2 Mbit/s Frame and Signaling Pulse Frame

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2 Mbit/s Frame and Signaling Pulse Frame

Contents
1 2 3 4 4.1 5 6 7 8 Structure of the 3 Mbit/s Frame According to CCITT Recommendation G.704 Structure of the Signaling Pulse Frame According to CCITT Recommendation G.704 CRC4-Synchronization for Primary Multiplexer Alarms AIS Alarm Indication Signal PCM Transmission Systems Connecting Options of the Primary Multiplexer PCM30 Interfaces of PCM30H Exercise 3 6 9 13 14 16 19 21 23

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2 Mbit/s Frame and Signaling Pulse Frame

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Structure of the 3 Mbit/s Frame According to CCITT Recommendation G.704

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2 Mbit/s Frame and Signaling Pulse Frame

2-Mbit/s-Pulse frame In the direction of transmission the primary multiplexer PCM30 transforms up to 30 signals with different features into 64-kbit/s-digital signals and then combines them by the time division multiplexing procedure to a 2048-kbit/s (2-Mbit/s)-signal, as shown in the pulse frame of fig. 1. The individual signals can be either LF-speech signals converted by pulse code modulation, or digital signals (e.g. data). In the receive direction a demultiplexer isolates the individual signals out of the 2 Mbit/s signal. The 64-kbit/s-digital signals are then converted again into analog signals. The 2-Mbit/s pulse frame accord. to CCITT-recommendation G.704 consists of 32 time intervals with 8 bits each (octets). In the intervals 1 to 15 and 17 to 31 speech or digital signals are transmitted. Interval 16 contains the channel-associated signaling information (CAS) combined in one multiframe or, optionally, an additional devicespecific data channel. In the interval 0 there is an alternate transmission of a frame alignment signal (FAS) or a service word (SVW). In order to isolate the individual signals out of the pulse frame the FAS is searched for in the received 2-Mbit/s-signal. As soon as the bit pattern is recognized, the demultiplexer part of the central multiplexer synchronizes itself to time interval 0. To additionally ensure the synchronization the CRC4-procedure, which will be described in the following, is applied. The service word is used for the transmission of urgent and non-urgent alarms (bit A and bit Sa4), for loop commands (bits Sa6 and Sa7) (CCITT-Redbook: bits D, N and Y1 to Y3).

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125 s

Coded telephone signals 1 to 15 or digital signals 1 to 15

Signaling information or digital signal channels 31

Coded telephone signals 16 to 30 or digital signals 16 to 30

Time slots

15 16 17

30 31
8 bits

X 0 0 1 1 0 1 1

Frame alignment signal in frames 1, 3, 5 ... 15 Service word in frames 0, 2, 4 ... 14

X 1 D

Y Y Y Y

D X Y

= = =

Service bit for urgent alarm Bits reserved for international use Bits reserved for national use

Fig. 1

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2 Mbit/s Frame and Signaling Pulse Frame

Structure of the Signaling Pulse Frame According to CCITT Recommendation G.704

Signaling pulse frame If analog signal insets are used the PCM30 transmits up to 30 speech signals in the time intervals 1 to 15 and 17 to 31 of the 2-Mbit/s-pulse frame. It has to be ensured that the 64-kbit/s-signals in the time intervals 17 to 31 are counted as channels 16 to 30. The individual channel-associated signaling information is coded with 4 bits (a, b, c, d) separate from the speech signal. The signaling of 30 channels can therefore be combined in 15 octets, which are supplemented by a code and service word of 8 bits, to a multiframe (signaling pulse frame). This multiframe is transmitted in time interval 16 by 16 consecutive 2-Mbit/s-pulse frames (R0 to R15). The code and service word contained in interval R0 is necessary for the multiframe synchronization and for alarm messages.

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PCM30 time slots 125 s PCM pulse frame No. 0 0 1 16 31 0 1 No. 8 16 31 0 1 No. 15 16 31

2 ms signaling pulse frame

Signaling time slots

14

15

0 0 0 0 1 DK 1 1 Signaling frame alingment signal Signaling service word

a b c d a b c d Channel 8 Channel 23

a b c d a b c d Channel 15 Channel 30

Signaling words

Signaling words

D = Service bit for urgent alarm a, b, c, d = Signaling bits in a signaling word

Service bit for urgent alarm Signaling bits in a signaling word

a, b, c, d =

Fig. 2

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2 Mbit/s Frame and Signaling Pulse Frame

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CRC4-Synchronization for Primary Multiplexer

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2 Mbit/s Frame and Signaling Pulse Frame

