is in a position to deliver optimum, state-of-the-art solutions in close cooperation with the customers. SINAUT (Siemens Network Automation) is Siemens modern product family for Power Systems Control. It reflects the experience of more than 540 electricity grid control systems installed worldwide since the early sixties. As technological pacemaker Siemens invests considerable funds annually in the further development of the SINAUT product family. Planned for the long term, this user-oriented product line has release compatibility to guarantee that the benefits of tomorrows R&D investments can still be adopted by systems delivered today.
Siemens furthers this strategy by participating in a variety of IEEE, IEC, EPRI, CIGRE and CIRED committees and by enlisting support from active user groups. The quality management certified by DQS according ISO 9001 ensures quality products and a smooth and reliable project implementation within contractual schedule and budget. Siemens Power Systems Control has a large support staff of dedicated experts with power industry experience. With its broad range of products Siemens is able to supply the control systems, all necessary components (communication equipment, control room equipment, uninterruptible power systems, etc.) from one supplier on a turnkey basis.
s s s s
Municipal utilities and Large industries with own networks Regional distribution utilities National and regional generation and transmission utilities
Modular and distributed architecture Each SINAUT Spectrum system consists of individual functional subsystems which are distributed among an optimum number of workstations and servers. Shortest reaction times are achieved by assigning timecritical applications and applications requiring a lot of computation power to dedicated servers (Fig. 1). The database is distributed among the workstations and servers for fast and independent data access with low LAN-loading. The modules of the network control system SINAUT Spectrum are shown in Fig. 3 on page 7/4 and 7/5. Due to its modular and distributed system architecture SINAUT Spectrum offers unlimited horizontal and vertical growth opportunities, e.g. from a small entry-level SCADA system up to a large EMS or combined SCADA/EMS/DMS.
SINAUT Spectrum
General SINAUT Spectrum is the open, modular and distributed control system for electrical networks as well as for gas, water and remote heating networks. Its extensive and modular functionality provides scalable solutions tailored to the needs and budgets of:
Mimic diagram
Communication with other control centers, e.g. ICCP or ELCOM-90
Mimic diagram interface LAN
Administrator, archives, schedules
Operator console
Operator console
Spare
Expert system
Gateway
Data acqusition
SCADA
Network analysis
Power and scheduling applications
Training simulator
Distribution management functions
Bridge
to/from RTUs
Basic components Hot standby
Office LAN
GIS
PC Database
Fig. 1: SINAUT Spectrum system architecture of a large SCADA/EMS/DMS
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Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution
SCADA/EMS/DMS
SINAUT Data Gateway SINAUT Data Gateway exactly meets the requirements of an integration tool needed for data maintenance. With SINAUT Data Gateway control center data can be maintained with one database instead of maintaining modeling information in several different formats for each application. For the update of an existing control center system, the necessary data can simply be exported in a format recognized by the new control center system.
Available services
Siemens offers services for all important areas: s Studies, planning, engineering s Project implementation s Installation, supervision of installation s Commissioning s Training s Hardware/software maintenance s System upgrading s System migration
Fig. 2: Control room of Northern States Power Company, Minneapolis, MN
Open architecture SINAUT Spectrum is solidly based on industry standards. Therefore the system can be upgraded to take advantage of the rapidly moving technology in the workstation and server market, without losing any of the software investment built up over the years. SINAUT Spectrum runs under a UNIX operating system, strictly adhering to the IEEE POSIX standards, thus providing hardware platform independence. SINAUT Spectrum may be delivered either on SUN or on IBM workstations. The user interface employs a graphical environment that the operator can tailor to his specific tasks and preferences. Based on the X-Window System and OSF/Motif, this user interface provides multiple-window displays, full pan and zoom capabilities and excellent display call-up times. Other standards used in SINAUT Spectrum: s Structured Query Language (SQL) for relational database access s TCP/IP for LAN/WAN communication s IEC 870-5 as well as many other protocols for RTU communication s IEC 870-6 TASE 2 (ICCP), WSCC and ELCOM 90 for communication with other control centers.
Further SINAUT products

SINAUT ACES Accounting, Contracts and Energy Scheduling The volume of wholesale transactions will increase dramatically due to regulatory and economic pressures. SINAUT ACES provides sophisticated software that can manage commodity trading, accounting, billing, monitoring, and contract compliance. SINAUT ACES allows to take full advantage of the growing complexity of contract provisions. SINAUT ACES operates within an open-systems environment that can be fully integrated with SCADA/ EMS/DMS and corporate information systems. SINAUT ICCPNET, SINAUT ICCPNT Communications Products Siemens offers a full range of communication products which support ICCP. The field-proven SINAUT ICCPNET which executes under UNIX, offers a commercial relational database manager to handle configuration and object-set definition with an OSF/Motif operator interface. SINAUT ICCPNT executes on a PC platform and combines a low-cost solution and UCA (Utility Communications Architecture) open-systems technology in order to interconnect utilities.
Siemens Power Systems Control a key to success

