Spasovs Microcontroller Technology: The 68HC11 and 68HC12, 5th Ed.

Questions ( Google may be faster for some questions.):

Chapter 1

1. What are the make, model and year of the first microprocessor? Microcontroller? Intel 4004 in 1971 was first microprocessor.Motorola 68HC11 in 1985 as a microcontroller. 2. Describe how a typical MCU application reads inputs to control outputs. It is like a 2 timed engine. Mcu reads the oxygen level in the exhaust to adjust the air/fuel control and ignition timing control output signals. 3. Indicate the numbering system used by MCUs. Binary numbering system mostly 8-bit or 16-bit words. 4. How do we normally represent numbers used by MCUs? We use hexadecimal 5. Spell the word "good" using HEX representation given by the ASCII character set. $67 , $6F ,$6F ,$64 6. Which part of a MCU handles inputs and outputs and which part handles information processing? For inputs and outputs Built-in interfaces.For information processing CPU. 7. What is a common feature between older and newer microprocessors built by the same manufacturer? New microprocessors are compatible with older ones because they may run programs written for the older ones. 8. Is there only one type of 68HC11 MCU? No there are MC68HC11A8 or MC68HC11E9 too. 9. What is involved in developing an MCU application? Software and Hardware 10. Describe the purpose of an address bus. It selects the location where the data is stored. 11. What is the function of a clock circuit? It produces frequency signal which provides the timing signal for the MCU. 12. List the three basic parts of a MCU and what connects them together. Memory-CPU and registers.Internal bus connects them. 13. What is the function of I/O port? It transfers a byte of data. 14. What is the function of an I/O Data Register? Holding I/O data of the corresponding I/O port 15. Describe how an MCU can measure time. It uses a timer that sets(1) or resets(0) a bit and counts how many times the bit status changes. 16. Briefly describe the difference between single-chip and expanded multiplexed mode.

Single chip:The MCU doesnt have external address or data busses but has I/0 Expanded multiplexed: MCU connects to external chips for memory and I/0 17. How many bytes does the 68HC11 use for an address and data (the contents of an address location in memory)? Data uses one byte and address uses 2 bytes. 18. What are the basic functions of RAM and ROM? RAM stores data and ROM stores program code. 19. Why is the 68HC11 not able to address more than 64K bytes? Because it has 16 bit address bus. Chapter 1 Key Terms:

1. Address binary number that indicates the location of information in memory 2. ASCII American Standart code for Information Interchange. 3. Binary Base 2 number system that uses only digits 1 and 0. 4. Bit Binary digit. 5. Buffer It is a device that isolates or amplifies a signal from another device so that it can be read by yet another device. 6. Bus It is the extension of microprocessors pins plus some other signals. 7. Byte 8-bit binary number. 8. Character The fundamental unit of asynchronous data communication 9. Computer Electronic machine that performs calculations which accepts data and perform operations. 10. Data It is information. 11. Data type It refers to the way a program variable stores its value in memory. 12. Digital A signal that can vary from one level to another only by making discrete steps. 13. EPROM Erasable read only memory. 14. (Flash) EEPROM A semiconductor memory device that stores data in a nonvolatile fashion. 15. EVB Evaluation board. 16. EVBU Universal evaluation board for the 68HC11 supplied by Motoralla 17. Hardware Physical parts and I/O connections of a computer system. 18. HCMOS High speed complementary metal oxide semiconductor.

19. Hex Hexadecimal 20. I/O Input/Output 21. I/O Port Collection of pins that carry I/O signals. 22. MCU Microcontroller Unit. 23. Microprocessor Single chip that contains the CPU or most of the computer. 24. RAM Random Access Memory 25. ROM Read only memory 26. Clock Circuit Circuit that pruduces a fixed frequency signal that triggers each new CPU operation 27. Upwardly Compatible it refers to a new computer that can also run programs written for an old computer. 28. Word Larger number of bits that a CPU can process inside its registers.