With the data transmission of synchronous 64 kbit/s digital signals it is possible that the bit patterns of the FAS and the SVW are transmitted (either randomly or on purpose) in the time intervals defined for user signals. If there is a synchronization of the receive side demultiplexer to this bit pattern, an isolation of the individual signals is impossible. Therefore, the CRC4-procedure (Cyclic Redundancy Check by 4 bits) described in CCITT-recommendation G.704 is used in addition, to ensure the synchronization. For this, 16 consecutive 2-Mbit/s frames are combined to a CRC4 multiframe consisting of 2 data blocks and of the multiframe parts I and II. The highest rating bits of the service words in the first twelve 2-Mbit/s frames form the multiframe code word ('001011'). Here, the synchronization is based on two criteria: finding the FAS of the 2-Mbit/s frame and the FAS of a CRC4 multiframe. To continually supervise the synchronization, a data block (e.g. block I) is modified in a data transmitter accord. to a certain algorithm, whereby a rest of 4 bits (the control bits C1 and C4) is left over. These bits are transmitted as highest rating bits in the 2Mbit frame alignment words of the following data block (block II). The data receiver processes the incoming data block according to the same algorithm as the transmitter. Again, a rest of 4 bits is left over, which are compared individually to the control bits received in the next data block (block II). In case of a correspondence, block I is considered to be error-free. If 915 or more out of 1000 checked blocks were found to be faulty, a new synchronization is started. A CRC4-error is indicated by two E-bits (CCITT-Redbook: Si-bits) at the transmit side; these two E-bits are transmitted as highest rating bits of the service words in the 2-Mbit/s frames 13 and 15 of the CRC4 multiframe. The BER of the 2-Mbit/s-signal can be derived from the number of faulty blocks. Thus, for example, a number of 512 or more faulty blocks within a measuring interval of 1 s results in a BER > 10-3.

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2-Mbit/s-frame 32 x 8 bits = 256 bits

telephone or data time slots 0 1 2

signaling information 15 16 17

telephone or data 30 31

frame alignment signal FAS

alternating X 1 D N/Y Y Y Y Y service word SW

bit position 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 C1 0 C2 0 C3 1 C4 0 C1 1 C2 1 C3 E C4 E 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 3 0 D 0 D 0 D 0 D 0 D 0 D 0 D 0 D 4 1 N/Y 1 N/Y 1 N/Y 1 N/Y 1 N/Y 1 N/Y 1 N/Y 1 N/Y 5 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 6 0 Y 0 Y 0 Y 0 Y 0 Y 0 Y 0 Y 0 Y 7 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 8 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y 1 Y FAS SW FAS SW FAS SW FAS SW FAS SW FAS SW FAS SW FAS SW

multiframe part I

16 (2-Mbit/sframe)

CRC4multiframe MFR

multiframe part II

2-Mbit/s-frame mark, FAS CRC4-m ultifram e codeword (X)

C1 to C4 (X) E CRC4-control bits CRC4-service bits for the reporting of CRC4 errors D N/Y service bit for urgent alarm service bit for non-urgent alarm

Fig. 3 2-Mbit/s-pulse frame and CRC4-multiframe

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Alarms

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2 Mbit/s Frame and Signaling Pulse Frame

4.1

AIS Alarm Indication Signal

D-Bit Service bit AIS: Alarm indication signal The AIS is an all-one-signal which, if an error occurs, is inserted as "replacement signal" only in forward direction.
l

If a low bit rate signal (64 kbit/s) is lacking at the input, the AIS is inserted in the corresponding time slot of the highest bit rate signal (2 Mbit/s), i.e. all other time slots of the higher bit rate signal remain unaffected. If a faulty signal is received at the higher bit rate interface (2 Mbit/s), the AIS is inserted into all lower bit rate signals (64 kbit/s). A blocking signal evaluated by the operator is inserted into telephone channels. The higher bit rate signal is considered to be faulty if there is no signal available, the synchronizing word is not recognized (synchr. with the FAS or optionally with CRC4), or if the BER > 10-3. In this case the D-bit is transmitted at the 2-Mbit/s output as feedback for the distant end station (frame (SVW) TS0, bit 3).

l l

AIS can also be inserted if a device internal fault arises, such as an error in the transmission clock. The error is determined device-specifically. If at the higher bit rate interface (2 Mbit/s) a signal with BER > 10-5/-6 is received, the N-bit can be transmitted optionally (i.e. device-specifically) at the 2 Mbit/s output as feedback for the distant end station (frame (SVW) TS0, bit 4). In this case, no AIS is inserted. If the higher bit rate interface receives an AIS, this is through-connected to the lower bit rate signals (64 kbit/s) and the D-bit transmitted in backward direction. If the signaling multiplexer is out of order, it is possible to insert the AIS in time slot 16 (multiframe AIS). If a multiframe AIS is received, the DK-bit is transmitted in backward direction. If the multiframe signaling word (TS0) (=TS16 of the frame) is not recognized, the speech signals are blocked and the DK-bit transmitted in backward direction (multiframe TS0, bit 6). In case of a seizure acknowledgment alarm, the NK-bit is transmitted in backward direction (multiframe TS0, bit 7). This alarm occurs if the exchange receives no appropriate acknowledgment after a telephone channel has been seized.