Network Control Centers have to operate economically and efficiently over long periods. Therefore Siemens is committed to: s Designing systems that can incorporate new standards and technologies over time to keep the system current s Avoiding dependence on proprietary tools and methods s Using accepted and de facto standards s Meeting the growing need for information management throughout a public utility company The long-term commitments also include:
s s s s s
A full product spectrum Complete turnkey projects Complete spectrum of services An active user group Strong R&D
For further information please contact: Fax: ++49-9 11-4 33 - 8122
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SCADA/EMS/DMS
Network Control System
Hardware
Basic system
SCADA functions
Distribution management functions
UNIX server
Database
Data acquisition and processing Supervisory control, control jobs, manual update Report generation system
Data import from a GIS
Spatial control and queries
UNIX workstation
Information management system
Tracing
Jumpers, cuts, grounds
Data acquisition subsystem
User interface
Switching procedure management
Fault location and isolation; service restoration Feeder estimation
Gateway
Computer network management
Dynamic network colouring
Outage management system
Ethernet-LAN
Tools for test and diagnostics
Energy demand control
Load modeling
Online load flow calculation
Communication system
Softbus
Load management
Online short-circuit calculation
Transformer load management
RTU
UNIX operating system
Energy accounting
V/Var control
Cold load pickup
High-level language compiler
Operation optimization for gas and water networks
Archives and schedules
Fig. 3: Modules of the network control system SINAUT Spectrum
7/4
SCADA/EMS/DMS
SINAUT Spectrum
Network analysis
Power and scheduling applications
Training simulator
Expert system
Communication
Model update
Network reduction
Automatic generation control
Interchange scheduling
Instructor functions
Intelligent alarm processing
To other control centers (ICCP)
State estimator
Network parameter adaption
Economic dispatch
Reserve monitoring
Complete functionality of the control system User interface of the control system
Disturbance analysis
Geographical information system (GIS)
Dispatcher power flow
Fault calculations
Interchange transaction evaluation (A+B) Unit commitment
Load forecast
Network restoration/ load transfer
Multisite control center operation
Security analysis
Network sensitivity
Hydro scheduling
Process simulation
Other utility IT systems
Optimal power flow
Security checked switching
Hydrothermal coordination
Production costing
Network model
Planning
Voltage scheduler
Study case management
Water worth value calculation
Wheeling loss calculation
Generation model
Maintenance
Security dispatch
Protection model
Billing
Outage scheduler
7/5
Control Room Technology
SINAUT Visualization
Introduction With its SINAUT Visualization large-screen rear projection system, the Siemens AG offers the solution for the large-screen display of text or graphics. Thanks to the modular design of SINAUT Visualization with projection modules which can stacked horizontally and vertically without paths, screens of practically any size can be built. The SINAUT Visualization large-screen rear projection system can be used whereever a large-area presentation of computer data is required. For example, in power distribution. SINAUT Visualization can be used in an energy management system as a substitute for or adddition to conventional mosaic panels. All dynamic data, from an overview of topological information about the area supplied to detailed information and special messages for the operators in case of fault, can be visualized so that all operators can read it (Fig. 4). Description Design of SINAUT Visualization-mX The LCD projection technology used in SINAUT Visualization-mX is based on the TFT LCD (thin-film transistor liquid crystal display) light-valve technology. This socalled active matrix LCD has a better contrast and display switching rate than the lower-cost passive LCDs. Each individual red, green and blue color pixel of the LCD is controlled by a transistor that is, in turn, directly linked to the computer electronics of the integrated mX-Terminal*. This eliminates color shift and drift effects because no analog technology is used (Fig. 5). Modularity SINAUT Visualization-mX is a modular system in order to cover different requirements for projection area, resolution and size. Each projection module is an individual rear projection system with a 50"-inch screen and a resolution of 640 x 480 or 1024 x 768 pixels. It has no seam and the edges of the module correspond with the picture borders (Fig. 6). 340 1213
Fig. 4: Control room of Victorian Power Exchange, Australia
VGA, Video, X.11 controller
LCD light valve Mirror, lamp Projection lens Screen Observer
Fig. 5: Principle of rear projection using an LCD
Illumination unit Darkbox Screen module
Screen
750
1000
* mX-Terminal designates the multiscreen-cable x-Terminal from Siemens AG
Fig. 6: Projection module with dimensions in mm
7/6
Therefore seamless pictures of any size can be built by horizontal and vertical stacking of several modules. Fig. 7 shows an example of a 3 x 2 configuration of modules, offering a resolution of either 1920 x 960 or 3072 x 1536 pixels. The more modules are configured horizontally or vertically, the higher is the resulting resolution. The projection modules can be set up in horizontal direction linear as well as polygonal with an angle of 8 degrees to each other in order to obtain a slightly curved display wall. Other angles are possible on request (Fig. 8). Connectivity as mX-Terminal The mX-Terminal integrated in OVERVIEWmX and the X-server installed on it conform 100% to the internationally standardized protocol definition X window system (X-Windows, X.11.). Up to 4 projection modules can be connected to one mX-Terminal. If they are arranged in a 2 x 2 designs, they provide a resolution of 1280 x 960 or 2048 x 1536 pixels. The system operates like an X-Terminal with all X.11 tool kits such as OSF/Motif and the X-applications based on them. All X-clients can make unrestricted use of the entire projection area of 2 m x 1.5 m (Fig. 9).
1213
Screen 0
Screen 1
Screen 2 1500
Screen 3 Illumination unit Darkbox Screen module
Screen 4
Screen 5
3000
Fig. 7: 3 x 2 horizontal and vertical stacking of projection modules
Operator
Operator
Fig. 8: Linear or polygonal setup of several SINAUT Visualization-mX projection modules (top view)
SINAUT Visualization-mX projection modules
mX-Terminal
Ethernet, TCP/IP X-Windows
Fig. 9: Integration of SINAUT Visualization-mX into a computer network based on Ethernet, TCP/IP and X-Windows
7/7
Mosaic-tile systems
24 modules with 3480 x 1920 pixels Introduction Visualization of the electric systems to be controlled and optimization of the working environment are of utmost importance for the control room operators ability to concentrate. By combining the latest ergonomic findings with an appropriate design Siemens provides an environment that allows the operators to work well, even in critical situations. Control boards and mimic displays of mosaic tile design must have a straightforward layout. They must also be costeffective and capable of being shaped to suit customer requirements. It must be possible to modify or extend them quickly, simply and at minimum cost. The ergonomics and design of Siemens control rooms exceed the scope of all DIN and international standards. A broad selection of standard modules and components form the basis of our control rooms. They range from mosaic tile systems and control desks to large-screen rear projection systems, and from optimized mapboards to ergonomically perfect operator workstations. Siemens manufacture of control room technology is certified to ISO 9001. Controlling of the mimic board Control room technology by Siemens has been developed generally over the last few years. Controlling of the mimic board is no longer done by a costly 1:1 wiring system but via an Ethernet bus (SINEC H1) to the PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) system and an internal mimic board bus (SINEC L2). This new idea Mimic Board Controlling (MBA-L2) has been successfully realized in several projects (Fig. 12). LAN-controlled mimic board
Fig. 10: SINAUT Visualization-mX as 6 x 4 setup
Distributed X-Server
6 mX-Terminals as rendering machines
mX-Terminal as central device
Workstations/ Windows NT-PCs
Ethernet TCP/IP, X-Windows
If more than 4 projection modules are required, there is the possibility to have nearly any number of modules as one large display. With the distributed X-Server (1 central device mX-Terminal with keyboard and mouse and several rendering machines) it is possible to control nearly any number of modules as one single display.
This means that both the user and the application software see one single display. Installation, operation and service do not differ from that of a standard X-Terminal (Fig. 10).
The mimic board consists of the following elements: s PLC s Power supply including fuses s Bus terminal s Main module for the control of 32 twincolored LEDs s Extension module for the control of 32 twincolored LEDs s Low consumption diodes s Protocol as per DIN 19245
7/8
Description The PLC from the S5 automation system consists of:

