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The Nobel Gases Exist as Monatomic Gases He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Diatomic Gases are H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2. Oxygen also exists as the gas Ozone = O3
Compound Gases
Ionic Compounds do not exist as gases at standard temperature and pressure (STP = 0 oC and 1 atm).
This is because the cations and anions are held together by very strong electrostatic forces. To overcome these forces, we would have to raise the temperature well above 1000 oC.
Molecular Compounds vary but their boiling points are much lower. Most still exist as solids or liquids at STP. Some common molecular compounds that are gases at STP are the following: HF, HCl, HBr, HI, CO, CO2, NH3, NO, NO2, N2O, SO2, H2S, HCN Most of these gases are colorless, except F2 (greenish yellow), Cl2 (greenish yellow), and NO2 (brown)
= 760 mm Hg
At constant temperature
At Constant Pressure
VaT
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Absolute Zero = -273.15 oC = 0 Kelvin At Absolute Zero, there is no volume for the gases. Volume is directly proportional to the Temperature in Kelvin. Meaning if you doubled the temp, the volume doubles!
Van
V = k 4n k4 = RT/P
P2 = 1.48 atm
Density Calculations
If we rearrange the ideal gas equation, we can calculate the density of the gas: n = P V RT We can find the number of moles (n) by: n= mass (g = m) molar mass (g/mol =M ) Therefore, plugging the above in for n in the ideal gas law, we get: m = P M xV RT Which rearranges into: d = m = P x M V RxT
Finding the Molar Mass, M, of a Gas Many times we do not know the molar mass, M, of a
gas. From our previous slide, we know that we can find the density of a gas from: density = m = P x M V RxT We can rearrange this equation in order to solve for the molar mass, M, of a gas: M = dxRxT P
Example: A chemist has synthesized a greenishyellow gaseous compound of chlorine and oxygen and finds that its density is 7.71 g/L at 36 oC and 2.88 atm. Calculate the molar mass of the compound and determine its molecular formula.
Gas Stoichiometry
When you notice that you have a gas involved in a chemical reaction, the rules for stoichiometry change.
You will still convert the amount of reactants to the amount of products using moles, but remember that moles (n) vary depending on PV = nRT for gases.
To solve Gas Stoichiometry problems you must read the question and: 1) Identify whether the problem states that the gas is at STP = 0oC and 1 atm. If this is the case remember that 1 mole (n) of any gas will occupy 22.4 Liters.
2) If the problem states that each gas is not at STP, then you will have to determine the moles for each gas given based on PV = nRT for each gas.
5O2(g)
? L O2
4CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
22.4 L O2 = 6.6 L O2
1 mol O2
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Sodium azide (NaN3) is used in some automobile air bags. The impact of a collision triggers the decomposition of NaN3 as follows: 2 NaN3(s) 2Na(s) + 3N2(g)
The nitrogen gas produced quickly inflates the bag between the driver and the windshield. Calculate the volume of N2 generated at 80 oC and 823 mmHg by the decomposition of 60.0 g of NaN3. 2 NaN3(s) 60.0g NaN3 60.0 g NaN3 1 mol NaN3 3 mol N2 2Na(s) + 3N2(g) ? Volume N2 = 1.38 mol N2
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Whenever Gas is collected over Water Use Daltons Law of Partial Pressure to Figure out the Pressure of the Gas Being Collected. Always look for this in problems!!!!
2KClO3(s)
2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
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Pa 1 V
1.
2.
3. 4.
The particles are so small compared with the distances between them that the volume of the individual particles can be assumed to be negligible (zero). They can be considered as points, where they posses mass but have zero volume. The particles are in constant motion. The collisions of the particles with the walls of the container are the cause of the pressure exerted by the gas. Collisions among molecules are perfectly elastic, in other words, energy can not be transferred from one molecule to another as a result of a collision, the total energy of all the molecules in a system remains the same. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces on one another. The average kinetic energy of a collection of gas particles is assumed to be directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas. Any two gases at the same temperature will have the same average kinetic energy.
The Kinetic Molecular Theory and Its Applications to the Gas Laws
Boyles Law: V a 1/P (at constant n and T) Charless Law: V a T (at constant n and P) P a T (at constant n and V) Avogadros Law: V a n (at constant P and T)
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Root-Mean-Square Speed
How fast does a molecule move, on the average, at any temperature T? One way to estimate molecular speed is to calculate the rootmean-square (rms) speed (urms), which is an average molecular speed. The Total KE of a mole of any gas = 3/2 RT Because Average KE is only for one molecule of a gas: NA (1/2mu2) = 3/2 RT Because NAm = M , we can write: u2 = 3RT / M
Taking the square root of both sides gives us: u2 = urms = 3RT / M
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Diffusion
A direct demonstration of random motion is provided by diffusion, the gradual mixing of molecules of one gas with molecules of another by virtue of their kinetic properties. Diffusion always proceeds from areas of higher concentrations to areas of lower concentrations. The diffusion process takes a long time to complete even if the molecular speeds are great. This is because molecules experience numerous collisions while moving from one end of the bench to the other. Also, because the root mean square speed of a light gas is greater than that of a heavier gas, a lighter gas will diffuse through a certain space more quickly than will a heavier gas. Because NH3 is lighter and therefore diffuses heavier than HCl, the solid NH4Cl first appears nearer the HCl bottle on the right.
Calculating the ratio of the effusion rates of two gases or the distance traveled for two gases: (Distance traveled/Effusion rate) for gas 1: urms = 3RT / M 1 = M 1 (Distance traveled/Effusion rate) for gas 2: urms = 3RT / M 2 M 2
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Where a and b are van der Waals constants that can be looked up in an appendix or table.