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AIS Alarm Indication Signal D-Bit Service bit D

Transmission of AIS and bit D

low bit rate 64 kbit/s interface !!! error

higher bit rate 2 Mbit/s interface

D-bit DK-bit

data signals:AIS telephone blocked channels primary multiplexer PCM 30

!!! error

Fig. 5

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2 Mbit/s Frame and Signaling Pulse Frame

PCM Transmission Systems

The transmission systems recommended by the CCITT and described below are the PCM30 system, with 2048 kbit/s (CCITT Recommendation G.732), and the PCM24 system, with 1544 kbit/s (CCITT Recommendations G.733); these combine 30 and 24 telephone channels per transmission direction respectively to form a time-division multiplex signal. PCM30 transmission systems are used throughout Europe and in may non-European countries; PCM24 transmission systems have been installed mainly in the USA, Canada and Japan. PCM30 and PCM24 are also known as "primary transmission systems" or basic systems. Their most important features are given in fig. 6.

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Common characteristics a b c d e Sampling frequency No. of samples per telephone signal Pulse frame period No. of bits in a PCM word Bit rate of a telephone channel

PCM30 and PCM24 8 kHz 8.000/s

1 1 = = 125ms b 8.000 / s

8 bits b.d = 8.000/s 8 bits = 64 kbit/s PCM30 A-law 13 32 d.g = 8 bits 32 = 256 bits
c. d 125ms.8 = = h 256

System-specific characteristics f Encoding/Decoding No. of segments in characteristic Number of channel time slots per pulse frame Number of bits per pulse frame (* = additional bit) Period of an 8-bit channel time slot

PCM24 -law 15 24 d.g + 1* = 8 bits. 24 + 1* = 193 bits

c. d 125ms.8 = = h 193

g h i

aprox. 3.9 s k Bit rate of time division multiplex signal

aprox. 5.2 s

b.h = b.h. = 8.000/s. 256 bits = 8.000/s. 193 bits = 2.048 kbit/s 1.544 kbit/s

Fig. 6 Characteristics of the PCM30 and PCM24 Transmission Systems

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Connecting Options of the Primary Multiplexer PCM30

Interface for analog exchange 64 kbit/s or 128 kbit/s signal to-wire E&M 1 . . . . . . four wire 30 4 PCM30 SST 2M Interface for 2 Mbit/s Interface for 8 Mbit/s

1 2 3 DSMX 2/8

E&M KU MUX 64 K 64 kbit/s

T3 DIV

128 kbit/s Datex-P E&M 1 . . . . . . 30 PCM30 LE cable link 2 Mbit/s line interface for 2 Mbit/s LE cable link 2 Mbit/s

RS

T3

Datex-P DSMX2/8 KU LE RS
Fig. 7

Packet switching Digital signal-multiplexer 4 x 2 Mbit/s to 8 Mbit/s Analog channel modulator Line terminating unit 2 Mbit/s Relay set

MUX64K SST 2M PCM30 T3 DIV

Multiplexer 64 kbit/s, e.g. ZD-A3 Interface MUX Primary multiplexer PCM30 Clock interface Digital exchange 2 Mbit/s

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Interfaces of PCM30H
Tributary units Line interfaces SEM106 SEM108H SUB102 SLX102E LLA102/104 SLB62 I4S0 I4UK2NTP I4UK2V5 I4UK4NTP I4UK4LTP DSC104CO DSC6-nx64G CM64/2 DSC8X21 DSC8X2-nx64X DSC8V24 DSC4V35 DSC4V36 DSC2-nx64V35 DSC2-nx64V36 Systembus QD2-S

VF, 2-Dr, E&M VF, 4-Dr, E&M POTS POTS VF, 2-Dr/4Dr 2-Dr-OB ISDN S0 ISDN UK0,2B1Q ISDN UK0,2B1Q ISDN UK0,4B3T ISDN UK0,4B3T 64 kbit/s G.703 n x 64 kbit/s G.703 2 Mbit/s G.703 < 64 kbit/s X.21 n x 64 kbit/s X.21 < 19,2 kbit/s V.24 < 64 kbit/s V.35 < 64 kbit/s V.36 n x 64 kbit/s V.35 n x 64 kbit/s V.36

Pb0 to Pb7 Testbus

SUE

2 x QD2-S F ECC 8 x alarmoutputs QD2-M

CUA/CUD

F1 (G.703/6) T3in/out (G.703/10) Sa-Bits (V.11) ZA(A), ZA(B)

BEU

Fig. 8

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Exercise

1. How many time slots does a frame consist of? 2. In which time slot is the voice channel 14 transmitted? In which time slot is the data channel 25 transmitted? 3. What does the time slot 16 serve e for? 4. What does the time slot 0 serve for? 5. What does the D-bit serve for? 6. How many bits does the synchronization word contain and in which time slots is it transmitted? 7. What is the duration for the transmission of one multi-frame? 8. What is the duration of one frame? 9. How many multi-frames are transmitted per second? 10. In which part of the multi-frame are the signaling bits of voice channel 22 transmitted? 11. What does CRC4 mean? 12. What is the CRC4 code used for? 13. Is it possible to synchronize a primary multiplexer without CRC4 code?

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