s Power supply module s Central processing unit (CPU) s Communication processor module
to a host processor
s Communication processor module
The use and the selection of the different types of S5 PLCs depend on the requirements of the controlled LEDs and on the parameters which are to be transmitted from the host processor to the PLC. The communication processor to a host processor is determined by the structure of the protocol and the physical interface (e.g. SINEC H1, L1, L2 and so on).
The bus terminal The bus terminal is designed to connect to the internal LAN one main module and 16 extension modules. In addition to the LAN connections, the following are connected to the bus terminal: power supply, shielding for the cables between bus terminals and modules, and digital input for synchronization of blinking. The bus system, protocol structure The LAN controlling the main module is an RS 485 interface. The protocol is according to DIN 19245 (profibus). This LAN is supplied by a communication processor CP 5430 which supports the protocol DIN 19245 by hardware implementation.
(CP 5430) to internal LAN connection of the mimic board s Eventual memory extensions in case of bigger systems
SINEC H1/Ethernet
PLC
1 2 3 4
Power supply module CPU module CP to SINEC H1 CP to mimic board Ian SINEC L2
1 2 3 4
Fig. 11: Control room of Schluchseewerke AG, Germany
Mimic board
SINEC L2
32
1 LED 32 Main module

SINEC L2
LED 32 Main module 32
PLC
1 RS 485
Online test Parametrizing Commissioning
16
SINEC 1/ Ethernet
Analog output submodule
Display submodule
SINAUT spectrum
Fig. 12: Mimic board wiring with MBA-L2
1234 MW
Fig. 13: Hardware structure of MBA-L2
7/9
Main module The main module is connected by a 16-pole cable including power supply, LAN connection and synchronizing input. Each main module is a slave partner on the SINEC L2 LAN and is able to control up to 32 twincolored LEDs. The intensity of the LEDs can be controlled via messages from the PLC. Thus the brightness of the indicator lights can be adapted to the light conditions in the control room. The LEDs can be operated in steady-state mode (on/off) or in flashing mode with a frequency of 0.5 to 8 Hz in 5 steps. A red LED on the modules rear side indicates following errors:
s LED failure s Number and color (monocolored,
User software
SINEC H1-Bus
8RS
8RU
8RT
CPU Process and distribution of LED data
Standard interface
twincolored) of LEDs to be used do not match with the number of plug-in LEDs s Failure or error of RAM, EPROM, E2PROM A green LED indicates healthy operation. Errors can be read out and failures can be exactly located. LED failures can be located as well. Thus detection and replacement of defective LEDs are not timeconsuming. A defective LED can also be found by a lamp test message (operation of all LEDs). Each main module can be used to control up to 16 extension modules. Each extension module will be addressed directly over Profibus by a subaddress. Extension module The extension module can control up to 32 twincolored LEDs. As described above, the extension module is addressed by a main module. Each extension module is cyclicly updated by the main module. This message can be interrupted by messages of higher priority. These are:
s Synchronous blinking s Lamp test
Data areas for LED information Data preparation
SINEC L2-Bus
Fig. 14: Software structure of Mimic Board Controlling (MBA-L2)
Fig. 15: 8RU-8RS-8RT mosaic tile systems
Parameteriziation software The menu-driven software allows designing of main and extension modules locally at the module or on line during operation. Features of MBA-L2
s Automatic background LED test,
Mechanical Design The 8RU-8RS-8RT mosaic tile systems are of self-supporting and self-locking design. The tiles are in fact designed to support one another and thus give the finished control board or mimic display a strong structure. No metal supporting grid or any other extra parts are needed for mounting the individual tiles. All the systems can be modified or extended quite simply. Once the board has been erected, mosaic tiles can simply be exchanged or added. The 8RU-8RS-8RT mosaic tile systems have been tested to DIN 40046 seismic requirements and are thus fully able to withstand heavy mechanical loads. For further information please contact: Fax: ++49 - 9 11-4 33 -81 83
faulty LED can be detected at any time

s All errors can be located and transmitted
to host computer system

s Steady-state mode, on/off s Flushing mode, 0.5 up to 8 1/s in
5 steps
s Smooth brightness control s No need for marshalling racks or distri-
bution units
s Reduced number
All further functions of the extension module are the same as described above for the main module.
of cable connections to and inside the mimic board s Simple erection on site, no wiring s Easy extension and modification because of using plug-in technology
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Power Network Telecommunication
Introduction
Safe, reliable and economical energy supply is also a matter of fast, efficient and reliable transmission of information and data. International operation, automation and computer-controlled optimization of network operations, as well as changing communications requirements and the rapid change in technology have considerably increased the demands placed on systems and components of communications networks. The same careful planning and organizing of communications networks are as necessary in the power industry as for the generation and distribution of energy itself. Siemens offers a wide range of systems and network elements specifically designed to solve communications problems in this area. All systems and network elements are adapted to one another in such a way that the power industrys future communications requirements can be satisfied optimally both technically and economically. Siemens is offering advice, planning, production, delivery, installation, operation and training one source for the customer. Providing expertise and commitment as the complexity of the problem requires. Put your trust in the extensive know-how of our specialists and in the solidity of the internationally proven Siemens communications systems. Flexible network configuration with communications systems and network elements The gradual transition from analog to digital information networks in the power industry and other privately operated networks requires a great variety of systems and network elements for widely differing uses. Prior to a decision as to which system could be used for the best technical and economical solution, it is first necessary to clarify such requirements as quantity of speech, data and teleprotection channels to be transmitted, length of transmission link, existing transmission media, infrastructure, reliability, etc. Depending on those clarifications the most cost-efficient and best technical solution can be chosen.
As shown in the block diagram below, we are offering systems and network elements for analog transmission as well as systems for digital transmission. The systems and network elements shown in this survey of products have been specially developed for power industry applications and therefore fulfill the requirements with regard to quality and workmanship as well as reliability and security.
All systems and network elements described meet the relevant international recommendations and are designed, developed and manufactured in accordance with the requirenments of the quality systems of DIN EN ISO 9001.
up to 500 km Line trap PLC CC or CVT AKE
Distance protection 50 ... 2400 Bd 64 kbit/s
SWT F6 FWT
ESB
Hicom O.F. Dig. current comparison and distance protection Data 50 Bd ... n x 64 kbit/s MUX Speech LFH AKE PLC CC CVT SWT F6 FWT ESB Hicom SWT 2 D MUX LFH O.F. Coupling unit Power line carrier communication Coupling capacitor Capacitive voltage transformer Teleprotection signaling system for analog transmission links Telecontrol and data transmission system Power line carrier system ISDN telephone system Teleprotection signaling system for digital transmission links Multiplex system Fiber optic transmission system Optical fiber cable SWT D
Fig. 16: General overview
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Power Line Carrier (PLC) Communication

AKE 100 coupling unit For carrier frequency communication via power lines or via communication circuits subject to interference from power lines, the high-frequency currents from and to the PLC terminals must be fed into or tapped from the lines at chosen points without the operating personnel or PLC terminals being exposed to a high-voltage hazard. The PLC terminals are connected to the power line via coupling capacitors or via capacitive voltage transformers and the coupling unit. In order to prevent the PLC currents from flowing to the power switchgear or in other undesired directions (e. g. spur lines), traps (coils) are used, which are rated for the operating and short-circuit currents of the power installation and which involve no significant loss for the power distribution system. The AKE 100 coupling unit described here, together with a high-voltage coupling capacitor, forms a high-pass filter for the required carrier frequencies, whose lower cut-off frequency is determined by the rating of coupling capacitor and the chosen matching ratio. The AKE 100 coupling unit is supplied in four versions and is used for:
s Phase-to-ground
13 12 11 9 10 1 8 7 6 2
1 Conduit with weather-resistant

PLC cable screw connection
2 Terminal for coupling capacitor 3 Grounding switch with

switch-rod eye Main ground connection External shock hazard protection 1- or 2-pole coarse voltage arrester Drain and tuning coil Isolating capacitor Isolating transformer Resistor for phase-to-phase coupling (balancing resistor) 11 Gas-type surge arrester (optional extra) 12 PLC cable terminals 13 HF hybrid transformer
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 3
Fig.17: AKE 100 coupling unit with built-in HF hybrid transformer
A: Phase-to-ground coupling
Line trap CC or CVT AKE 100 PLC System
B: Phase-to-phase coupling
Line trap CC or CVT AKE 100 PLC System
coupling to overhead power lines s Phase-to-phase coupling to overhead power lines s Phase-to-ground coupling to power cables s Phase-to-phase coupling to power cables s Intersystem coupling with two phase-to-ground coupling units The coupling units for phase-to-phase coupling are adaptable for use as phaseto-ground coupling units. The versions for phase-to-ground coupling can be retrofitted for phase-to-phase coupling or can be used for intersystem coupling.
C: Intersystem coupling
Line trap CC or CVT AKE 100 HF hybrid PLC System
Fig. 18: Coupling modes
Line trap
CC or CVT
AKE 100
Coupling mode A: Phase-to-ground coupling B: Phase-to-phase coupling C: Intersystem coupling
Costs
Minimum Twice than A Twice than A
Attenuation
Greater than B&C Minimum Greater than B
Reliability
Minimum Greater than A Maximum
Fig. 19: Comparison of the coupling modes
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ESB 2000i power line carrier system
PAX/ PABX MUX
64 kbit/s SDH PDH
DEE Communication system e. g. Hicom
So
64 kbit/s
Line trap Coupling capacitor Coupling unit
LAN PAX/ PABX 2/4-wire E&M V.24/V.28
BMX
64 kbit/s
Remote Service subscriber telephone
Protection relay
Distance protection
SWT 2000 F6
Data Data V.28 up to 2400 Bd or via MODEM
Modem, 19,2 kbits/s
ESB 2000i
Power system control
Data V.28 up to 2400 Bd
FWT 2000i
Service PC
Fig. 20: ESB 2000i power line carrier system
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ESB 2000i power line carrier system Modern PLC systems must not only take into account the specific characteristics of the high-voltage line but must guarantee first and foremost that they will be economically and technically usable in future digital networks. The ESB 2000i digital PLC system meets these requirements through
s Use of state-of-the-art digital signal pro-
Modulation Interfacemodules Demodulation Digital signal processing Central control
Power amplifier
cessor technology (DSP)

s User-oriented service features, e. g.
automatic line equalization automatic frequency control (AFC) remote supervision/maintenance programming of parameters by PC s Integration of data transmission systems (channel circuits KS 2000 and KS 2000i) s Digital interfaces for transmission up to 64 kbit/s Use of the ESB 2000i PLC system also enables the full advantages of digital transmission to be exploited when employing the high-voltage line as a transmission medium. The ESB 2000i PLC system also satisfies economic requirements such as low investment costs, reduction of expenditure for maintenance and service and technical requirements with respect to security, availability and reliability. Application The ESB 2000i PLC system permits carrier transmission of speech, fax, data, telecontrol and teleprotection signals in the frequency range from 24 kHz to 500 kHz via: s Overhead power lines and s Cables in high- and medium-voltage systems. The information is transmitted using the single-sideband (SSB) method with suppressed carrier. This method permits: s Large ranges due to maximum utilization of the transmitter energy for signal transmission s The smallest possible bandwidth and therefore optimum utilization of the spectrum space of the frequency range permitted for the transmission s Improved privacy due to carrier suppression
Receive selection
Fig. 21: ESB 2000i functional units
Fig. 22: ESB 2000i PLC System with 40 W amplifier
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Digital interface of the ESB 2000i PLC System The ESB 2000i PLC system with ITU-T standardized digital interface for transmission rates up to 64 kbit/s significantly increases the possible applications. By using external multiplex systems providing ITU-T standardized interfaces X.21/V.11 or G 703.1, it is possible to adapt the ESB 2000i PLC system more flexibly to the number of transmission channels and the various interfaces for the digital transmission of speech and data.
ESB 2000i
Digital transmission from 1.2 to 64 kbit/s
Digital interface X.21/V.11 or G 703.1 or V.28
SSBmodulator/ demodulator
PLC-lineunit
HFbandwidth 2.5 to 8 kHz
Service channel
Central processor
Service telephone
Service PC network management
Fig. 23: Basic diagram of the ESB 2000i PLC System for digital transmission
19.2 kbit/s
32 kbit/s
40 kbit/s
64 kbit/s
Bandwidth 2.5 kHz
Bandwidth 4 (3.75) kHz
Note: A service channel for remote maintenance and for service telephone is provided in addition to the above nominal bit rates.
Bandwidth 5 kHz
Bandwidth 8 (7.5) kHz
Fig. 24: Transmission rates of the digital interface of the PLC system according to the available bandwidth
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SWT 2000 F6 protection signaling system for analog transmission links The task of power system protection equipment in the event of faults in highvoltage installations is to selectively disconnect the defective part of the system within the shortest possible time. In view of constantly increasing power plant capacities and the ever closer meshing of highvoltage networks, superlative demands are placed on power network protection systems in terms of reliability and availability. Network protection systems featuring absolute selectivity therefore need secure and high-speed transmission systems for the exchange of information between the individual substations. The SWT 2000 system for transmission of protection commands provides optimum security and reliability while simultaneously offering the highest possible transmission time. Application The SWT 2000 F6 system is for fast and reliable transmission of one or more protection commands and / or special switching functions in power networks. s Protection Protection commands can be transmitted for the protection of two three-phase systems or one threephase system with individual-phase protection High-voltage circuit-breakers can be actuated either in conjunction with selective protection relays or directly s Special switching functions When the system is used for special switching functions, it is possible to transmit four signals. Each signal is assigned a priority. Transmission paths Depending on the type of supply network, the following transmission paths can be utilized: s High- and medium-voltage overhead lines s High- and medium-voltage cables s Aerial and buried cables s Radio relay links Service PC Alarms 24 ... 60 V dc 110/220 V dc/ac Distance protection IF 4 CLE Electrical line connection
Fig. 25: SWT 2000 F6 teleprotection signal transmission system (stand-alone version)
PU
OMA
Optical line connection
Annunciations
IF 4M PS
Fig. 26: Block diagram of the SWT 2000 F6
7/16
FWT 2000i telecontrol and data transmission system for analog/digital transmission links In all areas related to the telemonitoring of systems, automation technology and the control of decentralized equipment, it must be possible to transmit signals and measured values economically and reliably. The new FWT 2000i System for telecontrol and data transmission can be flexibly used to perform the various transmission tasks involved in system management not only in public utility companies, railway companies and refineries, but also in the areas of environmental protection and civil defense, as well as in hydrographic and meteorological services. The following characteristics of the FWT 2000i system make it suitable for meeting users special requirements:
s Safe operating method around s s s s
high-voltage systems High degree of reliability and safety Short process cycle times Easy handling Economical use The FWT 2000i system offers a variety of modules for the widest possible range of transmission tasks. Thanks to the unlimited equipping options of the frame, virtually all system variants necessary for operation can be implemented on a customer-specific basis.
Fig. 27: FWT 2000i telecontrol and data transmission system
Transmitter and receiver as separate modules Separate modules that function only as a receiver or only as a transmitter are available for this operating method. Flexibility By using additional modules the system can be extended for alternative path switching or transmission of the control frequencies of a multistation control system. Fast and easy fault localization A variety of supervisory facilities and automatic fault signaling systems ensure optimum operation and fault-free transmission of data. Transmission media Suitable transmission media are underground cables, grounding conductor aerial cables, aerial cables on crossarms of power line towers, PLC/carrier frequency channels via power lines, carrier links, PCM links and Telecom-owned current paths. The overall concept of the FWT 2000i system meets the stringent demands placed on power supply and distribution networks. The FWT 2000i meets the special requirements with regard to reliable operation and electromagnetic compatibility.
Additional benefits In addition to the system features, the FWT 2000i system provides all users with the cost-effective and technical benefits expected and required when this system is used.
s Economical stocking of spare parts
Universal for all frequencies and transmission rates up to 2400 Bd The KS 2000i channel unit accommodates a transmitter and receiver assembly. All transmission rates from 50 to 2400 Bd can be set in all frequencies within the 30-Hz raster, including in the frequency raster to ITU-T. Transmission in the superimposed frequency band The FWT 2000i System permits transmission in the frequency range from 300 to 7200 Hz. Modularity The modularity of the KS 2000i channel unit is typified by its integration in various other systems, i.e. its use is not limited to the FWT 2000i system. For instance, the channel unit can be integrated in: s The ESB 2000i PLC system s The SWT 2000 F6 protection signaling system s Telecontrol systems.
is possible since, from now on, only one module is needed for all rates and frequencies. s The system can be placed in service quickly and easily thanks to automatic level adjustment and automatic compensation of distortion. s The use of the state-of-the-art digital processors and components ensures that the system will have a long service life and a high rate of availability.
7/17
KS 2000i channel unit The new KS 2000i channel unit is suitable for transmission of asynchronous data on analog media and such forms a complete and versatile VFT modem. Both transmitter and receiver are accomodated on only one plug-in card either to be used as stand-alone unit (seperate frame) or to be integrated in ESB 2000i PLC terminal or in remote terminal unit (RTU). Frequency shift as well as transmission speed are independently adjustable. With a maximum transmission speed of up to 2400 Bd the VFT channel approaches applications traditionally realized with highspeed modems only. Beside others the KS 2000i channel unit provides the following features: s High reliability s High flexibility s Easy detection of faults s Excellent transmission characteristics
Fig. 28: KS 2000i channel unit
7/18
Fiber optic communication
The LFH 2000 system Telecommunication requirements in power utilities

Electrical link (CU) Fiber-optic link
OLE 2 SWT MUX
O D F LWL 34 Mbit/s
MDF
Protection
PABX LSA
34 Mbit/s
Energy management system 4 x 2 Mbit/s
Communications network management center 34 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s
4 x 2 Mbit/s Office
LAN
Communications room
OLE 34 OLE 34 DSMX OLE 8 SWT O O D D F F MUX/CC MUX/CC
2 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
MDF PABX PABX
34 Mbit/s 4 x 2 Mbit/s 4 x 2 Mbit/s 4 x 2 Mbit/s
Fig. 29: The LFH 2000 fiber optic transmission system Telecommunication requirements in power utilities
7/19
LFH 2000 fiber optic transmission system Flexible network configuration and future communications requirements of private network users, such as power companies, call for universal network elements for transmission in digital communications networks. LFH 2000 has been designed and developed on the basis of extensive experience gained with fiber optic transmission systems in public networks and transmission elements specially developed for such systems. It was tailored to the needs of power companies and other private network users. In its basic version LFH 2000 consists of a 19-inch subrack equipped with an optical line terminating unit TRCV2 and a service channel module. Even in its simplest configuration, LFH 2000 offers various types of interfaces for the transmission of speech and data channels such as:
s Line interfaces up to 34 Mbit/s s So-interface for networking digital
The incorporation of the SWT 2000 D digital protection data system provides additional functions required for most applications in power companies. The basic version can be optionally equipped with service telephone units, optical line terminating units with higher transmission speeds or with other service channel modules so that the system can be conveniently adapted to the individual transmission requirements. Further network elements may be connected to LFH 2000 via internationally standardized interfaces if the number of required channels and the types of interfaces, i.e. the capacity of the system, have to be extended. Depending on the number and type of the transmission interfaces required, LFH 2000 can be expanded by connecting flexible multiplex systems.
telephone systems (e.g. Hicom)

s QD 2-interface for network manage-
LFH 2000 is provided with internationally standardized interfaces so that transmission systems of other manufacturers which are also equipped with internationally standardized interfaces can communicate with LFH 2000. This also makes it possible to combine LFH 2000 with digital transmission system of other manufacturers. The incorporation of LFH 2000 with the expansion element e.g. flexible multiplex system into a network hierarchy with differing transmission rates as currently planned and implemented by private network operates can be easily achieved using the compatible network elements available today. The call for a user-friendly network management can be fulfilled by adding the required hardware and software. LFH 2000 meets the requirements of the power companies and private network operators due to its flexibility, availability of internationally standardized interfaces and compatibility with regard to its incorporation into existing private networks.
ment
DPU IF4 OM
Digital processor unit Interface module for distance protection relays Optomodule for connection of digital current comparison protection system Power supply Module for service telephone with DTMF signaling Module for nondialing service telephone Service channel unit protection switching Alarm and event recorder Distance protection or digital current comparison OFC (Fiberoptic cables) DPU IF 4 or OM IF 4 or OM PS TRCV 2 or TRCV 8 or TRCV 34 LWL TRCV 2 or TRCV 8 or TRCV 34 AUX or AUX 1+1 or AUX BUS
PS ST-A ST-B AUX
Service telephone ST-A or ST-B
AUX 1+1 Service channel unit with AUXBUS Bus channel unit TRCV LWL
Optical transceiver Optical fiber
LWL
Telecontrol system PABX
Fig. 30: LFH 2000 fiber optic transmission system
7/20
SWT 2000 D protection signaling system for digital communication links In comparison with analog protection signaling the use of digital transmission links provide noise-free communication. Switching operations, atmospheric conditions and other sources of interference on power lines do not impair secure and reliable transmission of protection signals. The SWT 2000 D system for the transmission of protection signals on digital transmission links, mainly fiber optics, provides optimum security and reliability while simultaneously offering the quickest possible transmission speed. Uses SWT 2000 D system is used for fast and secure transmission of one or several independent binary signals for protection and special switching functions in power networks and/or the transmission of serial protection data. The system is avaliable in versions for the transmission of protection data on separate fibers and on 64 kbit/s PCM channels. As an optimized solution between these two possibilities, the system offers transmission of the protection data in the service channel of an optical line termination system (e. g. OLTS, OLTE 8) which ensures maximum independence of the protection data from voice and data transmission despite the common use of fibers in fiber optic cables. Applications
s All types of distance protection
Fig. 31: SWT 2000 D for flush panel mounting with integrated TRCV2 optical line equipment
PCM
2 Mbit/s
40/60 V dc
(permissive tripping, blocking, etc.) s Direct transfer tripping s Special switching functions s Digital current comparison protection (differential protection) with optical serial interface 19.2 kBd (e. g. with 7SD511). Features
s Up to 8 parallel (binary) commands, s s
TRCV Digital longitudinal differential protection (7SD51) O.F. 820 nm n x 64 kbit/s DPU Distance protection IF 4 1300 nm 1500 nm OM X.21/ V.11 G.703
O.F.
O.F.
s s s s
bi-directional Up to 2 serial protection data, bi-directional Simultaneous transmission of serial protection data and up to 4 binary protection commands High-performance microcontroller Permanent self-supervision Automatic loop testing Event recorder with real-time clock (readable via hand-held terminal or PC).
Alternative route IF 4 PS
Service PC
24 ... 60 V dc Alarms 110/220 V dc/ac
Fig. 32: Block diagramm SWT 2000 D
7/21
Flexible Multiplexer (FMX) Depending on the number and type of the transmission interfaces required, the LFH 2000 optical fiber transmission system can be extended by connecting the flexible multiplex system (FMX). The FMX multiplexer is based on a flexible design which is considerably different from normal PCM systems. For terminal operation, it contains a central unit CU, CUAD or CUDI unit and, for branch operation, a CUDI central unit as well as the withdrawable channels. Thanks to the software-controlled configuration and parametrization of the multiplexers they can be integrated quickly and easily into the network. The 19'' inset has sockets for two central units (CU, CUAD, CUDI), twelve channel units, a supervision unit and two power supply units.
User Interfaces (see Fig. 33) The LFH 2000 System overview (see Fig. 34 on page 7/23)
ISDN Basic access unit I4SO
4x
S0 interface
I4UK4 NTP I4UK4 LTP
4x
UK0 interface, 2B1Q or 4B3T, NT-mode or LT-mode n x 64 kbit /s G.703 codirectional or n x 64 kbit /s G.703 contradirectional or centralized clock X.21or V.24/V.28 bis (switchable)
DSC6-nx64G
6x
DSC2-nx64
2x
DSC8x21
8x
X.21/ V.11 64 kbit/s V.35 64 kbit/s or V.36 64 kbit/s Central unit, standard, or central unit for add/drop operation or central unit for ADPCM
DSC4V35 or DSC4V36
4x
CU or CUDI or CUAD
DSC8V24
8x
V.24/ V.28 < 64 kbit/s
DSC104CO
10 x
64 kbit /s G.703 co-directional
SLB62
6x
2-wire LB subscriber
SLX62
6x
Exchange, 2-wire
SUB62
6x
Subscriber, 2-wire
SEM106 or SEM108
10 x
2-wire NF and 2 E&M or 4-wire NF and 2 E&M Central unit, standard, or central unit for add/drop operation or central unit for ADPCM
CU or CUDI or CUAD
Fig. 33: FMX interfaces
7/22
The LFH 2000 System Overview
SDH 155 Mbit/s 2,5 Gbit/s
EMOS QD2 Network management system EMS Energy management system SDH 155/622 Mbit/s Remote subscriber External and/or internal exchange PABX Substation control and protection system Data interfaces e.g. X.21, V.24, LAN Data and voice of PLC links Distance protection or digital current comparison protection 4 x 2 Mbit/s Protection RTU
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
2 Mbit/s
4x2 Mbit/s
4x2 Mbit/s
Data
V.11 V.11 Speech four-wire + E&M Speech four-wire + E&M V.28 V.28 Service telephone Speech, two-wire
Protection
PABX
Data RTU 2 Mbit/s 2 Mbit/s
34 Mbit/s
4 x 2 Mbit/s 4 x 2 Mbit/s PLC n x 64 kbit/s
TRCV
SMUQ
Service channel
MUX
Cross connect
Fig. 34: The LFH 2000 System Overview
7/23
Conclusion
The described digital and analog network elements are, of course, only a small selection from the multitude of network elements which Siemens has on hand for the implementation of transmission networks. We have focused on those products which have been specifically developed for the transmission of information in power utilities and which are indispensable for the operation of such companies. It has also been our intention to show the uses for our products and how they can be integrated in transmission networks with varying network elements and network configurations. The great variety of products in the field of digital transmission systems and the different requirements of our customers with regard to the implementation of digital transmission networks make customerspecific planning, advice and selection of network elements an absolute necessity. Detailed descriptions of all products can be sent to you upon request. For further information please contact: Fax: ++49 - 89-7 22-2 44 53 or ++49 - 89-7 22-4 19 82
7/24

Power System Control

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Communication with other control centers, e.g. ICCP or ELCOM-90

Mimic diagram interface LAN

Administrator, archives, schedules

Power and scheduling applications

Distribution management functions

Basic components Hot standby

Fig. 1: SINAUT Spectrum system architecture of a large SCADA/EMS/DMS

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Fig. 2: Control room of Northern States Power Company, Minneapolis, MN

Further SINAUT products

Siemens Power Systems Control a key to success

For further information please contact: Fax: ++49-9 11-4 33 - 8122

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Network Control System

Distribution management functions

Data import from a GIS

Spatial control and queries

Information management system

Jumpers, cuts, grounds

Data acquisition subsystem

Switching procedure management

Fault location and isolation; service restoration Feeder estimation

Computer network management

Dynamic network colouring

Outage management system

Tools for test and diagnostics

Energy demand control

Online load flow calculation

Online short-circuit calculation

Transformer load management

UNIX operating system

Cold load pickup

High-level language compiler

Operation optimization for gas and water networks

Archives and schedules

Fig. 3: Modules of the network control system SINAUT Spectrum

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Power and scheduling applications

Automatic generation control

Intelligent alarm processing

To other control centers (ICCP)

Network parameter adaption

Geographical information system (GIS)

Dispatcher power flow

Interchange transaction evaluation (A+B) Unit commitment

Network restoration/ load transfer

Multisite control center operation

Other utility IT systems

Optimal power flow

Security checked switching

Study case management

Water worth value calculation

Wheeling loss calculation

Siemens Power Engineering Guide Transmission & Distribution

Control Room Technology

Fig. 4: Control room of Victorian Power Exchange, Australia

VGA, Video, X.11 controller

LCD light valve Mirror, lamp Projection lens Screen Observer

Fig. 5: Principle of rear projection using an LCD

Illumination unit Darkbox Screen module

* mX-Terminal designates the multiscreen-cable x-Terminal from Siemens AG

Fig. 6: Projection module with dimensions in mm